commanded Leather Boats to be made ready for that purpose Having therefore Sacrific'd for his good Success the Intrails of the Beasts promised nothing that was Prosperous which made him very uneasie but he bore it very patiently and staid there The Scythians still continuing their slight and contemptuous Language he again Sacrificed and when Aristander the Soothsayer declar'd that danger was portended Alexander answer'd it was better to undergo the extreamest hazard than for him who had Conquered all Asia to be a Scorn a Mockiâ—g-Stock to the Scythians as Darius the Father of Xerxes was heretofore Aristander on the other side repli'd that he wou'd not declare any thing to the King but what was portended by the Gods tho' Alexander had rather hear other things However Alexander's Boats being now ready and his Army standing all in Arms at the Rivers Brink he order'd that upon a Sign given they should Discharge the Engines against the Scythians that Rid over against them on the other side which done some of them were wounded with the Darts and one of them especially was pierc'd with a Dart througli his Buckler and Breast-plate and fell down dead from his Horse But the Barbarians being terrified with Darts that wounded them at so great a distance and with the fall of that Valiant Man by degrees drew off further from the Bank of the River Alexander discerning 'em to be in disorder by the stroaks of the Darts with sound of Trumpet passed over the River at the head of his Army and the Archers and Slingers being first sent over he Commanded them to ply the Scythians with their Slings and Arrows least they should fall in upon the Phalanx as they were passing over before all his Body of Horse had recover'd the other-side When all had now gain'd the further Bank of the River he first fell upon the Scythians with one of the Squadrons of the Social Regiment and Four Regiments of those that were arm'd with Saralles whose Shock the Scythians bravely bore up against and surrounded 'em with their Horse so that many overpowring them that were but few they easily kept themselves whole and entire Alexander thereupon mixing his Archers and Agrians and other select Troops over whom Balacrus had the Command fell in upon the Scythians and being now on both sides mixt together the King order'd three Squadrons of Horse of the Social Band and all his Horse that were Darters to Charge in upon the Scythians and he himself at the Head of the rest of the Horse made straight upon 'em so that now they were not able any longer to keep their Horse in a Ring as before for the Horse prest sore upon 'em at the same time and the light armed Men being mixt with the Horse they suffer'd not the Enemy with any safety to Wheel about with their Horse to surround ' em Upon which the Scythians were put to a Total Flight and about a Thousand kill'd and an Hundred and fifty taken Prisoners amongst whom was Satrices one of their two Generals 4. How the Sogdian Noblemen being led forth to be put to Death were unexpectedly preserv'd Curtius lib. VII c. 10. SOme of the Prisoners of the Sogdians of Noble Birth and Proper Handsome Men were brought before the King who as soon as they understood by an Interpreter that they were to die they began to Sing Skip and Dance as Men transported with joy using many Lascivious gestures of their Bodies The King admining the greatness of their Courage at the approach of Death commanded them to be brought to him and asâ—t them why they were so Excessively mâ—â—y when Death was even before their Eyes who answer'd that if they had been put to death by any others Command they should have been as Sad at the apprehension of death as other Men but since they were sent out of the World by so great a King as was Conqueror of the World they Celebrated their honorable death which all valiant Men wish for with Songs of Mirth and Jollity after the Custom and Manner of their Country The King wondring at their Courage askt them whether they would not be his Enemies if he was so kind and generous as to suffer them to live They answered they never were his Enemies but as Invaded Oppos'd him to defend themselves and if any made trial of 'em by fair means and not by Force and Injury they would lay out themselves to the utmost that none should exceed 'em in grateful Offices of respect Then he askt 'em what pledges they would give of Loyalty They repli'd their lives which they had receiv'd from him and which they wou'd give him up again upon his demand Nor did they sail him by Breach of promise For they that return'd into their own Counrey kept their Countrymen in due Obedience Four of them which he kept for Squires of his Body prov'd as true and faithful to the King as any of the Macedonians 5. How Alexander punish'd the Bactrians and subdued the Sogdians a Second time and built Cities in convenient Places to punish the Revolters Arrianus lib. IV. ALexander himself Marcht again to the River Oxus for he resolv'd to make against the Sogdians for he heard that many of them put themselves into Forts and Castles and refus'd to obey the Provincial Governors the King had placed over them At the time he was encampt near the River Oxus two Springs rose out of the Earth near to Alexander's Pavilion the one of Water and the other of Oyl Of which prodigy 〈◊〉 Curt lib. 7. Ptâ—lemy Lagus forthwith inform'd the King as soon as he heard of it whereupon Alexander without delay at the command of the Priest Sacrific'd Aristander the Priest told the King that the Fountain of Oyl portended Labour but Victory at last the fruit of Toil and Pain Marching therefore away with part of his Army against the Sogdians he left in Bactria Polyspercon Attalus Gorgias and Meleager to be a Guard in that Country both to keep them in Obedience that were Reduc'd and to Subdue the others that had fallen off from their Allegiance having divided his Army into Five parts he gave the Command of Three of them to Hephestion a Fourth part to Caenus and Artabazus He himself with the Fifth entr'd the Country leading towards Maracanda The rest enter'd wherever each of them cou'd and stormed the Forts of them that had possessed themselves of them and others they took in upon Surrender After all the Forces having first ran over the greatest part of the Country join'd together at Maracanda he sent forth Hephestion to bring in Colonies into the Cities of the Sogdians Coenus and Artabazus he order'd against the Scythians because he heard Spitamenes was fled to ' em He himself with the rest of the Army entring into Sogdiana easily reduc'd the rest of the Towns that had revolted 6. How the Sogdians revolted the Third time and how they were taken that betook themselves to the top
702. l. 38. r. Colophonians p. 782. l. 3. r. Tryphon ' s Name p. ibid. legat 34. r. Saturninus p. 784. line 31. r. too little to be p. 785. l. 40. r. join'd with them p. 786. l. 45. add above p. 790. l. 34. add the. p. 794. l. 5. r. which were p. 796. l. 21. dele the second his THE CONTENTS Of the First Five Books of Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK I. Chap. 1. OF the first Generation of Men. How the World first began Mens first manner of Life and who were the first Men. First Men in Egypt Who were the most ancient Gods of Egypt Of their Demi-Gods Sol Saturn Rhea Jupiter Juno Vulcan reign'd in Egypt Of Osiris and Isis the Acts of Osiris and Isis Hermes his Inventions Osiris prepares for his Expedition through the World and to that end raises a great Army Page 1 Chap. 2. The Continuation of Osiris his Expedition through Ethiopia all Arabia India and Europe Bury'd by Isis and Mercury How he was kill'd His Death reveng'd by Isis and Orus Two Bulls Apis and Mnevis worship'd in Egypt Places discuss'd where Osiris and Isis were bury'd Stories of the Egyptian Priests Their Tears Lunar Tears Giants Laws about Marriage Osiris and Isis their Pillars and Inscriptions Colonies out of Egypt 7 Chap. 3. The Description of Egypt Of the Lake of Serbon The Nature of the River Nile The Cataracts The Mouths of Nile The Fruits of Egypt The Beasts Crecodile c. Several Opinions concerning the Inundation of Nile 14 Chap. 4. The first way of Living of the Egyptians Gods and Demi-Gods their Reigns in Egypt The ancient Kings of Egypt Moenis c. Their several Works Thebes built by Busitis The stately Sepulchres Obelisks and Temples there A Description of Osymanduas his Sepulchre Memphis built by Uchoreus Moeris his Lake Sesostris or Sesoosis his famous Expedition and great Works 22 Chap. 5. The Acts of Sesostris the Second Of Ammosis Actisan Mendes Proteus or Cetes Remphis Chemmis the great Pyramids built by him Cephres Mycerinus Bocchoris Sabach The Reign of Twelve Kings in Egypt Psammeticus Saites one of the Kings gain'd the whole Two hundred thousand of his Army forsake him and settle thmeselves in Ethiopia Apries succeeds long after Amasis rebels and next succeeds and Apries is strangled by the People Amasis the last King to the time of the Conquest of Egypt by Cambyses 31 Chap. 6. The Customs of the Egyptians Of their Kings As their hourly Employment Sacrifices Diet c. Burials Division of Egypt Their Trades in Egypt Courts of Justice their Law-Proceedings The several Laws of Egypt Beasts and Birds ador'd as Gods in Egypt as Lions Wolves Cats the Bird Ibis Kites c. Costs in their Burial of these Creatures Reasons given of this Adoration 36 Chap. 7. Why the Crocodile is worship'd Some sorts of Herbs and Roots not eaten Why other Creatures are worship'd The manner of their Burials The Law-makers in Egypt Learned Men of Greece made Journeys into Egypt as Orpheus Homer Plato Solon Pythagoras c. Several Proofs of this as their Religious Rites Fables c. in Greece of Egyptian Extraction The exquisite Art of the Stone-Carvers in Egypt Page 46 BOOK II. Chap. 1. NInus the first King of Assyria his Acts invades Babylonia Media and over-runs several other Countries Nineveh built by him the Description of it Marries Semiramis Her Descent Derceta the Philistines Dagon His Expedition against Bactria He dies Semitamis builds Babylon and several strange Works there as a Passage under Water Jupiter's Temple c. Hanging Gardens in Babylon A vast Stone cut out The strange Property of a Morass Her several Expeditions The wonderful Lake in Ethiopia Their Burials there Semiramis's Expedition into India Her Mock-Elephants Her Expedition proves fruitless She surrenders her Kingdom to Ninyas her Son Her End 53 Chap. 2. Ninyas succeeds Semiramis His close and slothful manner of Life The Reign of Sardanapalus His Luxury and Effeminacy His Epitaph Deposed by Arbaces the Mede And the Assyrian Empire overturn'd Nineveh raz'd 64 Chap. 3. Of the ancient Chaldeans and their Philosophy The Planets and their Course The Empire of the Medes and their Kings A Description of India The ancient Manners and Customs of the People Their Laws Tribes Description of Scythia Of the Amazons Of the Hyperboreans 69 Chap. 4. A Description of Atabia the Desart Happy c. Metals Precious Stones Beasts c. AD scription of Taprobana in the Southern Ocean now call'd Ceylon or Zeilan The strange Things there How discover'd by Iambulus 78 BOOK III. Chap. 1. OF the Ethiopians Their Letters Laws Arms Religion Funerals The Description of several Parts of the Country Manner of making of Gold Of the Icthyophages their several sorts and ways of Living 85 Chap. 2. Chelonophages The manner of taking Sea-Tortoises The Cetivores or Whale-Eaters The Sea-Coasts over-against Babylon Their manner of taking of Fish The Rizophages or Root-Eaters Those call'd Spermaphages and Hylophages Hylogones or Hunters their taking of wild Beasts The Elephant-Fighters how they are taken The Simoes Struthophages Acridophages or Locust Eaters their miserable Deaths Cynomolges The Country of the Troglodites Wild Beasts The terrible wild Bull Serpents that great one brought alive to Alexandria 94 Chap. 3. A Description of the Coasts and Countries on both sides the Arabian Gulf or Red Sea The Perfumes of Arabia the Happy The Fortunate Islands A Description of part of Lybia The Spectras near the Syrtes 102 Chap. 4. Of the Amazons of Africa Their Acts Rooted out by Hercules and the Gorgonians by Perseus The Atlantides and the Gods among them The Original of the Titanes The Acts of Basilea or Cybele said to be born in Phrygia The Original of Atlas and Saturn A long Account given of Bacchus and the several Bacchuses there were The Description of the Grota in Nysa where he was brought up The building of the Temple of Hammon by him The several Herculeses The Monsters Aegides and Campes kill'd by Minerva and Bacchus Page 110 BOOK IV. Chap. 1. WHat the Grecians say further of Bacchus The Story of Priapus Of Hermophroditus Of the Muses The Birth of Hercules and his Twelve Labours injoin'd him by Eurystheus His wandring Expeditions through Africk Spain France Italy Sicily His setting up two Pillars at Gades and his other Acts by the way The Story of Orpheus 127 Chap. 2. An Account of Atlas and his Daughters call'd Atlantides and Hesperides Amazons routed by Theseus in Attica The further Acts of Hercules goes against Laomedon King of Troy and other Acts. The Story of Meleager Son of King Oeneus Amalthae's Horn. Hercules his further Acts His Death by a poison'd Shirt 141 Chap. 3. Of the Argonauts Medea and the Daughters of Pileus How the Argonauts gain'd the Golden Fleece The Pranks of Medea The Acts of Jason The Cruelty of Pelias towards Jason's Kindred How he was kill'd by his Daughters through Medea's Charms Medea burns the King of Corinth's Palace
to another in securing one another's Children from harm and prejudice and preserving their several Habitations from force and incroachment and though they are of different Stocks yet they peaceably and affectionately converse one with another without offering the least injury on either side And though this way of Living together be somewhat strange yet through long custom and constant use and practice or because they find it necessary and conducing to their mutual advantage it is still continu'd among them to this day These Nations inhabit not after the manner of the other Ichthiophages but have divers sorts of Dwellings according as their several Circumstances fall out to be some live in Caves lying most commonly to the North by which they have the advantage of being refresh'd not only by the depth of the Covert but by the cooling Breezes of the Northern Air. For those towards the South scorch like a Fiery Furnace and by reason of the violent heat no Man can indure them Others that cannot otherwise furnish themselves with Caves that lye Northward gather the Ribs of Whales which the Sea casts up in abundance and then bending them tye 'em together at both ends and cover them with Sea-grass and so rest under those guarded from the parching heat of the Sun as by the Cover of a shady Arch which Art and Contrivance they are taught by their own Necessities A Third sort of Lodgings these Ichthiophages have are these about those Places grow abundance of Fir-trees which are water'd by the Sea and bear very thick Leaves and Fruit like unto Chesnuts The Boughs and Leaves of these Trees they interlace one within another and so make for themselves a thick and close Shade and live merry and jocund Lives under this their new Canopy both in Land and in Water at one and the same time being hereby guarded from the Sun by the shade of the Trees and the natural heat of the Place being mitigated by the continual Fluctuations of the Sea and their Bodies refresht with the cooling Air of some Winds that blow at certain Seasons But to proceed as to the Fourth sort of Dwellings In this place there has been from the beginning of Time a vast heap of Moss like a Mountain cast up by the Sea which is so firm by the constant heat of the Sun that it s become solid and cemented together with Sand. In this they dig Caves of a Man's height that part over-head they leave for a Roof but below they make long Passages or Galleries to go in or out one over against another Here they abide with ease protected from the heat of the Sun and about the Time the Tide comes in out they start and then for that time imploy themselves in Fishing and at the ebbing of the Tide after they have fed deliciously together upon the Fish they have caught they fly again to their several Caves They bury their Dead only at the time of Low-Water and at that time they cast their Carcases upon the Shoar and there let them lye uncover'd to be carry'd away by the next Tide And so after all having spent all their Days in a strange and unusual Course and way of Living they themselves at last in their Burials become Food for the Fishes But there 's one Nation of the Ichthiophages whose Habitations are so strange that inquisitive Men are very much pulled about them For some of them dwell upon steep and dangerous hollows which time out of mind have been unaccessible to Mankind as far as appears For over their Heads are exceeding high Rocks rugged and steep every way and on both sides they are blockt up with unpassable Precipices and before the Sea is a Guard and Boundary to them so that the best Footman cannot come at them Neither have they any use or so much as P. 110. knowledge of any Boats or Ships as we have Hence the thing being so intricate and doubtful we may justly conclude that they are * There at the first and never elsewhere Aborigines and were ever in this Place without any certain time of their First Generation which some Naturalists doubt not to affirm of all other Works of Nature whatsoever But for as much as the perfect Knowledge of things of this nature are far above our Comprehension we may easily conclude that those know but little who are the most inquisitive and soaring so high as to know all who may perhaps tickle Mens Ears with a probable Fancy but never really attain to the Knowledge of the Truth CHAP. II. Chelonophages The Manner of taking Sea Tortoises The Cetivores or Whale Eaters The Sea Coasts over against Babylon their Manner of taking of Fish The Rizophages or Root Eaters Those call'd Spermaphages and Hylophages Hylogones or Hunters their taking of wild Beasts The Elephant Fighters how they are taken The Simoes Struthophages Acridophages or Locust Eaters their miserable Deaths Cynomolges The Country of the Troglodites Wild Beasts The Terrible Wild Bull Serpents That great one brought alive to Alexandria SOmething likewise is to be spoken of the * Shellfish-eaters Chelonophages to shew the whole Course and Manner of their way of living There are a vast number of Islands in the Ocean near to the Continent very small and of a low Situation barren both as to Tillage and the natural Fruits of the Earth Amongst these Islands because they are so near one to another there are no Storms or Tempests For the Force of the Waves are broke by the Promontories of these Islands that shoot out into the Sea and therefore abundance of * Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist l. 9. c. 10. Sea Tortoises lye in and about these Places seeking Relief under the Covert of this calm and quiet Shelter In the Night they lye at the bottom of the Water feeding but in the Day time appear above Water in that Part of the Sea that flows through the midst of the Islands and lye sleeping with their Shells erect expos'd to the Sun and seem to resemble a little Skiff turn'd with the Keel upwards for they are of a wonderful Bigness no less than a small Fisher's Boat The Barbarians that inhabit these Islands taking the Opportunity quietly and silently swim to these Sea Tortoises and assailing them on both sides some they thrust forward to the Shoar others they lift up till they have turn'd them upon their Backs then they that are on each side guide and direct the Creature to land like a Ship by the Stem lest the Tortoise should turn it self again and so by its natural Strength in swimming escape from them into the Sea And while they are thus imploy'd one of the Company swims to Shoar before with a long Rope ty'd at one end to the Fish and then draws him to Land those that assisted at the taking of him following close after When he 's brought into the Island they fry the Fish a little while in the Sun and then feed upon it
to Bacchus and left them in his Cave and afterwards falling in love with Cybele wandred up and down with her as far as to the †Hyperborean signifies very far North by which the Ancients use to express the furthest Parts of the World Hyperborean Mountains And whereas there was a Plague and Famine in Phrygia the Phrygians inquir'd at the * Of Apollo at Delphos Oracle how they should be freed from the Calamity they lay under It 's said the God commanded them to bury Attis and adore Cybele as a Goddess The Phrygians therefore because they could not find any part of his Body through length of time since he was kill'd made a Statue for him which they follow'd as to his Burial with Howling Lamentations and other honourable Ceremonies proper for his Funeral and so made an Attonement for their former Offence which Solemnity they constantly observe to this very Day and offer Yearly Sacrifices to Cybele who formerly erected Altars to the Gods there In honour of this Cybele they built a magnificent Temple in Pesinunte a City of Phrygia and instituted solemn Sacrifices and Divine Worship to her which Work was advanc'd by the assistance of King Midas They Plac'd Leopards and Lions standing by the Statue of the Goddess because it was generally believ'd she was nurs'd up by them And these are the things which the Phrygians and the Atlantides the Inhabitants of the Coasts bordering on the Ocean do report of this Mother of the Gods After the Death of Hyperion they report that the Children of * Coelus divided †Vranus the Kingdom amongst themselves amongst whom Atlas and Saturn were the most renown'd The Country bordering upon the Ocean fell by lot upon Atlas who call'd the People there Atlantides and the greatest Mountain in the World Atlas after his own Name They say that he was an excellent Astrologer and was the first that discover'd the Knowledge of the Sphere whence rose the common Opinion that he carry'd the World upon his Shoulders noting by this Fancy his Invention and Description of the Sphere The most eminent among his many Sons was Hesperus for Piety towards the Gods and Justice and Kindness towards his Subjects Being upon the Top of Mount Atlas to observe the motion of the Stars he suddainly vanisht in a Tempest The People hereupon much lamenting the loss of him that they might for ever honour him call'd the Brightest * Hesperus the Morning Star Star in the Heavens after his Name Atlas likewise had Seven Daughters who were all call'd after their Father's Name Atlantides but their several proper Names were Maia Electra Taygeta Asterope Merope Halcyone and Celaeno All these were got with Child by several Heroick Princes and even by some of the Gods themselves and bore divers Sons who were the first Ancestors of several Nations and for their virtuous Qualifications were afterwards call'd Gods and Demy-Gods So Maia the Eldest was got with Child by Jupiter and bore Mercury the Inventor of many Arts and Sciences for the use of Mankind All the rest likewise had Sons who were famous in their Times some of which gave beginning to whole Nations others to some particular Cities and therefore not only some of the Barbarians but likewise some among the Greeks refer P. 136. the Original of many of the ancient Heroes to these Daughters of Atlas for they were in great Reputation for Wisdom and Justice and therefore when they were Dead were ador'd as Goddesses and fixt in the Constellation of the * The Seven Stars Pleiades Nymphs were commonly call'd Atlantides because Nymphs is a general Term in this Country apply'd to all Women They say that Saturn the Brother of Atlas was extraordinary Prophane and Covetous and Marrying his Sister Rhea he begat Jupiter afterwards surnam'd Olympus There was another Jupiter the Brother of Coelus and King of Crete but much inferior for Glory and Renown to the later For this later was Lord of the World but the ancient Jupiter was only King of the Island before-nam'd and had Ten Sons whom they call'd Curetes and call'd the Island Ida after the Name of his Wife where he himself was buried the Remains of whose Sepulcher are to be seen at this Day However the Cretians relate several Stories of these Jupiters of whom we shall write distinctly when we come to their History Saturn reign'd they say over Sicily Africa and Italy and inlarg'd his Dominion over all the Western Parts of the World and by Garrisons and strong Forts plac'd in convenient Places kept his Subjects every where within the Bounds of their Duty And hence it is that at this very Day in the Western Parts of Sicily the high Mounts that are to be seen here and there are call'd †Saturn ' s Castles Jupiter Cronia Jupiter they say was the Sun of Saturn who contrary to what his Father did before him carry'd himself justly and courteously toward all and therefore he was call'd Father by all his Subjects He succeeded in the Kingdom either as given up to him by his Father or set upon the Throne by his Subjects out of hatred to his Father And though Saturn afterwards by the help of the Titans made War upon his Son yet Jupiter overcame him in a Battel and so gain'd the Kingdom And afterwards he ran through the whole World doing good to all Mankind And because he was of a strong Body and endowed with all virtuous Qualifications of Mind he easily conquer'd the whole World He chiefly made it his Business to punish the Impious and to do good to all his People And therefore after he left the World he was call'd * Zeus Zena from Life because he was the first that taught Men to live well And therefore they of whom he had deserv'd well rewarded him with this Honour that he was unanimously by all placed in the highest Heavens and call'd a God and Supream Lord of all the Earth And this is the full Account distinctly related of all the Gods mention'd and recorded by the Atlantides And for as much as before in the account we gave of the Egyptian Antiquities we came in the Course of the general History to the Genealogy of Bacchus whom B 〈…〉 s. the Greeks call Dionysius and his Acts We conceive it sit here to add what the Grecians have delivered to Posterity concerning this God But in regard the ancient Fabulous Historians and Poets have given different Accounts of Bacchus and have related many monstrous Stories it 's very difficult to set forth truly his Genealogy and Acts. For some say there was but one †Bacchus Dionysius others that there were Three But some say there never was any such Man but conceive that Wine is to be taken for Dionysius We shall therefore in short run over distinctly what is said by every one of them The Naturalists who speak of this God and call Wine Bacchus say that the Earth amongst
great Tumult But their Ships being all burnt by the Sicilians Cocalus his Subjects they were out of all hope ever to return into their own Country and therefore resolv'd to settle themselves in Sicily To that end some of them built a City which from the Name of their King they call'd Minoa Another part of them went up into the heart of the Country and possessing themselves of a Place naturally very strong there built Engium a City so call'd from a Fountain there After the Destruction of Troy they receiv'd Merion with other Cretians that were cast upon Sicily and because they were of the same Nation they made them The Curetes or Corybantes Members of their City Afterwards making frequent Inroads into the Neighbouring Country from so strong a Fort they subdu'd many of the Borderers and got some small Territory afterwards being grown wealthy they built a Temple to the * Call'd the Mother Goddesses in Crete Curetes or Corybantes and most religiously ador'd those Goddesses and adorn'd their Temple with many rich Gifts They say these Goddesses came into Cicily out of Crete where they were most especially ador'd and honour'd It 's reported that they privatly bred up and conceal'd Jupiter from his Father Saturn In reward of which Kindness they were taken up into the Heavens and plac'd among the Stars where they make the Constellation call'd * The Bear Arctos Of whom Aratus agreeable hereunto in his Poem of the Stars speaks thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vpon their Shoulders him they bore away If that we may believe what Stories say From Crete great Jove advanc'd to th' Heavens clear And plac'd the Curetes in the Northern Bear For that from 's Father Saturn him they hid When young and th' Youth out of all danger rid It 's not fit therefore that we should pass by in silence the piety of these Goddesses P. 195. and their Fame and Reputation amongst all Men. For they are not only ador'd by the Inhabitants of this City but several of the Neighbouring Countries worship them with pompous Sacrifices and other Religious Services And the Oracle at Delphos injoyn'd many Cities to give divine Honour to these Goddesses promising that by this means they should be bless'd both in their private and publick Concerns And at length these Goddesses grew so Famous that rich Gifts both of Gold and Silver were dedicated to them by the Inhabitants and such Offerings are continu'd to the very time of writing this History For they built to them a most sumptuous Temple both for greatness of Structure and Costlyness of Ornament For in regard there was not Stone in that part of the Country fit for the raising such a Structure they took care to have it brought from the Agyrinaeans which was a * About Fifteen Miles Hundred Furlongs distance and the way very rough and craggy and hard to pass And therefore to convey the Stones they provided †Gr. Carts with Four Wheels Wagons and a Hundred Yoke of Oxen being the better inabled to bear the Charge for that the Sacred Treasures were very large For a little before our time there were Three Thousand Oxen dedicated to those Goddesses and so much Land as rais'd a vast Revenue But having said enough of this we shall proceed to the History of Aristaeus Aristaeus was the Son of Apollo and Cyrene the Daughter of Gypsaeus who was Aristaeus his Original the Son of Peneus Of his Birth some tell this Story They say that Cyrene was very beautiful and brought up at Mount Pelion and that Apollo fell in love with her and transported her into Lybia where in later time was built a City call'd after her Name Cyrene There Apollo committed his Son Aristaeus begotten of Cyrene then a young Infant to the care of the Nymphs to be brought up by them who gave him Three several Names Norricus Aristaeus and Agreus These Nymphs taught him how to * To make Cheese curdle Milk to order and make Bee-Hives and plant Olive-Yards and by this means he became the first that directed all other Men in this Art For which he was so honour'd that all ador'd him as a God as much as they did Bacchus Afterwards they say he went to Thebes where he marry'd Autonoe one of Cadmus's Daughters by whom he had Actaeon torn in Pieces as the Mythologists Actaeon say by his own Dogs Some give this Reason of his Misfortune Because that he design'd Nuptial Imbraces with Diana in her †Within the Consecrated Ground belonging to the Temple Temple dedicating to her what he got in hunting for that Solemnity Others say because he boasted that in hunting he excell'd * Others say because he look'd at her when she was Bathing See Paus Boetic c. 2. Diana her self And it is not improbable but that the Goddess might be incens'd at either of these For whether for the gratifying of his Lust by his Prey he abus'd the Goddess who was ever averse from Marriage or that he dar'd to prefer himself in the Art of Hunting before her who by all the Gods themselves was granted to excel all others in that respect the Goddess was certainly most justly angry It 's therefore very probable that being transform'd into the likeness of those Beasts he us'd to take the Dogs when they were in pursuit of other Game might tear him himself in Pieces After the Death of Actaeon Aristaeus went to †Apollo the Oracle being call'd the Oracle of Apollo his Father the Oracle at Delphos and there it 's said he was commanded by the Oracle to remove into the Island Coos who told him that he should be there highly honour'd and in great esteem with the Coons Thither therefore he sail'd a Plague afterwards raging over all Greece he sacrific'd to the Gods for the deliverance of the Grecians When he had perfected his Sacrifice about the rising of the * In August Dog Star at which time the Etesian Winds began to rise the Plague staid This remarkable change if it be seriously P. 196. considered may justly be wonder'd at for he who had his Son torn in Pieces with Dogs allay'd the evil Influences of the Dog-Star which commonly are pernicious and at that time restor'd Health to many Thousands Afterwards leaving his Children behind him he went to Lybia and from thence being furnish'd with Shipping by the Nymph his Mother he sail'd into Sardinia where being taken with the pleasantness of the Island he feated himself and improved the Ground with Planting and Tillage and civiliz'd the Inhabitants who were before Rude and Barbarous Here he begat Two Sons Carmus and Calaecarpus Afterwards he sail'd to other Islands and staid for some time in Sicily upon the account of its Fruitfulness both in Corn and Cattel where he imparted several things to the Inhabitants that were of great Benefit and
after was ador'd by the Inhabitants as a Goddess by the Name of Leucothea Afterwards the Telchines foreseeing an Inundation coming upon Rhodes forsook the Island and were dispers'd and scatter'd Abroad Of whom Lycus went into Lycia and built the Temple of Apollo Lycius near to the Banks of the River Xanthus When the Flood came it rose so high that besides destroying those that remain'd in the Island all the flat and Champain part of the Country with Showers that pour'd down continually was like a standing Pool of Water Some few that fled to the higher Grounds were preserv'd amongst whom were the Sons of Jupiter But Sol as the Story is falling in love with Rhoda call'd the Island after her Name Rhodes and cleared the Island of the Inundation But the truth coucht in the Fable is this In the first Generation of all things when the Island lay in Mud and Dirt the Sun dry'd up the Moisture and made the Land productive of Living Creatures whence sprang the Seven Heliades so call'd from †In Greek Helios the Sun and other Men the Original Inhabitants And hence it is that they account the Island to be consecrated to the Sun and the Rhodians in after-times constantly worship'd the Sun above all other Gods as the Parent from whence they first sprang The Names of his * The Heliades Seven Sons are Ochimus Ceraphus Macir Astis Tenages Triopas and Candalus ‖ Sol the Sun he had only one Daughter call'd Electryo who dying a Virgin became ever after ador'd by the Rhodians as a Demy-Goddess When the Heliades attain'd to Mens Estate Sol told 'em that which soever of them first sacrific'd to Minerva should ever enjoy the presence of the Goddess The same thing it 's said was promis'd and foretold at the same time to the Athenians Hereupon it fell out that the Heliades through P. 227. too much hast forgot to put Fire under the Altars before they laid the Sacrifices upon them Cecrops they say then reign'd in Athens and was later than the other in slaying the Burnt-Offering but was before them in burning the Victim for which Reason there 's a peculiar * That is laying the Victim upon the Altar before the Fire Ceremony us'd in Rhodes in their Sacred Mysteries to this Day and the Image of the Goddess is set up there These things some have related concerning the Antiquities of the Rhodians among whom is Zenon who wrote their History The Heliades as they were in station above other Men so they excell'd others in Learning and especially in Astrology They were the Persons that first found out the Art of Navigation and the dividing of the Day into Hours Tenages was the most ingenious of any of them and therefore through Envy was Murdered by his Brothers Upon discovery of the Fact both the principal Authors and their Accomplices fled for it Macer got to Lesbos and Candalus to Coos Actis fled into Egypt and there built Heliopolis calling it after the Name of his Father and from him the Egyptians learnt the Science of Astrology Afterwards when most of the Inhabitants of Greece were destroy'd by the Flood and all Records and ancient Monuments perish'd with them the Egyptians took this occasion to appropriate the study of Astrology solely to themselves and whereas the Grecians through Ignorance as yet valu'd not Learning it became a general Opinion that the Egyptians were the first that found out the Knowledge of the Stars And so even the Athenians themselves though they built the City Sais in Egypt yet by reason of the Flood were led into the same Error of forgetting what was before And therefore it 's believ'd that many Ages after Cadmus the Son Cadmus of Agenor brought the Knowledge of Letters out of Phaenicia first into Greece and after him it 's suppos'd the Grecians themselves added some Letters to those they learn'd before but a general Ignorance however still prevailed amongst them Triopas another Son past over into Caria and possessed himself of the Promontory there call'd from him Triopium The rest of Sol's Sons having had no hand in the Murder staid behind in Rhodes and afterwards built the City Achaia and dwelt in Ialysia But the Regal Power was in Ochymus the Eldest Son who marry'd Hegetoria one of the Nymphs and of her begat a Daughter call'd Gydippe who afterwards went by the Name of Cyrbias by marrying of whom Cercaphis his Brother came to the Kingdom after whose Death Three of the Sons Lindus Ialysus and Camirus reign'd together in whose time a great Inundation laid Cyrbe waste and desolate These Three Brothers divided the Country amongst themselves and each built a City and call'd them after their own Names At this time Danaus fled out of Egypt with his great number of Daughters Danaus and landed at Lindus in Rhodes where being receiv'd by the Inhabitants he built a Temple to Minerva and consecrated to her an Altar During this Travel of Danaus Three of his Daughters dy'd in Lindus and the rest pass'd over with their Father to Argos Not long after Cadmus the Son of Agenor being commanded by the King to Cadmus seek after Europa made for Rhodes and in the Voyage being overtaken with a violent Storm made a Vow to build a Temple to Neptune Having therefore escap'd the danger according to his Vow he dedicated a Temple to this God in the Island and left some of the Phaenicians to be Overseers of the Sacred Mysteries who were made Members of the City with the Ialysians and out of their Families they say from time to time were chosen the Priests Cadmus at that time devoted many rich Gifts to Minerva Lindia amongst which was a Brass Cauldron a most excellent piece of curious ancient Workmanship it had an Inscription upon it in Phaenician Letters which were therefore called Phaenician P. 228. because they say they were first brought out of Phaenicia into Greece In after-times vast Serpents bred in Rhodes which destroy'd many of the Inhabitants those therefore that remain'd sent to Delos to consult the Oracle what was to be done for the removal of the present Calamity they suffer'd under who return'd answer That they should admit Phorbas and his Followers to share with them in the Island He was the Son of Lapithas and was then with many of his Friends in Thessaly seeking for a convenient Place wherein to settle themselves The Rhodians hereupon according to the direction of the Oracle sent for Phorbas and receiv'd him as a Proprietor with them in the Island who destroy'd all the Serpents and freed the Country from their former fears and from thenceforth continu'd in Rhodes and was after his Death ador'd as a Demy-God having approv'd himself a Good Man in several other respects Afterwards Althaemenes the Son of Catreus King of Crete consulting the Oracle Althaemenes concerning some Affairs was answer'd that it would be his Fate to kill his own Father to
For whereas they might before have easily made Theramenes and the rest of his Party their Patrons and Advocats in the Accusations laid against them being Men that were excellent Speakers and of great Interest and that which was most considerable were best acquainted with every thing that was done in the Battle Now on the contrary they had so Ant. Chr. 403. far disoblig'd 'em that they became their most bitter Enemies and Prosecutors For when the Letters were read to the People they were presently all on fire against Theramenes But he having clear'd himself their Rage was all turn'd again upon the other Officers The People therefore assign'd 'em a Day to be heard and order'd the Forces to be deliver'd over to Conon whom they exempted from this Bill all the rest they commanded by an Absolute Decree forthwith to return Among whom Aristogenes and Protomachus fearing the Rage of the People fled But Thrasyllus Calliades Lysias Pericles and Aristocrates return'd to Athens with agreat number of Ships upon this Confidence that by the Mediation of those they had brought along with them who were very many they should be acquit But after the Assembly came together the People yielded a quick Ear to the Accusations and whatever the * The Orators or Counsel for the People Demagogues said it was well taken but when the Accus'd began to speak a Tumult arose and they could not be heard in their own Defence And besides the Relations of them that were kill'd did no little further their Ruin who came weeping and wailing into the Senate earnestly desiring that the Commanders might suffer for their Neglect The Brave Athenian Officers put to Death by the People in not Burying them who had valiantly lost their Lives for their Country At length the Friends of the Dead and those that prosecuted with Theramenes of whom many were then present prevail'd And thereupon the Commanders were condemn'd to die and their Estates to be conficate Sentence being thus given just as they were leading to Execution by the ‖ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sheriffs Lictors Diomedon one of them an Excellent Souldier and reputed a Just Man and Eminent in all other Virtuous Qualifications stood up and Silence being made through the whole Assembly thus began Ye Men The Speech of Diomedon of Athens we heartily wish that the Sentence now pronounc'd against us may issue in the Prosperity and Happiness of this City But since Fortune has prevented us Ant. Ch. 403. from paying our Vows and giving Thanks to the Gods for the Victory 't is most just and fit You should perform it See therefore that Ye do it to Jove to Apollo and P. 387. the Glorious Goddesses for by Prayers to them we have overcome the Enemy When he had said this he was hurry'd away with the rest to Execution many of the Best of the Citizens bemoaning his Fate with Tears For he who now went to suffer never in the least complain'd of the Hardness of his Case but only advis'd his Countrymen who then acted so wickedly to make their Addresses to the Gods which was a clear Indication of a Man of a Pious and Generous Spirit little deserving such base and unworthy Usage In short the Eleven Commanders were all put to Death by the Officers appointed by Law tho' they had never done the City the least Injury but on the contrary benefited their Country by a Victory gain'd in a Sea-Fight the Greatest that was ever fought by Grecians against Grecians and besides were Men whose Valour had been remarkable in several Battles and who had had Statues before erected in Memory of their Victories The People were then so desperately mad and Ant. Ch. 403. enrag'd by the Orators beyond all Bounds of Justice that they gratify'd their Anger and Revenge upon Men that were not only Innocent but deserv'd rather Honour and Rewards But not long after both the Accusers that stir'd up the People and the People themselves who gave Credit to their Criminations sorely Repented of what was done as if God himself had taken Revenge of them for the Fact For they that were so willing to be deluded by these Malicious Instigations not long after receiv'd the Reward of their Folly when not One but thirty Domineering Masters were by force set over them Then was Callixeus he that gave Sentence of Death against the Accus'd upon this Change of the People charg'd as one that had deceiv'd them and without being admitted to any Defence was Committed and carry'd to the Common-Goal but by the help of some Friends breaking through the Walls he fled to the Enemy at Deoelea so that by the Avoiding of Death at this time he was pointed at as it were by the Finger for his Notorious Wickedness not only at Athens but amongst all the other Grecians abroad all the Days of his Life after These are almost all the Things that are reported to be done this Year Amongst Philistus the Historian the Writers Philistus concludes the First Part of the Affairs of Sicily with this Year and with the Taking of Agrigentum comprehending in seven Volumes the History of above Eight hundred Years He begins the other Part where the former ended and proceeds in his Relations contain'd in four Books About this Time died Sophocles the Death of Sophocles Tragedian the Son of Theophilus ninety Years of Age. He gain'd eighteen Victories upon the Stage It 's reported of him That when he Acted his last Tragedy and Euripides came off Conqueror he fell into so violent a Laughter that he fell down dead Appollodorus Ant. Chr. 403. a Writer of Chronicles reports that Euripides likewise died this Year But others relate That being entertain'd with Archelaus King of Macedonia once walking abroad into the Fields some Dogs met him by whom he was torn in pieces and so miserably perish'd a little before this Year CHAP. XV. Lysander made Sole Admiral of the Lacedemonian Fleet. He takes Caramium The Ruin of the Athenian Fleet at Aegos Potamos Athens taken by Lysander The End of the Peloponesian War THE Year next before being ended Alexias was made Archon of Athens this Year Olymp. 93. 4. and at Rome three Military Tribunes again executed the Places of Consuls Caius Julius Publius Cornelius and Caius Servilius During their Magistracy after the Commanders An. M. 3567. were put to Death the Athenians made Philocles General of the Army and Ant. Chr. 403. delivering the Fleet to him sent him away to Conon Commissioning them with a Philocles and Conon joyntly Commission'd Joynt-Power in the Management of the War When he came to Conon at Samos he Man'd all the Ships to the number of an hundred seventy three Twenty of these he left there and with the rest he and Conon set Sail for the Hellespont Lysander in the mean time High-Admiral of the Lacedemonian Fleet with 35 Sail P. 388. which he had got
prodigie perplex'd many for there were some of the Soothsayers who declar'd that by this Marching out of the Army the Sun of the City should be Ecclips'd meaning nothing else but the death of Pelopidas However Pelopidas nothing mov'd with what was said but led on by his inevitable destiny March'd forward When he came into Thessaly he found that Alexander with above Twenty thousand Men had possess'd himself of the higer Grounds Upon this he Encamp'd in the Face of the Enemy and being afterwards join'd with the Thessalians he Fought the Phereans But Alexander prevailing by the advantage of the Ground Pelopidas desiring to Ant. Ch. 362. put an end to the dispute by his own personal Valour Charges up to Alexander himself who with those select Bands that were about him valiantly stood his Ground upon which the Battle grew very hot in which Pelopidas acting the part both of a good Soldier and skilful Commander cover'd the Place with the Bodies of his Enemies At length he put the Enemy to flight and gain'd the Victory but he himself through many Wounds he had receiv'd fell down Dead and so Heroically ended his Days And now Alexander being Conquer'd in another Battle and thereby having all his Forces broken in pieces he was forc'd upon Terms of Peace to restore to the Thessalians all the Towns he had before taken And to deliver Magnetes and Phithiodis Cities of Achaia Alexander beaten makes Peace and restores the Cities to the Beotians and be their Confederates and for the future to be content only with Pherea However tho' the Thebans gain'd a glorious Victory yet they declar'd every where that they were Conquer'd because of the death of Pelopidas For they lookt upon the Victory not to Compensate the loss of so brave a Man For he had often done many great and worthy Services for the advantage of his Country and much enlarg'd the Bounds and Territories of the Theban Commonwealth As in freeing the City by the Exiles when they recover'd the Citadel of Cadmea all generally ascrib'd that noble The brave Acts of Pelopidas Action to Pelopidas which was the chief cause of all the advantages and happy success that hapned to the Thebans afterwards Then at the Fight of Tegea Pelopidas was the only Man of the Boeotarchs that overcame the Lacedemonians the most potent People of all the Grecians Which was the first time the Thebans erected a Trophy for the greatness of the Victory over the Lacedemonians Afterwards at the Battle at Leuctra he was Colonel of the sacred Band and was the first that broke in upon the Lacedemonians Ant. Ch. 364. and so became the immediate Author and Instrument of the Victory Besides in the Expeditions against the Lacedemonians being General of Seventy thousand Men he erected a Trophy for his Victory over them in the very Face of Sparta who never knew before what it meant to be Besieg'd Being sent Ambassador to the King of Persia to Negotiate the affair of the common Pacification he gain'd in that Treaty Messena for his own Country Which the Thebans rebuilt after it had lain desolate Three hundred Years And now at last in the Battle against Alexander notwithstanding he far exceeded him in the number of his Forces he not only obtain'd a glorious Victory but became famous for his extraordinary Valour tho' with the loss of his Life And during these Wars he was in that reputation among the People that from the return of the Exiles to the time of his Death he was always one of the Boeotarchs Never none before being ever thought worthy of so great an honour In as much therefore as Pelopidas P. 500. was thus highly Esteem'd and gain'd the reputation of all for his Courage and Conduct its fit he should have his due Commendation from us likewise in this our History About the same time Clearchus of the City of Heraclea aspir'd to the Sovereignty of Pontus and prevailing in his Enterprize made it his whole business to imitate Dionysius the Tyrant and govern'd the Heracleans in great Splendor for the space of Twelve Years During these Affairs Timotheus the Athenian General having with him both Sea and Land Forces Besieg'd Torone and Potidea and took them by Storm and Rais'd the Siege of Cyzicum CHAP. X. The War between the Tegeans and Mantineans The Beotians side with the Tegeans Epaminondas made General The Battle of Mantinea where Epaminondas was kill'd but the Lacedemonians routed The commendation of Epaminondas AT the end of the Yea Chariclides was created Lord Chancelor of Athens and Olymp. 104. 2. Ant. Ch. 361. Lucius Aemilius Mamercus and Lucius Sextius Lateranus Roman Consuls At which time the Arcadians and Piseans by compact joining together celebrated the Olympian Games at Olympia and possess'd themselves both of the Temple and all the Riches that were there And because the Mantineans carry'd away and converted to prophane uses many of the Dedicated things these Sacrilegious Persons made it their business to promote and carry on the War against the Eleans lest if Peace were made they should be call'd to account for their ill gotten Goods And therefore when the rest of the Arcadians War between the Tegeans and Mantineans would have compromiz'd Matters they stirr'd up Sedition against their own Countrymen Being therefore divided into Two Factions one headed by the Tegeans the other by the Mantineans the Feud grew to that height that at last they came to decide the Controversie by force of Arms and they of Tegea sent an Ambassador to the Beotians to desire their assistance Whereupon the Beotians without delay made Epaminondas General and sent him with a strong Army to the aid of the Tegeans But the Mantineans being terrify'd with the Beotian Army and the Great Name of Epaminondas The Thebans join with the Tegeans under Epaminondas sent their Ambassadors to the Capital Enemies of the Beotians the Athenians and Lacedemonians to sollicite them to join with the Mantineans in the War Great Forces therefore being rais'd on both sides many great Battles were fought in Peloponnesus And the Lacedemonians as soon as they could broke into Arcadia lying next to them About Lacedemonians join with the Mantineans the same time Epaminondas was marching forward with his Army and being come near to Mantinea he heard that the Lacedemonians with all their Forces were wasting and spoiling the Territories of Tegea Conceiving therefore that Sparta was left naked he undertook a weighty Affair but Fortune favour'd not his Enterprize For he march'd with his Army in the night against Sparta But Agis King of Lacedemon suspecting the Craft and Subtilty of Epaminondas prudently conjectur'd what possibly might be design'd therefore to prevent Epaminondas he dispatch'd away some Cretian Couriers to Sparta to acquaint them that the Boectians were just then upon their march in order to surprize the The design of Epaminondas to surprize Sparta prevented City and that he himself would
together for their remaining Liberties But the Athenians in regard they had receiv'd many Kindnesses and Marks of Honour from Alexander beyond all the rest of the Cities continu'd quiet and firm in their Duty But many of the Peloponnesians and some others entred into the League and inroll'd their Names as Soldiers for the Army so as according as every City was able they sent forth the choicest of their Youth and rais'd an Army of Twenty thousand Foot and Two thousand Horse The Management of the whole War was left to the Lacedaemonians who were resolv'd to lay all at Stake and made Agis General Antipater hearing of the Defection of the Greeks compos'd all Matters relating to the War in Thrace as well as he could and march'd with all his Forces into Greece having no less than Forty thousand Greek Auxiliaries as Confederates Hereupon a great Battel was fought wherein Agis though he behav'd himself with great Valour and Resolution was kill'd and at length the Lacedaemonians having stood to it stoutly for a long time upon their Confederates giving Ground likewise retreated towards Sparta There fell of the Lacedaemonians and their Confederates in this Battel above Five thousand and Three hundred Of those with Antipater Three thousand and Five hundred There was one Thing very Remarkable concerning the Death of Agis Having fought with great Gallantry and Resolution and receiv'd many Wounds he was carry'd off by the Soldiers in order to be brought back to his own Country but being surrounded by the Enemy and finding no likelihood to escape he charg'd his Soldiers forthwith to be gone and preserve themselves for the further Service of their Country He himself remain'd and with his Sword in his Hand fought it out upon his Knees and kill'd several of the Assailants till at length being shot through the Body with a Dart he there dy'd after he had reign'd Nine Years Thus far for Europe we shall now return again to the Affairs of Asia CHAP. VII Alexander comes to Babylon The Wealth found there Views his Troops at Sitacana The Riches there Thence goes into the Country of the Uxians Marches towards Persepolis A Company of maim'd Greeks met Alexander His Bounty to them He takes Persepolis gives it up to the Plunder of the Soldiers The Riches of the Cittadel of Persepolis Alexander's Feast at Persepolis Persepolis burnt at the Instigation of Thais Darius murder'd DArius being routed at Arabela fled towards the higher Provinces to the end that he might both by the distance of the Place recruit himself and likewise have more time to raise a new Army He came first to Ecbatane where he stay'd for some time and there receiv'd his broken Troops that came in to him and arm'd again such as had lost their Arms. He sent likewise for the Militia out of the Neighbouring Provinces and dispatch'd Messengers to the Lord-Lieutenants and Commanders in Bactria and the upper Praefectures wishing them to abide firm to him in their Faith and Loyalty Ant. Ch. 328. In the mean time Alexander after he had buri'd those that were kill'd in the Battel enter'd Arbela where he found abundance of rich Furniture of the Kings and vast Treasures of the Barbarians amounting to Three thousand Talents of Silver But because he judg'd that the Air thereabouts must needs be infected through the Stench of the Bodies that lay there slain he presently remov'd his Camp and came with all his Alexander comes to Babylon Forces to Babylon where he was chearfully receiv'd by the Inhabitants and splendid Entertainment afforded to the Macedonians And there his Army was refresh'd after the many Toils and Difficulties they had undergone And thus in the Confluence of all Things desirable and free and noble Entertainment of the Citizens he continu'd in the City above Thirty Days Then he made Agatho of Pydna Governor of the Castle with a Garison of Seven Hundred Macedonians To Apollodorus of Amphipolis and Menetes of Pelea he gave the Government of Babylon and of all the Prefectures as far as to Cilicia and order'd them to raise what Forces they could and gave them a Thousand Talents for that purpose He made Mithrinas who betray'd the Castle of Sardis Lord Lieutenant of Armenia Of the Monies that he found in Babylon he gave to every Horseman * About 19 l. Six Minas to every Auxiliary Five to each of the Macedonian Phalanx Two and to every Foreign Mercenary Two Months Pay The King removing from Babylon as he was in his March there came to him Recruits from Antipater Five hundred Macedonian Horse and Six thousand Foot Six hundred Recruits come to him Thracian Horse and Three thousand Five hundred Trallians From Peloponnesus Four thousand Ant. Ch. 328. Foot and almost a Thousand Horse Among these were sent Fifty of the Sons of the King 's special Friends from Macedonia design'd by their Fathers to be of the King's Life-Guard Having receiv'd these he march'd forward and came after Six Decampments into the Province of Sitacina And here he stay'd several Days in regard the Country abounded in all Things necessary for the Life of Man and for that he had a mind his Soldiers should refresh themselves after their tedious March And had a Purpose likewise to take a more exact View and Account of his Troops and to inlarge the Commands and Governments of his Captains and Commanders and so to strengthen his Army both by the Number of Soldiers and Valour of their Officers All which he forthwith put in Execution and making choice of the most Deserving with the utmost Care possible he advanc'd many from very considerable Places of Trust and Authority to much higher Preferments by which means he both promoted his Officers and gain'd their Hearts and Affections at the same time He took care also for the better Government of the Common Soldiers and by many new Inventions put every thing into a better Order and Posture than they were before To conclude when he had so manag'd every thing as that he had gain'd the Love of the whole Army and made them in all Points observant to his Commands and was assur'd for Valour they would give Ground to none he march'd forward in order to finish by fighting what further remain'd When he came to the Province of Susiana he presently without any difficulty gain'd the Possession Ant. Ch. 328. of Susa the Royal City the most beautiful Palace of the Universe which was voluntarily surrender'd to him by Abuletes the Lord Lieutenant of the Province But some Writers Enters Susa have said That this was done by order from Darius himself to them that otherwise would have been both Loyal and Faithful to his Interest and that this was done by the Persian King for this end that Alexander being taken up with Matters of such great Moment as taking Possession of famous and noble Cities and loading himself with vast Treasures Darius might gain more time for the raising of fresh
likewise Purple Gowns upon his Friends and cloath'd all his Horsemen in the Persian Habit. He began likewise to carry his Concubines along with him from place to place as Darius us'd to do who had almost as many as the Days in the Year and were the greatest Beauties that could be found throughout all Asia These stood round the King's Bed every Night that he might take his choice of whom he pleas'd to lie with him However for the most part he follow'd the ancient Customs of his Ancestors and us'd the other but seldom lest he should offend the Macedonians and when some notwithstanding complain'd of the King he stopp'd their Mouths with Gifts and Bribes About this time Intelligence was brought him that Satibarzanes one of Darius his Lord Lieutenants had kill'd all the Soldiers he had committed to his Charge and was join'd in Conspiracy with Bessus to make War upon the Macedonians whereupon he march'd out against him Satibarzanes had got all his Forces together into Chrotacana a most Noble City in those Parts and naturally fortify'd but as soon as the King came in sight being terrify'd with the Greatness of the King's Army and the Valour of the Macedonians which was now cry'd up all the World over he hasted away with Two thousand Horse to Bessus to procure help from him with all speed The rest of his Forces he ordered to make to a Ant. Ch. 327. Mountain near at hand which was full of straight Passes and where they might lye close and secure when they durst not Engage with the Enemy in the open Field Upon this the King was so intent and diligent as he always was that though they had shelter'd themselves in a large Rock and naturally strong yet he reduc'd the Besieg'd to those streights as that he forc'd them to Surrender themselves Afterwards having reduc'd all the Cities in this Province in the space of Thirty days he left Hircania and came to the Royal City of * Drangina where he Encamp'd and refresh'd In the Province of Drangiana â—n Persia his Army About tâ—is time a most wicked Plot was laid against Alexander very unworthy the A Plot against Alexander Goodness of his Disposition For one of the King's Friends call'd Dimnus blaming the King for something he had done and thereupon become Enrag'd at him contriv'd to Assassinate him This Man had a Catamite call'd Nicomachus whom he dearly lov'd him he went about to persuade to join with him in this Wicked Design But being a very young Youth he discover'd the whole Business to his Brother Cebalinus who fearing lest some other should be before him in the Discovery resolv'd to make the first Discovery to the King Thereupon he goes to the Court and first meets Philotas and acquaints him with what he had heard and intreats him to inform the King what was hatching out of hand Philocas whether through Covetousness or that he was one of the Conspirators it 's not certain minded not to make the Discovery of what had been imparted to him For though he went in to the King and had a long Discourse with him of divers matters Ant. Ch 327. yet he told him nothing of what Cebalinus had related to him But when he came out told Cebalinus that he had not had as yet a fit Opportunity for opening of the Matter to the King but that the next Day he would take him aside by himself and discover all that Cebalinus had made known to him Philotas neglecting the Business the next Day also Cebalinus was afraid lest if it should be discover'd by some other Person and so he himself should be in great danger Therefore he wav'd Philotas and goes to one of the King's Pages and tells him the whole Plot wishing him forthwith to acquaint the King and then withdraws himself into the Armory and there lay private The Page took the Opportunity when the King was in the Bath and related to him the whole Matter told him by Cebalinus and that he then lay hid and secret in the Armory At this the King was greatly staâ—tled and forthwith order'd Dimnus to be seiz'd and now fully inform'd of the Conspiracy sent for Cebalinus and Philotas When every thing after strict Examination was fully discover'd Dimnus stabb'd himself Philotas confess'd his Neglect in not making the Discovery but utterly deny'd that he had any hand in the Conspiracy The King hereupon committed the Examination of the Business to the Judgment of the Macedonians who after many Arguments and Debates Pro and Con condemn'd Philotas and the rest of the Conspirators to die amongst whom was Parmenio who was ever thought to have been one of the King 's most faithful Friends And though he was not Ant. Ch. 327. then present himself yet it was suspected that he manag'd the Business by his Son Philotas Philotas therefore being put upon the Rack confess'd the whole Plot and so he and the other Conspirators were put to Death according to the manner of their Philotas put to Death own Country Alexander Lyncestes also who was before accus'd of a Conspiracy against the King suffer'd in the same manner He had been now three years in custody but his Trial was deferr'd to that time for the sake of Antigonus who had a great kindness for him and between whom there was a particular Friendship and Familiarity But being then brought before the Macedonian Senate and having nothing by way of Plea to say for himself he was Executed with the rest Then Alexander dispatch'd some away upon Dromadary Camels to prevent the Report of Philotas his Punishment and by that means caus'd Parmenio the Father of Philotas to be seiz'd unawares and put to Death he was then Governor of Media and was intrusted with the King's Treasures in Ecbatana which amounted to an Hundred and Fourscore thousand Talents About the same time he sever'd from the rest of his Army all such as had given out harsh Expressions against him and grumbl'd at the Death of Parmenio and all those who had written false and scandalous Letters to their Friends in Macedonia relating to the King's Affairs All these he cast into one Company or Regiment which he call'd the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Unruly Company lest by their unseasonable Jangling and Prating they should corrupt the rest of the Macedonians After these things thus done and that he had settl'd his Affairs in Drangina he march'd against the Arimaspi as they were anciently call'd but now * Benefactors Evergetae which Name was given them upon the following account Cyrus who was the first that translated the Empire from the Medes to the Persians in a certain Expedition he had undertaken being brought into great Extremity in a barren Country for want of Provision insomuch as the Ant Ch. 327. Soldiers to satisfy their Hunger were forc'd to eat the Flesh one of another the Arimispi at that time brought to his Army Thirty thousand Carts
to him standing sporting and jesting with those that were merrily dispos'd When it drew towards Evening and most were gone he was wrapt up in Linen and brought in by the Anticks and laid upon the ground and presently after as if he were call'd he started up on a sudden naked and in a jocund Humour danced in most ridiculous Gestures with the Mimicks and Stage-Players insomuch as all being dasht out of countenance through shame withdrew and left the place Every one indeed that came to the Solemnity as often as they cast their Eyes upon the sumptuous Furniture and the Stately and Magnificent Order and Disposal of the whole in the Celebration of the Sports and Games admir'd both the King and the Riches of his Kingdom but when they lookt upon the King himself and his Irregular Actions they scarce believ'd it was possible there could so many Vices and Virtues be found to Concenter in one and the same Person 69. When the Solemnity was ended Tiberius Gracchus arriv'd as an Ambassador sent to inspect into the Affairs of Syria whom the King receiv'd and entertain'd with so much Ush An. 438. Before Ch. 164. Kindness and Civility that Gracchus did not in the least suspect any ill Designs in the King nor discern'd that he took any thing amiss in relation to what was done in Aegypt But Antiochus in truth was far from such a Temper but was altogether a Mortal Enemy to the Romans 70 Ptolemy being driven out of his Kingdom and on his Journey to Rome by land it was made known to Demetrius the Son of Seleucus who surpriz'd with his misfortune gave Ptolemy Philometor an instance of his Royal and Generous disposition For forthwith attended with his Servants and taking with him a Royal Robe a Diadem and a Horse Adorn'd with Trappings of Gold he went to meet Ptolemy and came up to him at the * 26th Stone distant from the City whom after he had courteously embrac'd him he advis'd to put Every Stone was a Mile Two hundred Furlongs on the Royal Robes and to make use of the other Ensigns of Royalty and so enter into the City as became the Dignity of his Person left he should be despis'd Ptolemy was much taken with him for his extraordinary Kindness but was so far from accepting what was offer'd that he intreated Demetrius he might rather stop and take up his Lodgings at some small Village in the way 71. Antipater having breathed out his last in the midst of these Torments they bring Antipater Asclepiades Governor of the City crying out that Timotheus was the Contriver of the whole Scene of this mischief and that it was through his persuasions that the young Man so impiously and unjustly put his Brother to death Hereupon when all the Great Men and Commanders began to smell out the whole Design and Contrivance and to commiserate the sad condition of those that suffered such cruel Torments Timotheus was in a great fright and loos'd the rest that were condemn'd from their Torments and afterwards put them privately to death 72. Philopater sirnam'd Ariarathes being now come to the Crown after the death of Ariarathes King of Thrace his Father the first thing he did was the Celebrating his Father's Funeral in great Pomp and State afterwards caressing his Friends Great Officers and Commanders and the rest of his Subjects he gain'd the good Will of all sorts 73. When * A Country in Asia bordering upon the Greater Armenia Ush An. 458. Before Ch. 161. The death of Paulus Aemilius Ariarathes had restor'd Mithrobuzanes to his Father's Kingdom Artaxias Ariarathes Mithrobuzanes one of the Sons of Zadriades King of the lesser Armenia King of Armenia still infected with his old vice of Covetousness sent an Ambassador to Ariarathes to sollicit him to join with him and kill one of the Brothers that were then in his hands and divide * Iberia Sophene between them But Ariarathes greatly abhorr'd such a piece of Cruelty and Treachery and smartly rebuk'd the Ambassadors and writ a Letter to Artaxias wherein he advis'd him to forbear such wicked practices which Carriage of Ariarathes much advanc'd his Fame and Reputation and Mithrobuzanes through the faithfulness and integrity of him to whom he fled for shelter regain'd his Father's Kingdom 74. Lucius Aemilius who conquer'd Perseus and was a Consul and Censor and the bravest Man of his Age of all the Romans dy'd about this time whose death when it was generally known especially at the time of his Funeral caus'd such a general Sorrow and Lamentation that not only Artificers and other sorts of common People flock'd together but the Senate and all the Magistrates of the City prepar'd every thing that was necessary for the Gracing of his Funeral And all Persons of the Free Towns and Cities bordering upon Rome that could posibly attend at the day came in flocking together both to see and honour the Solemnity 75. Such as Aemilius was reported for his Wealth while he liv'd such he appear'd to be when he was dead For tho' he was the only Person in his time that enricht the Treasury at Rome with plenty of Gold brought with him out of * Portions Spain and had the Command of all the Riches of Macedonia and was cloath'd with absolute Authority in all those places yet he was so far from converting any thing to his private use that when his two adopted Sons after his death possess'd themselves of his Estate out of all his Goods they were not able to raise so much as would be sufficient to satisfie his Wife her just Dowry without selling some of his Land and therefore some have preferr'd him for his Abstemiousness and freedom from Covetousness before Aristides and Epaminondas that were so famous and eminent among the Grecians upon that account For they only refus'd Money that was offer'd them by such as thereby design'd and aim'd at their own advantage but this Man medled not with any thing where he had possession of all and might have taken to his use as much as he pleas'd And if any look upon this as a thing incredible let such consider that they must not judge of the Sobriety and Moderation of the Ancient Romans by the griping Covetousness of those at this day For in truth in this our Age the Romans exceed all other Nations in their Insatiableness after Riches But since we now revive the memory of so excellent a Person we shall briefly say something of Scipio his Son he that afterwards raz'd Numantia lest ignorance of his Care and Diligence in the Study of the most excellent and commendable Arts and Sciences should occasion Incredulity that he should attain to such an Eminency in all virtuous Qualifications Publius Scipio therefore was the natural Son of Lucius Aemilius who conquer'd Perseus as we have before declar'd but was the Adopted Son of Scipio that conquer'd Hannibal and the Carthaginians and so by Adoption
and him in it The miserable End of Jason Of the Heraclidae and their return to Peloponnesus 148 Chap. 4. The Acts of Theseus The Minotaur in Crete Androgeos the Son of Minos murder'd by Aegeus Ariadna Daughter of Minos in love with Theseus Ariadna's Crown Aegeus King of Athens kills himself Theseus his Death The War of Thebes by the Seven Captains The Epigoni renew the War Pedigrees of the Heroes at Troy Of the Centaurs and Lapithae The Pedigrees of Aesculapius Aeacus Ajax Pelops Tantalus Oenomeus Dardanus his Posterity to Priam King of Troy 159 Chap. 5. Of Daedalus and his Works in Crete Sicily and elsewhere His Flight into Sicily Minos invades Sicily The manner of his Death there The Famous Temple of the Curetes or Corybants in Sicily built by the Posterity of the Cretians that came there with Minos The Pedigree of Aristaeus his Acts his Son Actaeon Of Eryx Venus her Temple in Eryx in Sicily the Fame of it Of Daphnis the Shepherd a Description of the Herean Mountains Of Orion Of the Straight of Messina 168 BOOK V. Chap. 1. A Description of Sicily The Aeolide Islands or Lipari Islands Of Malta Gaulus Cercina Corsica Sardinia Pityusa and the Baleares 176 Chap. 2. Of Madera Britain Gallia Celtiberia Iberia and Tyrrhenia and of the Inhabitants and their Laws and Customs 184 Chap. 3. Of Gredosia Of the Isles of the Arabian Sea Of the Holy Island Of Panchaea Of Samothracia Of Naxus Syme Nausus Calydna Nisyrus Carpathus Of Rhodes and of Chersonesus 194 Chap. 4. Of Crete The first Inhabitants Of the Idaei Dactyli Of Jupiter Saturn Hyperion Prometheus Mnemosyne Themis Ceres Neptune Pallas Jupiter's Race as the Muses Vulcan Mars c. Of the ancient Hercules Britomartis Pluto Rhadamanthus his Justice Of Lesbos Deucalion's Flood Of the Blessed Islands Of Tenedos and the Cyclades 204 THE CONTENTS Of the Last Ten Books of Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK XI Chap. 1. OF Xerxes his Expedition into Greece and the Fight at Thermopyle and Sea-Fight at Salamis Page 215 Chap. 2. How the Carthaginians invaded Sicily and were routed by Gelon And the time of Pindar the Poet. 226 Chap. 3. The Victory of the Greeks over Mardonius at Platea 230 Chap. 4. Of the Fight with the Persians by the Grecians at Mycale in Ionia Herodotus ends with this Fight and taking of Sestos 233 Chap. 5. The Death and Commendation of Gelo of Syracuse and the Rebuilding of Athens by the Policy of Themistocles 235 Chap. 6. The enlarging of the Haven at Athens by Themistocles The Treason of Pausanias And the Justice of Aristides 237 Chap. 7. Hiero King of Sicily prepares to besiege Agrigentum Discovers the Treason of them of Himera to Thero their Prince Expels the Cataneans and Naxians 240 Chap 8. The Lacedemonians quarrel with the Athenians for the Dominion of the Sea 241 Chap. 9. Hiero breaks the Power of the Hetruscans by Sea 242 Chap 10. The War between the Tarrentines and the Japigians ibid. Chap. 11. The Death of Thero Prince of Agrigentum and the Tyranny of his Son Thrasydeus who abdicated the Government and kill'd himself Three hundred of the Family of the Fabii slain at one time 243 Chap. 12. The Malice of the Lacedemonians against Themistocles and his Banishment His Praise 244 Chap. 13. Cymon the Athenian General gains many Places for the Athenians Routs the Persians by a Stratagem at Eury medentum 247 Chap. 14. A great Earthquake in Sparta The War upon them by the Helots and Mycenians 248 Chap. 15. The War between the Argives and the Mycenians 249 Chap. 16. The Death of Hiero. 250 Chap. 17. Thrasybulus King of Syracuse depos'd by force of Arms for his Tyranny 250 Chap. 18. The Murder of Xerxes by Artabanus 251 Chap. 19. The War between the Athenians and Aegineaus 252 Chap 20. The Egyptians revolt from the Persians New Troubles in Sicily ibid. Chap. 21. Persians Expedition into Egypt Wars in Sicily 254 Chap. 22. The War between the Epidaurians and Athenians Page 255 Chap. 23. The War between the Corinthians and Megareans 256 Chap. 24. The War between the Athenians and Boetians 257 Chap. 25. The Athenians invade the Spartans by Tolmides 258 Chap. 26. The War in Sicily between the Aegestines and the Lilybeans The Custom of Writing upon an Olive Leaf the Names of such as were to be banish'd in Sicily call'd Petalism 259 Chap. 27. Pericles makes an Inrode into Peloponnesus Besieg'd Sicyon Phaylus in Sicily made Admiral against the Tyrrhenian Pirates Is corrupted and banish'd The Original of the Palici And the Stories of the Temple and Wonders of the Craters in Sicily 260 Chap. 28. The Contests between Deucetius and the Agrigentines His strange Submission to the Syracusians who sent him to Corinth with Promise to supply him with Necessaries 262 BOOK XII Chap. 1. CYmon the Athenian Admiral his Expedition into Cyprus Peace concluded between the Persians and Athenians Cymon dies in Cyprus 264 Chap. 2. Megarians revolt from the Athenians and are beaten The Athenians revolted at Cheronea by the Beotians Many Cities revolt Peace concluded 265 Chap. 3. The War between the Agrigentines and Syracusians in Sicily The War between them of Crotona and the Siberites Sibaris raz'd The building of Thurium Charondas his good Laws in Thurium His remarkable Death The Laws of Zaleuchus of Locris 266 Chap. 4. Of the Decemviri in Rome chosen to make Laws War between the Thurians and Tarentines A sad Story of the Daughter of one Lucius Virginius in Rome which caus'd a Disturbance and great Sedition Law of the Twelve Tables Peace all over the World 272 Chap. 5. War between the Samians and Melesians A Sedition in Samos which revolts from the Athenians War in Sicily by the Syracusians against the Trinacrians 273 Chap. 6. Corinthian War against Corcyra Potidea revolts from the Athenians Quarrels in Thurium Meton's Year Heraclea in Italy built Potidea besieg'd by Phormio 275 Chap. 7. Of the Peloponnesian War Potidea revolts besieg'd by the Athenians and is surrendred upon Articles Nicias made the Athenian Admiral Gorgia an excellent Orator sent from Leontine in Sicily to Athens A Peace concluded after the War had continu'd ten Years 278 Chap. 8. Continuation of the Peloponnesian War War by the Romans against the Fidinates for putting their Ambassadors to death Quarrels between the Aegistines and the Selinuntines in Sicily Expedition of the Athenians against Sicily under Nicias being the 16th Year of the Peloponnesian War 293 BOOK XIII Chap. 1. THE Athenian Fleet equipp'd out for Sicily Alcibiades accus'd Flies Is condemn'd Goes to Sparta out of Italy Syracusians send for Aid to Lacedemon Gylippus is sent to them Battel at Syracuse 300 Chap. 2. The Lacedemonians invade Attica Fight at Sea between the Syracusians and Athenians Eurimedon and Demosthenes arrive in Sicily A Plague in the Athenian Camp Another Fight between the Syracusians and Athenians the latter routed at Sea The Athenians ruin'd in Sicily Nicholaus his long Oration Gylippus
by the Romans Polemon sent by Antigonus into Greece to set the Cities at liberty The Acts of Antigonus and Cassander Polemon's Acts in Greece for Antigonus Ptolemy goes against Cyrene and Cyprus then against Demetrius The Battel with Demetrius at Gaza Ptolemy takes Tyre The Acts of Antigonus his Commanders in Greece The Epirots make Alcetas King who is beaten by Lysiscus Cassander's General and he 's beaten again by the other Cassander goes against the Apolloniats Seleucus recovers Babylon with a small Army Demetrius routs Cilles Ptolemy's General Ptolemy returns to Egypt first wasts Samaria Gaza Joppa c. Athaneus sent against the Nabatheans by Antigonus The Customs of the Arabians Athaneus kill'd and most of his Men. Demetrius sent against them Description of the Asphaltes or Lake of Sodom Demetrius sent against Seleucus in Babylon The Wars between the Romans and Samnites in Italy The Acts of Agathocles in Sicily 641 Chap. 7. Cassander Ptolemy and Lysimachus make Peace with Antigonus Cassander murders Rhoxana and her Son The Governors take the Stile of Kings upon them The Carthaginians raise Forces against Agathocles Four thousand Geloans murder'd by Agathocles The Battel between Agathocles and Amilcar the Carthaginian at Himera Agathocles routed Several Cities revolt from Agathocles 654 BOOK XX. Chap. 1. AGathocles designs to invade Africa His Cruelty Pursu'd in his Voyage An Eclipse of the Sun very great Lands in Africa Burns his Ships His Successes in Africa Hanno and Bomilcar made Generals in Africa Battel between them and Agathocles who routs them Kills Hanno His Stratagem by Owls The cruel Superstition of the Carthaginians in sacrificing their Children The Actions at Syracuse Actions of Agathocles in Africa The Acts of Cassander in Macedonia Polysperchon seeks to restore Hercules Alexander's Son The miserable Destruction of Nichocles and his Family in Cyprus The Wars of Parysidas his Sons King of the Cimerean Bosphorus The Valour of Satyrus one of his Sons His Death The sad Death of Eumelus another Son Page 658 Chap. 2. The Acts of Ptolemy in Cilicia and elsewhere Polysperchon murders Hercules Alexander's Son by Instigation of Cassander Amilcar taken and put to Death by the Syracusians His Head sent to Agathocles in Africa The things done in Sicily Archagathus Agathocles Son kills Lysiscus He and his Son in great Danger by the Army Affairs of Italy The Works of Appius Claudius The Appian way Ptolemy comes to Corinth His Acts there Cleopatra Alexander's Sister kill'd by the Governor of Sardis The further Acts of Agathocles in Africa Ophellas decoy'd and cut off by Agathocles Ophellas his troublesome March to Agathocles Lamia's Cruelty and Story of her Bomilcar seeks to be Prince of Carthage but is put to Death by the Citizens Agathocles sends the Spoils of the Cyrenians to Syracuse Most lost in a Storm Affairs in Italy 668 Chap. 3. Demetrius frees all the Grecian Cities takes the Pireum at Athens Demetrius Phalerius flies to Ptolemy Honours given to Demetrius in Athens He sails to Cyprus His Acts there Besieges Salamis His great Engines Ptolemy sails to Cyprus Sea-Fight between Ptolemy and Demetrius wherein Ptolemy is routed Antigonus takes the Title of King and the like several other Captains Agathocles his Acts at Utica in Africk Ty'd Prisoners to a great Engine The sorts of People in Africa Xenodocus routed in Sicily by Agathocles his Captains Agathocles his Acts in Sicily What was done by Archagathus in Africa Mascala inhabited by some Greeks that came from Troy Apes their Custom among the Pithecusae The Carthaginians draw out Thirty thousand Men out of Carthage Misfortunes to Agathocles his Captains in Africa The Army block'd up and almost starv'd Agathocles beats the Carthaginians at Sea near Syracuse His Captain Leptines Harrasses the Agrigentines Agathocles Feasts the Syracusians His jocund Temper His Cruelty Routed in Africa Carthaginian Camp burnt The Misfortune afterwards to both Armies by one Cause Agathocles in Chains by his own Men. Steals out of Africa The Soldiers kill his two Sons They make Peace with the Carthaginians Agathocles his exceeding Cruelty at Aegista and afterwards at Syracuse 676 Chap. 4. Antigonus his March into Aegypt A Tempest near Raphia where he lost some of his Ships He returns into Syria Dinocrates prevails in Sicily Agathocles is willing to resign his Government but Dinocrates stands off What was done in Italy Antigonus his War with the Rhodians Rhodes besieg'd by Demetrius Agathocles routs Dinocrates his great Army with a few Men. His Cruelty to those that submitted upon Terms where he But chers Seven thousand Dinocrates in favour with Agathocles and betrays all the Confederates What was done in Italy 688 Chap. 5. The Siege of Rhodes continu'd The Acts of the Sea-Captains of the Rhodians Peace made with the Rhodians The Acts of Agathocles in the Lipari Islands The Acts of Demetrius in Greece The War between the Tarentines and Lucanians The Acts of Cleonymus the Spartan Cassander sends to Antigonus to make Peace who refuses Lysimachus joins with Cassander and so does Ptolemy and Seleucus against Antigonus He marches against Lysimachus Demetrius's further Acts in Greece The Armies of Cassander and Demetrius Demetrius leaves Greece and goes with his Army to his Father in Asia after Peace made with Cassander The Misfortunes of Pleistarchus at Sea Ptolemy besieges Sidon but returns to Aegypt upon a false Report Seleucus marches from Babylon with a great Army Page 695 THE PREFACE ALL Mankind are under a great Obligation of Gratitude to those that have written Universal Histories forasmuch as there has been an honourable Contest amongst them by their Labours and Pains to be helpful to others in the due Conduct and Management of the common Affairs and Concerns of this present Life For whereas they usher in a sort of wholsom Instruction without any hazard to the Person so they thereby also procure to their Readers Art and Skill in Politicks above the ordinary Rate with great Ease and Security For Knowledge gain'd by Experience though it brings a Man to an Aptness to be quick in discerning what is most advisable in every particular case yet such Knowledge is attended with many Toyls and Hazards And thus he that was Ulysses the most experienc'd Man among the Heroes view'd many Cities and came well to understand and prie into the Minds and Tempers of Men yet it was with many Troubles and Misfortunes But Knowledge of what was well or ill done by others gain'd by History carries along with it Instructions freed from those Misfortunes that others have before experienc'd Besides these Historians have us'd their utmost Diligence to reduce all Men in their Consideration of them who are united and related one to another in the same common Nature and Original though far distant each from other as to Place and Time under one and the same Head and common Order as if they were Servants herein to the Divine Providence For as Providence having marshall'd the Stars visible to us in a most
of the Macedonians For some have broke off at Philip others at the Acts of Alexander and others at his Successors or Posterity And although many great and considerable Actions since those Times to these our Days have been upon the Stage yet no Historian has hitherto undertaken to set them forth in one intire Tract by reason of the Tediousness of the Work And in regard that in those Writings which we have the Times and Actions that have been comprehended in them are hudled together in several Volumes writ by various and several Authors it 's a very difficult matter either to understand or remember them Having therefore diligently perus'd and examin'd the Tracts of the several Authors I determin'd to compose one intire History from which the Reader might reap much Advantage with little Labour and Pains For he who endeavours to the utmost of his power to comprehend in his Writings the memorable Affairs and Actions of the whole World as of one single City bringing down his History from the most ancient Times to his own Age though he set upon a Work certainly very Laborious yet he 'll perform that which when finish'd will be undoubtedly most useful and profitable For hence every Man may as out of a common Fountain draw what is convenient and serviceable for his own private use For as to them that have a desire to imploy themselves in tumbling and turning over so many Authors first such cannot easily get so many Books together as are necessary for their use and then again by reason of the differing Relations and multitude of Authors they can scarcely understand the Matters related But one General History in one intire Tract as it may be quickly and readily perus'd so the understanding of the subject matter with far more ease goes along with the Reading Yea this sort of History excels all others as far as the Whole is more useful than the Part as the intire thing is more desirable than that which is divided and that which fixes the exact Periods of Time more than that which leaves the Time uncertain and unknown when things related were done Perceiving therefore that such a Work would be of mighty use and advantage but that it would require both a long Time and a great deal of Labour and Pains we spent Thirty Years time in the Composing of it and for that purpose travell'd through a great part of Asia and Europe with many Hazards and Difficulties that we our selves might be Eye-Witnesses of most of the Parts and Places that were necessary for the carrying on of our Design in this Work For through the Ignorance of Places not only common Writers but even those who are reputed the most Eminent have committed many Errors and Mistakes The chief cause and that which most helpt forward the Design which though thought impossible is now fully compleated and perfected was the strong and constant desire we had of Composing such a Work Many Helps likewise were afforded to us at Rome for the Carrying on of what we had undertaken in this Kind For that noble City whose Power is stretcht out as far as to the utmost Corners of the Earth being that we had been there a long time an Inhabitant furnished us with many things ready at hand for our purpose For being born in Agyrus in Sicily and having in a great measure learnt the Roman Language by means of the frequent Commerce of Romans in that Island I diligently collected out of their Ancient Records what I found concerning the memorable Actions of this Empire We have begun our History with the Mythologies handed down to us as well those of the Grecians as of the Barbarians seriously weighing and considering as far as we were able what every one of them have related of things done in Ancient Times Having now finish'd what was design'd though not yet expos'd to publick view before that be done we shall declare something briefly concerning the whole Work Our First Six Books comprehend the Affairs and Mythologies of the Ages before the Trojan War of which the Three First contain the Barbarian and the next following almost all the Grecian Antiquities In the Eleven next after these we have given an Account of what has been done in every Place from the Time of the Trojan War till the Death of Alexander In the Three and Twenty Books following we have set forth all other Things and Affairs till the beginning of the War the Romans made upon the Galls at which time Julius Caesar the Emperor who upon the Account of his great Atchievements was surnam'd A Divine Person or a God Divus having subdu'd the Warlike Nations of the Galls inlarg'd the Roman Empire as far as to the British Isles whose First Acts fall in with the First Year of the Hundred and Eightieth Olympiad when Herodes A. M. 3896. Isaacson was chief Magistrate at Athens But as to the Limitation of Times contain'd in this Work we have not bound those things that happen'd before the Trojan War within any certain Limits because we could not find any Foundation whereon to rely with any Certainty According to Appollodorus we have accounted Fourscore Years from the Trojan War to the Return of Heraclides From thence to the First Olympiad A. M. 2848. Three Hundred and Twenty Eight Years computing the Times from the Lacedemonian Kings From the First Olympiad to the beginning of the Gallick War where our History ends are Seven Hundred and Thirty Years So that our whole Work comprehended in Forty Books is an History which takes in the Affairs of Eleven Hundred Thirty Eight Years besides those Times that preceded the Trojan War We have been the more careful to premise these things that the Reader might have the clearer Prospect into the nature of the whole Tract and that those who commonly take upon them to polish and amend Books may be at least prevail'd with not to corrupt other Mens Works Whatever therefore through the whole History is writ well let no Man envy What Slips there are through Ignorance they that are more knowing are very free to amend And now having finish'd what we thought fit to premise we shall endeavour actually to perform what we before promis'd as to the Writing of the History THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK I. CHAP. I. Of the first Generation of Men. How the World first began Mens first manner of Life and who were the first Men. First Men in Egypt Who were the most antient Gods of Egypt Of their Demy-Gods Sol Saturn Rhea Jupiter Juno Vulcan reign'd in Egypt Of Osiris and Isis The Acts of Osiris and Isis Hermes his Inventions Osiris prepares for his Expedition through the World and to that end raises a great Army WHAT Notions they had of the Gods who first instituted Divine Worship and what is fabulously related of every one of the Deities because the Subject requires much to be said we shall distinctly set forth And whatever we
Walls afford but very little Water and that stinking and very bitter And he sent them to this Place on purpose that they might not for the future do any more hurt nor lye lurking and unknown among other Men. But being banished to such a barren Place void almost of all things necessary for the support of Man's Life Men naturally Contriving all manner of Arts to prevent starving they wittily found out a way to supply their Wants For they cut up out of the Neighbouring Fields Reeds and flit them in several pieces and made long Nets of them and plac'd them several Furlongs all along upon the Shoar with which they catcht the Quails which came flying over Sea Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist lib. 10. c. 23. the Description of these Quails in great Flocks and by that means sufficiently provided for themselves After this King's Death the Egyptians recover'd their Liberty and set up a King of their own Nation to rule over them ‖ Mendes Mendes whom some call Marus who never undertook any Warlike Design but made a Sepulcher for himself call'd a Labyrinth not to be admir'd so much for Its greatness as it was unimitable for its Workmanship For he that went in could not easily come out again without a very skilful Guide Some say that Dedalus who came into Egypt admir'd the Curiosity of this Work and made a Labyrinth for Minos King of Creet like to this in Egypt in which they fabulously relate the Minotaur was kept But that in Creet was either ruin'd by some of their Kings or came to nothing through length of Time but that in Egypt continu'd whole and entire to our Days After the Death of this Mendes and Five Generations spent during which time there was an Interregnum the Egyptians chose one Cetes of an ignoble Extraction Proteus Cetes to be their King whom the Grecians call Proteus this fell out in the time of the Trojan War This Prince they say was a * To have knowledge of the Winds Magician and could transform himself sometimes into the shape of a Beast other times into a Tree or Appearance of Fire or any other Form and Shape whatsoever And this agrees with the Account the Priests of Egypt give of him from his daily Converse with the Astrologers they say he learnt this Art The Greeks rais'd this Story of Transformation from a Custom amongst the Kings for the Egyptian Princes us'd to wear upon their Heads as Badges of their Royal Authority the shapes of Lions Bulls and Dragons and sometimes to fix upon their Heads Sprouts of Trees Fire and strong Perfumes of Frankincense and other sweet Odours And with these they both adorn'd themselves and struck a Terror and Superstitious Awe into the Hearts of their Subjects at one and the same time After the Death of Proteus his Son Remphis succeeded him who spent all his Remphis Time in filling his Coffers and heaping up Wealth The poorness of his Spirit and his sordid Covetousness was such that they would not suffer him to part with any thing either for the worship of the Gods or the good of Mankind and therefore more like a good Steward than a King instead of a Name for Valour and noble Acts he left vast Heaps of Treasure behind him greater than any of the Kings that ever were before him For it 's said he had a Treasure of Four Hundred Thousand Talents of Gold and Silver After this King's Death for Seven Generations together there reign'd successively a Company of Kings who gave themselves up to Sloath and Idleness and did nothing but wallow in Pleasures and Luxury and therefore there 's no Record of any great Work or other thing worthy to be remembred that ever any of them did except Nile who call'd the River after his own Name which was before call'd Egyptus For being that he cut many Canals and Dikes in convenient Places and us'd his utmost endeavour to make the River more useful and serviceable it was therefore call'd Nile †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Chembes Chemmis the Eighth King from Remphis was of Memphis and reign'd Fifty Years He built the greatest of the Three Pyramids which were accounted amongst the Seven Wonders of the World They stand towards Lybia * About 20 Miles Pyramids Hundred and Twenty Furlongs from Memphis and Five and Forty from Nile The Greatness of these Works and the excessive Labour of the Workmen seen in them do even strike the Beholders with Admiration and Astonishment The greatest being Four-square took up on every Square †Seven Plethras Seven Hundred Foot of Ground in the Basis and above Six Hundred Foot in height spiring up narrower by little and little till it come up to the Point the Top of which was * Three Yards Six Cubits Square It 's built of solid Marble throughout of rough Work but of perpetual Duration For though it be now a Thousand Years since it was built some say above Three Thousand and Four Hundred yet the Stones are as firmly joynted and the whole Building as intire and without the least decay as they were at the first laying and Erection The Stone they say was brought a long way off out of Arabia and that the Work was rais'd by making Mounts of Earth Cranes and other Engines being not known at that time And that which is most to be admir'd at is to see such a Foundation so imprudently laid as it seems to be in a Sandy Place where there 's not the least Sign of any Earth cast up nor Marks where any Stone was cut and polish'd so that the whole Pile seems to be rear'd all at once and fixt in the midst of Heaps of Sand by some God and not built by degrees by the Hands of Men. Some of the Egyptians tell wonderful things and invent strange Fables concerning these Works affirming that the Mounts were made of Salt and Salt-Peter and that they were melted by the Inundation of the River and being so dissolv'd every thing was washt away but the Building it self But this is not the Truth of the thing but the great multitude of Hands that rais'd the Mounts the same carry'd back the Earth to the Place whence they dug it for they say there were Three Hundred and Sixty Thousand Men imploy'd in this Work and the Whole was scarce compleated in Twenty Years time When this King was dead his Brother Cephres succeeded him and reign'd Six Cephres Chabryis Suppos'd to Reign in the time of David and the beginning of Solomon's Reign Helv-Chron 42. and Fifty Years Some say it was not his Brother but his Son Chabryis that came to the Crown But all agree in this that the Successor in imitation of his Predecessor erected another Pyramid like to the former both in Structure and Artificial Workmanship but not near so large every square of the Basis being only a Furlong in Breadth Upon the greater Pyramid was inscrib'd the value
Love or Hatred or some other unruly Passion committed the wicked act notwithstanding and therefore they were resolv'd to follow the Rules of living before approv'd by wise and prudent Men and not to fall into the least Irregularity The Kings therefore carrying this even Hand towards ail their Subjects were more beloved by them than by their own Kindred and Relations For not only all the Orders of the Priests but the whole Nation together were more concern'd for the Health and Prosperity of their Kings than they were for their Wives and Children or their private Interests in their Goods and Estates and therefore as long as these wholsom Laws were observ'd amongst 'em they preserv'd their Government without stain or blemish for many Ages under the Kings before-mention'd living in the height of all Worldly Happiness And besides all this were Conquerors of many Nations and grew exceeding rich and their Provinces were beautify'd with many stately magnificent Works and their Cities adorn'd with many rich Gifts of all sorts What the Egyptians perform'd after the Deaths of every of their Kings clearly evidences the great Love they bore to them For Honour done him that cannot possibly know it in a grateful return of a former Benefit carries along with it a Testimony of Sincerity without the least colour of Dissimulation For upon Burial of the Kings the Death of every King the Egyptians generally lament with an universal Mourning rend their Garments shut up their Temples inhibit Sacrifices and all Feasts and Solemnities for the space of Seventy Two Days They cast * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Dirt Dust likewise upon their Heads and gird themselves under their Breasts with a Linnen Girdle and thus Men and Women Two Hundred or Three Hundred sometimes in a Company twice a Day go about singing mournful Songs in praise of the deceas'd King recalling his Virtues as it were from the very Grave During that time they neither eat Flesh nor any thing bak'd or heated by the Fire and abstain from Wine and all Sumptuous Fare Neither dare any use Baths or Oyntments Beds trim'd up or indulge themselves with Women But every one as if they had lost their dearest beloved Child is in mourning and sadness and spends all these Days in Lamentation In the mean time all things are prepar'd in a stately manner for the Funeral and the last day the Coffin with the Body inclos'd is set at the Entrance into the Sepulcher And there according to the Law in honour of the Deceased all the Actions of his Life are rehears'd where every one that will has free liberty to accuse him But all the Priests set forth his Praise mentioning all the noble Actions of his Life and many Thousands of People met together at the bringing forth of the Body if the King have rul'd well second the Priests with a tumultuous Cry and Noise of Approbation But if he have govern'd otherwise they are hush and still And therefore many of the Kings through the dislike of the People have not been honour'd with any Funeral Pomp or solemn Burial upon which account the succeeding Kings not only for the Reasons before-mention'd but because they fear the abuse of their Bodies after Death and everlasting disgrace and dishonour have study'd how to acquit themselves by just and Virtuous Actions These are the most remarkable Manners and Customs of the ancient Kings of Egypt The whole Land of Egypt is divided into several Parts which the Greeks call The Division of Egypt into Three Parts Nomoi over every one of which is appointed a Lord Lieutenant or Provincial Governor who is intrusted with Administration of publick Affairs in the Province The whole Country likewise is divided into Three Parts whereof the First is allotted to the Priests who are highly reverenc'd and are in great Authority among the People both for their Piety towards the Gods and their great Wisdom and Learning wherein they instruct the People And out of their Revenues they provide Sacrifices throughout all Egypt and maintain their Families and Servants and procure all other things necessary for themselves For they judge it not lawful by any means that the Worship of the Gods should be altered but always perform'd by them after the same manner nor that those who are the publick Ministers of State should want any thing that is necessary For these are always at the King's Elbow as the Chief of his Privy Counsel who assist advise and instruct him upon all occasions By the help of Astrology and viewing the Intrals of the Sacrifices they Divine and foretel future Events and out of the Records in the sacred Registers from things done in former times they read profitable Lectures for present use and practice For it is not as among the Grecians that one Man or one Woman only executes the Priest's Office but in Egypt many are imploy'd in the Sacrifices and Worship of the Gods who teach the same way and manner of Service to their Children and Posterity They are free from all publick Taxes and Impositions and are in the Second place to the King in Honour and Authority The Second Portion belongs to the King as his Revenue to support his Royal State and Dignity and maintain the Charge of his Wars and to inable him to reward those that have been eminent for their Virtue and publick Service with Gifts according to their Deserts and inasmuch as this Portion brings in a plentiful Provision for all these purposes the People are not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 do not drown them oppress'd with Taxes and heavy Impositions The last Portion belongs to the Soldiers who at a word are ready at the King's Commands for every Expedition that they who venture their Lives in the Wars being indear'd to their Country by that plentiful share and proportion allotted them may more chearfully undergo the hazards of War For it would be an irrational thing to intrust the safety and preservation of the whole with them who have nothing in their Country that 's dear or valuable to them to sight for And the chief Reason why so large a share is allotted to them is that they might more readily marry and by that means make the Nation more populous and so there might be no need of Foreign Aids and Assistances Besides that Children descended from Soldiers would be apt to imitate the valour of their Ancestors and minding Arms from their very Childhood would at length through their natural Courage and Skill in their Arms become unconquerable The Nation likewise is distinguish'd into Three other Classes and Orders of Men Shepherds Husbandmen and Artificers The Husbandmen take the Land fit for Tillage and bearing of other Fruits of the King the Priests and the Sword-men upon an easie Rent and take up all their Time in this Business and because they are bred up from their very Infancy in Country Affairs they are the most Skilful Husbandmen of any other Nation in the
Thieves and to prosecute them in a due Course of Law If he neglected this he was according to the Law to be scourg'd with a certain number of Stripes and to be kept without Food for Three Days together 3. False Accusers were to suffer the same Punishment as those whom they falsly accus'd were to have undergone if they had afterwards been convicted of the Offence 4. All the Egyptians were injoyn'd to give in their Names in Writing to the Governors of the Provinces shewing how and by what means they got their Livelihood He that gave a false Account in such case or if it appear'd he liv'd by Robbery or any other unjust course he was to dye which Law it 's said Solon brought over out of Egypt into Athens 5. He that wilfully kill'd a Freeman nay a very Bondslave was by the Law to dye thereby designing to restrain Men from wicked Actions as having no respect to the state and condition of the Person suffering but to the advis'd act of the Offender and by this care of Slaves Men learnt that Freemen were much less to be destroy'd 6. Parents that kill'd their Children were not to dye but were forc'd for Three Days and Nights together to hug them continually in their Arms and had a Guard all the while over them to see they did it for they thought it not fit that they should dye who gave Life to their Children but rather that Men should be deterr'd from such Attempts by a Punishment that seem'd attended with Sorrow and Repentance 7. But for Patricides they provided a most severe kind of Punishment For those that were convicted of this Offence were laid upon Thorns and burnt alive after that they had first mangl'd the Members of their Bodies with sharp Canes Piece-meal about the bigness of a Man's Thumb For they counted it the most wicked Act that Men could be guilty of to take away the Lives of them from whom they had their own 8. Those that were with Child were not to be executed till they were delivered which Law was receiv'd by many of the Grecians judging it very unjust for the Innocent to suffer with the Offender and Two to dye for the Offence of one only Besides in as much as the Crime was maliciously and advisedly committed it was unreasonable that the Child that understood not what was done should undergo the same Punishment And that which is of the greatest Consideration is that it was altogether unjust being the Mother was only accus'd and condemn'd as guilty the Child Common both to Father and Mother should lose its Life for that Judge is as unjust that destroys the Innocent as he that spares him that is guilty of Murther 9. These are the Capital Laws which are chiefly worthy of Praise and Commendation Laws Military as to others those concerning military Affairs provided that Souldiers who ran away from their Colours or mutined though they should not dye yet should be otherwise punish'd with the utmost Disgrace imaginable but if they after wipe off their Disgrace by their Valour they are restor'd to their former Post and Trust By this inflicting of a Punishment more grievous than Death the Lawgiver design'd that all should look upon Disgrace and Infamy as the greatest of Evils Besides it was judg'd that those who were put to Death could never be further serviceable to the Commonwealth but such as were degraded only through a desire to repair their Reputation might be very useful and do much good service in time to come 10. Such as reveal'd the Secrets of the Army to the Enemy were to have their Secrets reveal'd to Enemies Coyning Forgery c. Tongues cut out 11. They that coyn'd false and adulterated Mony or contriv'd false Weights or Counterfeited Seals and Scriveners or Clerks that forg'd Deeds or raz'd publick Records or produc'd any forg'd Contracts were to have both their Hands cut off that every one might suffer in that part wherewith he had offended in such a manner as not to be repaired during their Life and that others warn'd by so severe a Punishment might be deter'd from the Commission of the like Offence 12. In Relation to Women the Laws were very severe For he that committed Rape a Rape upon a Free Woman was to have his Privy Members cut off for they judg'd that Three most hainous Offences were included in that one vile Act that is Wrong Defilement and Bastardy 13. In case of Adultery the Man was to have a Thousand Lashes with Rods and Adultery the Woman her Nose cut off For it was lookt upon very sit that the Adulteress that trickt up her self to allure Men to Wantonness should be punish'd in that part where her Charms chiefly lay 14. They say that Bocchoris made the Laws concerning Merchandize As to these it was a Law That if a Man borrow'd Mony and the lender had no Writing to shew for it and the other deny'd it upon his Oath he should be quit of the Debt to that end therefore in the First Place they were to sacrifice to the Gods as Men making Conscience and tender and Scrupulous in taking of an Oath For it being clear and evident that he that swears often again and again at last loses his Credit every Man to prevent that Mischief will be very cautions of being brought to an Oath Moreover the Lawgiver had this Design that by grounding a Man's Credit and Reputation wholly upon the Integrity of his Life and Conversation every one would be induc'd to honest and virtuous Actions lest he should be despis'd as a Man of no Credit or Worth Besides it was judg'd a most unjust thing not to believe him upon his Oath in that matter relating to his Contract to whom Credit was given in the self same thing without an Oath before 15. For those that lent Mony by Contract in Writing it was not lawful to Deb 〈…〉 Usury take Usury above what would double the Stock and that Payment should be made only out of the Debtors Goods but his Body was not to be liable in any wise to Imprisonment And those were counted the Debtors Goods which he had either earn'd by his Labour or had been bestow'd upon him by the just Proprietors But as for their Bodies they belong'd to the Cities where they inhabited who had an Interest in them for the publick Services both in Times of Peace and War for that it was an absurd thing for him who was to venture his Life for his Country to be carried to Goal for a Debt by his Creditor if it should so happen and that the publick safety should be hazarded to gratify the Covetousness of some Private Men. This Law seems to have been established in Athens by Solon which he call'd †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Moderation of Usery Sisachthy freeing all the Citizens from being imprison'd by their Creditors for debt And some do justly blame many of the Law-makers of Greece
say that it exactly resembles the Statues in Egypt having its Hands stretcht out and its Thighs in a walking Posture But we have now said enough of such things as are remarkable and worthy of memory in Egypt In the next Book according to what we purpos'd in the beginning of this we shall give an account of things done elsewhere and of other Fables and Srories beginning with the Actions of the Assyrians in Asia THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK II. The PREFACE THE Former Book being the First of the whole contains the Affairs of Egypt among which are related what is fabulously reported of the Gods of Egypt and what strange and wonderful Accounts are given of the Nature of Nile and other things concerning that River We have spoken there likewise of the Land of Egypt their ancient Kings and their several Actions and have added the Building of the Pyramids reckon'd amongst the Seven Wonders of the World We have likewise set forth their Laws and Courts of Justice and the strange Adoration of Beasts in Egypt Lastly the manner of their Burials and the Greeks that were famous for Learning and travell'd into Egypt and brought over from thence many useful and profitable Arts and Sciences into Greece In this next Book we shall describe the things done in Asia in ancient times beginning with the Assyrian Empire CHAP. I. Ninus the First King of Assyria His Acts He invades Babylonia Media and overruns several other Countries Nineve built by him the Description of it Marries Semiramis her Descent Derceta the Philistines Dagon His Expedition against Bactria he dies Semiramis builds Babylon and several strange Works there as a Passage under Water Jupiter's Temple c. Hanging Gardens in Babylon A vast Stone cut out The strange property of a Morass Her several Expeditions The wonderful Lake in Ethiopia their Burials there Semiramis's Expedition into India Her mock Elephants Her Expedition proves fruitless She surrenders her Kingdom to Ninyas her Son her End ASIA was anciently govern'd by its own Native Kings of whom there 's no History extant either as to any memorable Actions they perform'd or so much as to their Names Ninus is the First King of Assyria that is recorded in History Ninus Ann. Mun. 2737. Vsher's Ann. Time of Deborah but generally Chronologers make him far more antient Ann. Mun. 2000 Ant. Chr. 1950 about the time of Abraham's Birth he perform'd many great and noble Actions of whom we have design'd to set forth something particularly He was naturally of a Warlike Disposition and very ambitious of Honour and Glory and therefore caus'd the strongest of his Young Men to be train'd up in Martial Discipline and by long and continual Exercise inur'd them readily to undergo all the Toyls and Hazards of War Having therefore rais'd a gallant Army he made a League with Arieus King of Arabia that was at that time full of strong and valiant Men. For that Nation are constant Lovers of Liberty never upon any Terms admitting of any Foreign Prince And therefore neither the Persian nor the Macedonian Kings after them though they were most powerful in Arms were ever able to conquer them For Arabia being partly Desart and partly parcht up for want of Water unless it be in some secret Wells and Pits known only to the Inhabitants cannot be subdu'd by any Foreign Force Ninus therefore the Assyrian King with the Prince of Arabia his Assistant with a numerous Army invaded the Babylonians then next bordering upon him For the Babylon that is now was not built at that time but the Province of Babylon had in it then many other considerable Cities whose Inhabitants he easily subdu'd being rude and unexpert in Matters of War and impos'd upon them a Yearly Tribute but carried away the King with all his Children Prisoners and after put them to Death Afterwards he entred Armenia with a great Army and having overthrown some Cities he struck Terror into the rest and thereupon their King Barzanus seeing himself unable to deal with him met him with many rich Presents and submitted himself whom Ninus out of his generous dissition courteously receiv'd and gave him the Kingdom of Armenia upon condition he should be his Friend for the future and supply him with Men and Provision for his Wars as he should have occasion Being thus strengthen'd he invaded Media whose King Pharnus coming out against him with a mighty Army was utterly routed and lost most of his Men and was taken Prisoner with his Wife and Seven Children and afterwards Crucified Crucify'd Ninus being thus successful and prosperous his Ambition rose the higher and his desire most ardent to conquer all in Asia which lay between Tanais and Nile so far does Prosperity and Excess in getting much inflame the Desire to gain and compass more In order hereunto he made one of his Friends Governor of the Province of Media and he himself in the mean time marcht against the other Provinces of Asia and subdu'd them all in Seventeen Years time except the Indians and Bactrians But no Writer has given any Account of the several Ninus Conquers several Countries Battels he fought nor of the number of those Nations he conquer'd and therefore following Ctesias the Cnidian we shall only briefly run over the most famous and considerable Countries He over-ran all the Countries bordering upon the * Mediterranean Sea together with the adjoining Continent as Egypt and Phenicia Celo-Syria Cilicia Pamphylia Lycia Caria Phrygia Mysia and Lydia the Province of Troas and Phrygia upon the Hellespont together with Propontis Bithynia Cappadocia and the Barbarous Nations adjoyning upon Pontus as far as to Tanais he gain'd likewise the Country of the Caddusians Tarpyrians Hyrcanians Dacians Derbians Carmanians Choroneans Borchanians and Parthians He pierc'd likewise into Persia the Provinces of Susiana and that call'd Caspiana through those narrow Straits which from thence are call'd the Caspian Gates He subdu'd likewise many other less considerable Nations which would be too tedious here to recount After much toyl and labour in vain because of the difficulty of the Passes and the multitude of those Warlike Inhabitants he was forc'd to put off his War against the Bactrians to another opportunity Having marcht back with his Army into Syria he markt out a Place for the building of a stately City For in as much as he had surpast all his Ancestors in the glory and success of his Arms he was resolv'd to build one of that state and grandeur as should not only be the greatest then in the World but such as none that ever should come after him should be able easily to exceed The King of Arabia he sent back with his Army into his own Country with many rich Spoils and noble Gifts And he himself having got a great number of his Forces together and provided Mony and Treasure and other things necessary for the purpose built a City near the River Euphrates very
them and severely punish Offenders But this short account shall suffice concerning India and its Antiquities And now we shall say something particularly of the Scythians which border upon the other The Scythians anciently injoy'd but a small Tract of Ground but through their Scythia its Description Valour growing stronger by degrees they inlarg'd their Dominion far and near and attain'd at last to a vast and glorious Empire At the First a very few of them and those very desplcable for their mean original seated themselves near to the River Araxes Afterwards one of their ancient Kings who was a warlike Prince and skilful in Arms gain'd to their Country all the Mountainous Parts as far as to Mount Caucasus and all the Champain Country to the * The Euxine Sea Ocean and the Lake †Maeotis a Lake brancht from the Euxine Sea now call'd the Black Sea Maeotis and all the rest of the Plain to the River Tanais Then they tell a Story That a Virgin was born among them of the Earth of the shape of a Woman from the middle upwards and of a Viper downwards And that Jupiter begot of her a Son call'd Scythes they say that from this Prince being more eminent than any of his Ancestors the People were call'd Scythians There were Two Brothers that descended from this King that were remarkable for Valour the one call'd Palus and the other Napas These Two Brothers after many glorious Actions done by them divided the Country between them and from their own Names call'd one part of the Inhabitants Palians and the other Napians Some time afterwards their Posterity becoming famous and eminent for Valour and martial affairs subu'd many Territories beyond Tanais Then turning their Arms the other way they led their Forces as far as to the River Nile in Egypt and having subdu'd many Nations lying between they P. 90. inlarg'd the Empire of the Scythians as far as to the * The Indian Sea Eastern Ocean one way and to the Caspian Sea and the Lake of Maeotis another This Nation prosper'd still more and more and had Kings that were very famous from whom the Sacans the Massageties and the Arimaspanis and many others call'd by other Names derive their original Amongst others there were two remarkable Colonies that were drawn out of the conquer'd Nations by those Kings the one they brought out of Assyria and settl'd in the Country lying between Paphlagonia and Pontus the other out of Media which they plac'd near the River Tanais which People are call'd Sauromatians who many Years after increasing in number and power wasting the greatest part of Scythia and rooting out all that they conquer'd totally ruinated the whole Nation Afterwards the Royal Line failing they say Women remarkable for Courage and Strength of Body reign'd instead of Kings For in these Nations Women like Men are train'd up for the Wars being nothing inferior to Men for Courage Henceforward many and great things were done by famous Women not only in Scythia but in the neighbouring Nations For when Cyrus King of Persia the most powerful Prince in his Age led a mighty Army into Scythia the * Tomiris Justin Queen of Scythia routed the Persian Army and taking Cyrus himself in the Battel Prisoner afterwards Crucify'd him And such was the Valour of the Amazons after they had thus strengthened themselves that they not only overran their Neighbours but conquer'd a great part both of Europe and Asia But since now we have begun to speak of the Amazons we conceive it not impertinent if we here relate cursorily those things concerning them which for the strangeness of the matter may seem to resemble Romantick Fables There was heretofore a Potent Nation seated upon the River Thermodon govern'd always by Women as their Queens in which the Women like Men manag'd all their Martial Affairs Amongst An Account of the Amazons in Sarmatia in Asia in the North part of Kussia and beyond Northward these Female Princes they say there was one that excell'd all the rest for strength and valour who got together an Army of Women and having train'd them up in Martial Discipline first subdu'd some of her Neighbouring Nations afterwards by her Valour growing more fam'd and renown'd she led her Army against the rest and Fortune favouring her Arms she was so puft up that she call'd her self The Danghter of Mars and ordered the Men to spin Wool and do the Womens Work within Doors She made Laws also whereby she injoin'd the Women to go forth to the Laws of the Amazons Wars and the Men to be as Slaves and do all the Servile work at Home Therefore when any Male Child was born they broke their Thighs and Arms to render them useless and unfit for War And for the Females they sear'd off the right Breast lest it should be an hinderance to them in Fight And hence they were call'd * Without a Breast Amazons At length grown eminent for Policy and Skill in Military Affairs she built a large City call'd Themiscyra at the Mouth of the River Thermodon and beautify'd it with a stately Palace She was very exact in Martial Discipline and keeping good Order She first conquer'd all the Neighbouring Nations as far as to the River Tanais and having perform'd all these noble Exploits they say in a Battel she afterwards fought having first signalized her Valour she ended her Days like an Hero Upon her Death her Daughter P. 91. succeeded her in the Kingdom who imitating her Mother's Valour in some Exploits excell'd her For she caus'd the Girls from their very Infancy to be exercis'd in Hunting and daily train'd up in Martial Discipline Then she instituted solemn Festivals and Sacrifices to be offer'd to Mars and Diana call'd Tauropoli She advanc'd her Arms beyond Tanais and brought under all the Nations as far as to Thrace Then returning to her own Country with a rich Booty she erected stately Temples to those Deities before mention'd and gain'd the Hearts of her Subjects by her easie and gentle Government Afterwards she undertook an Expedition against them that lay on the other side of the River and added a great part of Asia to her Dominion and extended her Arms as far as to Syria After her Death the Crown descended still to the next of Kin and every one in their time govern'd with great Commendation and advanc'd the Honour and Renown of the Amazons Kingdom Many Ages after the Fame and Renown of the Amazons being spread Abroad all the World over they say that Hercules the Son of Jupiter and Alcmena was enjoin'd by †This Euristheus was King of Mysena who put Hercules upon all his Difficulties on purpose to destroy him Eurystheus to fight Hippolyta the Amazon Queen and to strip her of her Belt Upon which he made War upon the Amazons and in a great Battel routed them and took Hippolyta and her Belt together which so weaken'd them that the
in great concord and amity without any Seditions or Tumults There are Beasts among them very small but of an admirable property as to their Flesh and the excellent virtue that is in their Blood Their A little Beast strange Bodies are round and something like to a Tortoise divided by Two Streaks which run down the Back at each end of every Streak they have an Eye and a Mouth so that they have Four Eyes to see with and Four Mouths to feed with but the Meat they eat is convey'd through one Throat and hence into the Belly the common Receptacle of all And so in like manner they have but one Gut nor but one of every other of the inner Parts They have many Feet plac'd round their Bodies and make use of them to go on what side they will There 's a marvelous virtue in the Blood of this little Creature for it presently at an instant closes all Cuts and gaping Wounds in every Body that has still life in it and if a Hand or any other Member of that kind that is not Vital be cut off by the application of this Blood while the Wound continues green it heals up again Each Society of these Inhabitants do keep many great Birds of a singular Nature Great Birds carry Children by which they try the Courage of their Children for they place them upon the Birds Backs and as many of them as sit fast when the Birds take their Flight they bring up but those that faint and are terrify'd they throw away as such that can never indure hardship any long time nor have any generous Spirit in them In every Tribe or Society the eldest governs the rest as King and all yield him perfect Obedience If the first put himself to Death according to the Law after he has liv'd a Hundred and Fifty Years the next to him in age succeeds in the chief Command and Authority The Sea that surrounds this Island is very rough and causes very great and high Tides but the Water is fresh and sweet The * The Pole Artick Bear Star and many other visible with us are never seen here These Islands are Seven in number equal in bigness one to another and of the Here seems something to be wanting Their Frugality same distance one from another and the same Laws and Customs are us'd in all of them And though these Islands afford plenty of Provision out of the natural growth of the Country to all the Inhabitants yet they use them not luxuriously but are frugal and gather only so much as will serve their turns They do indeed cook for themselves Flesh-meat and all other sorts of Victuals both rosted and boil'd but as for Sauces and other delicate Inventions of that kind by Cooks and the various Tasts and Savours contriv'd for curious Pallats they are altogether ignorant of them For Gods they worship especially the whole frame of Heaven because it comprehends Worship all things and next to that the Sun and then all the Celestial Bodies By various ways of Fishing and Fowling they catch Fish and Fowl of all sorts P. 99. There are among them abundance of Fruit-Trees and Vines and Olive-Trees whence they draw great quantity of Oil and Wine Here are exceeding great Serpents which yet do no harm to any nay their Great Serpents Flesh is good Meat and very sweet They make their Garments of a soft and fine Cotton contain'd in certain Reeds and Canes This Cotton they dye with the Shell-Fishes call'd Ostreses made up in Balls and mixt and wrought amongst the Wool and so with great pains make themselves Garments of a Purple Colour It produces living Creatures of different Natures from all others and even incredible because they are unusual Their way of Feeding is according to a prescrib'd Rule for they do not eat all Dyet sorts of Meats together at one and the same time nor the same always but upon some certain Days Fish other Fowl sometimes the Flesh of Land-Cattel at other times Olives and on other Days very low and mean Diet. They help one another in their Callings and Imployments by turns Some imploy themselves in Fishing others in Manufactures and others in other things useful and profitable to the Commonwealth Some at certain times do exercise publick Offices except those that are grown old Upon their Festival Days and times of Invocation upon their Gods they celebrate their Praises both in Acclametions and Songs especially the Sun to whom they devote themselves and their Islands Their Dead they carry to the Sea-shoar at the Fall of the Tide covering them Burials with a little Sand that at the time of Full Sea heaps of Sand may be rais'd higher upon them Those Canes whence they gather Fruit to eat are the Compass of a Crown in thickness they say that towards the Full of the Moon they increase and towards the New Moon they proportionably decrease The Water of their hot Springs is sweet and wholsom and ever continues warm never growing cold unless it be mixt with Wine or cold Water After Iambulus with his Companion had continu'd in this Island Seven Years they were as wicked and vile Fellows ejected Having therefore their Ship fitted out and furnish'd with Provision they set Sail and after they had continu'd their Voyage for above Four Months together they fell at length upon the Sandy shallows of India where Iambulus his Companion was drown'd and he himself was afterwards cast upon a certain Village and forthwith carried away by the Inhabitants of the Place to the King then at a City call'd Polybothia many Days Journey distant from the Sea where he was kindly receiv'd by the King who had a great love for the Grecians and was very studious in the liberal Sciences At length having obtain'd Provision from the King he first sail'd into Persia and thence safely arriv'd in Greece This Iambulus committed all these Adventures to Writing and gave an account of many things relating to the Affairs of India before unknown to Strangers But having now perform'd what we promis'd in the beginning of this Book we shall here make an end THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK III. The PREFACE P. 100. THE First of the Two Books preceding contains the Acts of the ancient Kings of Egypt and the Fabulous History of the Egyptian Gods Of those things reported of the River Nile of their Fruits divers kinds of Beasts the Situation of the Country and of their Laws and Courts of Justice In the Second are comprehended the Affairs of Asia the Acts of the Assyrians in antient Times and amongst them the Birth and Advancement of Semiramis how she built Babylon and many other Cities and invaded the Indians with a mighty Army We have treated there likewise of the Caldeans and their Art in Astronomy Of Arabia and the wonderful things there Of the Amazons And lastly of the Hyperboreans and the Island
to whom the Authority of the chief Magistrate is committed by Divine Providence Being so elected he orders the Course of his Life according as the Law has P. 102. prescrib'd and governing in all other respects according to the Customs of the Country he neither confers Rewards nor inflicts Punishments upon any but according to the ancient Laws ratify'd and approv'd by his Ancestors from the beginning It is a Law among them That no Subject shall be put to Death nor Condemn'd to Dye though he be never so guilty But one of the †Sheriffs Lictors is sent to the Criminal bearing before him the Badge or Sign of Death upon sight of which the Party goes Home and kills himself It is not lawful to change his Punishment by wilful Banishment and flying into other Countries as it is the Custom of the Greeks And therefore they report that one once preparing to fly out of Ethiopia after the Sign of Death was sent to him by the King that his Mother discerning his Design fastned her Garter about his Neck and he never in the least lifted up his Hands to hinder her but underwent all till he was strangl'd to Death lest he should leave behind him a Blot and Stain upon his Kindred and Family And above all that Custom is most strange which relates to the Death of the Kings for those Priests that are imploy'd in the Service of the Gods at Meroe who are here of greatest Authority whensoever they please they send a Messenger to the King commanding him to put himself to death for that such is the pleasure of the Gods and that it is not lawful for any to despise the Commands of the Gods adding also other Reasons which a plain and honest Mind inur'd to an ancient and constant Custom and not being furnish'd with sufficient Arguments to evince the unreasonableness of the Commands is easily induc'd to believe And so in former Ages the Kings without force or compulsion of Arms but meerly bewitcht by a fond Superstition observ'd the Custom till Ergamenes a King of Ethiopia who reign'd in the time of Ptolomy the Second bred up in the Grecian Discipline and Philosophy was the first that was so bold as to reject and despise such Commands For this Prince assuming the Spirit and Courage becoming a King marcht with a considerable Body of Men to the Place very difficult of access where stood the Golden Temple of the Ethiopians and there cut the Throats of all the Priests and having abolish'd that ancient barbarous Custom reform'd what appertain'd to the Service of the Gods in such manner as he thought fit There is moreover a strange and wonderful Law amongst the great Officers of the King's Houshold which continues they say to this very day For it 's a Custom amongst the Ethiopians that if the King be maim'd or debilitated upon any occasion in any Member of his Body all his Houshold-Servants do the same thing to themselves For they hold it a base and unworthy thing that if the King be lame for his Servants to attend upon him with whole and sound Limbs and not all to be lame as well as he And that it 's a thing most unworthy of true and firm Friendship not to sympathize and bear a share both in Prosperity and Adversity in Sorrow and Sadness and in the pains and deficiencies of the Body They say moreover that it 's a Custom for the King 's Domestick Servants to put themselves to Death when their Kings dye and such Death they account honourable and as a Testimony of their sincere love to their Prince and therefore it 's no easie matter for the Ethiopians to assassinate any of the King's Friends being that both they and the King are careful and solicitous for the mutual preservation of each other These are the Laws of those Ethiopians that inhabit the Capital City and the Island Meroes and those Tracts that lye next unto Egypt But there are many other Ethiopian Nations whereof some dwell on both sides the River Nile and in P. 103. the Islands in the River others border upon Arabia and some are seated in the heart of Africa The greatest part of these especially those in and about the River are Blacks flat Fac'd of curl'd Hair exceeding fierce and cruel and in their Manners like Beasts not so much in their natural Temper as in their study'd and contriv'd pieces of wickedness Their whole Bodies are filthy and nasty and their Nails long like wild Beasts and cruel one towards another They have a shrill Voice and in regard they are never taught by any how to lead a more civiliz'd Course of Life in that way of Education as others are they mightily differ from us in all their Manners Some of them carry Shields made of the raw Hide of an Ox and short Launces Others Darts with forkt Points sometimes they use Bows of Wood * 8 Foot Four Cubits long and discharge their Arrows by forcing the Bow with the help of their Foot and when their Shafts are spent they fall on with †A great Stake burnt at one end Cloaths Clubs They arm likewise their Women till they attain to such an Age many of whom use to hang a Brass Ring at their Lips Some of them never wear any Cloaths but go naked all their Lives long and shelter themselves from the scorching heat of the Sun only with such helps and defences as in their way they can meet withal Some of them cut off Sheeps Tails and bind them about their Loyns to cover their Privities Others make use of Beasts Skins for this purpose Some there are that are cloth'd round their Loyns with Breeches made of the Hair of their Heads for the nature of the Ground is such that the Sheep carry no Fleeces Their Meat is a certain Fruit that grows about the Pools and Marishes Some pluck off the tender Branches of small Trees and with them cover themselves from the heat of the Southern Sun Some sow Sesamus and Lotus And others live upon certain tender Roots of Canes And many of them that are good Archers maintain themselves with abundance of Fowl they kill But most of them live upon Flesh Milk and Cheese Those that inhabit the Parts above Meroes have Two Opinions concerning the Gods Some of them say they are eternal and incorruptible Amongst which they Religion reckon the Sun Moon and the intire Universe Others they conceive were at first Mortal Men but for their Virtue and their Benefits procur'd to Mankind purchas'd immortal Honour They especially worship Isis Pan Hercules and Jupiter whom they account to be the greatest Benefactors to Mankind But some few of the Ethiopians are of opinion that there are no Gods at all And these fly to the Marishes from the Sun when it rises as from an implacable Enemy They have Laws likewise different from all other Nations about their Funerals Some throw their Dead into the River
Clubs bound round with Iron at the thick ends the rest are arm'd with Bows and Spears When they are dead they tye them Neck and Heels with the Twigs and Branches of the Plant Paliurus then they carry the Body to the Top of a Hill where with great Sport and Laughter they pelt it with Stones till it be covered over and then they stick up a Goats Horn upon the Heap and so leave it without the P. 116. least Sense of Pity or Compassion They fight not one with another out of any Spleen or Rage one against another like the Grecians but meerly for their flourishing Pastures In the beginning of their Fights they make their Onsets with throwing of Stones after some Wounds given on both Sides they fall to it with their Bows and Arrows whereupon great Numbers are slain in a short time For by long Experience they become good Marksmen and being all naked are expos'd to every Shot At length their old Women by their Intreaties put an end to their Conflicts whom they greatly reverence for it 's unlawful to do them the least Harm and therefore as soon as they see them come towards them they cease casting their Darts immediately and all are quiet When they grow so old that they cannot follow the Flocks they tye themselves by their Necks to an Oxes Tail and so put an end to their days And if any defer his Death any one as a Friend may first admonish him and then if he does it not the other may cast a Rope about his Neck and strangle him In the like manner its lawful to put to Death any that become lame or are seiz'd with any desperate and incurable Distemper For they count it the highest and greatest Offence for any one to love his Life when he is able to do nothing worth living And therefore all the Troglodites are of sound Bodies and of a strong and healthful Age none exceeding Threescore But this shall suffice concerning the Troglodites Yet if this Account seem strange to any and this Manner of living incredible let but the Climate of Scythia be compar'd with that of the Troglodites and then this our Relation may easily gain Belief For there 's so great a Difference between our Climate and theirs of which we write that the different Natures being weigh'd and consider'd distinctly are scarce credible For in some Places of Scythia by the Extremity of Cold the greatest Rivers are so frozen that vast Armies and Chariots may pass over them and Wine and other Liquors do so congeal that they must be cut with Knives and Hatches And most strangely and wonderfully Mens Fingers and Toes drop off with rubbing against their Cloaths and their Eyes grow dark and dim Neither can the Fire cast any Warmth or Heat and by the Force of Cold even brazen Statues are burst asunder and at these Seasons they say the Clouds are so thick and gross that there 's neither Thunder nor Lightning in those Parts Many other Things there happen which seem incredible to the ignorant but are intolerable to them that feel them by Experience But in the utmost Coasts of Egypt and the Troglodites the Sun is so scorching hot at Mid-day that two standing together cannot see each other by reason of the Thickness of the Air. Neither is it safe for any to go without Shoes in these Parts for if they do the Soles of their Feet are presently blister'd all over And except Men have something ready to drink to quench their Thirst they forthwith faint and dye the violence of the heat quickly exhaling all the moisture out of a Man's Body And moreover if any do put Meat and Water into a Brazen Pot and set it in the open Sun it 's presently boil'd without Fire and Fuel But the Inhabitants of both these Countries are so far from seeking to avoid these uncomfortable Circumstances that they chuse rather to be as it were ever dying here than to be forc'd to live another sort of Life elsewhere And thus every Country is belov'd by its own natural Inhabitants and a long usage even from the time of Childhood overcomes the inconveniences of an intemperate Climate These great differences of P. 117. Climates are sometimes not far asunder for from the Lake Meotis where some of the Scythians inhabit in the midst of extream Cold and biting Frost many with a fair Wind sail to Rhodes in Ten Days time thence in Four Days more they reach to Alexandria thence crossing the River Nile they recover Ethiopia most commonly the Tenth Day so that it 's not above Four and Twenty Days sail from the coldest to the hottest Climates in the World And therefore it 's no wonder that there 's such diversity of Food Manners and Bodies so far differing from ours when there 's so great a Contrariety of Climates in so small a distance one from another Having given a distinct account of Nations and their strange and unusual Manners and Customs something now is to be said particularly concerning the wild Beasts bred in those Countries There 's bred in Ethiopia a Creature call'd from the nature of the Beast a Rhinoceros Rhinoceros so call'd from a Horn in his Nose for Courage and Strength equal with the Elephant but not so tall His Skin is exceeding hard and of the colour of Box. He has a flat Horn growing out a little above his Nostrils as hard as Iron He 's always at war with the Elephant for his Pasture and for that purpose whets his Horn against a great Stone in the Conflict he gets under the Belly of the Elephant and cuts and gashes him as if it were with a Sword and by this means his Enemy bleeds to death and thus he destroys many of them But if the Elephant prevent him from coming under his Belly he catches the Rhinoceros up in his Trunk and easily overcomes him being far stronger in Body and wounding deeper with the Stroaks of his Tushes * Sphinges are Marmozites Plin. Nat. His lib. 8. c. 44. Sphinges are bred near to the Troglodites in Ethiopia not much unlike those which the Limners draw save that they differ only in being rough They are of a gentle nature very docible apt to learn any thing presently that is taught them Those that are call'd †Cynocephales Baboons Heads like Dogs Plin. ib. Cynocephales resemble ugly fac'd Men and are continually snarling and grumbling This Creature is exceeding curst never to be tam'd and from his Eye-brows looks with a most surly Countenance The Females are extraordinary remarkable for having their Privy Parts continually hanging down out of their Body The Beast call'd * Cepus Cepus so nam'd from the beauty of his Body and the comliness of Proportion He has the Face of a Lion and in all other Parts is like to a Panther except that for his bigness he is as large as a Deer Of all these strange A wild Bull. Carnivorus Beasts none
Humours and the Party becomes curable Therefore they burn Brimstone mixt with Goats Hair under the Noses of the Sick that by a contrary smell they may discuss and drive out those sweet and fragrant Odours that have overpower'd the Spirits of the Sick for that which is good in it self is profitable and delightful us'd moderately and seasonably but an immoderate injoyment and beyond a due proportion of time loses the benefit and advantage of the Blessing bestow'd The Capital City of this Nation is call'd * Or Saâ—â— from Seba the eldest Son of Châ—â— Sabas and stands upon an high Hill They are govern'd by Kings who inherit the Crown by Descent yet the Honour allow'd them by their Subjects is such as that they are in some respects notwithstanding in a sort of Bondage and Slavery For though they seem to be priviledg'd in this that they have a Sovereign and absolute power in making of Laws and are not to give an account of any of their Actions to their Subjects yet they are as unhappy in this that they are never to stir out of their Palace for if they do the People stone them to Death for so they are commanded by an ancient Oracle This Nation net only excels all the Neighbouring Barbarians in Wealth but all other People whatsoever for plenty of every thing that is accounted precious For in their Traffick for a thing of a very small weight they receive a greater Sum of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 any other Merchants that sell Goods for Silver Being therefore that they never were conquer'd by reason of the largeness of their Country they flow as it were in Streams of Gold and Silver especially at Sabas the Seat Royal of their Kings Their Vessels and all their Cups are of Gold and Silver and likewise their Beds Chairs and Stools have their Feet of Silver and all other their Houshold-stuff is so sumptuous and magnificent that it 's incredible The Portico's of their Houses and Temples are some of them overlaid with Gold and Silver Statues are plac'd upon some of the Chapiters of the Temples The Doors and Roofs of their inner Rooms are adorn'd with many Golden Bowls set with pretious Stones The like wonderful cost they are P. 127. at throughout their whole Building adorning them in some Parts with Silver and Gold in others with Ivory and precious Stones and other things of great value For they have injoy'd a constant and uninterrupted Peace for many Ages and Generations being very far remote from those whose Covetousness prompts them to advance their Gain by the Riches of others The Sea there is of a very white colour so that a Man may as justly wonder at the strangeness of the thing as be inquisitive what should be the cause Near hereunto are the Fortunate Islands full of wall'd Towns where all the Fortunate Islands Sheep and Cattel are exceeding white and none of the Females bear any Horns The Merchants from all parts resort to these Islands especially from Potana built by Alexander the Great upon the Banks of the River Indus that there might be a commodious Port Town for shipping upon those Coasts But of this Country and its Inhabitants we have said enough And now we are not to omit what Wonders are seen there in the Heavens What is said of the * Bear North Pole is greatly to be admir'd and puts all Mariners at a stand For during the Month which the Athenians call †December Memacterion none of the Seven Stars are seen about the Bear till the first Watch of the Night and in * January Posidion not till the Second In the following Months few of these i'ts said are seen by them at Sea nor any of the Planets at all As for the rest some of them seem to be greater at the time of their rising than they do with us others not to rise and set in the same manner Nor that the Sun as with us enlightens the Air upon the approach of it's rising but even while its dark night strangely and on a suddain appears darting forth his refulgent Rays And therefore there both Day and Sun appears together They say it rises out of the middle of the Sea like a burning Coal and shoots forth great Sparks of Fire and appears not in a round form as it seems to do with us but like to a Pillar something thicker than ordinary towards the Head and that it shines not bright nor casts forth any Rays till one a Clock but glows like Fire in the Night without Light at Two a Clock it resembles the form of a Shield and sends forth on a suddain a fiery scorching Light even to admiration But near the time of it's setting it's effects are contrary for during the space of Two or as Agatharchides of Cnidus says Three Hours before which is the most pleasant part of the Day to the Inhabitants he both inlightens the World by his Rays and abates in his Heat as he sets by degrees The West South North-west and East Winds blow here as in other Parts of the World but the South Winds never blow nor are ever known in Ethiopia But in Troglodita and Arabia the South Winds are so exceeding hot that they sometimes set whole Woods on Fire and though the Inhabitants run into their Cottages for shelter yet they faint and pine away with Heat therefore North Winds are justly judg'd the best which run through the whole Earth and are always cool and refreshing Having now given an account of these Countries it will well agree with the Lybia Course of our History to describe Lybia bordering upon Egypt for in Cyren the Syrtes and in the Mid-lands inhabit Four sorts of Africans Those call'd Nasomones possess the Parts towards the South the Auchises the West The Marmarides inhabit that large Tract lying between Cyrene and Egypt as far as to the Sea-Coast The Macae the most populous of all the rest have their Habitations near the Syrtes Some of these before-mention'd People are Husband-men as having Fertil P. 128. Lands fit for all sorts of Tillage Others are Shepherds and Herdsmen who imploy themselves in feeding of Cattel and maintain themselves and Families by that means Both sorts are under a Kingly Government not living altogether like wild Beasts or unciviliz'd A Third sort there is that are neither subject to any King nor have any Knowledge of good or bad or regard to right or wrong but live continually upon Spoil and Robbery They make suddain Eruptions out of the Deserts These rob and steal whatever is in their way and then presently make away back to their former lurking Holes All these rude Lybians lye in the Fields in the open Air and live like wild Beasts contriving how they may be most cruel They affect neither Dainty Food nor Civil Rayment but are cloath'd in Goats Skins Their Princes have neither City or Town but live in †Towns Castles near Rivers sides where
together with her by only touching her Body in endeavouring to help her Medea thus succeeding in her first Attempt proceeded still to be further reveng'd upon 〈…〉 〈◊〉 7. Jason for she was so far transported with Rage and Jealousie yea with implacable Cruelty that notwithstanding Jason's narrow Escape and the Destruction of the Bride she further inhanc'd his Misery by murdering his Sons he had by her for she cut all their Throats except one who made his Escape by Flight and bury'd them in the Temple of Juno and when she had done at Midnight fled with some of her Faithful Maid-servants from Corinth to Hercules at Thebes who undertaking as a Surety for Jason that he should perform his Vows made to her in Colchis promis'd to assist her in taking Revenge In the mean time every one judg'd Jason was justly punish'd in this loss both of his Wife and Children Not being therefore able to bear the insupportable weight of his Calamities he kill'd himself The Corinthians were even astonish'd at the extremity of his Misery and were especially perplext concerning the Burying of the Children Therefore they sent to Delphos to inquire of the Oracle how their Bodies were to be dispos'd of And it 's said the Oracle ordered them to be bury'd in Juno's Temple and that they should for ever after be worship'd as Demy Gods The Corinthians accordingly observ'd what was commanded and Thessalus who escap'd the cruel Hands of his Mother was brought up by them Afterwards he return'd to Iolcus his Father's Country and found Acastus the Son of Pelius then lately dead and thereupon as next Heir to the Crown took upon him the Sovereign Authority and call'd the People within his Dominion P. 180. after his own Name Thessalians But I am not ignorant that there are other Accounts given concerning the naming of them Thessalians of which we shall speak in their proper Place In the mean time they say Medea finding Hercules at Thebes distracted and his Children a little before by him murder'd she cur'd him with her Medicinal Applications But because there was no hope of Assistance for her from Hercules at the present by reason of the Labours impos'd upon him by Eurystheus she fled to Aegeus the Son of Paedion at Athens who marry'd her and begat of her Medus afterwards King of the Medes Others say she was brought to her Trial by Hippotus the Son of Creon and fairly acquitted Some small time after when Theseus return'd from Traezene to Athens she was expell'd the City for Witchcraft and Aegeus sent her away by Messengers with Orders to conduct her to what Place soever she had a mind to go and it 's said she went into Phaenicia and that from thence she past into the upper Parts of Asia and being Marry'd there to a certain famous King she had a Son by him call'd Medus who after the Death of his Father succeeded in the Kingdom and became renown'd for his Valour and after his own Name call'd the People Medes But by reason of the Monstrous Stories feign'd by the Tragedians there 's great variety and difference in the History concerning Medea Others in favour to the Athenians say that she return'd safe to Colchis and took along with her Medus the Son of Aegeus And that about that time Aeetes was by force of Arms depriv'd of his Kingdom by Perses his Brother and was restor'd by his Nephew Medus who kill'd Perses Afterwards Medeus having rais'd a great Army overran many Parts of Asia above Pontus and subdu'd that Part now call'd from him Media But it would be here unnecessary and too tedious to relate all the Stories that they have written concerning Medea therefore we shall now proceed with what remains of the History of the Argonauts Many both of the Ancient and Modern Writers amongst whom is Timaeus report that the Argonauts after the carrying away of the Golden Fleece coming to understand that Aeetes had blockt up the Mouth of Pontus with his Fleet to prevent their return perform'd that which was wonderfully remarkable For it 's said they sail'd up to the Head of the River Tanais and there drew the Ship a considerable way over Land into another River that ran into the Ocean and so fell down that way into the Sea and then bending their Course from the North to the West leaving the Continent on their Left-Hand they at length enter'd our Sea near * Now Cadiz Gades And to confirm this they use these Arguments First that the †The Galls now French Celts the Inhabitants near the Ocean do adore Castor and Pollux above all the rest of the Gods for amongst these Celts there 's an ancient Tradition that these Gods appear'd and came to them out of the Ocean And they affirm that there are several Places near the Sea that had their Names from the Argonauts and the * Castor and Pollux Dioscuri which remain still to this Day and that within the Continent beyond Gades there are apparent Marks and Signs of the return of the Argonauts For sailing by †Now Tuscany Tyrrhenia and arriving at a certain Island call'd * Ilua near Tuscany Aethalia there 's a Spacious Haven was call'd by them Argo from the Name of their Ship which Name the Port retains to this Day And that there is P. 181. another Harbour in Hetruria †About an Hundred and Twenty Miles Eight Hundred Furlongs from Rome which they nam'd Telamon and that the Port at the City Formia into Italy they call'd Aeetes which is now nam'd Caieta They further say that being driven upon the Quick-sands in Lybia by a Violent Tempest they were inform'd by Triton the King of the nature of the Sea in those Parts and how to avoid the Danger for which Kindness they presented him with a Brass Tripode on which were inscrib'd very ancient Characters which not long since it 's said was amongst the Hesperians We are not here to omit refuting those Historians that affirm the Argonauts sailing through the River Ister to the Spring-heads below pass'd through the Channel there straight before them into the Adriatick Gulf. But Time has now clearly manifested the mistakes of those Authors who thought that that Ister which disimbogues itself by several Mouths into the Pontick-Sea and that other which falls into Adria rise from one and the same Spring-head For since the Conquest of Istria by the Romans it 's known by experience that the Fountain-heads of this River are not above Forty Furlongs from the Sea But the Identity of Rivers Names has been the occasion of Historians Mistakes Having now insisted long enough upon the Acts of Hercules and the Argonauts Hercules his Sons and Nephews it's requisite according to my Promise to relate the Actions of his Sons After the Translation of Hercules to the Gods his Children dwelt in Trachinia with Ceyces the King When Hyllus and some of the rest were grown up to
in a Chariot drawn with Four Horses and Oenomaus having at length finish'd his Sacrifice mounts his Chariot driven by one Myrtilus and with a Launce in his Hand pursues the Suitor and overtaking him runs him through And in this manner by the swiftness of his Horses always coming up to the Suitors though they set out so long before him he kill'd very many But Pelops the Son of Tantalus coming to Pisa and desiring to have Hippodamia for his Wife as soon as he saw her bribed Myrtilus Oenomaus's Chariot-driver to suffer him to be Victor by which means he got to Neptune's Altar in the Isthmus before Oenamaus who concluding that what the Oracle had foretold was now near to be fulfilled through grief of Heart was so dejected that he murther'd himself Pelops thus gaining Hippodamia with her likewise gain'd the Kingdom of Pisa and being a Valiant and Prudent Man and growing rich besides subdu'd most of the Countries of ‖ Peloponesus signifies the Island of Pelops Peloponesus and so called the whole Peninsula after his own Name Since we have made mention of Pelops it 's fit to say something of Tantalus's Father that we may not omit any thing worthy Remark Tantalus the Son of Jupiter was a rich and renowned Prince and had his Royal Seat in that part of Asia which is now call'd Paphlagonia and for the nobleness of his Birth being the Offspring of Jove they say he was the very Darling of the Gods themselves However he us'd not his Prosperity with that Moderation and Humility as became a Mortal but being admitted to Familiarity and Feasting with the Gods discover'd their Secrets to Men for which he was not only punish'd while he was Living but was thrust down among the Wicked and Impious as the Histories relate to suffer Eternal Torments after Death This Tantalus had Pelops and a Daughter nam'd Niobe †By Amphion King of Thebes who had Seven Sons and as many Daughters who were extraordinary Beauties Being proud of the great number of her Children she often boasted that for her fruitfulness she excell'd * The Mother of Diana and Apollo Latona her self At which the Goddess they say was so enrag'd that she commanded Apollo with his Arrows to kill the Sons and Diana with hers the Daughters who executing their Mothers Commands slew all the Children at once So that Niobe who abounded with Children was childless at one and the same moment But because Tantalus being hated by the Gods was expell'd out of Paphlagonia by Ilus the Son of Tros something is fit to be said concerning Ilus and his Ancestors The first that reign'd in the Country of Troas was Teucer the Son of the River D 〈…〉 danuâ—'s Pâ—sterity to Priam. Scamander and the Nymph Idaea he was a brave Man and gave the Name of Teucri to the Inhabitants He had a Daughter call'd Batea whom Dardanus marry'd and succeeded Teucer in the Kingdom and ordered the People to be call'd P. 192. from him Dardanians and built a City near the Sea Shore and call'd it Dardanum He had a Son nam'd Erichthonius a Prosperous and Wealthy Prince of whom the Poet Homer writes thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 None richer was of all Men under th' Sun Whose brave Three Thousand Mares in th' Meads did run Tros was the Son of Erichthonius and of him the People were nam'd Trojans he had Three Sons Ilus Assaracus and Ganimede Ilus built a noble City in the Champain Country of Troas which he call'd Ilium the Son of Ilus was Lao 〈…〉 don whose Sons were Tithonus and Priam Tithonus led an Army into the Eastern Parts of Asia and pierc'd as far as to Aethiopia whence rose the Story of Memnon being the Son of Aurora which Memnon brought aid to the Trojans and was kill'd by Achilles Priam marry'd Hecuba and by her besides many other Sons had Hector who was especially remarkable for his Valour in the Trojan War Asaracus King of the Dardanians had Capys his Son the Father of Anchises who of Venus begat Aeneas a Famous Man among the Trojans Ganymede lastly was extraordinary beautiful and is reported to be caught up to Heaven by the Gods to be Jupiter's Cup-bearer And now from these we shall proceed to Daedalus and the Minotaur and the Expedition of Minos into Sicily against King Cocalus CHAP. V. Of Daedalus and his Works in Crete Sicily and elsewhere His Flight into Sicily Minos invades Sicily the manner of his Death there The Famous Temple of the Curetes or Corybantes in Sicily built by the Posterity of the Cretians that came there with Minos The Pedigree of Aristeus his Acts his Son Acteon of Eryx Venus her Temple in Eryx in Sicily the Fame of it Of Daphnis the Shepherd A Description of the Herean Mountains Of Orion Of the Streight of Messina DAedalus was an Athenian of the Family of the Ericthidae for he was the An. Mund. 2732. Son of * Metionon Hymetion the Son of Eupalamus the Son of Erechtheus He was extraordinary Ingenious and very studious in the Art of Architecture and was an excellent Statuary and Engraver upon Stone and improv'd those Arts with many notable Inventions He made many wonderful Pieces of Work in several Parts of the World and so far excell'd in the framing and cutting of Statues that those that were long after him report that the Statues he made did resemble living Men even to the Life For their Symmetry was so exact and perfect that their Eyes and frame of Motion and the whole Composure of the Body was a lively Representation of Living Creatures For he was the first that in Statues exprest the direct and lively aspect of the Eyes and the progressive Motion of the Legs and Thighs and stretching forth of the Hands and Arms and therefore was justly admir'd by all For those Artists that were before him fram'd their Images with blinking Eyes Heads hanging down as if they were glu'd to their sides But though Daedalus was thus admir'd for his exquisite Skill in this Art yet he was forc'd to fly his Country for a Murther committed upon the occasion following ‑ Talus Daedalus his Sister's Son being but a Young Boy was at that time bred * Call'd Calus by Fausan lib. 1. 〈◊〉 21. up with his Uncle to learn his Trade This Talus for Ingenuity excell'd his Master and invented the Potter's Wheel He got likewise a Serpent's Jaw-bone and with it saw'd a little piece of Wood asunder then in imitation of the Tooth in the Jaw he made the like in Iron and so he found out an Instrument for the sawing of the greatest Pieces of Timber exceeding useful and tending much to the furtherance and ease of all Architects He invented likewise the Turner's Lath and many other Tools for the use of Architects upon which account he was in great Esteem and Reputation Daedalus hereat burnt with Rage and Envy against the poor Boy
and fearing he would grow far more famous than himself secretly murder'd him Being seiz'd upon just as he was laying the Carcass in the Ground he was askt what he was burying He answer'd that he was covering a Serpent with Earth Here it 's very worthy of Remark that the same Creature that was the occasion of making of the Saw should be also the means of discovery of the Murther Being therefore brought to his Trial at the Court of the Areopagites and there condemn'd to dye for the Murder he first fled to a sort of †Of the Family or Tribe of Cecrops People in Attica who from him were call'd Daedalians Thence he got into Crete where he was much admir'd for his Art and in great favour with King Minos Afterwards as it is commonly reported Pasiphae the Queen Minos his Wife P. 193. burning in her Lust after a Bull he fram'd an Engin like to a Cow and helpt her by that means to satisfy her Lust They say that before that time Minos Yearly sacrific'd the best and largest Bull in the Herd to Neptune and once there being a most lovely Beast in the Herd a worse was pickt out to be sacrific'd at which Neptune was so incens'd at Minos that he caus'd his Wife Pasiphae to go Mad for Love after the Bull and by the Art of Daedalus she prostituted her self to the Beast and brought forth the Minotaur so famous in ancient Stories They ascribe a double nature to this Creature that from the Head to the Minotaur Shoulders he resembled a Bull and in all his lower Parts was like to a Man It 's said that for the keeping and feeding of this Monster Daedalus built the Labyrinth full of windings and turnings this way and that way impossible to be found out by any Stranger before unacquainted Here it was that the Minotaur devour'd the Seven Boys and the like number of Girls Yearly sent thither from Athens as we have before declar'd Daedalus being inform'd of Minos his Threats for making of the Cow fearing the Rage of the King by the help of the Queen got on Shipboard and secretly escap'd out of the Island Icarus his Son fled away with him and both arriv'd at a certain Island situated in the Ocean far off from any Land where the Young Man being too rash and hasty to Land dropt into the Sea and there perish'd from whom it 's call'd the Icarian Sea and the Island Icaria From hence Daedalus sail'd into Sicily and landed there where Cocalus reign'd who receiv'd him very courteously and upon the account of his great skill and the Fame that went of him made him his Bosom Friend Some report this Story concerning him That Daedalus continuing still in Crete was hid by Pasiphae Minos in the mean time making diligent search after him in order to punish him but not able to find him out he promis'd great Rewards to such as should discover him Daedalus utterly despairing to get away by Shipping made for himself and Son artificial Wings joynted and compacted in a wonderful manner with Wax and fastn'd them to his own and his Son's Body and with them Daedalus suddenly flew away and got over the Cretian Sea But Icarus soaring too high such is the folly of Young Men fell down into the Sea the Sun melting the Wax wherewith the Feathers of the Wings were joyn'd together But his Father flying low near the Surface of the Sea and sprinkling his Wings in the Water pass'd over safe into Sicily Though this may seem an absurd Fable yet we judg'd it not sit to be past by Daedalus staid with Cocalus and the Sicilians a long time and was highly honour'd and esteem'd by all for his excellent Art and Skill in his Profession There are some Works of his there that remain to this day for in the Territory of Megaris he made a Fish-pond with wonderful Art through which the great River 1. Colymbethra Alabone emptied it self into the Sea He built likewise a City now call'd Agrigentina in Camacus upon a Rock so strong that it was inexpugnable The 2. A City Passage to it was so straight and winding that the Place might be easily defended by Three or Four Men. Therefore Cocalus here built a Palace and treasur'd up all his Wealth as a Place through this Architect's ingenious Contrivance wonderfully secure In the Third Place he made a Cave in the Territory of Selementa 3. A Sâ—oâ—e or Sweating-House a Bannion P. 194. in which by Fire there under Ground a warm Steam was so artificially rais'd that by it's moderate heat it caus'd a gentle Sweat and gradually cur'd many that resorted thither of their Distempers with a great deal of Pleasure without any uneasiness from the Heat And whereas there was a high and craggy Rock in the Country of Eryx and no room to build but upon the highest and craggiest part of it by reason of the strait and narrow Passages about the Temple of Venus he drew a Wall round the very Top and plain'd and inlarg'd it in 4. Plaining a Rock a wonderful manner They say he likewise made a Golden Honey-Comb dedicated to Venus Erycina with such exquisite Art and so like to a true and 5. Honey-Comb of Gold real one that none could ever be comparable to it He wrought many other excellent Pieces in Sicily which length of Time has worn out and consum'd But Minos King of Crete who had the Dominion at Sea hearing that Daedalus was fled into Sicily proclaim'd War against that Island Having therefore rigg'd out a mighty Fleet he set Sail and arriv'd upon the Coasts of Agrigentum which was from him call'd Minoa where he landed his Men and sent Messengers to Cocalus to demand the delivery up of Daedalus to Justice Hereupon Minos and Cocalus came to an interview and Cocalus promis'd to do all that Minos requir'd and entertain'd him with all honourable Respect But when he was in a Bath Cocalus kept him there so long that he was stiffl'd with the steam and heat Afterwards he deliver'd his Body to the Cretians that came along with him pretending he came to his Death by slipping accidentally into the Hot and Scalding Baths His Souldiers bury'd him with great Pomp and built him a double Sepulcher in the lower part whereof in a Vault they deposited his Bones and near to the higher Part that was open to the view they erected a Temple to Venus which for many Ages after was so ador'd by the Inhabitants that they offer'd Sacrifices there as in a Temple peculiarly consecrated to her In later Times when Agrigentum was built it being then discover'd that the Bones were there bury'd the Sepulcher was wholly ruin'd and the Bones sent to the Cretians at the time when Thero was Sovereign Lord of Agrigentum The Cretians that were thus brought over into Sicily after the Death of Minos having then no King fell at odds one with another and rais'd a
Islands they Till'd and improv'd for the use of them all in Common At last they divided all the Islands for the space of Twenty Years and when that time was expir'd they again made a Division by Lot Afterwards they overcame the Tyrrhenians in many Sea-Fights and devoted the Tenths of the best of their Spoils to the Oracle at Delphos It remains we should shew by what means the City of Lipara in succeeding Ages grew to that height of Wealth that they were not only happy in themselves but renown'd and glorious Abroad This City is beautify'd by Nature with very large and fair Harbours and furnish'd with famous Baths for they are not only Medicinal but by reason of their singular Properties and Qualities afford much Pleasure and Delight and therefore many in Sicily that are taken with strange and unusual Diseases pass over into this Island and by washing themselves in the hot Baths are restor'd presently to perfect Health even to Admiration And the Island it self to this Day abounds in that famous Mineral of Allom which brings in a great Revenue both to the Liparians and the Romans For being in no other part of the World and so very useful the Inhabitants upon good Reason have the sole vending of this Commodity and by setting what rate they please upon it they grow prodigiously rich Only indeed in the Isle of Melos there grows a sort of small Allom but not sufficient to supply any considerable number of Cities This Island of Lipara is not large but reasonably well stor'd with Fruit and abounds with every thing necessary for the Sustenance of Man's Life for it plentifully supplies the Inhabitants with all sorts of Fish and bears Fruit most delicious to the Taste But this may suffice to be said of Lipara and the rest of the Aeolid Islands Next to Lipara Westward lies a small Island uninhabited call'd upon a remarkable Accident Ostales For at the time when the Carthaginians were ingag'd in great Wars with the Syracusians they were furnish'd with considerable Forces both at Sea and Land amongst whom were many Mercenaries out of several Countries which were always a turbulent sort of Men and commonly P. 204. accustom'd to raise many horrid Mutinies in the Army especially when they receiv'd not their Pay at the Day when it was due Some therefore there were at that time about the number of Six Thousand according to their usual Insolency and rude Behaviour not receiving their Pay first got into a Body together and then with rude Shouts and Clamours assaulted their Commanders And when for want of Money they still delay'd to pay them they threatned they would prosecute their Right against the Carthaginians with Force of Arms and thereupon laid hold upon their Officers and though they receiv'd a Check from the Senate for their unruliness yet they were the more furious and outragious Whereupon the Senate privately order'd the Colonels and Officers to put all the Mutineers to Death upon which Orders they forthwith got them all on Ship-board and under colour of some Military Service to be perform'd transported them to the Island before-mention'd and there landed them and left them And though they storm'd and rag'd at this Misfortune yet they were in no capacity to revenge themselves upon the Carthaginians but at length were all famished to Death And being that so great a Number as if they had been Captives of War perish'd in so small an Island this strait place was fill'd with the multitude of dead Mens Bones and for this reason the Island was call'd as aforesaid And in this manner these Mercenaries by the fraud of their own Officers were brought into these Extremities and miserably perished for want of Food Having now gone through the Aeolides we shall next view those Islands that lie on both Sides of them Southward over against Sicily lie Three Islands which have all safe and commodious Harbours and each of them a City The first is Malta about Eight Hundred Furlongs from Syracuse furnish'd Malta distant from Sicily about Sixty Miles with very good Harbours and the Inhabitants are very Rich for it 's full of all sorts of Artificers amongst whom there are excellent Weavers of fine Linen Their Houses are very Stately and Beautiful adorn'd with graceful Eaves and pargeted with white Plaister The Inhabitants are a Colony of Phaenicians who trading as Merchants as far as the Western Ocean resorted to this Island upon the account of its commodious Ports and convenient situation for a Sea-Trade and by the advantage of this Place the Inhabitants presently became famous both for their Wealth and Merchandize The next is Gaulus furnish'd with several safe Harbours Gaulus now call'd Gaudus about Five Miles from Malta and first inhabited by the Phaenicians Then follows Circina lying to the Coasts of Africa in Cercina now call'd Carcana which is a handsom City and most commodious Ports wherein may ride not only Merchant Men but Men of War Having spoken of the Southern Islands we shall return to the rest near to the Lipari which lye in the Tyrrhenian Sea for near to Populonium as it 's call'd a City of Hetruria lies †Aethalia now call'd Zerbe formerly Lotophagitis Aethalia distant from Lipara near a Hundred Furlongs so call'd from the great * Aethalos in Greek is a Mist Smoak or Fog P. 205. Mists and Fogs that rise there This Island abounds with Iron Stone which they dig and cut out of the Ground to melt in order for the making of Iron much of which Mettal is in this sort of Stone The Workmen imploy'd first cut the Stone in Pieces and then melt them in Furnaces built and prepar'd for the purpose In these Furnaces the Stones by the violent heat of the Fire are melted into several Pieces in form like to great Spunges which the Merchants buy by Truck and Exchange of other Wares and transport them to Dicearchia and other Mart-Towns Some of these Merchants that buy of these Wares cause 'em to be wrought by the Copper Smiths who beat and fashion 'em into all sorts of Tools Instruments and other shapes and Fancies as some they neatly beat into the shape of Birds others into Spades Hooks and other sorts of Utensils All which are transported and carry'd about into several parts of the World by the Merchants There 's another Island by the Greeks call'd Cyrnon and by the Romans and Corsica Natural Inhabitants Corsica Three Hundred Furlongs distant from Aethalia It 's an Island of an easy Access and has a beautiful large Harbour call'd Syraâ—usium There are in it two Cities Calaris and Nicaea Cities The Phoceans built Calaris at the time they were possessors of the Island but were afterwards ejected by the Tyrrhenians Nicaea was built by the * Or Tyrrhenians Hetrurians when they Lorded it as Masters at Sea and subdu'd all the Islands that lye near adjoyning to Hetruria During the time the Cities of
Winter but in the Summer Season CHAP. III. Of Gredosia Of the Isles of the Arabian Sea Of the Holy Island Of Panchaea Of Samothracia Of Naxus Syme Nausus Calydna Nisyrus Carpathus Of Rhodes and of Chersonesus HAving gone through the Western and Northern Countries and the Islands of the Ocean we shall now describe the Southern Islands lying in the Arabian Ocean on the East part of Arabia next to * A Country of Asia now call'd Tarse a Province of Persia Gredosia This part of Arabia is a Country full of Villages and considerable Towns some of which are situated upon high Hills others upon rising Grounds or something higher than Champain Fields Their greatest Cities have stately Royal Palaces and are very wealthy and Populous The Country abounds with all sorts of Cattel and is of a very fruitful Soyl affording plenty of rich Pasture for the Flocks and Herds Many Rivers run through it watering the Fields to the great increase of the Fruits of the Earth And therefore this part of Arabia which excels the rest in richness of Soil is justly call'd Arabia the Happy Over against the utmost point of this Country near the Ocean lye many Islands but there are but Three that are worth remark The First is call'd the Holy Island The Holy or Sacred Island wherein it 's unlawful to bury the Dead But not far from this about Seven Furlongs distant there 's another wherein they bury The Sacred Isle chiefly produces Frankincense and in that abundance as suffices for the Service and Worship of the Gods all the World over it has likewise Plenty of Myrrhe with other P. 220. odoriferous Spices of several sorts which breath out a most fragrant Smell The nature of Frankincense and the manner of getting it is thus The Tree is very small like to the white Egyptian Thorn and bears a Leaf like to the †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Willow It puts forth a Flower of a Golden Colour from the Bark of this Tree by incision made distils the Frankincense in Drops like Tears The Myrrhe-Tree is like to the Mastick-Tree but bears a more slender Leaf and grows thicker upon the Branches The Myrrhe flows forth by digging up the Earth round about the Roots Those that grow in a rich Soyl bear twice a Year that is in the Spring and Summer That in the Spring-time is of a red colour caus'd by the Dew the other nearer Winter is white There they got likewise the Fruit of the * It grows in Africa bears a red Fruit. Vlid Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 13. c. 19. Paliurus Tree very wholsom both in Meat and Drink and good against a Dissentery The Land is divided amongst the Inhabitants of which the best part is allotted to the King who has likewise the Tenths of the Fruits They say the breadth of the Island is about Two Hundred Furlongs inhabited by them they call Panchaeans who transport the Myrrhe and Frankincense into Foreign Parts and sell it to the Arabian Merchants from whom others buy these and other such like-Merchandise and convey them to Phaenicia Coelo-Syria and Egypt and from those Places they are carried by the Merchants over all parts of the World Besides these there 's another large Island about Thirty Furlongs distance from this last mention'd lying to the East many Furlongs in length For they say from a Promontory thereof running out towards the East may be seen India like a Cloud in the Air the distance is so great There are many things observable in Panchaea that deserve to be taken notice of Panchaea The natural Inhabitants are those they call Panchaei the Strangers that dwell among them are * People of the Western Parts together with Indians Cretians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Scythians In this Island there 's a Famous City call'd Panara not inferior to any for Wealth and Grandure The Citizens are call'd the Suppliants of Jupiter Triphylius and are the only People of Panchaea that are govern'd by a Democracy without a Monarch They choose every Year the Presidents or Governors that have all Matters under their Cognizance but what concerns Life and Death and the most weighty Matters they refer to the College of their Priests The Temple of Jupiter Triphylius is about Sixty Furlongs distant from the City in a Champain Plain It 's in great veneration because of it's Antiquity and the Stateliness of the Structure and the Fertility of the Soyl. The Fields round about the Temple are Planted with all sorts of Trees not only for Fruit but for Pleasure and Delight for they abound with tall Cypresses Plane-Trees Laurels and Myrtles the Place abounding with Fountains of running Water For near the Temple there 's such a mighty Spring of sweet Water rushes out of the Earth as that it becomes a Navigable River Thence it divides it self into several Currents and Streams and Waters all the Fields thereabouts and produces thick Groves of tall and shady Trees amongst which in Summer abundance of People spend their time and a multitude of Birds of all sorts build their Nests which create great delight both by affecting the Eye with the variety of their Colours and taking the Ear with the sweetness of their Notes Here are many Gardens sweet and pleasant Meadows deckt with all sorts of Herbs and Flowers and so glorious is the Prospect that it seems to be a Paradise worthy the Habitation of the Gods themselves There are here likewise large and Fruitful Palms and abundance of Walnut-Trees P. 221. which plentifully Furnish the Inhabitants with pleasant Nuts Besides all these there are a multitude of Vines of all sorts spiring up on high and so curiously interwoven one amongst another that they are exceeding pleasant to the view and greatly advance the delights of the Place The Temple was built of White Marble most artificially joynted and cemented two Hundred Yards in length and as many in breadth supported with great and thick Pillars curiously adorn'd with with Carved Work In this Temple are plac'd huge Statues of the Gods of admirable Workmanship and amazing largeness Round the Temple are built Apartments for the Priests that attend the Service of the Gods by whom every thing in that Sacred Place is perform'd All along from the Temple is an even course of Ground Four Furlongs in length and a Hundred Yards in breadth on either side of which are erected vast Brazen Statues with Four-square Pedestals at the end of the Course breaks forth the River from the Fountains before-mention'd from whence flows most clear and sweet Water the drinking of which conduces much to the Health of the Body This River is call'd the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aqua Solis Water of the Sun The whole Fountain is lin'd on both sides and flag'd at the bottom with Stone at vast Expence and runs out on both sides for the space of Four Furlongs It 's not lawful for any but the Priests to
fed him with Milk and Hony mixt together and for his better nourishment suckled him at the Paps of a Goat call'd Amalthaea For there are many Tokens of his Birth and Education in this * Crete Island to this Day For when he was a young Infant and carried away by the Curetes they say that the Navel String fell from him at the River Triton whence that part of the Country sacred to this God is call'd †Omphalus A Navel in Greek Omphalium and the Region adjoyning Omphaleus In Ida likewise where this Goddess was educated the Cave wherein he was hid is not only consecrated to him but the Ports near to that Promontory are under his Guard and Protection But here is not to be omitted a wonderful Story that 's related concerning the Bees For they say the God to preserve an eternal Memory of his familiarity with the Bees chang'd their colour into that of Brass or Copper washt over with Gold And whereas the Place is exceeding high and subject to stormy Winds and us'd to be cover'd over with depths of Snow he fortify'd the Bees with an Impassibility so that they were able to feed and gather Honey in the most stormy and coldest Places Amongst other Honours attributed to the Goat that gave him suck he bestow'd this that he himself from her assum'd the Name of ‖ The Goatholder Aegiochus When he was grown up to Man's Estate he first built a City at Dicta where he was born the Ruins whereof are to be seen at this Day This God excell'd all the other in Valour Prudence Justice and all other Virtues And therefore after the death of his Father when he came to reign he conferr'd many and great Benefits upon Mankind For he was the first that instructed Men how to punish Injuries and to deal justly and honestly one with another to forbear Force and Violence and bring their Differences and Controversies orderly before Tribunals and Courts of Justice there to be ended and decided In sum he did whatsoever was necessary for the making of good Laws and Preservation of Peace among Men stirring up the Good by wholsom Advice to their Duty and restraining the Bad through fear of severe and due Punishment P. 234. for their Offences It 's reported he travell'd through the whole World putting to Death Thieves Robbers and other Impious Persons establishing Commonwealths and Democracies in every Place wherever he came About that time he slew several Giants with their Adherents as Mytinus in Crete and Typhon in Phrygia Before the Battel with the Giants in Crete upon Jupiter's sacrificing of Oxen to †Sol Coelus Terra i. e. To the Sun Heaven and Barth Sol Coelus and Terra in all the Intrals appear'd evident Signs of what was decreed by the Gods Their Victory especially was portended and a defection of some from the Enemy as it prov'd in the issue of the War for Musaeus fled and revolted from them for which he was highly honour'd At length all that fought with the Gods were every one cut off and destroy'd But he was afterwards ingag'd in a new War against the Giants at Pallene in Macedonia and anciently in the Plains of Italy call'd Phlegraei from Plin. Nat. His lib. 3. l. 5. the Conflagration the Country once suffer'd but now call'd * In Campania near Cumas Cumaei The reason why Jupiter destroy'd the Giants was their Violence and Oppression making use of their strength and massy Bodies to inflave their Neighbours and for that they were lawless and not to be kept within any bounds of Justice made War upon them who for their doing good and being beneficial to Mankind were reputed for Gods by all People whatsoever And he not only rooted up the Wicked and Impious but rewarded the best of the Gods Heroes and Men with due Honours according to their several Deserts The great Authority therefore and good Deeds of Jupiter were such that to him was attributed an eternal Habitation and Kingdom in †In Heaven Olympus And more splendid Sacrifices by his Command are offered to him than to any of the other Gods and since his passing from Earth to Heaven a strong Perswasion is sixt in the Hearts of all those he was kind unto that he has the Command and Government of all that 's done in Heaven and is supream Lord of Storms Thunder and Lightning and therefore they call him * In Greek Zein is to live Zena because he seem'd to be the Preserver of Mens lives by affording fruitful Seasons to ripen the Fruits of the Earth They call him likewise Father not only upon the account of his 〈…〉 e and Kindness to all Mankind but likewise for that it 's generally believ'd all Men were originally his Offspring He 's call'd likewise the Supream King by reason of the Majesty and Excellency of his Kingdom and moreover †The good and wise Counsellor Eubuleus and †Metietes by reason of his Wisdom and Prudence in Counsel It 's said also that Minerva was the Daughter of Jupiter born in Crete at the Spring-heads of the River Triton and therefore she was call'd * Or Tritona Tritogenea and now at this Day there stands a little Chappel dedicated to this Goddess at the Place where she 's said to have been born They say likewise that the Marriage of Juno and Jupiter was solemniz'd in the Country of the †In Crete the Territory of the City Gnosus Gnosians near the River Therone where there 's now a Temple in which the Priests offer an anniversary Sacrifice and Festival with great Devotion imitating the Nuptial Rites according as by Tradition they have receiv'd them The Daughters of Jupiter it 's said were the Goddesses Venus the Graces Lucina and her Servant Diana together with those call'd Horae that is to say * Eunomia Dica Irene i. e. Good Laws Justice and Peace Eunomia Dica and Irene The Gods he begot were Vulcan Mars Apollo and Mercury To every one of these they say Jupiter imparted the knowledge of things invented and perfected by himself and attributed the honour of the Invention to them desirous to perpetuate their Memories and advance their Reputation and eternal Praise amongst all Men. To Venus he committed the care of the mature Age of Virgins at which time Venus they ought to Marry and the oversight of other things us'd at Nuptials together with Sacrifices and Drink-offerings which are solemnly offer'd to this Goddess but all first Sacrifice to Jupiter the Perfector and to Juno the Perfectris because they are the Authors and Inventors of all as a little before we have P. 235. declar'd To the Graces was given power to beautify the Face and to give a Comely The Graces Shape and Proportion to all the Members of the Body and to do good where-ever they pleas'd and to cause the Persons to be grateful and thankful for what they receiv'd To Lucina he
And now Xerxes dislodging his Army marched to the Straights of Thermopyle placing the Medes in the Front of the Battel either because they were esteem'd Men of greatest Courage or that he desir'd to have them all cut off for they were still proud and haughty in regard the Sovereign Power not long before was wrested from their Ancestors and many there were likewise in the Army whose Kindred perish'd in the Battel of Marathon Xerxes therefore orders the Brothers and Children of those that were slain in that Battel to be plac'd in a Body in view of the Medes conceiving this would be a means to exasperate 'em to a fiercer Revenge upon the Grecians The Medes therefore being put in the Front as before said made a fierce Charge upon the Thermopylean Guards But Leonidas being well prepar'd had plac'd his Men in a close Body in the straightest part of the Passages Now both sides are hotly engaged for the Barbarians having their King both the Spectator and Witness of their Valour on the one hand and the thoughts of danger of losing of Liberty together with the Commands of the General firing the Grecians on the other the Fight was amazing And now setting Foot to Foot fighting P. 246. close at hand and being lockt together Wounds were given on both sides insomuch as the Battel was doubtful a long time till at length the Grecians through their Resolution and the greatness of their Shields getting ground the Medes with much ado fell off and began to flag a great part of them being kill'd and many others wounded The Medes thus baffled the Caesii and Sachae counted excellent Soldiers continu'd the Fight and although they were fresh Men and untouched against Men almost tired out yet they were hew'd down and quickly put to flight and many kill'd by Leonidas his Soldiers For the Barbarians being guarded with short Shields and Bucklers were fitter for Fight in the open Field where they could by reason of the lightness of their Arms move as they pleas'd than in narrow Passages where they could not well touch the Bodies of their Enemies standing so close together and being likewise defended with large Shields On the other hand the Barbarians being but lightly arm'd lay the more open to all the Darts and Blows of the Assailants Xerxes now seeing the Passages strowed with the Carcases of his Soldiers and that the Barbarians were not able to withstand the Grecian Valour sent against them the chiefest of the Persians such as were call'd Immortal and Invulnerable Men of far stronger Bodies than any of the rest of the Army Of these the Grecians made a quick dispatch for they fled presently and Night now coming on gave a present Cessation of Arms with a great Slaughter of the Barbarians few being lost on the Grecians side Xerxes fretting at the late Misfortune of his Arms so cross to his hopes and expectations the next day chose out of all his Regiments such as were most approved for Strength and Valour and after many earnest Entreaties he told them that if they broke in upon the Grecians and drove them out of the Passages he would remunerate them with large Rewards but that Death should be the Wages of them that fled Upon which they made a fierce and violent Charge in one Body upon the Army of the Grecians The Soldiers of Leonidas on the other hand closing together in a Body like a strong Wall with great resolution resisted the furious shock of their Adversaries and were so earnest in Fight that they would not suffer the usual fresh Aids to succeed to their Assistance but overcoming all difficulties by Resolution they beat down and destroy'd most of the choicest of the Barbarians every one striving who should spend most of the day in signalizing his own Valour For the Courage of the Young Men put on the Old and Experienc'd Soldiers to a higher strain of Valour than ordinary and the Glory formerly gain'd by the Old stirr'd up the Young Men to Emulation of Honour At length this brave and choice Army of the Barbarians was routed and put to flight In their flight they were stop'd by a strong Body of Men appointed for that purpose who drove them back upon the Enemy and so forced them to renew the Fight But the King being astonished and in great fear conceiving none durst make any further Attempt upon the Grecians one * Or rather a Trachinian call'd Ephialtes Pausan lib. 1. c. 4. Trachinius an Inhabitant of the Country to whom all the secret and by-ways in the Mountains were by use very well known came to Xerxes and promis'd him to lead the Persians through a certain straight and difficult †This was over Mount Oeta Pausan ibid. Pass that the Troops sent along with him might come upon the Backs of Leonidas his Soldiers and by this means the Grecians being fought both behind and before might easily be cut off At the hearing of this the King greatly rejoyc'd and amply rewarded the Trachinian and forthwith sent along with him in the Night Twenty Thousand Men. But one Tyrastiades of Cuma in the Persian Army * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a lover of truth and honesty an upright Man of honest Principles in the Night privately convey'd himself from the Watch or Centinels of the Persians and came to Leonidas and discover'd what the Trachinian had contriv'd which being known a Council of War was call'd at Midnight where they advised together what was to be done in the present imminent danger and state of Affairs There were some that were of Opinion That it was best forthwith to leave the Passages and to return to the rest of their Associates while it was yet well with them for that there was no hopes of safety if they continu'd there But Leonidas the Lacedemonian General minding to appropriate Immortal Honour P. 247. to himself and his Spartans commanded all the rest to depart and reserve themselves for better Times and for further help to the Greeks hereafter enjoyning only the Lacedemonians to stay and not to desert the defence of the Straights for that it became the Generals and Commanders of Greece resolvedly to be victorious or to dye valiantly upon the Spot The Council then breaking up all the rest presently march'd away And Leonidas being now left upon the Place only with his Citizens was resolved with them to perform wonderful and Heroical Actions For the Lacedemonians being but very few for he kept the Thespians only with him so that all of them together did not exceed Five Hundred Men he prepar'd himself bravely to dye for the Liberty and Glory of Greece In the mean time they that were sent with †Or the Trachinian Trachinius led about through the steep Passes had beset those with Leonidas on every side But the Grecians who had before cast off all Thoughts of Deliverance and had preferr'd Honour before Life with one Voice desir'd their General that
destroy their Forces without any Danger to himself or his Army Which Device of his was much forwarded by an Accident that then happen'd for as things then stood resolving upon burning the Enemy's Fleet it fortun'd Amilcar being then in the Camp with his Navy preparing for a great Festival Day to Neptune some of the Horse-men brought to Gelon a Câ—â—rier taken in the Fields who brought Letters from the Selimâ—â—tâ—ans in which was written that they would send the Horse-men to him at the Day that he had appointed which was the Day whereon he had determin'd the Sacrifice Upon the same Day therefore Gelon sends Horse-men of his own commanding them that conveying themselves privately in the Night to Places nearest and most convenient as soon as it was Day they should go to the Enemy's Naval Camp as if they were the Selinutian Confederates and being receiv'd within the Wall and Fortification should first kill Amilcar and then set Fire to the Ships He gave moreover in Charge to those that were as Spies upon the next Hills P. 254. that as soon as the Horsemen were admitted into the Fortification they should give notice of it by lifting up the Sign And he himself at Break of Day with his Army drawn up waited when the Sign would be given The Horse being come to the Carthaginians Camp about Sun-Rising they were admitted by the Watch for Confederates being entered without delay they make up with a fierce Charge to Amilcar who was then Sacrificing and both killed him and fired the Ships And presently the Sign being given by the Spies Gelo with all his Forces in Battalia fell into the Camp of the Carthaginians Whereupon the Officers presently drew forth all their Forces out of the Camp to encounter the Sicilians and with Ensigns advanc'd fought with great obstinacy And now the Trumpets in both Armies sounded a Charge and in Emulation each endeavour'd to exceed the other in Noise and Clamour In conclusion great was the Slaughter on both sides with little or no advantage to either when presently the Flame mounting up from the Ships and News brought of the Death of the General the Grecians now encouraged doubled their Shouts in certain hope and confidence of Victory but the Carthaginians altogether discouraged Gelo routs the Carthaginians and in Despair betook themselves to Flight And because Gelo had commanded that no Prisoners should be taken the Slaughter in the Pursuit was very grievous at last no less than an Hundred and Fifty Thousand were Slain The rest gain'd a Place by Nature Fortify'd and this gave the first stop to the Fury of the Pursuers But because they wanted Water through Extremity of Thirst they were forced to deliver up themselves to the Conqueror's Mercy Gelo's Name was now renown'd upon the account of so great a Victory obtain'd meerly by his own prudent Contrivance and his Praise was advanc'd to the very Heavens not only by the Sicilians but by all others For I may truly say that we have no History of any General that ever before him put in Execution so prudent and remarkable a Stratagem or ever slew more of the Barbarians in one Battel or took so many Prisoners And therefore some Writers account this Battel nothing inferior to the A Comparison of the Battel at Himera with the Battel at Platea Fight by the Grecians at Patea and equal this Project of Gelo to the Contrivances and Intreagues of Themistocles But the highest Commendations because they were both so remarkable and eminent are by some attributed to this and by others to that For whereas both the Greeks and Sicilians before Fighting were terrify'd with the multitude of the Barbarians the News of Gelo's Victory the Sicilians first prevailing inspired the Grecians with greater Courage But the Fortune of the Generals on either side was much different for it 's most certain that the Persian King with many Thousands more escaped but not only the Generals of the Carthaginians but even all the whole Army were so slaughtered and destroyed that as it is reported not one escaped to Carthage to carry the News of the Defeat Add moreover that the most Noble of the Grecian Commanders Pausanius and Themistocles were most unworthily dealt with even by their own Countrymen the one for his Covetousness and Treason was killed by his Fellow Citizens and the other Banished Greece was forc'd to fly to his greatest Enemy Xerxes and there live in Exile Gelo on the contrary after his Success advanced to more P. 255. Honour by the Love and Favour of the Syracusians reigned till he was old and died admired and honoured of all And such was the Esteem and grateful Remembrance the Citizens had of him that the entire Government was continued in his Family Three Descents Those therefore who have thus highly merited challenge from us likewise their due Honour and Praise But to return where we left The same Day that Gelo routed the Carthaginians Leonidas at Thermopyle with his Grecians broke into the Camp of Xerxes with more than ordinary Valour as if the Gods on purpose had contrived and effected at one and the same moment of time a glorious Victory in one Place and an honourable Death of the Grecians in another After the Fight at Himera Twenty Long Ships which Amilcar had †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 kept out of the Bâ—racadâ— drawn out occasionally for necessary Services made their Escape and only they of the whole Army made an Attempt to return to their own Country the rest being either Kill'd or Taken But being overloaded with the Multitude of them that fled and meeting with cross Winds and Tempests they were all Shipwrackt and lost save only a few that escaped in a small Boat and arriv'd at Carthage and there with a doleful Cry declared how all the Army that was carry'd over into Sicily was destroy'd The Carthaginians were so terrify'd with the unexpected Slaughter of their Men that they all watcht Night and Day for the Guard of the City as if Gelo had been just then ready to enter into Carthage with his whole Army The number of those that were Slain affected the whole City with Lamentations and private Houses and Families were full of Tears and Complaints while some enquired after their Children others after their Brothers A great number of Orphans now bereft of their Parents with miserable Cries bewailed both their Deaths and their own Misery who were now left naked and destitute of those that should take care of them The Carthaginians therefore fearing lest Gelo should hasten into Africa sent unto him Plenipotentiaries Men both of great Eloquence and Discretion In the mean time he honourably rewarded the Horsemen that destroy'd Amilcar and upon all others that had done any remarkable Service he bestow'd the Marks of his Favour The chiefest of the Spoils he kept himself with an intent to Dedicate them as Ornaments to the Temples at Syracuse Many of the rest he gave
having now so fair an Opportunity drew out their Forces and advanced in Battalia as the Ground would give them leave Mardonius on the other Hand being forc'd to march up in a close Body drew up his Men to the best advantage he could devise and with a great Shout meets the Grecians and with the choicest of his Men who were his Life-Guard makes the first Charge upon the Lacedemonians who were plac'd in Front to receive him He fought with an high Resolution and made great Slaughter amongst the Greeks but the Lacedemonians stoutly stood their Ground contemning all Danger and destroy'd likewise Multitudes of the Barbarians who as long as P. 259. Mardonius was in the Head of the Army bore the Brunt with great Courage but as soon as he fell valiantly behaving himself and that they discern'd the choice of the Army with him were all either kill'd or wounded their Hearts The Persians routed fail'd and they betook themselves to Flight and were as hotly pursu'd by the Grecians however the most of them got within the Timber Wall The rest being Grecians that sided with Mardonius fled to and shelter'd themselves within the Walls of Thebes The Remainder of the Army to the number of Forty Thousand and upwards fled another way with Artabazus a Man of great account amongst the Persians who came with them back by a shorter Cut into Phocis This Dispersion of the Persians caus'd the Forces of the Grecians likewise to be scatter'd and divided into several Parties for the Athenians Plateans and Thespians fiercely pursued those that fled to Thebes The Corinthians Sicyonians and Philasians and some few others follow'd close upon the back of those that fled with Artabazus The Lacedemonians with the rest of the Army besieged and assaulted those that were forc'd within the Wall The Thebans receiving those that fled issu'd forth and join'd with them against the Athenians their Pursuers upon which there was a fierce and bloody Fight before the City Walls the Thebans bravely standing to it so that many were kill'd on both sides But at length the Athenian Courage drave the Thebans back into the City Then the Athenians march'd back to the Lacedemonian Camp and join'd with The Persians Camp forc'd them in assaulting the Persians within the Wall where the Fight was maintain'd with great Obstinacy on both sides the Barbarians on the one Hand within a place of Strength defending themselves with great Courage and the Grecians on the other with all their Might endeavouring to force the Wall the Fight was pursu'd without regard or fear of Death so that many were wounded and great numbers with Showers of Darts were there Slain But neither the Wall though strongly Fortify'd nor the number of the Barbarians could withstand the fierce Assault of the Grecians but whatever was in their way they bore down all before them The Grecian Generals the Lacedemonians and Athenians out of Emulation and desire of Glory strove to exceed each other encouraged both by their former Victories and prickt forward by their own natural Valour At length the Persians Camp was entred and taken by Storm and though the Barbarians cried for Quarter yet they found no Mercy For Pausanias consider'd the great number of the Enemy insomuch as he was afraid lest through their Number which far exceeded the Grecians some unexpected and suddain Mischief should happen and therefore commanded that they should take no Prisoners Whereupon an incredible Slaughter was made in a short time and was Above 100000 Persians put to the Sword in the Camp scarce ended when more than an Hundred Thousand were already put to the Sword When the Battel was ended the Grecians apply'd themselves to the Burying of their Dead which were above Ten Thousand Then they divided the Spoil amongst the Souldiers and appointed Judgment to be given concerning every thing that was done with more than ordinary Valour and Courage in that War By the Decree of Charitides amongst the Cities the greatest Honour was attributed to Sparta and amongst the Men to Pausanias In the mean time Artabazus with swift Marches pass'd through Phocis into Macedonia with those Forty Thousand Persians that fled with him and brought them all over safe into Asia The Grecians dedicated a Tenth of the Spoils and made thereof a Tripode of Gold and placed it in the Temple of Delphos and engraved upon it this Elogy The stout Defenders of Great Greece this gave From Bondage when its Cities they did save And another was Engraven by the common Consent of all to the Honour of those Lacedemonians who died at Thermopyle in these Words Of Pelops Country one Four Thousand brave Men to * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Two Hundred Thousand Myriads Mistaken it seems P. 260. Two Millions base repulse once gave And another by a Private Hand thus Good Stranger tell the Spartans here we lye Stoutly their Laws while we maintaining dye After the same manner did the People of Athens adorn the Sepulchers of those that fell in the Persian War and then were first instituted the Funeral Games and a Law was then made that the Valorous Exploits of those that were buried at the Publick Charge of the City should be thenceforth set out by the best of their Orators Afterwards Pausanias the General causing all his Army to return to their several Colours marched against the Thebans and required the first Authors of the Defection to the Persians to be delivered up to Justice The Thebans being discouraged both with the Multitude and Valour of their Enemies the chief Authors of the Confederacy with the Persians yielded themselves up to Mercy and were all put to the Sword by Pausanias CHAP. IV. Of the Fight with the Persians by the Grecians in Ionia at Mycale THE same day that the Battel was fought at Platea there was another great Fight with the Persians in Ionia which I shall relate from the beginning Leotychidas the Lacedemonian and Xanthippus the Athenian Admirals of the Navy after the Battel at Salamis came with their Fleet to Aegina where staying some few Days they fail'd thence to Delos with Two Hundred and Fifty Gallies While they staid there Ambassadors came to them from Samos entreating that they would be assistant to the Inhabitants of Asia to regain their Liberty Leotychidas hereupon calling a Council of War it was there determined to assist them and to that end with all speed they loos'd from Delos The Officers of the Persian Fleet being then in Samos hearing of the Expedition the Grecians intended against them departed from Samos with their whole Fleet and came to Mycale in Ionia and judging themselves not strong enough to encounter the Grecians they hal'd all their Ships ashore and compass'd 'em in both with a Wall and a deep Trench And in the mean time they sent with all speed for Land-Forces from Sardis and other Neighbouring Places so that an Hundred Thousand Men were presently Mustered together and they procur'd
During these Transactions the Romans had great Wars and shed much Blood amongst the Volsians Spurius Cassius the Year before Consul being convicted of Treason for aspiring to the Supream Government was put to Death And these were the things done this Year CHAP. V. The Death and Commendation of Gelo King of Syracuse and the Rebuilding of Athens by the Policy of Themistocles TImosthenes being Archon or Chief Magistrate at Athens and Cesus Fabius and Lucius Aemilius Mamerchus Roman Consuls there was a setled Peace throughout all Sicily for the strength of Anno Mundi 3472. Olymp. 75. 3. Ant. Chr. 476. the Carthaginians was utterly broken and Gelo govern'd the Sicilians with that Justice and Equity that the Laws flourished in every City and Plenty every where abounded The Syracusians making a Law against extravagant Pomps of Funerals Law in Syracuse against Funeral Pomp. and not only taking away those usual vast Expences upon the Dead but forbidding all manner of Curiosity upon that account Gelo willing in all things to confirm what the People agreed upon confirm'd this new Law by his own Example for falling sick and lying upon his Death-bed he gave up the Kingdom to Hiere his eldest Brother and commanded that the Law should be strictly kept in reference to his Funeral After his Death his Successor in burying of him observ'd his Commands His Body was laid in his Wife's Inheritance within the Nine Towers as they were call'd Places of great and sumptuous Workmanship The whole City accompany'd the Body to the Place which was about ‖ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Five and Twenty Miles Two Gelo's Funeral Hundred Stages distant And the Citizens erected a stately Monument over him and commanded he should for ever after be honour'd with the Honours due to the Ancient Heroes This Monument was in after-times destroy'd by the Carthagians in their War against the Syracusians And the Places call'd the Nine Towers through Envy were demolished by Agathocles But yet neither Ante Chr. 476. the Hatred of the Carthaginians nor the Envy of Agathocles The Commendation of Gelo and them that rule well nor the Force nor Fraud of any other Person was able to eclipse the Glory of Gelo. For History has justly preserv'd his Fame and will for ever hand it down to Posterity For as it is just and tending much to correct the Irregularities of Humane Conversation to fix a Brand and Mark of Disgrace upon those that have used their Power wickedly and mischievously so on the other hand it is as just to perpetuate the Memory of those who have rul'd justly and honourably to the good of others For this will be an Inducement to Men to behave themselves so as to merit Commendation from those that come after them Gelo reign'd only Six Years Hiero his Brother and Heir Eleven Years and Eight Months After the Victory at Platea the Athenians brought back their Wives and Children The Athenians repair their Walls from Troezen and Salamis to Athens and forthwith set upon the Repairing of their Walls and spared neither Cost nor Pains in that nor in any other thing necessary for their Defence But the Lacedemonians considering that the Athenians had much advanced their Reputation by their Strength at Sea fearing lest they should grow too strong determin'd to forbid the building of their The Lacedemonians endeavour to hinder the building of the Walls of Athens Walls and therefore sent Embassadors with all speed to Athens to let them know that it was not for the common good and interest of Greece that Athens should be walled for if Xerxes should make upon them a Second Invasion with fresh and greater Forces if he should gain Cities out of Peloponesus ready wall'd he might from thence as out of Forts and Castles make suddain Incursions upon them and thereby with ease subdue the Grecians But when the Embassadors were not much regarded they imperiously commanded the Carpenters and Smiths to P. 263. cease from the Work Whereupon the Athenians not knowing what to resolve Themistocles his Stratagem to build the Walls of Athens upon Themistocles who was then in great Favour and Authority advis'd them that they should not at present make any Noise or Stir about the matter For if they should contend the Lacedemonians would easily hinder them in the Work by making an Inrode upon them with the Forces of Peloponesus But he intimated to the Senate privately that he with such others as they should appoint would go as Embassadors to the Lacedemonians and there argue the Case with them concerning the Fortification of the City And he gave in charge to the Magistrates that if any Embassadors came from Lacedemon they should detain them till his return from thence and in the mean time they should with the assistance of the whole City go on with the Work and that was the very way he told them to effect their Design The Athenians all approv'd of his Advice and Themistocles with those join'd in Embassy with him set forth for Sparta In the mean time the People of Athens set upon the Work with might and main sparing neither House nor Sepulchre for Materials Women and Children Strangers and Servants were all imploy'd and none permitted to be idle The Work went on beyond expectation and through the multitude of Hands and diligence of those imploy'd advanc'd to Admiration which being nois'd abroad the Lacedemonians were very hot with Themistocles concerning the Fortifying of the City But he denied all and wish'd them not rashly to believe every little Story spread Abroad but rather to send some faithful Messengers who might bring them a certain account of the truth how Matters went and for further Assurance he deliver'd up himself and his Associats as Hostages to the Spartans The Lacedemonians at present pacify'd and perswaded by what Themistocles Ante Chr. 476. had said took him and his Associates into Custody and forthwith sent some of the chief of the Citizens to Athens to make strict inquiry and observation how Affairs were In the mean time the Athenians in a short space advanc'd their Walls to their just height The Spartan Embassadors as soon as they entred into Athens being very turbulent and sharply threatning the Athenians for what they had done they committed them all to Prison declaring they should not be set at Liberty till Themistocles and the rest of their Embassadors were sent Home By this Trick the Laconians being deluded were forc'd to redeem their own Embassadors by the discharge of the Athenians And this Policy of Themistocles in procuring the walling of the City both with effectual speed and safety purchased the great Love and Honour of the Citizens Whilst these things were acting in Greece the Romans made War upon the Tuscans and got a great Victory with the Slaughter of many of their Enemies and afterwards took Tusculum by Storm and reduced the City of the Esculaneans CHAP. VI. The inlarging
Two and Forty Years At the same time died Anaxilaus King of Rhegium and Zancles after he had governed Eighteen Years and Micychus a faithful Trustee was admitted into the Government upon Condition that he should restore all to the Children of the deceased King when they P. 267. came of Age. Hiero King of Syracuse after the Death of Gelo had a jealous Eye towards Hiero King of Syracuse his Brother Polyzelus because of his great Interest and Esteem among the People and therefore contriv'd how to take him out of the way to which end he imploys all Mercenaries and Strangers about him for his Guard judging that to be the surest way for the keeping Possession of the Kingdom And when the * A People of Sybaris in Greece Sybarites were besieged by the †A People of Croton in Italy Crotonites and desir'd assistance from him he rais'd a great Army and committed the charge of the War to Polyzelus with a purpose that he might fall in the Battel But Polyzelus suspecting the Design refused the Command at which the King fell into a great Rage against his Brother who fled to Thero King of Agrigentum whereupon Hiero makes all preparation Ante Chr. 474. and speed to besiege them both In the mean time Thrasideus the Son of Thero being Governor of Himera by Thrasideus his Oppression his harsh and severe Government quite lost the Hearts of the People But they not daring to complain to his Father not looking upon him as an impartial Judge sent Embassadors to Hiero with great Accusations against Thrasideus and offer both to deliver up their City and to assist him against Thero But Hiero judging it better for his purpose to deal with Thero in a calm and peaceable manner secretly betrays the Himerians and their Plots against him All things being made apparent and plain Thero is not only reconcil'd to Hiero but likewise The Treason of the Himerians discover'd by Hiero Hiero expels the Cataneans restores Polyzelus to his Brother 's former Love and Favour and puts to death many of the Traitors of Himera About the same time Hiero expelled the Cataneans and Naxians from their own Country and planted the Cities with new Colonies of Five Thousand Men out of Peloponesus and as many from Syracuse and call'd Catana Aetna and distributed not only the Country of Catana but many large Tracts adjoyning by Lot amongst the Citizens which were Ten Thousand And this he did both to have Succors at hand upon any Pressing occasion and likewise that he might be honoured after his Death as the Founder of so great a City wherein were contained Ten Thousand Inhabitants The Cataneans and Naxians he transplanted into the City of the Leontines commanding them to abide there in common freedom with the rest of the Inhabitants Thero in like manner considering how Himera was in a great measure depopulated planted the Doreans there and ordered that whosoever would should be inroll'd Citizens of that Place These govern'd the Commonwealth with great Commendation for the space of Fifty Eight Years Not long after which time the Carthaginians raz'd the City to the Ground which hath continu'd ruin'd and in its Rubbish to this Day CHAP. VIII The Lacedemonians quarrel with the Athenians for the Dominion of the Sea WHen Dromoclides was Archon of Athens and Marcus Fabius and Caius Manlius Olymp. 76. 2. Anno Mund. 3497. Ant. Chr. 473. Consuls of Rome the Lacedemonians were highly concern'd for their loss of the Sovereignty of the Sea and therefore being greatly exasperated against the Grecians who had deserted them they breath'd out Revenge with just Indignation against them A General Council therefore being call'd they advis'd together concerning War to be proclaim'd against the Athenians in order to the Recovery of their Dominion at Sea And in several other Assemblies of the People most of them especially the Young Men were very hot and eager for the War vaunting every where how rich they should be if they succeeded in their Design and how all would be encouraged in the Service of their Country when every private Family hath had such advantages and occasions to enrich and advance themselves And they call'd to mind an old Prophesie from the Oracle which bid them P. 268. beware of having but an half Empire which could signifie nothing else as they alledg'd but the present Circumstances they were in For being there were Two Sovereignties the one at Land and the other at Sea if they lost the one they must needs be Masters but of a Lame Government The whole City almost being of the Opinion for a War the matter was again referr'd to the Senate supposing none would dare to contradict the general Sense of the Citizens But one of the Senators of the Family of Hercules Ant. Chr. 473. call'd Hetaemaridas a Man of great Esteem among the Citizens for his Virtue advised quite otherwise and declar'd his Opinion that they should suffer the Athenians quietly to enjoy the Dominion of the Sea for that it was not the Custom of the Commonwealth of Sparta to contend about that Sovereignty And urging many Reasons for the confirmation of his Opinion which was not at first very grateful he at length prevail'd both with the Senate and People to wave the War And so it was concluded according to his Advice as most advantagious to desist The Athenians at the first were in great fear of a bloody War with the Spartans about this Command at Sea and therefore they built many Gallies for that purpose and provided a great Mass of Treasure and sought to gain all their Neighbours and Confederates with the greatest Demonstrations of kindness and courtesie imaginable But hearing of what was resolv'd and determin'd by the Lacedemonians all fear of War being now vanish'd they wholly bent their Minds to advance the power and greatness of their City CHAP. IX Hiero breaks the power of the Hetruscans by Sea WHen Acestoridas was Archon of Athens and Cesus Fabius and T. Virginius Olymp. 76. 3. An. Mu. 3498. Ante Chr. 472. Consuls of Rome at that time Hiero King of Syracuse at the Request of the Citizens of Cuma in Italy by their Ambassadors who were greatly annoy'd by the Hetruscans sent a considerable Fleet to their Assistance who joyning Battel with the Hetruscans of Tyrenia in a Sea-Fight sunk several of their Ships and obtain'd a compleat Victory and so the power of the Hetruscans being broken they return'd to Syracuse CHAP. X. The War between the Tarentines and the Japigians MEnon being Archon of Athens L. Aemilius Mamercus and C. Cornelius Lâ—ntulus Consuls of Rome broke out a War between the Tarentines and the Olymp. 76. 4. Ant. Ch. 471. Japiges concerning the Limits of their Lands At the first there were but little Skirmishes and taking Booties one from another But the Enmity increasing by degrees and in the mean time Slaughters being committed far and near on both
sides at length it broke out into open War The Japiges of their Citizens and Confederates bring into the Field above Twenty Thousand Men. The Tarentines understanding the great Preparation made against them both with their own Citizens and Confederates of Rhegium likewise take the Field A bloody Battel was fought and after many kill'd on both sides at length the Japiges became absolute Victors and in the Pursuit the Tarentines were scattered and broken into Two Parties whereof one fled back towards Tarentum the other were furiously driven towards Rhegium The Japiges likewise divided themselves into Two Parties of which the one pursu'd close upon the back of the Tarentines and in regard the distance of Place was but very small there was a very great Slaughter made The other Party so hotly pursu'd them of Rhegium that they fell in pell-mell with them into the City and so took and possessed it CHAP. XI The Death of Thero Prince of Agrigentum and the Tyranny of his Son Thrasydeus who Abdicated the Government and kill'd himself Three Hundred of the Family of the Fabii slain at one time THE next Year Chares was Archon at Athens and at Rome Titus Memius and P. 296. Caius Horatius were Consuls Then were celebrated the Olympian Games at Elis being the Seventy Seventh Olympiad An. Mund. 3500. Olymp. 77. 1. in which Dancles of Argos was Victor About this Ant. Chr. 470. time Thero King of Agrigentum died in the Sixteenth Year Thero King of Agrigentum dy'd of his Reign and Thrasydeus his Son succeeded Thero governed with great Moderation and Justice and The Commendation of Thero therefore was greatly loved and honoured by his Subjects And at his Death was reverenced as a Divine Heroe but his Son even in his Father's Life-time appeared to be of a violent and bloody Disposition And after his Father's Death throwing aside all restraint of the Laws he rul'd arbitrarily and tyrannically For which Thrasideus King of Agrigentum his Cruelty reason his Subjects combin'd against him as one not fit to be intrusted with the Government and perfectly hated by all Ant. Chr. 470. And therefore within a little time after he came to an end suitable to his Deserts For after the Death of his Father he rais'd a great Army of Mercenaries and of his own Subjects of Agrigentum and Himera to the number of above Twenty Thousand Horse and Foot and with these went against the Syracusians But Hiero furnish'd with a considerable Army The Fight of the Agregentines and Syracusians wasted the Borders of Agrigentum and after join'd Battel with the Enemy in which most of the Grecians on both sides being drawn up one against another were slain But the Syracusians got the Day with the loss of Two Thousand Men of the other side were kill'd above Four Thousand Thrasideus by this ill Success perplexed in his Mind Abdicated his Government and fled to the Megarians call'd Miseans and being there condemn'd to Dye slew himself The Agrigentines after Thrasideus abdicates the Government and kills himself they had restor'd and setled their Democratical Government sent an Embassador to Hiero to strike up a Peace At the same time in Italy the Romans had War with the Veians and in a great Battel at Cremera were routed and amongst others Three Hundred of the Fabii all of one Family were slain every Man And these were the Affairs and Events of this Year CHAP. XII The Malice of the Lacedemonians against Themistocles and his Banishment His Praise THE next Year Praxiergus being Archon of Athens Aulus Virgilius Tricostus An. Mu. 3500. Olymp. 77. 2. Ante Chr. â—â—9 and C. Servilius Roman Consuls the Eleans who before lived dispers'd in several little Villages now imbody'd themselves into one City call'd Elis. The Lacedemonians observing how Sparta was contemn'd and evil spoken of by reason of the Treachery of Pausanias and how the Name of Athens grew famous for their Loyalty and Faithfulness one to another endeavour'd all they could to stain the Athenians with the same Blot of Ignominy And therefore for as much as Themistocles was a Man of great Repute and Esteem amongst the Athenians they accuse him of Treason as if he consulted with Pausanias how Themistocles accus'd to betray Greece to Xerxes And the more to provoke the Enemies of Themistocles and to stir them up to accuse him they made use both of Bribes and false Insinuations affirming that Pausanias discover'd his Treasonable Design of betraying Greece unto Themistocles and solicited him to join with him both in Counsel and aid other ways But though Themistocles would not then agree to do that yet he did not look upon himself obliged to discover his Friend However notwithstanding the Potency of his Adversaries Themistocles was clearly acquitted Themistocles acquitted and his Name grew more famous amongst the Athenians for he was greatly beloved by the Citizens for the former eminent Services he had done the Commonwealth But afterwards when by reason of his Popularity he became suspected by some and envy'd by others unmindful of his former Deserts they determin'd both to weaken his Authority and to bring down the height of his Spirit In the first place therefore they Banish'd him the City by the Judgment of Ostracism This Themistocles Banished P. 270. Law was instituted at Athens after the Tyrants were expell'd out of the City by Pisistratus And the Law was thus Every Citizen writ the Name of him in a Shell whom they The Law of Ostracism most suspected to be in a capacity by reason of his Power and Interest to overturn the Popular Government and he whose Name was writ in most of the Shells was forthwith Banished for the space of Five Years And this Law was used at Athens not so much as a punishment for any particular Ant. Chr. 469. Offence as to humble the Spirits of proud and aspiring Men and by their Banishment to reduce them to more Moderation and Submission Themistocles thus banish'd from his Country went to Argos which when known by the Lacedemonians supposing now they had a fair opportunity to ruin him they sent again Embassadors to Athens to accuse him as being in Conspiracy with Pausanias in his Treason alledging that those Injuries which did concern all Greece in general should not be determin'd by the Athenians only but by a Common Council of Greece which was wont upon such occasions to be assembled at Sparta Themistocles considering that the Lacedemonians were resolv'd to expose the Athenians to Shame and Contempt and that they of Athens were as ready to oppose them in defending their Country against the Crime objected he concluded that the matter concerning him would be agreed to be heard in a Common and General Assembly of the Grecians at Sparta And he had had experience that the Lacedemonians were guided more by Interest and Favour than by the Rules of Justice as by a late Experiment was apparent
was Victor and at Rome Ten Persons call'd the Decem-viri were chosen to compose new Laws * Appius Publius Claudius Regillanus Titus †Crenucius Minutius Sporius Viturius Caius Julius * Servius Caius Sulpitius Publius Sestius †T. Romilius Romilius Sporius Posthumius * A. Manlius Culbinius and Publius Horatius By these Persons were Laws made In their time a War broke out between the Thurians and them of Tarentum in which War the Countries were wasted on both sides by Inroads by Land and Invasions from Sea many small Battels and Skirmishes were fought but nothing done of any moment Lysanias being chief Ruler at Athens the Romans again chose Ten Men for Olymp. 84. 2. Ante Chr. 441. The Story of the Daughter of Virginius making of Laws Appius Claudius Marcus Cornelius Lucius Minutius Caius Sergius Quintus Pitilius Marcus Rabuleius T. Antonius Meranda Q. Fabius Vibulanus C. Duilius and Sp. Oppius But these could not perfect the Business wherein they were imploy'd for †Appius one of them fell in Love with a beautiful Virgin but of small Fortune whom he endeavour'd to debauch by Money But when he saw he could not gain his Design by those means he subborn'd a * One Marcus Claudius Fellow fit for his purpose to claim her for his Bondslave and to bring her before the Decem-viri and demand Judgment against her as his Slave which was easily obtain'd from a corrupt Judge the Author of the Villany She being delivered to him the Sycophant Knave carry'd her away as his Bond-maid In the mean time the ‖ One Lucius Virginius Father of the Young Woman mov'd with Grief and Rage at the indignity offer'd hasten'd to the Court where seeing no hopes of redress he follow'd his Daughter close behind her and spying a Knife in a Butcher's Shop as he pass'd by he snatcht it up and forthwith stabb'd his Daughter to Death to avoid the indignity and disgrace of such a condition and forthwith without delay hastening out of the City made to the Army that was then encamp'd at Algidum and with many Tears declar'd his miserable Condition and implor'd their Assistance which on the suddain affected them all with Commiseration and great sorrow at his Calamity upon which being all stirr'd up with a resolution to relieve the distressed Father in the Night they rush into Rome and possess themselves of the Aventine Mount As soon as the Day brake the Decem-viri being inform'd of the Rage of the Soldiers against the wickedness of the Fact by force of Arms resolving to defend their Collegue got together a multitude of Young Men to dispute the matter with their Adversaries by the Sword And now a great and bloody Fight seem'd to be at hand when some of the Citizens of the best Quality foreseeing the danger interpos'd by Messengers to both Parties in order to compose the Difference intreating and earnestly beseeching them that they would forbear and not involve their Country in Blood and Destruction At length the matter was agreed upon these Conditions That there Tribunes of the People chosen at Rome should be Ten call'd * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tribunes of the People Tribunes of the People chosen who should have Sovereign Power and Authority over all the rest of the Magistrates of the City and who might protect the common Liberty of the People And that one of the Consuls every Year should be chosen out of the Senators and the other out of the Common People Yea further that they should have Power to chuse both Consuls out from among themselves if they thought fit And this Law was then made to be a Check to the exorbitant power of the Patricians for they Ant. Chr. 441. P. 301. under colour of their great and high Birth and the glory of their Families with insufferable Pride engross'd to themselves all the power and authority of the City Amongst the Conditions it was further added That the Tribunes of the People at the end of every Year should appoint as many new ones in their room to succeed and if they did neglect it they should be burnt alive And though the Tribunes could not agree in their Choice yet they should continue still in their Offices in the mean time And this was the end of the great Commotion at Rome Diphilus being Archon of Athens the Romans created Marcüs Horatius and Olymp. 84. 3. Ant. Ch. 440. The Twelve Tables at Rome Lucius Valerius Potitus Consuls who perfected the Laws which suffered an irruption by the Sedition For there were then Ten of the Twelve Tables as they were call'd only finished the other Two were added by these Consuls The Roman Laws thus perfected the Consuls ordered them to be engraven upon Twelve Tables of Brass and fix'd them to the Pleaders Desk in the face of the Court. And these Laws thus written briefly and plainly without any flourish of Words remain unto this Day About the time these things were done most Nations through the World were at Peace for the Persians made a double League with the Grecians and with the Athenians and their Confederates Most Nations of the World at Peace whereby Liberty was restor'd to all the Greek Cities of Asia The other afterwards was with the Lacedemonians by which This may be the time mention'd in Zachary Zach. 1. 11. which continued to the time of Darius Nothus Ant. Chr. 440. it was agreed quite contrary that the Greek Cities in Asia should remain under the power of the Persians In like manner the Grecians were at Peace among themselves the Athenians and Spartans having entred into a League for Thirty Years And all was likewise quiet in Sicily the Carthaginians having made Peace with Gelon and all the Grecian Cities submitted to them of Syracuse And the Agrigentines after the Slaughter at Himera accepted of Terms of Peace And all the People of Italy France Spain and most Parts of the World were at perfect Concord one with another Therefore we have no account in History of any thing memorable done in War during this time but all were every where at rest solacing themselves with Sports and Sacred Festivals and other Jollities the common Attendants of a prosperous State and Condition CHAP. V. The War between the Samians and the Melesians A Sedition in Samos which revolts from the Athenians The War in Sicily by the Syracusians against the Trinacrians TImocles was now chief Governour of Athens and Larius Herminius and Titus Virginius Tricostus Roman Consuls In their time the Samians break forth into War against the Milesians concerning Olymp. 84. 4. Ant. Chr. 439. * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pro Priene Thucyd. Priene a Town in Ionia under the Mountain Micale Pericles sent against the Samians Priene and discerning the Athenians more to favour the Milesians they revolted from them Hereupon the Athenians sent Pericles made Admiral some time before with Forty Sail against the
Ambraciots having lately smarted so much and in great fear of the Athenians desir'd a Garrison from the Lacedemonians Demosthenes afterwards marching with an Army to * A Town in the Western part of Peloponesus Pylus in Peloponesus determin'd to draw a Wall round the Place which was naturally Fortify'd and Four Hundred Stadia's from Messena And being well furnished with Multitudes †Eight Stadia's make a Mile every Stadium is 625 Foot 400 Sladia is 50 Miles of Men in Twenty Days space he finished the Work But the Lacedemonians hearing of the Fortifying of Pylus prepar'd great Forces both by Land and Sea and with a Ante Chr. 462. Fleet of Forty Five Sail well man'd and provided and with Twelve Thousand Land Soldiers made against Pylus For it seem'd to them a thing dishonourable to suffer them who durst not come into the Field to defend Attica from Devastations now to nestle themselves and to make Fortifications in Peloponesus They incamp'd therefore with their Army under the command of Thrasymedes near to Pylus and were resolv'd to undergo all hardships Pylus besieg'd and hazards in order to subdue the Place To this end they stood with their Fleet in the very Mouth of the Port to block up all the Passage and Entrance from the Enemy And by their Forces at Land they assaulted the Walls with one Body after another by turns pressing on with wonderful Obstinacy and Resolution They put likewise some of the choice of their Souldiers both of the Lacedemonians and their Confederates into the Island Sphacteria which was near at hand and ran out at length over-against the Port by which the Harbour was the safer and securer from Storms And this they did to prevent the Athenians it being a Place very commodious and useful for the carrying on of the Siege They likewise continu'd the Assaults every Day without intermission and receiv'd Wounds upon Wounds from the Towers and Bulwarks upon the Walls and yet remitted nothing of their Heat and Resolution so that Multitudes were kill'd and many wounded in striving to storm a Place most strongly Fortify'd Ant. Chr. 426. P. 318. For the Athenians being possess'd of a Town of natural Strength and abundantly furnish'd with Arms and all things necessary for a Defence most vigorously repell'd their Enemies For they hop'd that if they frustrated this Design Peloponesus would be the Seat of the whole War and that they should by degrees wast and destroy their Country In the mean time whilst these things were managed at the Siege with the greatest heat imaginable on both sides and the Spartans exercis'd all their Force and Power amongst many others that purchas'd Honour by their Gallantry Brasidas mounted to the highest step of Glory for when the other Captains and Commanders in the Fleet durst not make up to the Shoar with the Ships by reason of sharp Rocks and the difficulty of the Place he acting the part of an Admiral with a loud Voice commanded and incessantly urged the Pilot of his own Vessel without any regard to the Ship to force it ashore For he said it was a base thing for the Spartans if they resolving as they pretended to be victorious should be more sparing of their Ships than their Lives and in the mean time suffer the Athenians to Lord it in Laconia Hereupon the Pilot was forc'd to run the Ship ashore and forthwith Brasidas resolvedly fixing himself upon the * Hatches or Ladder to get out of the Ship 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hatches encountered with a whole Troop of Athenians that made up in a Body upon him and kill'd many of them that first assaulted him but Darts flying thick about him and receiving many Wounds at length through the loss of much Blood he fell down as dead and his Arm slipping off Board and hanging out of the Ship his Buckler catcht by the Waves dropt out of his Left Hand into the Sea and was seiz'd presently by the Enemy and he himself lying half Dead amongst the Heaps of those he had kill'd was taken Ant. Chr. 426. up and carry'd out of the Ship by his own Men Thus far excelling others in Valour that when others have been put to death because they basely threw away their Shields he by the loss of his gain'd the highest Honour and Reputation However the Lacedemonians obstinately persisted in the Siege at Pylus with great loss of their Men. Here any one may justly admire at the wonderful and various turns and changes of Fortune at Pylus For the Athenians drave the Spartans out of Laconia and they who were usually Victors at Land now forc'd from Land over-power the Athenians at Sea and they who were before Masters at Sea now repel their Enemies at Land But the Siege continuing very long they who were in the Island were in great hazard to be famish'd because the Athenian Fleet now commanding at Sea stop'd all Provision that way The Lacedemonians therefore now fearing what would become of them that were block'd up in the Island The Lacedemonians blockt up in Sphacteria sent to Athens to treat upon Terms of Peace But when nothing of Peace would be hearkened unto they desired that they would accept of an Exchange and receive as many Prisoners of their own Men as they were that were in the Island But when this was refus'd the Lacedemonian Ambassadors very freely and sharply even in Athens it self told them that by their refusing to exchange one equal number for another they own'd that the Lacedemonians were of more worth and value than the Athenians Being reduc'd to these straits and necessities they in the Island Sphacteria were forc'd to submit and the Athenians took them all Prisoners The number of those that were Spartans who then delivered up themselves were an Hundred and Twenty of those that were their Confederates an Hundred and Fourscore Cleon the Admiral of the Fleet brought Ant. Chr. 426. them all bound to Athens where it was decreed by the People that if the Lacedemonians would make an end of the War they should all be preserved but if they persisted they should all be put to Death After this the Athenians sent for the best Soldiers of the Messenians that inhabited Naupactus and join'd some of their Confederates with them for the defence of Pylus judging the Messenians for the P. 319. inveterate hatred they had towards the Spartans would be very eager to spoil Laconia by Sallies from so strong a Fortification And in this condition were things at Pylus In the mean time Artaxerxes King of Persia died having reign'd Forty Years Artaxerxes dies Xerxes succeeded him and reign'd only one Year In Italy the Aequi rebell'd against the Romanś to suppress whom the Romans created Aulus Posthumius Dictator and Lucius Julius Master of the Horse who made an inrode with a brave Army into their Country Upon which the Aequi presently Fought them and were routed A great Slaughter was made
Authors of the Truce insomuch as they of Argos cast Stones at the Officers of the Army and had order'd them all to be put to death which had been executed if by great intercession their Lives had not been spared but their Goods were confiscated and their Houses pull'd down The Lucedemonians also intended to have put Agis to Death but upon his Agis threatned to be put to Death promise to wipe off the stain of the late miscarriage by his future Services with much adoe he was spar'd However for the future they join'd with him Ten Persons approv'd for their Wisdom and Prudence without whose Advice he was strictly charg'd not to do any thing for the time to come After this when the Athenians had sent forth a Thousand well-arm'd Men and Two Hundred Horse by Sea to them of Argos under the command of Nichetes Ante Chr. 420. and Nichostratus to whom Alcibiades join'd himself though then in no command for the great love and kindness he bore towards the Mantineans and Eleans the Argives in a common Assembly decreed that notwithstanding the former Agreement they should make it their business to carry on the War with all their Power To that end all the Officers incouraged every one their own Souldiers who readily and heartily follow'd their Leaders and encamp'd out of the Walls of the City There it was concluded to be most advisable to begin first with an Expedition against Orchomenia in Arcadia To that purpose having advanced into Arcadia they besieg'd the City and wearled it out with Orcomenia taken by the Argives daily Assaults and having taken the Town they march'd to Tegea determining to force that likewise The Tegeans desiring speedy aid from the Lacedemonians they with the strength of their whole City and of their Confederates made for Mantinea conceiving that by Besieging of that a stop would be easily put to the Siege of Tegea But the Mantineans being inforc'd by the Assistance of their Confederates march'd out with the Youth of their City and had an Army in the Field ready to oppose the Lacedemonians Presently hereupon Battel was joyn'd and a select Band of the Argives consisting of a Thousand well disciplin'd and expert Souldiers were the first that put the Enemy to flight and made a great Slaughter in the Pursuit But the Lacedemonians returning from Ant. Chr. 420. A Battel between the Lacedemonians and the Mantineans the Pursuit and Slaughter of those they had routed in another part of the Army fell upon the Conquering Argives and surrounding them made no question but to cut them off every Man And whereas these brave Men although far inferior in number prevail'd in a great measure against their Enemies the Lacedemonian King being earnest to perform his Promise to the Citizens and to wipe off the stain of his former disgrace by some great and remarkable Action in the Head of his Army ran through all sorts of Difficulties in the Fight and had kill'd them all upon the spot if he had not been prevented for Pharax one of the Ten join'd with the King as his Council a Man of great authority in Lacedemon commanded the Souldiers to open a way for the Arcadians lest fighting with Men in a desperate condition they came to experience what Valour can do when it 's driven to a necessity The King restrain'd by his Command a Passage was made for the Enemy to break through as Pharax had ordered And in this manner these Thousand Men got off and the Lacedemonians having gain'd an eminent Victory set up a Trophy and return'd Home The former Year ended Antopha was chief Governour at Athens and Four Military Tribunes Caius Furius * Titus Quinctius Quintilius Olymp. 90. 3. An. Mund. 3554. Ante Chr. 419. Marcus Posthumus and Aulus Cornelius bore the Office of Consuls at Rome At that time the Argives and Lacedemonians had several Meetings and Messages to and fro about entring into a League one with another which was effected P. 327. accordingly Upon this the Mantineans now deserted by A League between the Lacedemonians and the Argives the Garrison put in there by the Argives were forc'd to come under the power of the Lacedemonians About the same time the Thousand choice Men before spoken of in the City of Argos conspir'd to overthrow the Democracy and set up an Aristocracy from among A Sedition in Argos themselves And having many Associates and Abettors in this Affair of the wealthiest and most couragious Men of the City they forthwith seiz'd upon the Tribunes of the People and the Heads and chief of those that were for Popular Government and cut their Throats The rest being terrified repealed all the ancient Laws and began to order all Affairs in the Commonwealth according to the Will and Pleasure of these Men. And after they had thus govern'd for the space of Eight Months they were by an insurrection of the People depos'd and the Democracy restor'd Another Disturbance likewise arose in Greece for upon a Difference happening between the Phoceans and the Locrians the matter came to a decision by the Sword The Phoceans were Conquerors Quarrels and a Fight beween the Phoceans and Locrians and kill'd above a Thousand of the Locrians In the mean time the Athenians under the Command of Niceas took Two Ant. Ch. 419. Cities * Cithera in Peloponesus Cithera and †Nicea a Port Town in Megara Nicea and in * Melus in Thessaly Melus which was taken by Storm they put all but Women and Children to the Sword and them they made Captives In Italy the Fidenates put the Roman Ambassadors to Death upon a light occasion At which base act of Injustice the People of Rome were highly incens'd and decreed to revenge it by a War To this end they made Manius Aemilius Dictator and according to the Custom join'd with him Aulus Cornelius the Master of the Horse When all things were in readiness he marcht against the Fidenates with all expedition who drew out and met him upon which there was a sharp Ingagement and so continu'd for a long time and after many were cut off on both sides they parted at length upon equal Terms At this time Euphemus was chief Magistrate at Athens and the Military Tribunes Olymp. 90. 4. An. Mu. 3555. Ant. Chr. 418. Lucius Furius Lucius Quinctius and Aulus Sempronius again executed the Consular Dignity at Rome At this time the Lacedemonians inforc'd by the Aid of their Confederates made an incursion into Argaia and took the small Town of of Argias kill'd the Inhabitants and raz'd the Castle Then hearing that they of Argos had enlarged their Walls out as far as to the Sea they marched thither and pull'd them down and return'd Home The Athenians made Alcibiades General who with Twenty Ships under his Command was order'd to do the utmost he could to restore the Argives to their former Government for there was such
of this City You I say have Compassion on them whose Country is the Nursery of all Learning and honourable Education All you who are initiated into the Holy Mysteries spare and save those by whom ye were instructed You who have reaped any advantage by ingenious Education now be grateful for that advantage You who hereafter hope for improvement thence debar not your selves by your Cruelty now For where shall Strangers be instructed in the liberal Arts if Athens be destroy'd Some short Resentment indeed they do deserve for the present Offence but their many good Acts may justly challenge Returns of kindess and good-will Besides this merit of the City if any do but consider the private Circumstances of the Prisoners there will be just cause and ground found to shew them Mercy For the Confederates being under the command of their Superiors are forc'd to be ingag'd in the same War with them Wherefore though it may be thought just to execute Revenge upon them that were the chief Authors of the Injuries yet certainly it 's very fit and commendable to pardon such as are Offenders Ant. Chr. 410. against their Wills What shall I say of Nicias who from the beginning favouring the Syracusians dissuaded the Athenians from this Expedition against Sicily and was always kind and courteous to all the Syracusians that ever came thither How base and unworthy then would it be to put Nicias to Death who was our Advocate in the Senate at Athens and that he finding no mercy for all his kindnesses should undergo a rigorous and implacable Revenge for his Obedience to his Governors So that though Alcibiades who was the great promoter of this War avoided by his flight Revenge both from us and the Athenians yet he who was the most courteous of all the Athenians cannot be thought worthy of common favour Considering therefore the Catastrophies of this present Life I cannot but compassionate so unfortunate a condition For not long ago he was esteem'd one of the bravest Men of Greece and most applauded for the integrity of his Life and Conversation and the Eyes and well-Wishes of all the City every where follow'd him But now with his Arms Pinion'd in Chains of Captivity of a P. 345. deform'd Countenance suffering under the miserable condition of a Slave as if Fortune in this Man's Life glory'd to shew the greatness of her power under whose bountiful indulgence towards us we ought to carry it as becomes the state and condition of Men with Humanity and Moderation and not to insult with barbarous Cruelty over them who are of the same Stock and Original with our selves Nicholaus having thus spoken to the Syracusians ended his Oration and much affected his Auditors with Pity and Compassion But Gylippus the Laconian burning with implacable Hatred against the Athenians The Speech of Gylippus ascends the Tribunal and speaks thus I am in great admiration O ye Syracusians to see you led aside by inticing Words even while you are under the smart of your miserable Butcheries you really groan under If in the very height of Danger you are so cool in your Revenge towards them who came hither on purpose to ruin your Country why do we contend when we are not at all injur'd I intreat you by the Gods O ye Syracusians to give me leave while I freely declare to you my Opinion For being a Spartan I must be forc'd to speak after the manner of the Spartans And in the first place some may inquire how comes it to pass that Nicholaus professes himself to bear so much Compassion towards the Athenians who have made his Old Age the more miserable by the Loss of his Sons And now appears in the Assembly in a mournful Habit and with the shedding of many Tears pleads for mercy for them who have murthered his own Children Certainly he is no good Man that so far forgets the Death of his nearest Relations as to judge Ant. Chr. 410. it fit and just to spare them who were their most bitter and implacable Enemies How many are here present now in this great Assembly who are lamenting for the death of their Children At which Words when many of the Assembly sent forth loud Groans he added I discern says he that those Sighs are the Witnesses of the Miserie 's suffered How many Brothers Kindred and Friends lost in this War do ye now in vain desire At which when many more manifested their Sorrow Seest thou not says Gylippus O Nicholaus how many the Athenians have made Miserable All these without any cause have they depriv'd of their dearest and nearest Relations who ought so much the more to hate the name of the Athenians by how much they bore the greater love to their Relations Kindred and Friends How absurd and unjust a thing is it O ye Syracusians for Men voluntarily to sacrifice their Lives for you and you not to revenge their Bloods upon their inveterate Enemies Nay being so far from praising those who have lost their lives in defence of the common liberty as to prefer the Safety of the Enemies before the Honour of those that have deserved so well You have made a Law that the Sepulchers of your Countrymen shall be adorned and beautify'd What greater Ornament can ye invent than to destroy their Murderers Unless it be if the Gods permit that by making these Enemies Free-men of the City you determine to set them up as living Trophies for the remembrance of your Dead Friends But now the Denomination of Enemies is changed into that of Suppliants From whence arises this Tenderness For they who first compiled Laws concerning these matters decreed Mercy to the Distressed but Punishment to them that acted Wickedly And now under which of these Denominations shall we account the Prisoners As Distressed Ant. Ch. 41â— and Afflicted But what evil Spirit was it that compell'd them to make War against the Syracusians without any Provocation and breaking all the Bonds of Peace which is so desirable amongst all to plot and contrive the destruction of your City Therefore as they began an unjust War let them with Courage or without suffer and undergo the events of War For if they had been Conquerors we should have felt their inexorable Cruelty but now being subdu'd they seek to avoid the Punishment in the most low and humble posture of Distressed Suppliants What if they should be answered that their Covetousness and wicked Ambition has hurl'd them into these Calamities Let them not therefore accuse Fortune nor challenge to themselves the name of Suppliants for this is only due to them who are fallen into Misfortunes and yet have preserv'd their Innocency and Integrity But they who make it the P. 346. business of their Lives to act all manner of Injustice shut up all the Doors and Passages of Mercy against themselves What is it that is most base which they will not devise What Wickedness will they not commit It 's
to the fame and glory of his Country Upon his Death the Peloponesians and their consederates all as one Man fled with great consternation The Athenians pursu'd them for a while but understanding that Pharnabazus was hastning after them with a great Party of Horse they return'd to their Ships and having regain'd the * City they set up Two Trophies one for their Victory †Cyzicum at Sea near the Island Polydorus as it is call'd the other for that at Land where the Enemy first began to fly The Peloponesians who were left to guard the City with those that escap'd out of the Battel march'd away to Pharnabazus his Camp The Athenians being now possess'd of all the Ships and of a great number of Prisoners were loaden with abundance of Spoil the Fruits of the Conquest of Two Potent Armies When the News of this Victory was brought to Athens the Success was so unexpected after all their former Losses that the People were surpriz'd with Joy at such a happy turn of Fortune and offered Sacrifices to the Gods and instituted Festivals And upon this was rais'd a Thousand-Foot and a Hundred Horse of the most Valiant of the Citizens for the carrying on of the War The City likewise sent to Alcibiades a Supply of Thirty Sail to incourage him with greater Confidence especially now when they were Masters at Sea to set upon the Cities who sided with the Lacedemonians Ant. Chr. 407. CHAP. VI. The Spartans seek for Peace The Speech of Endius The Athenians refuse THe Lacedemonians receiving certain intelligence of their rout at Cyzicum sent Embassadors to Athens to treat of Peace the chief of whom was Endius When he was admitted Audience he came in and spoke in the Laconick manner in a short and pithy Stile whose Oration I judge not fitting to omit The Oration of Endius WE have determin'd to make Proposals of Peace to you O ye Athenians upon these Conditions That the Cities gain'd on either side be retain'd That the Garrisons every where be dismiss'd That all Prisoners be releas'd one Athenian for one Laconian For we are not ignorant that the War is very mischievous to us both but much more to you which I shall make apparent from the things themselves if you hearken a while to what I say For our use all Peloponesus is improv'd and sow'd but of Attica which is not so large you have but a part in Tillage This War has brought over many Confederates to the Laconians on the contrary the Athenians have lost as many as we have gain'd The richest King of the World maintains our Armies but you force the charge of the War from the poorest of the Nations Our Souldiers therefore being so well paid fight chearfully but yours being Ant. Chr. 407. forc'd every one to bear their own Charges seek to avoid both the Toyl and the Expence Moreover when our Fleet is out at Sea we are more in want of Ships than Men but the greatest part of your Men are in your Ships And that which is most considerable although we are inferior to you at Sea yet by the Agreement of all we are your Superiors at Land for the Spartan knows not how to fly in a Battel at Land On the other hand you fight at Sea not with any hopes to gain the Sovereignty at Land but to preserve your selves from utter Destruction Now it remains that I give you satisfaction why when we thus far excel you in feats of Arms we should seek to you for Peace In truth though I cannot say that Sparta has gain'd any P. 359. thing by this War yet I dare affirm their Damage has not been so great as that of the Athenians But it 's the height of folly to take pleasure in common Calamities because our Enemies are Fellow Sufferers whereas it had been much better neither of us had had the Experience Neither does the content and satisfaction by the destruction of thine Enemy ballance the sorrow that is conceiv'd at the loss of thy Friend But it is not for these Reasons only that we desire to put an end to the War but we are prompted hereunto by the Custom of our Country for when we saw by these Wars so many horrid Murthers and so much Blood lamentably shed we conceiv'd it our duty to make it manifest both to the Gods and Men that we are the least concern'd in the causing of it When the Laconian had spoke this and some other things to the like effect the more moderate of the Athenians were inclin'd to Peace but those who were accustom'd to sow the Seeds of Dissention and to make a private gain of the publick Disorders were for War Of this Opinion was Cleopho a Man of great interest among the People who coming into the Assembly after he had Ant. Chr. 407. said many things pertinent to the business in hand he chiefly incourag'd the People by magnifying the greatness of their late Successes and urging all in such a manner as if Fortune contrary to her usual Custom had now forgot to * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dispose and order the Successes of War by turns and mutual Changes to each side But the Athenians at length ru'd this mischievous Advice which was so little to their advantage for being thus deceiv'd with flattering Discourses fram'd only to please they were brought so low that they could never after recover their former Strength and Grandeur but these things shall be hereafter related in their due Place The Athenians therefore being thus puff'd up with their Victories and being very confident because Alcibiades was their General concluded they should recover their former Esteem and Reputation in a short time CHAP. VII Hannibal the Carthaginian invades Sicily The miserable destruction of Selinunte The ruin likewise of Himera The Acts of Hermocrates in Sicily THE Affairs of this Year thus ended Diocles was chosen Magistrate of Athens Olymp. 92. 4. An. Mu. 3563. Ant. Chr. 406. and at Rome Quintus Fabius and Caius Furius were Consuls At that time Hannibal the Carthaginian General musters an Army out of Spain and Africa and puts them on Borad Threescore long Gallies and provides Fifteen Hundred Transport Ships to convey Provision Engines Weapons and all other things necessary for a Siege Passing over the African Sea with his Navy he arriv'd at Lilibeum a Promontory in Sicily over against Africa About the same time some Selinuntine Horsemen being in those Parts when they saw so great a Fleet make towards them speeded away in all haste to give intelligence to their Countrymen of the Approach of the Enemy Upon which the Selinuntines dispatch'd Messengers to Syracuse to desire Aid In the mean time Hannibal landed his Army and markt out his Camp beginning at a Pond call'd at that time Lilibeum but many Years after it gave name to a Town built in that Place Hannibal's whole Army as Ephorus relates consisted of Two Hundred Thousand Foot and Four
is said to imitate Pisistratus the Athenian for he wilfully wounding himself as if he had been assaulted by Treachery came forthwith into the Assembly and by that means as it 's reported got a Guard from the Citizens by whose help he gain'd the Supream Authority By the same Fraud Dionysius cheating the People became absolute Lord and Master over his Country for he presently chose above a Thousand Men such as were strong in Body and low in Purse and put them in Arms and encouraged them with many large and glorious Promises Then he brought all the Mercenary Souldiers to an intire Observance and Obedience to him by his winning and courteous Speeches He made an alteration likewise in the Ant. Ch. 403. Regiments giving Commissions to them that he could most trust Then he sent away Dexippus the Lacedemonian into Greece for he suspected him lest he should become an Head to the Syracusians in case they should take an occasion to seek to recover their Liberty And now he sends for the Mercenaries from Gela and gets together from every Place all the Exiles and Lewd Fellows not doubting but by the help of these to establish himself in the Kingdom After his Return to Syracuse when he had lodg'd his Forces in the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Dionysius declares himself King Arsenal he openly declar'd himself King The Syracusians took this grievously but were necessitated to be silent because it was not in their power to do any thing else For the whole City was full of Strangers that were in Arms and all were in fear of the Carthaginians who had a vast Army near at Hand Dionysius now presently marries the Daughter of Hermocrates he who had routed the Athenians in Sicily and gave his own Sister in Marriage to Polyxenus Hermocrates his Brother in Law This he did to strengthen himself by matching into an Honourable Family After this he summon'd a General Council and contrived all ways imaginable how to be rid of Daphneus and Demarchus the most powerful of all his Adversaries Thus Dionysius from a Scrivener and a Man of poor and mean Abstract got the Sovereignty of the greatest City among the Grecians and maintain'd Ant. Chr. 403. his Dominion all the Days of his Life for the space of Thirty Eight Years What things he afterwards did and how he inlarged his Dominion we shall relate in its proper Place For very probably he gain'd the largest Dominion and of the longest continuance of any that ever hath been compass'd by Usurpation After the Taking of the City Agrigentum the Carthaginians transported to Carthage all the dedicated things laid up in the Temples the Statues and Things of greatest value and having burnt all the Temples to Ashes and plunder'd the City they quarter'd there all Winter And in the mean time furnish'd themselves with Engines and all sorts of Weapons with a Design to Besiege Gela the first thing they did the next Spring CHAP. XIV The Famous Battle of Arginuse at Sea wherein the Athenians were Victors The Officers accus'd for not Burying the Dead The Speech of Diomedon The Death of Sophocles THE Athenians weaken'd with continual Losses made all Strangers and Foreigners Free of their City that would engage with them in the War When a great multitude were Incorporated into the City the Commanders Listed all that were fit for War Equip'd out of a Fleet of Sixty Sail with which every way well provided they sail'd to Samos where they found other Commanders who had brought together Fourscore more Gallies from other Islands and having procured P. 384. ten more from the Samians they weighed Anchor and made with their whole Fleet consisting of an Hundred and Fifty Sail to the Islands * Three Islands lying between Lesbos and Eolis near to Cane Arginuse with a Design to raise the Siege at Mitylene But Callicratides the Lacedemonian General having Intelligence of the Approach of the Enemy left Etonicus with a great Force to maintain the Siege and sail'd himself with all Speed with a Fleet of one Hundred and forty Sail well Man'd to Arginuse These Islands were then inhabited and had a little Town in them Peopl'd by the Eolians They lye between Mitylene and Cuma near to the Continent and the Promontory †Or Cane Ant. Ch. 403. Catanides The Athenians in regard their Navy The Famous Battle of Arginuse lay not far from thence heard time enough of the Advance of the Enemy's Fleet yet because the Wind was very high they wav'd fighting that day and prepar'd to engage the next The like did the Lacedemonians for the Augures on both sides disswaded each from fighting For the Head of the Lacedemonians Sacrifice being laid upon the Shore was suddainly wash'd away by the violence of the Waves Upon which the Priest foretold the death of the Admiral To which it is reported Callicratides made Answer That the Glory of Sparta would not be obscur'd by his Death Thrasybulus likewise the Athenians Admiral who had the Chief Command that Day had this Dream the Night before he dreamt that he and six other Commanders in a full Theater at Athens acted the Tragedy of Euripides call'd Phenissa and that the Enemies acted that call'd The Suppliants and that at length he obtain'd a ‖ Thebes was built by Cadmus and call'd Cadmea and the Thebans lost so many tho' they got the Victory in the Old War of Thebes that it was call'd Cadmea Victoria The seven Generals that came against Thebes were all kill'd but one See Diodor. lib. 4. 267 268. Cadmean Victory and all of them were kill'd like those at the Siege of Thebes which when the Sooth-sayer heard he interpreted it That seven of the Chief Commanders should fall in the Fight But in regard that the Intrails portended Victory they commanded nothing should be said of their Deaths but only to their Friends but that they should publish abroad to the whole Army that Victory was certainly promis'd by the View of the Sacrifices Then Callicratides calling the Souldiers together made a Speech to them suited to the Occasion and further added I am so chearful and ready to undergo all hazards for The Brave Speech of Callicratides the sake of my Country that altho' the Augur has foretold my Death by the Portents of the Sacrifice yet inasmuch as he has also pronounc'd assured Victory to You I am impatient of delay and ready and willing presently to die And that the Army may not Ant. Chr. 404. be disturb'd and in confusion by the Death of their Admiral I now appoint another who may succeed me in case I fall and that is Clearchus a Man known to be an experienc'd good Souldier Callicratides stirr'd up many with these words to imitate his Valour and to hasten the Battle The Lacedemonians now encouraging one another imbarqu'd so likewise the Athenians hearten'd by their Officers went aboard and every one plac'd themselves according to their Squadrons
time werefour Military Tribunes appointed at Rome to execute the Consular Dignity Caius Furius Caius Servilius Caius Valerius and Numerius Fabius And this Year was celebrated the Ninety Fourth Olympiad in which Cocynas of Larissa was Victor About this time the Athenians their Power being broken obtain'd a Peace with the Lacedaemonians and liberty to govern according to their own Laws upon Condition they demolish'd their Walls which they pull'd down accordingly but could not agree among themselves about the Form of their Government For they that were for an Oligarchy gave their Votes for the restoring that ancient Government But the greatest part who stood up for the Democracy preferr'd the Government by the Senators declaring that to be the truest Democracy When this banding one against another had continu'd some days they for the Oligarchy sent to Lysander the Spartan hoping thereby to gain the Point in regard he was order'd now the War was at an End to settle the Government of the Cities and in every Place he set up an Oligarchy To this end they sail'd to him to Samos where he then was having lately taken the City When they arriv'd and had crav'd his assistance he promis'd them his Aid and thereupon after he had made Thorax Governor of Samos pass'd over to the Pireum with an hundred Sail. Then calling a General Assembly he advis'd them to chuse Thirty Men who should Govern the Common-wealth and Manage all the Affairs of the City Theramenes oppos'd this Proposal repeating the Articles of Ant. Ch. 402. the Peace whereby it was agreed That they should be govern'd according to the Laws of their own Country and declar'd it would be a most intolerable piece of Injustice The Thirty Tyrants chosen at Athens if against the Sacred Ties of an Oath their Liberties must be thus ravish'd from them Lysander answer'd That the Athenians had first broken the League themselves because they did not pull down their Walls within the time agreed and grievously threaten'd Theramenes and told him That unless he desisted from his Oppositions against the Lacedaemonians he would put him to Death Upon this both Theramenes and the People being in a great Fright were forc'd by a general suffrage to abolish the Democracy and Thirty Men were forthwith chosen to be Governors of the Common-Wealth in Name call'd Fit Magistrates but in Deed and in Truth nothing but Tyrants But because the Justice and Moderation of Theramene P. 397. was evidently discern'd by the People they judg'd he would be a Bridle to the Covetousness Theramenes chosen one of the Thirty of the rest of those plac'd over them and thefore chose him to be one of the Thirty The Duty and Office of these Men was to chuse the Members of the Senate to create Magistrates and to make Laws for the Government of the City But they forbore to make any Laws upon many specious pretences Yet they fill'd the Senate and all the Ant. Ch. 402. Places in the Magistracy with their own Creatures who were call'd Pretors but in truth were meerly the Tyrants Tools At first they executed Justice upon Malefactors with great Severity to the putting of them to Death So that as yet they were well spoken of and commended by every honest Citizen But not long after when they resolv'd to be Lawless and set up an Arbitrary The Cruelty of the Thirty Tyrants of Athens Power they sent for a Garison from the Lacedaemonians upon pretence that they would mould all things in the Government to the advantage of their Interest For they knew very well that without a Foreign Force they could not execute those Slaughters and Butcheries they design'd for that all would as one Man rise up against them in their own defence When the Garison from Lacedaemon was come they presently gain'd the Governor Callibius with Bribes and other fawning and flattering Addresses Then they singled out some of the richest Citizens such as they thought fit and charging them as Innovators and Plotters against the Government put them to Death and consiscated their Estates But when Theramenes oppos'd his Collegues and others who were Zealous for the Common-Wealth stood up for the Defence of their Liberties the Thirty call'd a Senate in Ant Ch 402. which Critias the President loads Theramenes with many grievous Crimes and chiefly that he betray'd that Government in the Administration of which he himself voluntarily accepted a share with the rest Theramenes in Answer to what he said so clear'd himself of every particular laid to his Charge that he gain'd the good Opinion of the whole Senate Upon which Critias with the rest of his Faction being afraid lest this Man should Theramenes accus'd by the Tyrants overturn the Oligarchy surrounded him by the Soldiers with their Swords drawn with an intent forthwith to seize him But Theramenes foreseeing their purpose rushes through and flies to the Altar in the Hal'd from the Altar in the Senate Senate-house crying out That he fled to the Gods not that he hop'd thereby to save his Life but that the Impiety of his Murtherers might be the more aggravated by the violation of the Sacreds of their Religion But though he was thence violently hal'd by the * Sheriffs 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Lictors yet bore all with an undaunted Spirit being well principled in the Precepts of Philosophy by his late Master Socrates The People generally lamented his sad Misfortune and unworthy Usage but none durst rescue him by reason of the Soldiers that clos'd him round But Socrates the Philosopher and two of his Servants ran in and endeavour'd to hinder the Lictors But Theramenes intreated them they would forbear declaring he could not but honour their Love and Courage shew'd on his behalf but that it would be his greatest Misery if he should be the Cause of the Death of those who so greatly lov'd him Socrates therefore and the rest when they saw none to come in to their assistance and that Ant. Ch. 402. the stronger Faction more and more increas'd let fall their design Theramenes thus forc'd from the Altars was led through the Market-place to Execution by the Officers who had him in charge But the common People affrighted with the arm'd Men Theramenes Executed while they bewail'd the Condition of this miserable Man as one most unjustly condemn'd at the same time likewise deplor'd their own Bondage and Slavery For every poor Man seeing the Virtue of Theramenes so despis'd and trampled under foot foresaw that they by reason of their mean and low Condition would be valu'd no more than things set behind the Door After they had executed him the Thirty upon false Accusations put to death several Many other Executed others of the rich Men whom they had written down in a List and when they were dead seiz'd upon all they had Among whom was Niceratus the Son of Nicias the General who was formerly sent against the
Paphlagonia of the greatest account and Authority of any in those parts Here Mithridates so famous in our Age by his Wars against the Romans kept his Court Cheirisophus who was sent away for Shipping but all in vain return'd to the Army But the other Sinopians having entertain'd them with all the demonstrations of Kindness and Humanity took care to convey them to Heraclea a City of the Megarensians From thence the whole Fleet arriv'd at a Peninsula call'd Acherusia where Hercules as the Fable is drew Cerberus out of Hell Thence they march'd by Land through Bithynia where they fell into great hazards and hardships by the Attacks of the Inhabitants who assaulted them in every place as they pass'd However at last with great difficulty they came to Chrysopolis a City of Chalcedonia * This is mistaken as appears afterwards by the number of those that went with Xenophon into Thrace Vide postea Olymp. 95. 1. Three thousand eight hundred being only left of Ten thousand From hence some of 'em with ease and safety return'd every Man into his own Country the rest join'd in a Body at Chersonesus and besieg'd a City bordering upon Thrace And this was the issue of Cyrus his Expedition against his Brother Artaxerxes CHAP. VI. Thrasybulus opposes the Thirty Tyrants The Cruelty of Psammiticus King of Aegypt towards his old Friend Tamos that fled to him for succour from the Persians Dercyllidas sent General against the Persians into Asia Conon made Admiral of the Persian Fleet. IN the mean time the Usurping Tyrants at Athens every day were banishing or putting The Cruelty of the Thirty Tyrants at Athens continued The Acts of Thrasybulus to Death some or other At which Cruelty while the Thebans were much Incens'd and courteously entertain'd the Exiles Thrasybulus Sirnam'd Tyrius but a Citizen of Athens and forc'd to fly to avoid the Rage of the Thirty Usurpers by the aid of the Thebans underhand posses'd himself of a Place in Attica call'd Phila. It was a very strong Castle an * Twelve Mile and a half P. 414. Hundred Stages distant from Athens By which means an easie Passage might be had at all times to invade Attica As soon as the Tyrants had Intelligence of what was done they led forth their Forces in order to Besiege the Place but as soon as they were set down before it there fell a great Snow Whereupon while some were very busie in removing their Tents the Common Soldiers concluded that some of their Army was put to flight by an Enemy at hand that had broke in suddenly upon them upon which being struck with a * Panick Fear 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 they drew off and Encamp'd in another Place The Thirty when they saw the Citizens of Athens those that had no share in the Administration of the Commonwealth with the * Xenophons Hellen. Lib. 2. Ant. Ch. 399. Three thousand to be hot and earnest to Dissolve the Government Encamp'd in the Pireum and over-aw'd the City with Foreign Soldiers and in the mean time put to Death some of Elusina and Salamis for joining in a Conspiracy with the Exiles Whilst these things were acting great numbers of the Fugitives flock'd to the Camp of Thrasybulus * Not in the Greek but in the Latin yet necessary for the Sense and at the same time there came to him Ambassadors from the Thirty under colour to treat concerning some Prisoners but in truth privately to advise him to dismiss the Fugitives and to share with them in the Covernment of the City in the room of Theramenes and that he should have liberty to restore any Ten of the Exiles to their Country such as he thought fit to chuse To which Thrasybulus answer'd That he look'd upon his Banishment to be far more honourable than the whole Power and Dominion of the Thirty and that he would never put up his Sword till all the Citizens from every Place were receiv'd and the People restor'd to their former Liberties descended to them from their Ancestors When the Tyrants perceiv'd the Defection increas'd through hatred of their Tyranny and that the Number of the Exiles increased they sent their Ambassadors to Sparta to desire aid and they themselves in the mean time got together what Forces they could and Encamp'd at a Place call'd Acarnas Thrasybulus leaving but a small Guard in the Castle marches out against them with Twelve hundred of the Exiles and setting upon them in the Night at unawares kills many of them and the rest being terrify'd with the Tumult and Confusion occasion'd by the Surprize he forces in great precipitation to fly into the City And presently after the success of this attack he marches against the Pireum and possesses himself of Munychia a barren Hill but strong and well fortify'd Upon this the Tyrants brought all their Forces into the Pireum and assaulted Munychia by Critias Ant. Ch. 399. their General whereupon was a sharp Encounter a long time For the Tyrants had the advantage of Number and the Exiles of the strength of the Place At length the Forces of the Thirty being discouraged and Critias slain retir'd but the Exiles judg'd it not advisable to pursue them Frequent Assaults were afterwards made upon the Exiles at length the Army of Thrasybulus broke in on a sudden with great violence upon the Enemy and not only routed them but gain'd possession of the Pireum A great Multitude who hated the Tyranny continually flock'd out of the City into the Pireum and all the Exiles from every place hearing of the Success of Thrasybulus hasted thither to him so that at length the number of the Exiles exceeded the other upon which Encouragement they began to besiege the City But they within to the end a Peace might be concluded upon fair terms cast off the Thirty and sent them out of the City and Established a Decemvirate with Sovereign Power But as soon as these Ten were setled in the Magistracy instead of minding any thing relating to the Peace they turn'd absolute Tyrants and sent to Lacedaemon for Forty Ships and a Thousand Soldiers under the Command of Lysander Pausanias then King of Lacedaemon both out of Envy to The Thirty Deposed Liberty restored to Athens P. 415. Lysander and for that he understood the rest of the Greeks had an evil Eye against Sparta march'd with a great Army to Athens and reconcil'd the Exiles and the Citizens Thus at length the Athenians were restor'd to their Country and now began to govern according to their own ancient Laws Those that were afraid lest they should suffer due Punishment for their former Wickedness had Liberty to remove themselves to Elusina Ant. Ch. 399. About this time they of Elis fearing the Power of the Lacedaemonians made Peace with them upon these Terms That they should deliver their Ships to the Lacedaemonians The Eleans make Peace with the Lacedaemonians and suffer the neighbouring Cities to
space of Six years At the same time in Athens Socrates the Philosopher accus'd by Anytus Socrates condemn'd and Melitus of Atheism and corrupting the Youth was condemn ' to dye and after executed by drinking of a Cup of Poison Of which wicked Action the People in a short time after repented when in vain they could have wish'd that Excellent and worthy Man alive again therefore they turn'd all their Fury upon his Accusers and kill'd them without staying for any Formalities of Law When the Year was ended Aristocrates bore the Office of Archon at Athens for the Year ensuing And at Rome Six Military Tribunes were invested with Consular Dignity An. M. 3573. Olymp. 95. 2. Ant. Ch. 397. P. 417. Caius Servilius Lucius Virginius Quintus Sulpitius Aulus * Manlius Manlius †Capitus * Quintus Servilius Clodius and * Marcus Sergius Marcus Ancus During their Magistracy the Lacedaemonians understanding that the Affairs of the War were ill managed by Thimbro sent Dercyllidas General into Asia Upon his arrival he forthwith march'd with the Forces against the Cities of * Capitolinus Troas and in a trice took * For Larissa Arisba Hamaxitus and Colone afterwards Ilium Cebrene and all the rest of the Cities in the Territory of Troas some by Tricks and Surprize and others by Storm After this he and * Tissaphernes A Sedition at Heraclea Pharnabazus agreed upon a Truce for eight Months and in the mean time he fell upon the Thracians in Bythinia and wasted their Country and then drew his Army into Winter-Quarters At that time a great Sedition broke out in Heraclea in Thrachinia and thereupon the Lacedaemonians sent Eripidas to compose the Differences who when he came there procur'd a Council to be call'd and having beset the Senate round with arm'd Men seiz'd the Authors and put all to death to the number of Five hundred Men. He likewise march'd with an Army against the Inhabitants of Oetas who had made a Defection and after many Hardships he had reduc'd them unto he forc'd them out of those Places and the greatest part of them with their Wives and Children fled into Thessaly and five Years after were transplanted into Boeotia During these Affairs the Thracians in great Bodies made an Irruption into the * The Chersonese is an Istmos near the Hellespont containing 37 Furlongs i. e. above Four Miles from one Sea to another Xenoph. Hell Lib. 3. Chersonese of Thrace wasting and ravaging the Country every where where they possess'd themselves of all the fenced Cities Upon this they of the Chersonese sent for Dercyllidas the Lacedaemonian out of Asia who transported his Army thither and drave the Thracians out of the Country and drawing a Wall cross from one Sea to the other fortify'd the Chersonese so as that by this means he prevented the Incursions of the Thracians for the time to come and so he return'd with his Forces into Asia after he had been bountifully Ant. Ch. 397. rewarded for his Services During the time of the Truce * Tissaphernes Conon made Admiral by the Persians Pharnabozus went up to the King and he and others persuaded him to equip a Navy and make Conon the Athenian Admiral for he was a very skilful and expert Soldier the best that was then in Cyprus with King Evagorus Pharnabazus having wrought upon the King and receiv'd Five hundred Talents for that purpose forthwith made it his business to set forth a Fleet and after he had sounded Conon concerning his acceptance of Chief Command at Sea he created him Admiral making him many great and fair Promises in the King's Name Hereupon Conon accepts the Place in hopes not only to recover the Sovereignty of the Seas for his Country by subduing the Lacedemonians but to advance his own Reputation by the success of his Arms. But in regard the whole Fleet was not as yet ready he sailed away only with Forty Sail into Cilicia and there prepared himself for the War Pharnabazus likewise and Tissaphernes having rais'd Men out of their several Provinces The Persians and Lacedemonians make a Truce near Ephesus Ant. Ch. 397. march'd forth and made their way towards Ephesus because the Enemies Forces lay there There were with them under their Command Twenty thousand Foot and Ten thousand Horse Dereyllidas the Lacedemonian hearing of the Enemies march drew forth his Army having no more than Seven thousand Men but when the Armies drew near one to another a Truce was agreed upon and a certain time prefixt within which Pharnabazus might send the Articles to the King to know his pleasure whether he would have Peace or War and that Dereyllidas might inform the Spartans how Affairs stood in the mean time And upon these terms the Armies drew off into their several Quarters CHAP. VII The War between the Rhegians and Dionysius He prepares to make War upon the Carthaginians Most of the Cities submit to Dionysius He returns to the Siege of Motya It 's taken Forces sent from Carthage against Dionysius A Sea-fight between the Carthaginians and the Sicilians Syracuse Besieg'd The Speech of Theodorus against Dionysius A grievous Plague in the Carthaginian Army A great destruction of the Carthaginian Fleet in the Harbour of Syracuse The miserable condition of Imilco in his own Country The Troubles of the Carthaginians THE Rhegians formerly a Colony of the Chalcideans were now uneasie under the growing Power of Dionysius for he had enslav'd the Naxians and Gataneans who were P. 418. The Rhegians jealous of Dionysius of their own Blood and Nation and the Rhegians seeing that they themselves were in the same common danger with those already express'd were in a great Consternation lest they should all be brought under the same Calamity Therefore they judg'd it most advisable and highly to concern them to make War upon him while they had an opportunity before the Tyrant grew too strong Those that were banish'd from Syracuse by Dionysius join'd in this War being furnish'd with all things necessary for that purpose by the Rhegians for there was a great multitude of them at that time at * A City in Italy Rhegium who being press'd by the Rhegians with the necessity and advantage they were likely to reap by the War resolv'd to make use of the first opportunity To that end Officers were at length chosen and with them they sent Six thousand Foot and Six hundred Horse with Fifty Crabyes when they were landed they sollicited the Messenian Commanders to join with them telling them it would be a most dishonourable thing if they should suffer The Rhegians invade Sicily a Grecian City and next to them to be utterly destroy'd by a Tyrant The Officers being thus persuaded led forth the Soldiers without the order of the State The number was Four thousand Foot and Four hundred Horse and with them Thirty Gallies Before they had march'd to the utmost borders of Messina
Forty long Ships or Men of War besides Three hundred Transport Ships for carrying of Corn and Provision He arriv'd at Messina the Fifth day and there refresh'd his Army from thence he sent away Thearides his Brother with Forty Sail to the Lipari Islands for it was reported that Ten Ships of Rhegium lay there Thearides therefore hastning thither found out the Ships in a place fit for his purpose and possessing himself of them with all their Men on board he forthwith return'd to Messina to Dionysius who deliver'd the Prisoners bound in Chains to the custody of the Messinians Then he Transported his Forces to * Or Caulum in Locris P. 450. Heloris made General for the Italians against Dionysius Caulonia and laid close Siege to the Caulonia besieg'd by Dionysius City on every side and batter'd it with his Engines But the Greeks in Italy as soon as they heard of the Landing of Dionysius's Forces rais'd Men and got together an Army from all parts Crotona at that time was very populous and many that fled and that were forc'd out of Syracuse inhabited there The Chief Command and management therefore of the War was committed to them and Heloris the Syracusian was made General of all the Forces He was a valiant Man and they concluded he would be faithful because he hated the Tyrant who had banish'd him out of his Country When he had muster'd all the Confederate Army at Crotona and order'd all things as he thought fit he hasted away with a swift March towards Caulonia hoping by coming upon them suddainly and unexpectedly he should not only raise the Siege but likewise rout them with ease being harass'd and tyr'd out with their continual toil and labour in assaulting the Town His Army consisted of Twenty thousand Foot and Two Ant. Ch. 387. A Fight between Heloris and Dionysius near Caulonia thousand Horse Having marched the greatest part of his way he encamp'd at the River Heloris thereupon Dionysius drew off from the City to meet the Italians Upon which Heloris at the head of Five hundred of the choicest Men in the Army march'd before the rest Dionysius encamping about Forty * Furlongs Five Miles Stages from the Enemy understood by his Spies that the Italians drew near upon which he forthwith very early in the Morning rouz'd his Soldiers from Sleep and commanded them to march forward and about break of day fell upon the Helorians with his Army in good order of Battle giving the Enemy no time to get into a Body so that Heloris was in a great strait and with those he had with him bore the brunt of the Enemies whole Force but in the mean time he sent away some Friends to the Camp to bring up the rest of the Army with all speed who diligently executed their Orders Upon which the Italians hearing in what hazard their General was ran in a great hurry to his assistance But Dionysius with a well-order'd Body of Men doing execution in every place cut off Heloris and almost all his Party tho' they fought with great Resolution and Gallantry For the Italians coming in to their help but scattering and by parties 〈◊〉 Sicilians keeping orderly together easily overcame them However the Crecians for some time despis'd danger and suffer'd Dionysius routs the Italians Ant. Ch. 387. much tho' they saw great numbers of their fellows lie dead upon the spot But when they heard of the death of their General in great confusion they trode down and kill'd one another and at last being totally discourag'd and out of heart they fled out-right Upon which many were kill'd up and down in the fields and the rest betook themselves to a Mount sufficiently fortify'd and very defensible save that it wanted Water Dionysius block'd up the place with his Army and closely guarded it all that day and the following night The next day they that were in the Hill being much incommoded by the heat and by lack of Water sent a Trumpet to Dionysius that they might have liberty to ransom themselves Who at length growing moderate in the height of his good Fortune sent them word that they should lay down their Arms and surrender themselves upon discretion Upon return of these harsh and hard Terms they held out longer for some short time But being grievously press'd by the necessity of Nature and almost Starv'd they surrendred themselves about the Eight Hour Dionysius hereupon numbred them as they came down by striking the ground with a Staff and they amounted to above Ten thousand They were all afraid he would have been as cruel as a wild Dionysius deals nobly with the distressed Italians Beast but he then approv'd himself the mildest of all Men living For he discharg'd all the prisoners without Ransom and made Peace with them and suffer'd the Cities to Govern according to their own Laws For which great Grace and Favour he was highly Honour'd and his Name was so great that they presented him with Golden Crowns And this was the most worthy Action that ever he did almost throughout his whole Life From hence he march'd with his Forces against Rhegium with a design to besiege it He marches to Rhegium to be reveng'd for their slight of him in denying him a Wise from some of their own City The Rhegians were greatly terrify'd at his approach for they had neither Confederates nor Forces of their own sufficient to cope with him besides they foresaw that there was no Mercy to be expected if the City were taken Therefore they sent an Ambassador P. 451. to him to intreat him to shew them Favour and to use them like Men. Upon which he demanded a Tribute of Three hundred Talents and that they should deliver into his hands all their Fleet which were Seventy in number and send out to him an Hundred Hostages all which terms were agreed unto Whereupon he mov'd towards Caulonia and transported all the Inhabitants of that place to Syracuse and incorporated them into the City and granted to them freedom from the publick Taxes for the space of Five Years As for Caulonia it self he raz'd it to Caulonia raz'd the Ground but gave the Territory to the Locrians About the same time the Romans after the taking of the City Lifaeca from the Aequi celebrated the stately Plays which the Consuls had vow'd to Jupiter After the end of the year Pyrrhio executed the Office of Lord Chancelor of Athens Olymp. 98. 1. Ant. Ch. 396. the next and Four Military Tribunes Lucius Lucretius Servius Sulpitius Caius Aemilius and Caius Rufus were invested with the Consular Dignity at Rome Then was acted the Ninety eighth Olympiad wherein Sosippus the Athenian carry'd away the Prize About * Lucius Furius the same time Dionysius the Prince of Syracuse entred * A City of the Brutians in Italy Hipponium with his Army and Transported all the Citizens to Syracuse and when he had raz'd the Town he
Place therefore they sent Ambassadors to them to require them to demolish their Walls and to settle themselves again in those Five Villages from whence they anciently remov'd to Mantinea But their demands being slighted they forthwith marched thither with their Forces and besieg'd the City Upon this the Mantineans sent Ambassadors to Athens for Aid but the Athenians would by no means do any thing that might be constru'd a Breach of the Publick League so that they valiantly Defended the Place and oppos'd the Enemy with their own Forces And thus Greece now began again to be embroil'd in new Wars In Sicily Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse being steed from the War with the Carthaginians Reign'd a long time in Peace and Prosperity and with great intention of Mind employ'd himself in writing of Verses and sent for Poets far and near whom he had in high Esteem and made his Familiars to whose Judgments and Opinions he referr'd the Censure of his Poems Being flatter'd by these in Panegyricks of Praise for their own Interest he grew highly conceited of himself and was Prouder of his Poems than of his Conquests Philoxenus a Composer of Dithyrambicks and one Familiar with him a very excellent P. 461. Poet in his kind when at a Feast some of the Foolish Verses of the Tyrant were recited he was ask'd how he approved of them who answering something too Freely and Plainly Ant. Ch. 384. incurr'd the Tyrants displeasure Who looking upon himself abus'd through Envy commanded his Guard to carry him away to work as a Slave in the Quarries But the next Day through the Mediation of Friends he was reconciled to him And afterwards at a Feast to which he had again Invited the same Persons when he was in his Cups he highly extoll'd his own Poems and Singing some of them which he thought none could Excel He ask'd what he thought of those To which he answer'd not a Word but call'd for Dionysius his Guards and wish'd them to carry him away to the Quarries Dionysius at that time for the Jest sake put it off with a Laughter thereby as he thought taking off the Edge of the Reproof But not long after when both Dionysius and the rest of the Poets wish'd him to forbear that unseasonable Freedom of Censuring Philoxenus made a Promise that seem'd to be a * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Paradox That for the future He would both speak the Truth and also please Dionysius himself and he perform'd his Word For when the Tyrant afterwards recited some Verses which set forth some sad and mournful Passages He ask'd him how he approved of them He answer'd Miserable therein performing what he had promis'd by the ambiguity of the Word For Dionysius understood it as if he meant the subject Matter of the Verses was very Sad and Miserable and set forth very pathetically which sort of Poesie was rarely attain'd unto but by those who were of the higher form of Poets and therefore he look'd upon himself highly applauded by him but others interpreted what he said with more truth that that word Miserable denoted the Badness of his Verse Not far unlike to this was that which happen'd to Plato the Philosopher whom Dionysius sent for because he was a Man eminent in Philosophy and for some time at the first he greatly honour'd him But taking offence at something he said to him he hated him Dionysius sells Plato to that degree that he order'd him to be brought into the Common Market-place and there sold as a Slave for Five * 15l 12s 6d Minas But the Philosophers who consulted together upon the matter after redeem'd him and sent him back to Greece with this Friendly Advice That a Philosopher should very rarely Converse with Tyrants and when he did he should be of a Gaining Behaviour However Dionysius went on with his Study of Poetry and sent Stage-players that could sing excellently well to the Olympick Games there to sing his Verses who indeed at the first catch'd the Auditors by the Ears with the sweetness of their Voices but when they consider'd further of the Matter and Composure of the Poems they went away and set up a great Laughter When he heard how his Verses were Despis'd and Hiss'd off the Dionysius's Verses despis'd the Stage he fell into a great Fit of Melancholly which growing upon him Day by Day he rag'd at length like a Madman and cry'd out That every one Envy'd him and were Plotting to take away his Life till it came to his very intimate Friends and Relations In this temper he arrived at last to that height of Madness and Melancholy that he put He grows Melancholy many of his Friends to Death upon False Accusations and Banish'd several others amongst whom were Leptines his Brother and Philistus Men of Valour and undaunted Courage who had done remarkable Service for him in the War They fled to the Thurians in Italy and were there in great Esteem among them But afterwards they were restor'd to the Tyrant's favour by his own seeking and were not only brought back to Syracuse but regain'd his former good Opinion and enjoy'd their Places of Power and Authority as they did before And Leptines marry'd Dionysius his Daughter And these were the Transactions of this Year P. 462. When Dexitheus bore the Office of Lord Chancellor of Athens and * Titus Evagoras returns to Cyprus Lucius Lucretius and Servitius Sulpitius were Roman Consuls Evagoras King of Salamis return'd out of Olymp. 98. 4. Ant. Ch. 338. Aegypt into Cyprus where when he found the City closely besieg'd and all his Confederates to have Deserted him he was forc'd to send Ambassadors to seek for terms of Peace Terabazus who had the Sovereign Power and Command return'd him answer That he would make Peace with him upon Condition he would quit all the Cities of Cyprus and be content only with Salamis and yield a yearly Tribute to the King and be observant to all his Commands as a Servant to his Master To which terms though they were very hard he submitted excepting that one That he should be obedient in all things as a Servant to his Master But he said he would agree to be Subject to him as one King to Terabazus accus'd by Orontes another Which Terabazus would not consent unto upon this the other General Orontes who envy'd Terabazus sent Letters privately to Artaxerxes to accuse him as first That whereas it was in his Power to take Salamis by force he wav'd it and had treated with the Enemy in order to bring about some * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Innovations for the common Advantage of them both That he had entred into a private League with the Lacedemonians That he had sent Messengers to the Oracle at Delphos to consult about making War upon the King And as a matter of the greatest concern that he might gain all the Officers of the Army to be his
many of the Citizens were concern'd in the Plot put several to Death and Banish'd others In the City Megara likewise some were contriving how to overturn the Government Plots at Megara and Sicyon who being convict of the Treason many were put to Death and not a few Banish'd So at Sioyon many were Executed upon a full Conviction for endeavouring to bring in Innovations At length many of the Philasian Exiles having seiz'd upon a Castle in that The Exiles of Phalasia kill many of the Townsmen Territory got together a great Army of Mercenaries and fought with the Townsmen and got the Day having kill'd above Three hundred of the Philasians But not long after the Exiles were betray'd by their Guard and routed by them of Philasia with the loss of Six hundred Men and the rest being forced out of the Country fled to Argos And such was the miserable Condition of Peloponnesus at that time CHAP. V. The Persians send an Army into Aegypt to reduce the Revolters Iphicrates a skilful Commander Sedition at Zacynthus Platea raz'd by the Thebans The Lacedaemonians seize upon the Island Corcyra reliev'd by the Athenians under Ctesides Evagoras murther'd in Cyprus by an Eunuch Dreadful Earthquakes and Innundations in Peloponnesus A great Comet seen in Greece SOcratides the ensuing Year was Archon at Athens and Quintus * Servilius Crassus Servilius Cornelius Olymp. 101 3. Ant. Ch. 371. Sporius Papyrius and * Lucius Aemilius Pharnabazus and Iphicrates march int◠Aegypt Fabius Albus four Military Tribunes executed the Office of Consuls at Rome At that time the King of Persia march'd against the Aegyptians who had revolted some time before the Army was commanded by Pharnabazus and Iphicrates the Athenian the Barbarians by Pharnabazus and Twenty thousand Mercenaries by Iphicrates who was in so much favour with the King for his excellent Conduct that he intrusted him with that Command Pharnabazus had spent many years in preparation for this War Iphicrates therefore knowing the readiness of his Tongue and the slowness of his Actions one Day accosted him in this manner That he wonder'd that one who was so voluble in his Speech should be so slow in Execution To which Pharnabazus answer'd That he was Master of his Words but the King of his Actions When the King's Forces came to * Acco or Ptolemais in Phaenicis Aces in Syria and were there muster'd there were found Two hundred thousand Barbarians to be under the Conduct of Pharnabazus and Twenty thousand Grecians under the Command of Iphicrates The Number of the Navy was Three hundred * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Gallies of three Tire of Oars on a Bank and Two hundred of * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thirty Oars a-piece And a vast number of Transport Ships to carry Provision and other things necessary for the Army About the beginning of the Spring the Officers with all the Forces both at Sea and Land made for Aegypt When they came near to the River Nile they found the Aegyptians ready and prepar'd for Battel for Pharnabazus had been very tedious in this Expedition and given the Enemy time enough to prepare for their Defence For it 's the constant practice of the Persian Generals in regard they have no absolute power upon every special occasion to send to the King to know his Pleasure and to stay till they receive his particular direction In the mean time Nectanabis the King of Aegypt had perfect knowledge of the Strength of the Persian Forces but he plac'd his greatest Confidence in the Strength of Ant. Ch. 371. his Country the Entrance into Aegypt being very difficult on every side and the Passage block'd both by Sea and Land by the seven Mouths of Nilus For at every Mouth A Description of the Forts built upon Nile to secure the Passes into Aegypt where Nile falls into the Sea was a City built with large Forts or Castles on either side the River join'd together by a Bridge of Timber which commanded all Ships that sail'd that way and of all these he had most strongly fortify'd Pelusium for being the next Frontier Town towards Syria they conceiv'd the Enemy would first attempt to enter in to the Country that way Therefore they drew a Trench round the City and where there was any place whereat any Vessels might in any probability enter there they rais'd Walls to obstruct the Passage And where there were any Fords by which the way lay open into Aegypt by Land he brought the Water over them and where any Ship might pass he fill'd up those Places with Stones and Rubbish By which means it was very difficult P. 479. and scarce possible either for Ships to sail or Horse or Foot to march Pharnabazus his Officers therefore seeing Pelusium so strongly and wonderfully Fortify'd and well Mann'd thought it most adviseable to forbear to attempt to enter by Force and rather to sail to some other Mouth of the River and endeavour a Passage for the Fleet there Ant. Ch. 371. Whereupon they put off to Sea again and being out of Kenning that they might not be discern'd by the Enemy they steer'd their Course for * Mendesicum Mendesium another Mouth of Nile where the Shore runs a great way out from the Main Land Here they Landed Three thousand Men and Pharnabazus and Iphicrates assaulted a Fort built upon the very Mouth of the River but the Aegyptians came down with Three thousand Horse and Foot to the Relief of the Place Upon which there was a sharp Engagement in which the Aegyptians being over-power'd with Multitude for more came in running to them The Aegyptians worsted at Mendusium from their Ships were hemm'd in and a great Slaughter made amongst them but very few being taken Prisoners the rest were forc'd to fly into a little Town hard by But the Soldiers of Iphicrates enter'd pell mell with them of the Garison into the Place and having thus taken it by Force they demolish'd it and carry'd away the Inhabitants as Captives After this there arose a Difference between the Generals which brought all to nought Quarrels between Pharnabazus and Iphicrates Iphicrates learnt from the Captives that there was a Garison call'd Memphis which Place was of the greatest Consequence of any throughout all Aegypt therefore he advis'd that they should sail with the Fleet thither before the rest of the Aegyptians's Army got together but Pharnabazus and all his Forces were for staying till all the Persian and Land Forces came up and so there would be less danger in the Expedition But Iphicrates then offer'd to undertake the Reduction of the City with those Mercenaries that were then with him if he might have but Liberty Upon which Pharnabazus grew Envious at the Iphicrates undertakes to take Memphis Ant. Ch. 371. Is discouraged by Pharnabazus Ant. Ch. 371. Memphis strongly Garison'd Valour and Confidence of the Man and began to be Jealous lest
into Perrhebia he courted some of the Cities into submission and gain'd others by force of Arms. The Thessalians seeing him mount up so fast and in so short time began to be jealous In Thessaly Ant. Ch. 367. Cruel Seditions in Argos of the growth of his Power and the heat of his Ambition But in the mean time there arose such a Sedition follow'd with such Butcheries in Argos that the like had never been before in any of the Cities of Greece Which new and unheard of Cruelty was call'd by the Grecians * Knocking on the Head with Clubs Scytalism from the manner of the slaughter Committed And the Cause of the Tumult was this Argos was Govern'd by a Democracy The * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Orators and those that affected Popularity stirr'd up the Mob against the great Men of the City which caus'd them for their own preservation and to free themselves from the false accusations that were prosecuted against them to Plot and Contrive how to overturn the Democratical Government And when some who were suspected were call'd in question others fearing they should be put to the Rack Murder'd themselves For One in the height of his Torments Confess'd and Accus'd Thirty of the greatest Men of the City to be in the Conspiracy upon which the People without any further Trial Knockt them all on the Head and Confiscated their Estates P. 488. And whereas there were many others seiz'd upon suspition of the Plot and the false Accusations manag'd against them by the Orators with all the aggravation imaginable the People were so enrag'd that whoever were accus'd of whom there was a vast number and all very Rich were Condemn'd to Death so that there were Executed Ant. Ch. 368. above Sixteen hundred of the greatest and most powerful Men of the City Neither were the Orators themselves spar'd for when they slack'd in the Prosecution of the Calumnies because they were afraid left some sudden mischief would overtake them by reason of the extraordinary Cruelties that were Committed the People concluded that they had deserted their Cause which put them into such a ferment of Rage and Fury that they kill'd all the Orators that were then in the City which seem'd to be Executed upon them by the Hand of some revenging Deity as a reward of their Villanies After the Tumult was ceas'd the People return'd to their former quiet and paeceable dispositions About this time Lycomedes of Tegeata perswaded the Arcadians to join together in one Body of a Commonwealth and to Constitute a General Council consisting of Ten thousand Men who should have absolute power to Determine all matters relating both to War and Peace But a Tumult hapning among the Arcadians the controversie was decided by the Sword many being kill'd and above Fourteen hundred Banish'd some to Sparta others to * In Arcadia Pallantium Those that fled to the Pallantines were by them deliver'd up into the hands of their Enemies who cut all their Throats The other put on the Lacademonians to make an Inroad into Arcadia Upon which Agesilaus King of Sparta with an Army made up of the Citizens and Exiles broke into the Territories of Tageata because they were look't upon to be the Fomenters of all the Broils and Banishments amongst the Arcadians and wasted and spoil'd the Country which together with a strait Siege laid to the City greatly terrifi'd the Arcadians While these things were acting Jason who rul'd at Phercae a Man excellently well Ant. Ch. 367 Jason puts on the Thessalians to seck for the Sovereignty of Greece vers'd in Military Affairs who had now many of the Neighbouring Countries for his Confederates perswaded the Thessalians to end eavour to gain the Sovereignty of Greece to themselves For he alledg'd that whoever would Fight for it might now gain it as a reward of their Valour For that it was evident that the Lacedemonians were miserably Ruin'd at Leuctra and the Athenians were only Masters at Sea and the Thebans far unworthy of such a Dignity and in Conclusion that the Argives had weaken'd themselves with their own Civil Dissentions and bloody Broils Upon this the Thessalians made Jason General of all their Forces and Committed to him the whole Management of the War who having now receiv'd the Supream Command March'd into some of the neighbouring Countries and enter'd into a League with Amyntas King of Macedonia This Year there happen'd what was very remarkable For Three great Princes Di'd Three great Princes Die in one Year near one and the same time Amyntas the Son of Tharrhaleus after he had Reign'd in Macedon Four and twenty Years dy'd leaving behind him three Sons Alexander Perdiccas and Philip. Alexander Succeeded but Reign'd but one Year Then Agesipolis King of Lacedemon after one Year's Reign dy'd likewise His Brother Cleomenes succeeded him and sat at the Helm Four and thirty Years At last Jason of Pherae whom the Thessalians had lately made their General tho' he Govern'd with great Moderation and Kindness towards his Subjects was Assassinated by Seven young Men as Ephorus says who in hopes of Praise and Commendation had Conspir'd for that purpose But others write that he was Murther'd by his Brother Polydore who Reign'd not above one Year Jason â—ssassinated by his Brother Polydore after him Here Durius the Samian begins his History of the Affairs of Greece And these were the things done this Year Afterwards when Lysistratus Govern'd in Chief at Athens a great Sedition arose in Olymp. 102. 4. Ant. Ch 367. P. 489. Rome for some were for making of Consuls others were for Creating Military Tribunes in their room And by reason of this dissention there was an Anarchy for some time But at length Six Military Tribunes were chosen which were Lucius Amilius Caius * Veturius Polydore poyson'd by his Brother Alexander Verginius Serulius Sulpitius Lucius Quintius Caius Cornelius and Caius Valerius About the same time Polydore the Pherean Prince of Thessaly when he was drunk was poysoned by a deadly Potion given him by his Brother Alexander who Succeeded him and Reign'd eleven Years And as he got into the Throne by wickedness and injustice so he rul'd as he ever design'd with Tyranny and Oppression And whereas all those before him by their Moderation and Kindness to their Subjects gain'd the Love and Good-will of all he by his severe and tyrannical Government became the Object of all Mens hatred Therefore some of Larissa who from their high Birth were sirnam'd Alevadari fearing what might be the Effect of his Wickedness Conspir'd to Dethrone him To this end they made a Journey into Macedonia and Treated with Alexander the King in The Tyrant endeavour'd to be depos'd order to Assist them in Deposing of the Tyrant While they were Negociating this Affair Alexander the Pharean having Intelligence of the preparations making against him rais'd a considerable Army designing to Engage with the Enemy in
Aegypt had prepar'd all things necessary for the War But he P. 506. Tacho's Forces in Aegypt Agesilaus sent to Aid the King of Aegypt Chabrias Tacho's Admiral had a Fleet of Two hundred Sail Ten thousand Grecian Mercenaries and Fourscore thousand Aegyptian Foot He gave the Command of the Ten thousand Mercenaries to Agesilaus who was sent from the Lacedemonians with a Thousand Men to the Aid of the Aegyptians because he was counted the best Soldier of any among them and had the repute of a most expert Commander Chabrias was made Admiral of the Fleet who was not sent there by publick Authority but upon the persuasion of Tachos serv'd him as a private Man The King reserv'd to himself the Generalship of all the Army But Agesilaus would have persuaded him to continue in Aegypt and to manage the War by his Lieutenants but he would not hearken to it tho he advis'd him to the best For when the Army was far distant from Aegypt and now encamp'd in Phenicia the Governour of Aegypt whom he had deputed in his absence revolted and sent to Nectanabus the * Or rather his Brother or Sisters Son Ant. Ch. 360. Tacho submits to the King of Persia The death of Artaxerxes Mnemon Ant. Ch. 360. King's Son to take upon him the Kingdom of Aegypt which kindled Nectanabus the King of Aegypts Son Rebels the Sparks which afterward broke forth into a most cruel and bloody War For Nectanabus being made General of the Aegyptian Forces and before sent out of Phenicia to take in some Cities in Syria being privy and consenting to the Treason against his Father drew the Commanders of the Army by large Gifts and the Soldiers by as large promises to join with him in the War Aegypt therefore being now possessed by the Rebels Tachos was so terrifi'd at the thing that he fled through Arabia to the King of Persia and beg'd his pardon for what he had done whom Artaxerxes not only forgave but made him General of the Army he had rais'd against the Egyptians Not long after the King of Persia dy'd having Reign'd Three and fourty Years Ochus succeeded him and govern'd Three and twenty Years and took upon him the sirname of Artaxerxes For Artaxerxes ruling the Kingdom with great Justice and Integrity and being an earnest promoter and lover of Peace and prosperous in all his Affairs the Persians decreed that all the succeeding Kings should be call'd by his Name And now Tacho the King of Egypt return'd to Agesilaus and presently Nectanabus led above Tacho returns to Agesilaus an Hundred thousand Men against his Father and dar'd him to try his Title to the Kingdom by the Sword When Agesilaus discern'd that the King was fearful not daring to Engage he heartned him up all he could and bid him be of good Courage for it was not Number but Valour that carry'd away the Victory But not being able to prevail he was forc'd to go back with him into a certain large City there to shelter himself where they were presently Besieg'd by the Egyptians who after the loss Ant. Ch. 360. Tacho and Agesilaus besieg'd of a great number of their Men in assaulting the Town drew a Trench and a Wall round the City which was suddenly finish'd by having many hands at Work At length when Provision fail'd Tacho gave up all for gone But Agesilaus encouraging the Soldiers telling 'em all would be well in the Night broke through the Enemies Guards and to admiration got off safe with all his Men But the Egyptians pursuing close at their Heels and being in an open Champion Country purpos'd by their great Numbers to inclose them round and so to Cut them off every Man But Agesilaus in the mean time having possess'd himself of a place secur'd on both sides by Water from the River convey'd through Sluces and Trenches made by Art waited there for the Enemy And having drawn up his Men in such Order as best suted with the Ground and being defended by the Arms of the River so as he could not be hem'd in he there fought with the Egyptians Whose numbers were of so little advantage Agesilaus routs the Aegyptians P. 570. Tacho restor'd Agesilaus's death to them in that Place and the Grecians Valour so far before them that Agesilaus made a great slaughter amongst 'em and put the rest to flight After which Tacho was easily and with little ado restor'd to his Kingdom And he rewarded Agesilaus the only Instrument of his Restauration by many honourable Gifts and so dismiss'd him who in his return Homewards fell Sick in Cyrene and there Dy'd His Body was made up with Honey and brought back to Sparta where he was royally Interr'd Hitherto things proceeded this Year in Asia But in Peloponnesus tho' after the Battle at Ant. Ch. 360. New troubles in Peloponnesus Mantinea a general Peace was made among the Arcadians yet they scarce observ'd the League for one Year but fell into new Broyls and Wars one with another It was one of the Articles of the League that every one should return from the Battle into their several Countries Therefore those neighbouring Cities that had been Translated and forc'd to Seat themselves in Megalopolis which then they bore very grievously now of their own accord return'd to their old Habitations But the other Megalopolitans endeavour'd to force them to leave their ancient Seats again Hence arose a great Contest they of the old Towns crav'd the Assistance of the Mantineans and the rest of the Arcadians and likewise of the Eleans and other Confederates of Mantinea On the other Hand they of Megalopolis address'd themselves to the Athenians for their Aid and Assistance who without delay order'd Three thousand heavy Arm'd Men and Three hundred Horse under the Command of Pammenes Whereupon he March'd to Megalopolis and afterwards by Storming some of the Towns and Terrifying others he forc'd them all at length to return to Megalopolis And thus were these Towns reduc'd into one City and the Tumult which came to this height appeas'd and compos'd Among the Historians of this time Athenas of Syracuse began his History of Dion with this Year compriz'd in Twenty three Books He continu'd likewise the History of Philistus seven Years further in one Book and handling matters summarily made it one intire and perfect History Afterwards when Nicophemus was chief Magistrate of Athens and Caius Sulpitius and Olymp. 1â—4 4. Ant. Ch. 359. Caius Licinius Executed the Consular Authority at Rome Alexander Tyrant of Pherea Mann'd forth several Privateers to the Cyclade Islands and having taken some of them by force carry'd away a great number of Captives Then he landed his Soldiers in * A Port of Achaia Alexander of Pherea routs the Athenian Fleet at Panormus Leosthenes Condemn'd to Death by the Athenians Peparethos and Besieg'd the * One of the Cyclade Islands now Lemene call'd Peparethos City But the Peparethians
being reliev'd by the Athenians Garison under the Command of Leosthenes who had been before left there Alexander set upon the Athenians themselves It so hapned that as they were watching and had set a Guard upon Alexander's Fleet which then lay at Panormus he fell upon them on a sudden and obtain'd an unexpected Victory For he not only rescu'd his Men out of the Imminent dangers wherewith they were surrounded at Panormus but likewise took five Athenian Gallies and one of Peparethus and Six hundred Prisoners The Athenians being enrag'd at this misfortune Condemn'd Leosthenes to Death and Confiscated all his Goods and made Charetes Commander in his stead and sent him with a considerable Fleet into those parts who spent his time only in scaring the Enemies and oppressing the Confederates For Sailing to Corcyra a Confederate City he stirr'd up such Seditions and Tumults there as ended in many Slaughters Rapines and plundering of Mens Goods and Estates which caus'd the Athenians to be ill spoken of by all the Confederates committing many other villanies and to summ up all in a few Words he did nothing but what tended to the disgrace and dishonour of his Country Dionysiodorus and Anaxis Boeotian Writers who Compos'd an History of the Grecian Affairs end their Relations with this Year And now having given an Account of those Affairs and things done before the Reign of Philip according to our first design P. 508. we shall put an end to this Book In the next following shall be Comprehended what Ant. Ch. 359. ever was done by that King from the beginning of his Reign to the time of his Death with other things that happen'd in the known parts of the World ASIAE Veteribus Cognit◠Tabula BOOK XVI IT 's the Duty of all Writers of History whether they Treat of the Actions of Kings PREFACE or of particular Cities to relate the Whole from the Beginning to the Conclusion For we conceive that hereby the History is both better remembred and more clearly Understood For imperfect Relations without Knowledge of the Issue of what is begun gives an unpleasant Check to the Diligent Reader 's eager Expectation But where the Matter is drawn down by a continu'd Thred to the end of the Narration such Writings make the History compleat in all its Parts but more especially if the Nature of things done do lead the Writer as it were by the Hand This Course is by no means to be neglected Since therefore we are now come to the Affairs of Philip Son of Amyntas we according to the former Rule shall endeavour to comprehend in this Book all the Actions of this King For he reign'd as King of Macedon Two and Twenty Years who making use at the first but of small means at length advanc'd his Kingdom to be the Greatest in Europe and made Macedon which at the time of his coming to the Crown was under the servile Yoke of the Illyrians Mistress of many potent Cities and Countries And through his Valour the Grecian Cities voluntarily submitted themselves to him and made him General of all Greece And having subdued * The Phocians those that Robb'd and Spoil'd the Temple at Delphos coming in aid of the God there he was made a Member of the Senate of the Amphictyons and for a Reward of his Zeal to the Gods the Right of Voting in the The Court of the Amphictyons was the great Court of Greece which sate at Delphos in Phocis like to the States-General at the Hague Vid. Paus Lib. 10. Cap. 8. The Phocians had two Votes in that Assembly Senate which belonged to the Phocians whom he had overcome was allotted to him After he had overcome the Illyrians Paeones Thracians Scythians and the Countries adjoyning to them his Thoughts were wholly imploy'd how to destroy the Persian Monarchy But after he had set free all the Grecian Cities and was promised Forces to be raised for the Expedition into Asia in the midst of all his preparations he was prevented by Death But he left those and so many more Forces behind him that his Son Alexander had no occasion to make use of the Assistance of his Confederates in the Overturning of the Persian Empire And all those things he did not so much by the Favour of Fortune as by the Greatness of his own Valour For this King excell'd most in the Art of a General Stoutness of Spirit and Clearness of Judgment and Apprehension But that we may not in a Preface set forth his Actions before hand we shall proceed to the orderly Course of the History making first some short Remarks of the Times that went before CHAP. I. Philip an Hostage at Thebes makes his Escape Beats the Athenians After makes Peace with them Subdues the Paeones and routs the Illyrians and makes Peace with them WHEN Callimedes was Archon at Athens in the Hundred and Fifth Olympiad in which Porus the Cyrenian was Victor Cneius Genucius and Olymp. 105. An. M. 3612. Ant. Ch. 358. Lucius Aemilius Roman Consuls Philip the Son of Amyntas and Father of Alexander who conquer'd the Persians came to the Crown in the manner following Amyntas being brought under by the Illyrians was forced to pay Tribute to the Conquerors who having taken his youngest Son Philip as an Hostage deliver'd him to be kept by the Thebans who committed the young Youth to the Care of * Polymnis was the Father of Epaminondas the Father of Epaminondas with order to look to his Charge with all Diligence and honourably to Educate and Instruct him A Pythagorean Philosopher was at that time Tutor to Epaminondas with whom Philip being brought up he improv'd more than ordinary in the Pythagorean Philosophy And both these Scholars imploying the utmost of their Parts and Diligence in the Prosecution of their Studies both by that means became Famous for their virtuous Qualifications Epaminondas it 's known to all having run through many Hazards and Difficulties beyond all expectation gain'd the Sovereignty of all Greece for his Country And Philip having the same Advantages shew'd himself nothing inferior to Epaminondas in glorious Atchievements For after the Death of Amyntas his Eldest Son Alexander succeeded him in the Kingdom but Ptolemy Alorites murder'd him and Usurp'd the Government and he himself was serv'd with the same Sauce by Perdiccas who being afterwards overcome in a great Battel by the Illyrians and kill'd * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In a Critical Conjuncture in the very time when there was most need of a King Philip the Brother made his escape and took Possession of the Kingdom now in a very shatter'd Condition For there were above Four Thousand Macedonians kill'd in the Fight and those that surviv'd were in such Consternation and Fear of the Illyrians that they had no heart left for the Prosecuting of the War Ant. Ch. 358. About the same time the Paeones Neighbours to the Macedonians in contempt of them wasted their Country
against Lycophron the Tyrant of Pherea who being too weak for him sent for Aid to the Phocians promising to use his utmost Endeavour to order and dispose of all Things throughout Thessaly for their Advantage Whereupon Onomarchus came to his Assistance by Land with above Twenty thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse Philip having persuaded the Thessalians to join with him raised above Twenty thousand Foot and Three thousand Horse Forthwith a bloody Battel was fought in which Philip by the Advantage and Valour Philip routs Onomarchus of the Thessalian Horse got the Day and Onomarchus and his Men â—â—ed towards the Sea It happened that Chares the Athenian Admiral passed by with a great Navy at the same instant as a cruel Slaughter was made among the Phocians and therefore those that fled cast away their Arms and endeavoured to swim to the Galleys amongst whom was Onomarchus In conclusion there were slain of the Phocians and Mercenaries above Six thousand amongst whom was the General himself and there were taken Prisoners no less than Three thousand Philip * Crucified p. 75. hanged Onomarchus and the rest as Sacrilegers he caused to be thrown into The Death of Onomarchus the Sea Onomarchus thus coming to his End Phayllus his Brother was created General of the Phocians And he to repair the Damage sustained raised great Numbers of Foreign Mercenaries doubling the former and usual Pay and further strengthened himself with Addition of his Confederates he made likewise a great Number of Arms and coined both Gold and Silver About the same time Mausolus a Petty King of Caria died after he had reigned Mausolus dies after he had reigned Four and twenty Years Clearchus assassinated Four and twenty Years To whom succeeded Artemesia who was both his Sister and Wife for the space of Two Years At that time likewise Clearchus Tyrant of Heraclea when he was going to the Feasts of Bacchus was Assassinated in the Twelfth Year of his Reign Timotheus his Son succeeded him and reigned Fifteen Years In the mean time the Thuscans at War with the Romans harrass'd and wasted a great part of their Enemies Territory making Incursions as far as to the River Tiber and then returned to their own Country The Friends of Dion raised a Sedition at Syracuse against Callippus but being dispersed and worsted they fled to the Leontines Not long after Hipparinus the Brother of Dionysius arrived with a Navy at Syracuse and fought with Callipppus and beat him upon which he was driven out of the City and Hipparinus recovered his Father's Kingdom and enjoyed it Two Years CHAP. VIII Phayllus continues the Phocian War Aryca raz'd Phayllus dies of a Consumption War between the Lacedaemonians and Megapolitans Chaeronea taken by Phalaecus War between the Persians Aegyptians and Phaenicians Salamis in Cyprus besieged The Cruelty of Artaxerxes Ochus towards the Sidonians The Calamity of Sidon WHEN Aristodamus was Archon at Athens and Caius Sulpitius bore the Consulship at Rome the Hundred and seventh Olympiad was celebrated wherein Smicrinus Olym. 107. 1. Phayllus General of the Phocians the Tarrentine was Victor Then Phayllus the Phocian General after the Death of his Brother began to repair the Affairs of the Phocians now almost at the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 last Gasp through the late Rout and Slaughter of the Soldiers For being possessed of a vast Treasure he raised a great Army of Mercenaries and wrought over many to join with him in the War And being very free of his Purse he not only brought over private Men to his Party but prevailed with famous Cities to be his Confederates For the Lacedaemonians sent him a Thousand Soldiers the Acheans Two thousand but the Athenians Five thousand Foot and Four hundred Horse under the Command of Naustcles Lycophron and Pitholaus Tyrants of Pherea after the Death of Onomarchus being destitute of Succours delivered up Phera into the Hands of Philip and though they were discharged upon their Oaths to be quiet yet they got together Two thousand Mercenaries and went over to Phayllus to assist the Phocians And not a few of the smaller Cities assisted them by their bountiful Contributions of their Money towards the Soldiers Pay For Gold feeding and enkindling Mens Covetousness from a Prospect of Gain push'd them forward to grasp at their own Advantage Upon these Encouragements Phayllus marches with his Army into Boeotia but is overcome at Orchomenon and lost many of his Men. Afterwards there was another Battel at the River Cephisus wherein the Boeotians had the better and killed Four hundred and took Five hundred Prisoners A few Days after a third Fight was at Coronea where the Boeotians had again the Advantage and killed Fifty of the Phocians and took an Hundred and thirty Prisoners But having done at present with the Affairs of the Boeotians and Phocians we return to Philip who when he had overcome Onomarchus in so signal a Battel freed the Pheraeans from the Yoke of Tyranny and restored the City to its Liberty And having settled all other Matters in Thessaly he marched towards Pylas to fight with the Phocians But being Ant. Ch. 350. denied Passage by the Athenians he returned into Macedonia which Kingdom he had enlarged both by the help of his Sword and likewise by his Piety towards the Gods In the mean time Phayllus marched with his Army against the Locrians called Epiâ—nemidii and assaulted and took by force some Cities but one called Aryca he gained in the Night by Treachery but was presently repulsed and beaten out with the Loss of Two hundred of his Men. Afterwards encamping at a Town called Abas the Boeotians surprized the Phocians in the Night and killed a great Number of them Upon which Success they were so incouraged that they made Incursions into the Phocians Territories and harrassing and spoiling the Country round about heaped together abundance of Plunder But in their return coming to relieve Aryca which was then besieged Phayllus sell suddenly Aryca raz'd by Phayllus and unexpectedly upon them and routed them and then taking the City by Storm plunder'd it and raz'd it to the Ground But at length he fell into a * A Consumption Some say he was burnt in the Temple at Abas Phayllus died lingering Distemper and continued a long time and after great Torments in his Body as he justly deserved he died leaving Phalecus the Son of Onomarchus Incendiary of the Sacred War to be General of the Phocians who being as yet but a very raw Youth he appointed Mnaseas one of his Friends to be his Tutor and Governor Some time after the Boeotians attack'd the Phocians in the Night and killed Mnaseas the General and Two hundred of his Soldiers Not long after in an Engagement between a Party of Horse at Chaeronea Phalecus being worsted lost many of his Men. During these Transactions there were great Commotions in Peloponnesus upon these Occasions War between the Lacedemonians and the
it overtop'd all the Temples of the Gods as a manifest Indication of their Anger it was beaten down by a Thunderbolt At the lesser Haven likewise there were Towers built of Outlandish Stone in which were Inscriptions cut and the Name of Agathocles who rais'd them Besides these not long after were built by Hiero the King an * A Temple Olympus in the Market-place and an Altar near the Theatre a Furlong in length and in height and breadth proportionably In the lesser Cities likewise as in Agyra which by reason of the Richness of the Soil as aforesaid received new Colonies * Hiero. he built a Theatre the most Glorious of any in Sicily next to that at Syracuse and erected Temples to the Gods built a Court a Market-place and stately Towers and rais'd over the Tombs and Monuments many large Pyramids of admirable Workmanship CHAP. XIV Elatea taken by Philip. Great Consternations in Athens for fear of Philip. The Boeotians join with the Athenians through the Sollicitation of Demosthenes Python a famous Orator The Battel at Cheronaea between Philip and the Athenians Lycides the Athenian General put to Death Philip rebuk'd by Demades made General of Greece Timoleon dies WHEN Charondas executed the Office of Lord Chancellor of Athens and Lucius Olymp. 110. 3. Ant. Ch. 336. An. M. 3607. Elatea taken by Philip. Athens in great fear of Philip. Aemilius and Caius Plotius were Roman Consuls Philip King of Macedon being in Amity with many of the Graecians made it his chief Business to bring under the Athenians thereby with more ease to gain the Sovereignty of Greece To that end he presently possess'd himself of Elatea and brought all his Forces thither with a Design to fall upon the Athenians hoping easily to overcome them in regard they were not as he conceiv'd prepar'd for War by reason of the Peace lately made with them which fell out accordingly For after the taking of Elatea some hasted in the Night to Athens informing them that Elatea was taken by the Macedonians and that Philip was designing to invade Attica with all his Forces The Athenian Commanders surpriz'd with the Suddenness of the Thing sent for all the Trumpeters and commanded an Alarm to be sounded all Night Upon which the Report flew through all the Parts of the City and Fear rouz'd up the Courage of the Citizens As soon as Day appear'd the People without any Summons from the Magistrate as the Custom was all flock'd to the Theatre To which Place as soon as the Commanders came with the Messenger that brought the News and had declar'd to them the Business Fear and Silence fill'd the Theatre and none who were us'd to influence the People had a Heart to give any Advice And although a Crier call'd out to such as ought to declare their Minds what was to be done in order to their Common Security yet none appear'd who offer'd any thing of Advice in the present Exigency The People therefore in great Terror and Amazement cast their Eyes upon Demosthenes who stood up and bid them be Couragious Demosthenes and advis'd them forthwith to send Ambassadors to Thebes to Treat with the Boeotians to join with them in Defence of the Common Liberty for the shortness of Time he Ant. Ch. 336. said would not admit of an Embassy of Aid from the other Confederates for that the King would probably invade Attica within Two Days and being that he must march through Boeotia the main and only Assistance was to be expected from them And it was not to be doubted but that Philip who was in League with the Boeotians would in his March sollicit them to make War upon the Athenians The People approv'd of his Advice and a Decree was forthwith Recorded that an Embassy should be dispatch'd as Demosthenes had advis'd But then it was debated who was the most Eloquent Person and so most fit to undertake this Affair Whereupon Demosthenes being pitch'd upon to be the Man he readily comply'd forthwith hasted away prevails with the Boeotians The Boeotians join with the Athenians and returns to Athens The Athenians therefore having now doubled their Forces by the Accession of the Boeotians began again to be in good Heart and presently made Charetes and Physicles Generals with Command to march with the whole Army into Boeotia All the Youth readily offer'd themselves to be Listed and therefore the Army with a swift March came suddenly to Cheronaea in Boeotia The Boeotians wondred at the quickness of their Approach and were thereupon as diligent themselves and hasting to their Arms march'd away to meet the Athenians and being joined they there expected the Enemy Philip indeed had first sent Ambassadors to the Council of the Boeotians amongst whom the most famous was Python for he was so Eminent for Eloquence that in the Senate he was set up to encounter Demosthenes in the Business relating to the Confederacy excelling Ant. Ch. 336. indeed the rest by far but judged inferior to Demosthenes Demosthenes himself in one of his Orations glories as if he had done some mighty Thing in a Speech of his against Python a famous Orator this Orator in these Words Then I yielded not a jot to Python strutting in his Confidence as if he would have overwhelm'd me withâ—a Torrent of Words However though Philip could not prevail with the Boeotians to be his Confederates yet he resolv'd to fight with them both To this end after a stay for some time for those Forces that were to join him he march'd into Boeotia with an Army of at least Thirty thousand Foot and Two thousand Horse Both Armies were now ready to ingage for Courage and Valour neither giving Place to the other but as to Number of Men and Skill in Martial Affairs the King was far Superior For having fought very many Battels and for the most part coming off a Conqueror he had gain'd much Experience in Matters of War on the other hand Iphicrates Chabrius and Timotheus the Athenians best Commanders were now dead and Chares the chief of them that were left differ'd but little from a common Soldier as to the Wisdom and Conduct of a General About Sun-rising the Armies on both Sides drew up in Battalia The King order'd his The Battel of Charonea between Philip and the Athenians Son Alexander who was then newly come to Man's Estate and had even at that time given evident Demonstrations of his Valour and the Sprightliness of his Spirit in managing Affairs to Command one Wing joining with him some of the best of his Commanders He himself with a choice Body of Men commanded the other Wing and plac'd and dispos'd the Regiments and Brigades in such Posts and Stations as the present Occasion requir'd The Athenians marshall'd their Army according to the several Nations and committed one Part to the Boeotians and commanded the rest themselves At length the Armies engag'd and a fierce and bloody Battel was
fought which continu'd Ant. Ch. 336. a long time with great Slaughter on both sides uncertain which way Victory would incline until Alexander earnest to give an Indication of his Valour to his Father charg'd with a more than ordinary Heat and Vigour and being assisted with many stout and brave Men was the first that broke through the main Body of the Enemy next to him with the slaughter of many and bore down all before him And when those that seconded him did the like then the Regiments next to the Former were broke to pieces At length the Earth being strew'd with heaps of Dead Carkasses those with Alexander first put the Wing oppos'd to them to flight The King himself likewise in the Head of this Regiment fought with no less Courage and Resolution and that the Glory of the Victory might not be attributed to his Son he forc'd the Enemy oppos'd to him to give ground and at length put them to a total Rout and so was the chief Instrument of the Victory There were above a Thousand Athenians killed in this Battel and no fewer than Two thousand taken Prisoners A great Number likewise of the Boeotians were slain and many fell into the Hands of the Enemy After the Battel Philip set up a Trophy and having given Liberty for the burying of the Dead he Sacrific'd to the Gods for the Victory and distributed Rewards to the Soldiers who had signaliz'd their Valour according as every one had deserv'd Some report that Philip having appointed a Wanton and Luxurious Banquet with his Friends in Ostentation of his Victory in his Cups passing through the Throng of the Prisoners most contumeliously taunted the miserable Wretches with their Misfortune Ant. Ch. 336. Whereupon Demades the Orator one of the Captives spoke boldly to him and fram'd Demades rebukes Philip. a Discourse in order to curb the Pride and Petulancy of the King in Words to this effect Since Fortune O King has represented thee like Agamemnon art thou not asham'd to act a part of Thersites With this sharp Reproof they say Philip was so startled that he wholly chang'd his former Course and not only laid aside the Coronets and all other Badges of Pride and Wantonness that attended his Festivals but with Admiration releas'd Philip reform'd the Man that had reprehended him and advanc'd him to Places of Honour In conclusion he became so far Complaisant and moulded into the Civilities of Athens through his Converse with Demades that he releas'd all the Captives without Ransom And remitting his Pride and Haughtiness the constant Attendant upon Victory he sent Ambassadors to Athens and renew'd the Peace with them And placing a Garison in Thebes made Peace likewise with the Boeotians After this Overthrow the Athenians put to Death Lysides the General of the Army upon the Accusation of Lycurgus who was the most highly preferr'd of any of the Orators of that Age he had executed the Office of Lord-Treasurer of the City with great Commendation for the space of Twelve years and all his Life long had been in great Reputation for his Virtue and Honesty But a most bitter Accuser The Excellency and Sharpness of whose Speech if any desire to know he may best judge by his words us'd against Lycides which follow O Lycides thou wast the General of the Army and tho' a Thousand Citizens are The Speech of Lycurgus slain two Thousand taken Prisoners a Trophy erected to the Dishonour of this City and all Greece inslav'd and all this done thou being Captain and General yet dar'st Live and view the Light of the Sun and blushest not to shew thy Face in the Forum thou who art born the Monument of thy Country's Shame and Dishonour A thing very remarkable hapned at this time For when this Battel was fought at Cheronea the same Day and Hour another was fought in Italy between the Tarentines and Lycanians A Battel in Italy and at Cheronea one and the same day in which Archidamus the King of Lacedaemon was slain who had reign'd Three and twenty years Agis his Son succeeded him and Govern'd nine years About that time likewise dy'd Timotheus Prince of Heraclea in Pontus in the Fifteenth year of his Principality whose Brother Dionysius succeeded and reign'd Two and thirty years Phrynichus bore the Office of chief Magistrate of Athens and Titus Manlius Torquatus and Olymp. 110. 4. Ant. Ch. 335. An. M. 3608. Publius Decius were invested with the Consular Dignity at Rome when Philip bearing his Crest high upon the account of his Victory at Cheronea and having struck a Terror into the most Eminent Cities of Greece made it his great Business to be chosen Generalissimo of all Greece It being therefore nois'd abroad that he would make War upon the Persians for the Advantage of the Graecians and that he would revenge the Impiety by them committed against the Sacreds of the Gods he presently wan the Hearts of the Graecians He was very Liberal and Courteous likewise to all both private Men and Communities and publish'd to the Cities that he had a Desire to Consult with them concerning Matters relating to the Publick Good Whereupon a General Council was call'd and Ant. Ch. 335. held at Corinth where he declar'd his Design to make War upon the Persians and what probable grounds there were of Success and therefore desir'd the Council to join with him as Confederates in the War At length he was created General of all Greece with absolute Power and thereupon Philip made General of Greece he made mighty preparation for that Expedition and having order'd what Quota of Men every City should send forth he return'd into Macedonia And thus stood the Affairs and Concerns of Philip. In Sicily Timoleon after he had settl'd all things in right and due Order in Syracuse Timoleon dies dy'd having govern'd Eight years The Syracusians who highly honour'd him for the many great Services done to their Country bury'd him in great State and Pomp and when the Body was to be brought forth great multitudes were got together and the Syracusians publish'd a Decree that Two hundred * A Mina is 3 l. 2 s. 6 d. Mina's should be expended upon the Charge of his Funeral and that his Memory should be honour'd yearly for ever with Musick Horse-Coursing and Gymnick Sports for that he had subdu'd the Barbarians planted Colonies in the greatest Greek City in Sicily and rescu'd the Sicilians from Slavery About this time * King of Pontus Ariorarxanes dy'd in the Twenty sixth year of his Reign and was succeeded by Methridates who Reign'd Five and thirty Years At the same time the Romans fought with the Latins and Campanians near the City Suessa and routed them and confiscated part of their Lands And Manlius the Consul who gain'd the Day triumph'd for the Victory CHAP. XV. Philip consults the Oracle at Delphos Marries his Daughter Cleopatra to the King of Epirus Encourag'd to
King and the Enemy and receiv'd all the Darts upon his own Body that were cast at him and so dy'd upon the Spot The manner of his Death being nois'd abroad Attalus one of the Courtiers and in great esteem with the King invited the other Pausianas to a Feast and after he had made him drunk expos'd his Body thus over-charg'd with Wine to be †By Sodomy abus'd by the Filthy Lusts of a Company of base * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Mule-tenders or Ostlers Sordid Fellows When he was Sober he was highly enrag'd at the abominable Abuse and complain'd against Attalus to the King who though he was much offended at the Wickedness of the Fact yet by reason of his Relation to him and that he had present occasion to make use of him in his Service he would not punish him For he was Uncle to Cleopatra whom the King had marry'd as his Second Wife and was design'd General of the Army sent before into Asia being a very stout and valiant Man To pacify therefore Pausanias whose Spirit was highly Exasperated for the intolerable Injury offer'd him he bestow'd on him many rich Gifts and advanc'd him to a more Honourable Post in his Guards But Pausanias's Anger was implacable and therefore determin'd not only to revenge himself upon the Author of this Abuse but upon him that wav'd doing him Justice by the inflicting of Punishment And Hermocrates the Sophist greatly confirm'd him in this his Resolution For Pausanias conversing with him and in Discourse asking him by what means a Man might make himself most famous The Philosopher answer'd by killing him that has done the greatest things for whenever he is nam'd then he likewise that kill'd him will be sure to be remember'd Pausanias making use of this Answer as an incentive to his Rage the Restlessness of his disturb'd Spirit would admit of no further delay but laid his Design in the time of the Festivals in this manner He first plac'd Horses at the Gates of the City then he himself return'd and stood at the Entrance into the Theatre with a Gallick Sword hid secretly under his Coat Philip commanded his Friends that came along with him to go before him into the Theatre and his Guard were at a considerable distance from him Whereupon the Traytor perceiving that the King was Justin Lib. 8 9 alone ran him into the side through the Body and laid him dead at his Feet and forthwith fled to the Horses that were prepar'd for him at the Gates Hereupon presently some of the Life-Guard ran in to the Body others pursu'd the Assassinate amongst whom were Leonnatus Perdiccas and Attalus Pausanias made so swiftly away and nimbly mounted his Horse that he had certainly escap'd but that a Branch of a Vine caught hold of the Heel of his Shoe and so entangl'd him that down he fell Upon which Perdiccas with his Fellows fell upon him as he was endeavouring to rise and after many Wounds given him there slew him And thus Philip the most Potent of all the Kings in Europe in that Age and who for the Greatness of his Dominion associated himself for Majesty into the number of the Twelve Gods came to his end after he had Reign'd about Four and twenty Years This King from very small Beginnings gain'd the largest Dominion in Greece and is judg'd to have enlarg'd the Bounds of his Kingdom not so much by Arms as by his fair Tongue and his complaisant and courteous Demeanour towards all he had to deal with For it is reported That Philip himself would often boast more of his Military Art and Policy and of the gaining of his Enemies by fair Words than in the Strength and Valour of his Soldiers For he was us'd to say That the Honour of winning of Battels was common and due to the rest of the Army with himself but the Praise and Commendation due to Affability and a pleasant Converse was peculiar to himself alone And thus being now come to the Death of Philip we shall end this Book as we at first design'd The following we shall begin with the Succession of Alexander into his Father's Kingdom and endeavour to comprehend all his Actions in one Book BOOK XVII THE former Book being the Sixteenth of our History began with the PREFACE Reign of Philip the Son of Amyntas and comprehended not only the Things done by him to the very Day of his Death but the Actions and Affairs of other Kings Cities and Countries during the space of Four and twenty Years Being now in this to declare what follow'd we shall begin with the Reign of Alexander and in treating of the Actions of this Prince from the Beginning to the End we shall take along with us the most remarkable Things done through all Parts of the World And the Relations we conceive will be the better remembred if Things be methodically digested as it were into distinct Heads so as that the Beginning and End may as by one Thread be knit one to the other For this King did great Things in a very short time and excell'd all the Princes that ever were before him in his wonderful Atchievements effected by his own Valour and Policy For he Conquer'd a great Part of Europe and almost all Asia within the space of Twelve Years So that his Fame was deservedly advanc'd to that degree that in Glory he surmounted all the Heroes and Semigods But we need not we judge in a Preface anticipate any of the worthy Actions of this King for the particular Relations themselves will sufficiently evidence his Greatness and the Fame and Glory of his Name Alexander therefore descended from Hercules on the Father's side and from Achilles on the Mother's seem'd to derive his Valoâ—r as well as his Person from such Famous Ancestors The Time thus stated for this present Relation we return to the Course of our History CHAP. I. Conspiracies of the Cities against Alexander The Athenians send Ambassadors to Alexander to beg Pardon He 's made General by the Amphictyons Attalus kill'd by Alexander's Command The Wickedness of Bagoas Darius commended Raises Forces A Description of Mount Ida. Alexander invades the Illyrians and others Thebes besieg'd by Alexander and raz'd The Miseries of Thebes Prodigies Alexander demands Demosthenes and others to be deliver'd up to him by the Athenians Their Answer He returns into Macedonia and Feasts his Soldiers WHEN Evaenetus was Lord Chancellor in Athens and Lucius Furius and Olymp. 111. 2. Ant. Ch. 333. An. M. 361. Caius * Maenius Manlius were Roman Consuls Alexander ascended the Throne and in the first place executed Justice upon the Murtherers of his Father And when he had with great care celebrated his Funerals he set in order the Concerns of the Kingdom much better than most expected For being very young and upon that account despis'd he sought first to win the Common People by fair Words and courteous Addresses Amongst others he told them
by Instruments hoist up and so let down into these Vaults In this Citadel were many stately Lodgings both for the King and his Soldiers of excellent Workmanship and Treasury Chambers most commodiously contriv'd for the laying up of Money Here Alexander made a sumptuous Feast for the Entertainment of his Friends in Commemoration Alexander Feasts at Persepolis of his Victory and offer'd magnificent Sacrifices to the Gods At this Feast were entertain'd Whores who prostituted their Bodies for Hire where the Cups went so high and the Reins so let loose to Drunkenness and Debauchery that many were both drunk and mad Among the rest at that time there was a Curtesan call'd Thais an Athenian that said Alexander would perform the most glorious Act of any that ever he did if while he was Feasting with them he would burn the Palace and so the Glory and Renown of Persia might be said to be brought to nothing in a moment by the Hands of Women This spreading abroad and coming to the Ears of the young Men who commonly make little use of Reason when Drink is in their Heads presently one crys Ant. Ch. 328. out Come on bring us Fire-brands and so incites the rest to Fire the Citadel to revenge that Impiety the Persians had committed in destroying the Temples of the Grecians At this others with joy set up a shout but said That so brave an Exploit belong'd only to Alexander to perform The King stirr'd up at these Words embrac'd the Motion upon which as many as were present left their Cups and leap'd from the Table and said That they would now celebrate a victorious Festival to Bacchus Hereupon multitudes of Firebrands were presently got together and all the Women that play'd on Musical Instruments which were at the Feast were call'd for and then the King with Songs Pipes and Flutes bravely led the way to this noble Expedition contriv'd and manag'd by this Whore Thais who next after the King threw the first Firebrand into the Palace This President was presently follow'd by the rest so that in a very short time the whole Fabrick by the Violence of the Fire was consum'd to Ashes Persepolis burnt It 's very observable and not without just admiration that the Sacrilege and Impiety of Xerxes King of Persia exercised in his destroying the Citadel of Athens should so many years after be reveng'd in the same kind by one Curtesan only of that City that was so injur'd After these things thus done Alexander marches against the rest of the Persian Cities and having taken in some by Force and others surrender'd upon the Fame and Report of his Lâ—nity and Moderation he made after Darius who had begun to raise Forces out Ant. Ch. 328. of Bactria and other Provinces but being prevented by the March of the Enemy he made away with all speed out of Bactria with Thirty thousand Persians and Mercenary Greeks and in his return was treacherously Murther'd by Bessus the Lord-Lieutenant of Bactria He was scarce dead when Alexander with a Party of Light Horse came up to Darius murder'd the Place where he lay and there finding him caus'd him to be honourably interr'd But some do report that Alexander finding him yet alive Darius complain'd of his sad Misfortune and desir'd him that he would see his Death reveng'd which Alexander faithfully promis'd He forthwith indeed pursu'd Bessus but he being a long way before him escap'd into Bactria so that considering it was not possible to overtake him he march'd back This was the State of Affairs in Asia In Europe the Lacedaemonians being routed in a great Battel by Antipater were forc'd to send Ambassadors to him who put them off till the meeting of the General Assembly of Greece which afterwards met at Corinth where after many things were Banded and Disputed on both sides the Matter was at length left to the Decision of Alexander Hereupon Antipater receiv'd the chiefest of the Nobility of Sparta as Hostages and the Lacedaemonians sent Ambassadors into Asia to beg Pardon for their late Revolt CHAP. VIII Bessus stirs up the Bactrians Alexander discharges the Greek Auxiliaries with Rewards The River Stiboetes He enters Hircania Its Richness Enters the Mardis Country Loses his brave Horse but is restor'd Thalestris the Amazon Queen meets him He falls into the Effeminacy of the Persians Enters Drangina A Plot against Alexander Philotas and others put to Death Marches against the Arimispi Subdues Arachosia WHen this Year ended Cephisophon executed the Office of Chief Magistrate at Olymp p. 112. 4. Ant. Ch. 327. An. M. 3621. Athens and Caius Valerius and Marcus Claudius were created Roman Consuls At that time Bessus with Naâ—arzanes and Barxaentes and many others after the Death of Darius having escap'd the hands of Alexander came into Bactria And in regard he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of this Country by Darius and upon that account was Bessus stirs up the Bactrians 〈◊〉 is own'd as King well known by the Inhabitants he persuaded the People to stand up for their Liberty and told them That the Situation and Condition of their Country was such being full of difficult Passes and very Populous that they had an extraordinary advantage to succeed in the Attempt and promised that he himself would take upon him the whole Management of the War Hereupon he so far prevail'd that he got a considerable Number to join with him and to own him for King Then he Listed Men prepar'd Arms and procur'd whatever was necessary for the present State of his Affairs In the mean time Alexander perceiving that the Macedonians had a design to end the War with the Death of Darius and to return to their own Country he call'd them together and so courted them by an Oration fitted for the purpose that he prevail'd with them readily to go on with the Expeditions that then yet remain'd Then he call'd together all the Greek Auxiliaries and having highly commended them for their Valour bestow'd upon every Horseman as a Reward a Talent and every Footman Ten * Ten Minas 31 l. 5 s. Alexander discharges the Greek Auxiliaries and rewards them Ant. Ch. 327. Minas and discharg'd them from further Service in the Army And over and besides he paid to every one of them what was due to them for their common Pay and gave them likewise sufficient Provision to carry them into their own Country and to every one that was willing still to continue in the Army he gave Three Talents He gave indeed large Rewards to the Soldiers being naturally of a generous Disposition and besides in pursuing Darius had possess'd himself of a vast Treasure For he had receiv'd Eight thousand Talents out of the Treasures and besides what he gave to the Soldiers he rais'd Thirteen thousand Talents by sale of the Cups Flaggons and Furniture And it was believ'd that what was stollen and taken away by force was much more Having done this he march'd with his
breeds and pastures an innumerable Company of Horses for they say That there had been here an Hundred and sixty thousand Horses that ran at Pasture up and down in the Country but at the coming of Alexander there were only Sixty thousand He encamp'd herefor the space of Thirty Days Thence in seven Encampments he came to Echatana in Media This City is * About 30 Mile Hephestion dies Aelian Var. Hist l. 7. c. 8. Two hundred and Ecbatana fifty Furlongs in compass and is the Metropolis of all Media where abundance of Treasure was laid up Here he staid some time and refresh'd his Army and spent his time in Feasting Drinking and Stage-Plays at which time Hephestion one that he lov'd above all others fell sick of a Surfeit and died Whose death the King bore very grievously and committed his Body to Perdiccas to be carry'd to Babylon because he intended to bury him with great Pomp and State While these things were acting in Asia Greece was full of Tumults and Seditions whence broke out the War call'd the Lamian War upon this occasion After the King's Order The Lamian War to the Lords Lieutenants of the Provinces to disband all Mercenary Soldiers and the execution of those Commands many Foreiguers that were cashier'd went stragling over all Asia and for want of Subsistence robb'd and spoil'd the Country till they all came into one Body at Tenarus in Laconia So likewise all the Governors and Commanders of the Persians that were left got together what Men and Money they could and came all to Tenarus and there join'd their Forces together There they created Leostenes an Athenian Ant. Ch. 324. a brave Spirited Man General of the Army who then call'd a Council of War and after Consultation had concerning the Management of the War dispos'd of Fifty Talents to pay the Mercenaries and provided Arms sufficient for the present occasion He sent likewise Ambassadors to the Aetolians who were disaffected to the King to join with them in Arms. And thus Leostenes was altogether taken up in necessary Preparations for a War of the greatness of which he had then a clear and evident Prospect Alexander now march'd against the Cosseans who refus'd to submit to his Government This People are a very Warlike Nation and inhabit the hilly and mountainous Parts of The Cosseans invaded Media and therefore confiding in their own Valour and the Fastnesses of their Coun-Country never would be brought of admit to any foreign Prince to reign over them and were never subdu'd during all the time of the Persian Empire And at that time they were so very high that they slighted the Valour of the Macedonians The King first gain'd the Passes and then wasted a great part of the Country of Cosea and getting the better in every Engagement kill'd many of the Barbarians and took many more Prisoners At length the Cosseans being worsted and beaten in every place and greatly concern'd at the multitude of the Captives were forc'd to redeem their Country by the loss of their own Liberty and so giving up themselves to the Will of the Conqueror they obtain'd Peace upon condition they should be Loyal and Obedient for the time to come Thus Alexander conquer'd this Nation in the space of forty Days and after he hadbuilt some Cities atthe most difficult Passes in the Country he march'd away Socicles was now Archon at Athens and Cornelius Lentulus and Quintus †Publius Popilius Roman Consuls when Alexander after the Conquest of the Cosseans march'd thence towards Babylon Olymp. 113. 4. Ant. Ch. 233. An. M. 3625. He always rested a while between every Decampment and to ease his Army mov'd very slowly When he was about Three hundred Furlongs from Babylon the * Caldean Priests Marches towards Babylon Caldean Astrologers Caldeans as they are call'd who were famous for Astrology and us'd to prognosticate future Events by the Observation of the Stars and by that means knew that the King would die presently after he enter'd into Babylon pick'd out some of the most ancient and expert of those of their Profession and order'd them to signifie the Danger to the King and with all the Arguments they could use to dissuade him from entring into the City and to let him know that he might avoid the Danger if he would rebuild the Sepulchre of Belus which the Persians had destroy'd and alter his Purpose and pass by the City Belephentes was the leading Man of the Caldeans that were sent away but he was afraid to address himself to the King and therefore privately imparted all to Nearchus one of the King 's familiar Friends and desir'd him that with all speed he would acquaint the King with the whole Business Alexander was much concern'd when Nearchus told him what the Caldeans had prognosticated and more and more considering and pondering in his Thoughts the Skill and Reputation of the Man was in no small Consternation At length he sent away many of his Friends to the City but he himself turn'd aside another way and pass'd by Babylon and encamping Two hundred Furlongs distant from the place he there rested At this all were in admiration whereupon many Philosophers came to him Ant. Ch. 323 as well those that were Followers of Anaxagoras as other Grecians When they came to understand the cause of his Fear they earnestly oppos'd what was said with many Philosophical Arguments by which he was so convinc'd and chang'd that he contemn'd all sorts of Divination whatsoever and especially that of the Caldeans that was every where so famous Therefore now as if his Spirit before wounded had been cur'd by the Arguments of Philosophers he entred Babylon with his Army where as before the Soldiers were kindly entertain'd by the Citizens and the Plenty of Provision was such that all Enters Babylon gave up themselves to Ease and Voluptuousness And these were the things acted this Year CHAP. XII Ambassadors come to Alexander from all Parts He buries Hephestion with great State The Prodigies before Alexander's Death His Death Darius's Mother starves her self AGesias was now Chief Magistrate of Athens and Caius Poetelius and Lucius Papirius Olymp. 114. 1. Ant. Ch. 322. An. M. 3625. Ambassadors comâ— to Alexander from all parts Thâ— African â—â—â—ar at far as Cadiâ— Consuls at Rome when the Hundred and fourteenth Olympiad was celebrated in which Micinas of Rhodes was Victor At this time Ambassadors came to Alexander almost from all Parts of the World some to congratulate his Victories others to tender him Crowns others to make Leagues and Alliances with him and many brought him very Rich and Noble Presents And some there were that came to clear themselves from false Accusations For besides those sent from the Cities States and Princes of Asia many Ambassadors addrest themselves to the King from Europe and Africa Out of Africa the Carthaginians and the Phoenicians of Lybia and all bordering upon the Sea
Death was anointing himself and his Royal Robes and Crown that while laid upon the Throne the Fetters of one of the Natural Inhabitants that was then in Chains fell off and unloos'd of their own accord and the Person not being discern'd by any of the Watch pass'd through the Court-Gates without any Opposition and made streight to the Throne and put on the Royal Robes and Crown upon his Head and sate upon the Throne without any disturbance Which Fact being nois'd abroad the King was amaz'd at the strangeness of the Thing and went to the place and without any Rebuke calmly ask'd the Man Who he was and who advis'd him to do so Who plainly and simply answer'd He knew nothing at all This strange Accident was referr'd to the Consideration of the Augurs by whose Advice the poor Wretch was put to death that the Evil portended if any were might fall upon his own Head The King having now got his Robes again sacrific'd to the Gods his Protectors But however he continu'd much disturb'd and perplex'd in his Mind and then began to reflect upon what the Caldeans had foretold and fretted against those Philosophers that persuaded him to enter into Babylon but admir'd the Art and profound Wisdom of the Ant. Ch. 322. Caldeans To conclude he curst those who by subtil Arguments had disputed against the Necessity of Fate Not long after God shew'd another Prodigy concerning the Change of the Kingdom The King had a desire to see the * This he had newly made Haven at Babylon and being come there they went on board with some of his Nobles that attended him and while they were sailing the King's Ship was separated from the rest and tossed to and fro for several Days together so as that he wholly despair'd of his Life and being at length carry'd through a narrow Creek where Bushes and Trees grew thick upon both sides his Turbant or Diadem by one of the Boughs was pluck'd off from his Head and hurl'd into the Water which one of the Mariners spying swam to it and for the better securing of it clapt it upon his own Head and swam back to the Ship After he had wander'd up and down three Days and three Nights he return'd at length safe with his Diadem to his Friends and again consulted the Soothsayers concerning this Prodigy who advis'd him immediately with all diligence to offer splendid Sacrifices to the Gods But at the time of these Sacrifices he was invited by one Medius a Thessalian one of his Friends to a Banquet where when he was in his Cups and even drunk with Wine he quaft off the Great Bowl call'd Hercules his Cup Whereupon as if he had been struck with a Thunder-bolt he fetch'd a deep Sigh and was then presently led out by his Ant. Ch. 322. Nobles and so left the place Those who had him in their Charge forthwith laid him upon his Bed and there diligently attended him His Distemper increasing his Physicians were call'd in but they were not able to administer any thing for his Relief At length his Sickness was so violent and his Pains so great that he himself despair'd of Life and in that Condition drew off his Ring from his Finger and deliver'd it to Perdiccas His Commanders then ask'd him To whom Sir do you leave the Kingdom He answer'd To the most Deserving And when he utter'd his last Words he told them That the Chiefest of his Friends and Commanders would solemnize his Funeral when he was gone with Blood and Contention And thus died Alexander when he had reign'd Twelve Years and Seven Months having perform'd such Mighty Acts as no King ever did before him Alexander's Death nor any since to this day But because some Writers differ as to the Cause and Manner of his Death affirming that he was poison'd by a deadly Potion given him it 's necessary to relate what they have reported concerning this matter They say that Antipater whom Alexander had made his Viceroy in Europe fell out with Olympias the King's Mother of which at first no great matter was made because the King would not hear any of the Accusations against him But afterwards the Quarrels and Heart-burnings growing higher and higher the King out of his Piety and Awe to the Gods conceiv'd it his Duty to gratifie his Mother whereupon he gave many apparent Signs and Tokens of the Alienation of his Affections from Antipater And as further Fuel to the Flame the putting to death Parmenio and Philotas Ant. Ch. 322. did not a little terrifie and afright the Nobility And therefore it 's said he order'd his Son who was Alexander's Cupbearer to put Poison into his Wine But because he was a Man of great Power in Europe after the Death of Alexander and that Cassander his Son succeeded him in the Kingdom many Historians durst not say any thing in their Writings of Poison However it 's very apparent that Cassander was a great Enemy to the Concerns of Alexander For he suffer'd the Body of Olympias after she was murder'd to lie with Disdain unbury'd and he made it his great Business to re-edifie Thebes which Alexander had raz'd to the Ground When the King was dead Sisigambris the Mother of Darius with abundance of Tears bewail'd the Death of Alexander and her own desolate Condition upon that account insomuch as to the last Minute she would neither eat nor see the Light and so the Fifth Day after died of Hunger in extream Sorrow but with as much Glory and Reputation Having now brought down our History to the Death of Alexander as we design'd in the Beginning of this we shall proceed to give an Account of the Acts of his Successors in the following Books BOOK XVIII PYthagoras the Samian and some others of the ancient Natural Philosophers PREFACE held that the Souls of Men were immortal and that to foretell future Events at the very point of Death when the Soul is even parting with the Body is the Effect and Consequent of this Truth To which Homer witnesses when he brings in Hector when he was even breathing his last telling Achilles that he should die within a very short time afterwards The same is attested of many others of later Times and confirm'd especially by the Death of Alexander the Macedonian who dying at Babylon and being ask'd by his Commanders and those about him at the time he was giving up his last Breath Who should succeed him he answer'd The most Worthy * Or The Best For I foresee says he that great and grievous Quarrels amongst my Friends will be the Sacrifices to me after my Funeral Which hapend accordingly for the Chiefest of his Commanders fell together by the Ears about the Principality and great Wars after the Death of Alexander broke forth amongst them Whose Actions are contain'd in this Book which will clearly evidence to the studious Reader the Truth of what is now said The former comprehended all
design'd likewise to build a Temple in Ilium inferior to none for Splendor and Magnificence Lastly To adorn his Father Philip's Sepulchre he design'd to erect a Monument equal to the biggest Pyramid in Aegypt seven of which were by some accounted the most stately and greatest Works in the World These things being laid before them the Macedonians though they highly commended and approved of Alexander's designs yet because they seem'd things beyond all measure impracticable they decreed all to be laid aside Then Perdiccas caus'd those Soldiers that were Turbulent and exceeding Inveterate against him to the number of Thirty to be put to Death Afterwards out of a private Grudge he executed Meleager who betray'd Meleager executed his Embassy and carry'd on the Mutiny as one that sought to undermine him About this time the Grecians in the upper Provinces revolted and got together a great The Grecians revolt Army Against whom he sent Pithon one of the chiefest Commanders But we conceive it much conducing to the better Understanding of the History of things that were afterwards done if in the first Place we declare the Cause of the Revolt and the Situation of Asia and the Nature and Extent of the Provinces For by this means laying before the Eyes of the Readers a Map of the Countries and the Distances of Places one from another the Relation will be more Plain and Easie From Taurus therefore in Cilicia to Caucasus and the Eastern Ocean a ridge of Mountains A Description of Asia stretch forth in a straight and continued Line throughout all Asia As distinguished by several Peaks and Risings of the Hills from them Mount Taurus has gain'd particular Names By this means Asia being divided into two parts one rises towards the North Ant. Ch. 321. the other descends towards the South and according to these several Climates the Rivers run contrary ways some take their Course into the Caspian Sea others into the Euxine and some into the Northern Ocean These Rivers lying thus opposite one to another part empty themselves into the Indian Sea and another Part into the Ocean adjoyning to this Continent some likewise fall into the Red Sea In this manner likewise are the Provinces divided For some lye towards the North and others bend to the South The first towards the North borders upon the River Tanais that is to say Sogdiana with Bactria Caspian Sea and next to them Area and Parthea This Province surrounds the * Or rather adjoins to the Hyrcanian Sea Hyrcanian Sea ** Not running into other Seas which lies within its Limits and Bounds The next is Media call'd by many Names from the Places included in it and is the greatest of all the Provinces Then follows Armenia Lycaonia and Cappadocia all of a very sharp and cold Air. Bordering upon these in a direct Line are Phrygia both the Greater and that lying to the Hellespont In an oblique Line lie Lydia and Caria Pisidia stretches sorth it self in length and in a Parrallel Line equal with Phrygia on the right Hand and to the side of Pisidia lies Lycia The Greek Cities are situated upon the Sea Coasts of these Provinces whose Names it is Ant. Ch. 321. not necessary for our purpose here to recite Thus situated as we have related are the Northern Provinces As to the Southern the first is India under Mount Caucosus a very large and * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 populous Kingdom for it 's inhabited by many Indian Nations the greatest of which is that of the Gandarides against whom Alexander made no attempt by reason of the Multitude of their Elephants This Territory is divided from the further India by the greatest River in those parts being * About four Miles thirty Furlongs broad The rest of India conquer'd by Alexander a rich and fruitful Country and watered with many Rivers borders upon this of the Gandarides Within this Part besides many other Kingdoms were the Dominions of Porus and Taxilis The River Indus from which the Country takes its Name runs through it Separated from the Province of India next to it was Arachosia Gedrosia and Carmania and with these was join'd Persia wherein are situated the Provinces of Susiana and Sittacina Next follows the Province of Babylon extending it self as far as to Arabia the Desart On the other side where begins the * At the Foot of Mount Taurus Southward Descent you have †Mesopotamia signifies in the Greek Tongue a Place between two Rivers Mesopotamia lying between two Rivers Euphrates and Tigris from whence it had its Name The higher Syria and the Countries upon the * The Mediterranean Sea Sea Coasts adjoyning to it as Cilicia Pamphilia ** Or Caelo Syria Ant. Ch. 321. Syria Cava within which is Phaenicia lie close to the Province of Babylon Upon the Borders of Syria Cava and the Desart next adjoining to it through which runs the River Nile and so divides between Syria and Aegypt appears Aegypt it self the Best and Richest of all the Provinces All these Countries are scorching hot for the Southern Climate is contrary in its nature to the Northern These Provinces conquer'd by Alexander which we have thus describ'd were divided amongst the Chiefest of his Commanders But the Grecians that inhabited the Upper Provinces who through fear while Alexander was alive endur'd their being cast forth into the utmost Corner of the Kingdom Grecians revolt now when he was dead being touch'd with a Desire to return into their own Country Revolted and to that end unanimously chose Philo an Enean born to be their Captain and had got together a considerable Army of above Twenty thousand Foot and Three thousand Horse all old expert Soldiers and Brave and Valiant Men. Intelligence being brought of this Revolt Perdiccas chose by lot out of the Macedonian Squadrons Three thousand Foot and Eight hundred Horse Pitho one of the Squires of the Body to Alexander a Man of a high Spirit and a skiiful Commander was chose General by the Army and to him Perdiccas deliver'd the Soldiers chosen as is before declar'd and Letters likewise to the Lord-Lieutenants whereby they were order'd to furnish him with Ten thousand Foot and Eight thousand Horse against the Rebels Pitho being a Man of am ambitious Spirit was very ready to undertake this Expedition For he purpos'd to gain by all fair means possible these revolting Greeks and by joining their Forces to his own to set up for himself and reduce all those upper Provinces under his Ant. Ch. 321. own Subjection But Perdiccas smelling out his Design gave him express Order That having overcome those Rebels he should put them all to the Sword and divide the Spoil amongst the Soldiers Pithon therefore march'd away with these Men thus deliver'd and when he had receiv'd those that were to join him from the Lord Lieutenants he made towards the Rebels with the whole Army And having by a
certain Enean corrupted Lipodorus who commanded a Brigade of Three thousand Men among the Rebels he routed them all For in the height of the Engagement when the Victory was doubtful the Traytor withdrew from the rest of his fellow Soldiers and with his Three thousand Men march'd up to the top of a rising Ground whereupon the rest thinking that he had fled broke all their Ranks and took to their Heels Pithon being thus Victor sent a Trumpet to the Rebels ordering them to lay down their Arms and upon Capitulation licensed them to repair every Man to his own home It was no small joy to Pithon to see things brought to such a pass as suited directly to his designs for he had now all confirm'd by Oath and the Grecians intermixt among the Macedonians But the Macedonians remembring the Orders Perdiccas had given making nothing of their Oaths broke Faith with the Grecians For on a sudden they fell unexpectedly upon them and put every Man of The Revolters all cut off them to the Sword and seiz'd upon all they had And so Pithon being defeated in his design return'd with the Macedonians to Perdiccas And this was the state of Affairs in Asia at that time In the mean time in Europe the Rhodians cast out the Garison of the Macedonians and freed their City And the Athenians began a War against Antipater which was call'd the The Lamian War Ant. Ch. 321. Lamian War It 's in the first place necessary to declare the Causes of this War that the Progress of it may be the better understood Alexander a little before his Death had order'd all the Exiles and Out-law'd Persons of the Greek Cities to be recall'd as well to advance his own Honour and Esteem as to gain the Hearts of many in every City by his Clemency who might stand up for his Interest against the Innovations and Defections of the Grecians At the approach therefore of the time of Celebrating the Olympiads he sent away Nicanor a Native of the City Stagira with a Letter concerning the Restitution of the Bandities of Greece and commanded it to be proclaim'd by the Common Cryer who declar'd him that was Victor who executed the Command and read the Letter in these Words King Alexander to the Banditties of the Grecian Cities WE were not the Cause of your Banishment but will be of the Return of you all Alexander's Epistle into your own Country excepting such as are Banish'd for outrageous Crimes of which things we have written to Antipater requiring him to proceed by Force against all such as shall oppose your Restitution When these Orders were proclaim'd the People set up a great Shout testifying their approbation For those of them that were present at the Solemnity readily laid hold on the King's Mercy and return'd their Thanks with Expressions of their Joy and applauses of his Grace and Favour For all the Banish'd Men were then got together at the Olympiads above the Number of Twenty thousand Many there were who approv'd Ant. Ch. 321. of their Restitution as a prudent Act but the Aeolians and Athenians were much offended at it for the Aeolians expected that the Oenians who were banish'd out from among them should have undergone due punishment for their Crimes For the King had made a great Noise with his Threats that he would not only punish the Children of the Oenians but that he himself would execute Justice upon the Authors themselves Whereupon the Athenians would not yield by any means to part with Samos which they had divided by lot But because they were not at present able to cope with Alexander they judg'd it more adviseable to sit still and watch till they found a convenient Opportunity which Fortune presently offer'd them For Alexander dying in a short time afterwards and leaving no Children to succeed him they grew confident that they should be able not only to regain their Liberty but likewise the Sovereignty of all Greece The vast Treasure left by Harpalus of which we have particularly spoken in the preceding Book and the Soldiers that were disbanded by the Lord-Lieutenants of Asia were great Supports and Encouragements for the carrying on of this War for there were Eight thousand of them then about Tenarus in Peloponensus They sent therefore privately to Leosthenes Ant. Ch. 321. the Athenian wishing him that without taking notice of any Order by them of his own accord so to dispose of matters as to have those Soldiers in readiness when occasion serv'd Antipater likewise so contemn'd Leosthenes that he was Careless and Negligent in preparing for the War and so gave time to the Athenians to provide all things necessary for that Affair Hereupon Leosthenes very privately Listed these Soldiers and beyond all expectation had ready a brave Army For having been a long time in the Wars in Asia and often engag'd in many great Battles they were become very expert Soldiers These things were contriv'd when the Death of Alexander was not generally known But when a Messenger came from Babylon who was an Eye witness of his Death the People of Athens declar'd open War and sent part of the Money left by Harpalus with a great number of Arms to Leosthenes charging him no longer to conceal or palliate the Matrer but to do what was most conducible to the Service of the Common-wealth Whereupon having distributed the Money among the Soldiers as he was commanded and arm'd those that wanted he went into Aetolia in order to carry on the War with the joint Assistance of both Nations The Aetolians join'd very readily and deliver'd to him for the service Seven thousand Soldiers Then he stirr'd up his Messengers the Locrians and Phocians and other neighbouring Nations to stand up for their Liberties and to free Greece from the Macedonian Yoke But in the mean time the Wealthy Men among the Athenians Ant. Ch. 321. dissuaded them from the War but the Rabble were for carrying it on with all the Vigour imaginable Whence it came to pass that they who were for War and had nothing to live upon but their Pay were far the greater Number To which sort of Men Philip was us'd to say War was as Peace and Peace as War Forthwith therefore the Orators who were in a Body together and clos'd with the Humours of the People wrote down the Decree That the Athenians should take upon them the Care and Defence of the Common Liberty of Greece and should free all the Greek Cities from their several Garisons and that they should rig out a Fleet of Forty Gallies of Three Tire of Oars and Two hundred of Four Tire of Oars and that all Athenians under Forty years of Age should take up Arms That Three of the Tribes should keep Watch and Ward in Athens and the other Seven should be always ready to march abroad Moreover Ambassadors were sent to all the Cities of Greece to inform them That the People of Athens in the first
of Honesty and Integrity Ambassador to Antipater to desire him to draw out the Garison from Munichia as it was at first Articl'd and Agreed Antipater at the first was very kind to Demades but after the Death of Perdiccas when some Letters of Demades amongst others were found amongst the King's Papers wherein he press'd Perdiccas to hasten with all speed into Europe against Antipater though he suppress'd his Resentment for a time yet in Ant. Ch. 319. truth he bore him a Grudge Therefore when Demades had deliver'd his Message as he was Commanded and had something sharply debated the Matter concerning the Garison Antipater without giving any Answer committed his Son Demeas who was joint Ambassador with his Father to the * Our Sheriffs Executioners who presently carry'd him away to the Prison and for the Reasons before-mention'd †Antipater put one of the Athenian Ambassadors to Death cut off his Head Afterwards Antipater when he was very near his End appointed Polysperchon the Eldest almost of all Alexander's Captains and one in great Honour and Reputation with the Macedonians to be Protector of the Kings with chief and absolute Authority And his Son Cassander he created * 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 Polysperchon maâ—◠〈◊〉 Comm 〈…〉 Chiliarch next in Power and Authority to Polysperchon This Office was first made a Place of Honour and Credit by the Persian Kings and afterwards by Alexander when he grew great and began to imitate this and other the Customs of the Persians But Cassander relish'd not his Father's ordering of Matters and judg'd it very dishonourable to his Family to have one that was nothing related either in Blood or Affinity to succeed in the Sovereign Command when there was a Son who in Macedonia gave apparent and pregnant Evidences both of Valour and Parts sufficient to Govern the Affairs of the State in the room of his Father In the first place therefore he took a Journey into the Country with some of his Friends Cassander c 〈…〉 to gain the Sâ—verign Command in Macedonia where having both leisure and opportunity he discours'd with them about the Chief Command and dealt with every one of them privately apart by themselves to contrive Ways and Means for him to gain the Principality and by large Promises prevail'd with them to join together in their Assistance for the accomplishment of what he desir'd He likewise privately sent Ambassadors to Ptolemy to renew the League and pray his Assistance and that he would to that purpose help him with Shipping out of Phaenicia and Ant. Ch. 319. send them with all speed to the Hellespont In like manner he sent Ambassadors to the rest of the Cities and Captains to sollicit them to join with them in Arms. But the better to conceal his Design and that he might not be suspected he spent his time for many days together in Hunting But Polyspherchon having gain'd the Guardianship of the Kings call'd together a General Council of his Friends and by their advice sent for Olympias wishing that she would take into her Care Alexander's * Alexander one of the King Son who was then but a Child and reside for the future as Queen Regent in Macedonia For by reason of the Quarrels and Heart-burnings between her and Antipater she had withdrawn herself into Epirus When the Death of Antipater was nois'd abroad in Asia Stirs and Commotions began to change the face of Affairs there while they that were in Power and Authority made it their Business and sought every one how to advance his own particular Interest The Antigonus piets to be Sovereign P. 654. chief of whom was Antigonus who upon the account of his having conquer'd Eumenes in Cappadocia and was join'd with his Forces and Alcetas and Attalus in Pisidia and besides was appointed by Antipater Viceroy of Asia and had the Command of a great Army bore himself very high and swell'd with Pride in the Imagination of his own Greatness Ant. Ch. 319. And being now possess'd already in his own Conceit of the Sovereignty he resolv'd neither to regard the Kings nor their Guardians For in regard he had a greater Army he was confident he could possess himself of all the Treasures laid up in Asia being there was none able to oppose him He had then in his Army Threescore thousand Foot and Ten thousand Horse and Thirty Elephants And besides these he doubted not but to raise more whenever he had occasion for that there was Money enough in Asia for the listing of Soldiers abroad in any place where he pleas'd Pondering these things in his Head he sent for Hieronymus the Historian Eumenes the Cardian's special Friend and Fellow-Citizen he who fled to Nora and having brought him to him by many rich Gifts and Presents he sent him as an Agent to Eumenes with Instructions to desire him to forget the Battel in Cappadocia and to be his Friend and Confederate in the War and that he should have a far larger Province and much more Wealth than ever he enjoy'd before And to let him know That he should be Chiefest of his Friends and share with him in the Advantages and Successes of all his Designs Then without any further delay he call'd his Friends together and imparted to them his whole Design and to those who were of greatest account among them to some he allotted Provinces to others Commands in the Army and by raising the Hopes and Expectations of every one of them he made them all very forward to assist him in carrying on his Intrigues For he determin'd to pass through all Asia and to remove all the Governours Ant. Ch. 319. of the Provinces and bestow them upon his Friends While he was in execution of these Projects Arrideus the Governour of Phrygia 〈◊〉 the Hellespont understanding what he was contriving resolv'd to secure his own Province Arrideus secures himself in Phrygia against Antigonus and to that end put sufficient Garisons into the principal Cities and march'd against Cyzicum being the greatest and most important City of all others for his purpose He had with him above Ten thousand Foot of Mercenaries a Thousand Macedonians Five hundred Persian Darters and Slingers and Eight hundred Horse together with all sorts of Engines for Battery both for shooting of Darts and casting of Stones and all other things necessary for the carrying on of a Siege He came upon the City on a sudden and having surpriz'd most of the People when they were abroad in the open fields he prest on the Siege and endeavour'd to force the Inhabitants who were in a very great fright to Cyzicum be 〈…〉 by Arrideus receive a Garison The Cyzians though they were thus surpriz'd and that many were shut out that were in the Fields and those that remain'd were altogether unable to defend the Place looking upon it as their Duty to assert their Liberty cowardly sent forth Ambassadors to treat concerning the raising of
follow after him both because his Army was in want of Provision and in other ill Circumstances as likewise for that he had a great desire to inter his Dead in the most solemn manner he possibly could Upon which occasion here sell out a strange Accident at this time very unusual and dissonant from the Laws of the Grecians For there was one Ceteus who commanded them The Story of Ceteus his two Wives that came out of India and fought with great Resolution but di'd in this Battel He left two Wives behind him who follow'd him all along during the Campagne One he had but lately marry'd the other had been his Wife for some years before and both lov'd their Husband exceedingly It had been an ancient Custom in India for Men and Women to marry themselves with their own mutual Liking without consulting the Advice of their Parents And in regard that in those former times young People would rashly marry one another and often repent afterwards as being deceiv'd in their Choice many Wives were corrupted and through their inordinate Lusts fell in Love with other Men and because they could not with their Credit and Reputation leave them they first chose they would often poison their Husbands to the more ready effecting of which the Country did not a little contribute by bearing many and divers sorts of Poisonous Plants some of which never so little bruis'd either in Meat or Drink do certainly kill the Party This wicked Art growing still more and more to Perfection and many being destroy'd by this Means and though several were punish'd for these Pieces of Villany yet other would not be reclaim'd nor restrain'd from the like Practices another Law therefore was made That Wives should be burnt together with their dead Husbands except they were with Child or had born Children and that she who would not observe the Common Law of the Land should remain a Widow and as one convicted of that Impiety should be excluded from all sacred Rites and all other Benefit and Privilege of the Laws This being thus establish'd hence-forward this Wickedness of the Wives was chang'd into a contrary P. 689. Ant. Ch. 314. Practice For being that every Wife to avoid that insufferable Disgrace was voluntarily to Die they became not only careful to preserve the Health and provide for the Well-being of their Husbands as that which was likewise their own Preservation but the Wives strove one with another as who should gain the highest pitch of Honour and Reputation An Example of which sell out at this time For although by the Law one only was to be burnt with the Husband yet at the Funeral of Cetius both strove which should die as for some Honourable Reward of their Virtue Whereupon the Matter was brought before the Generals for their Decision The Younger declar'd That the other was with Child and therefore her Death could not satisfy the Law The Elder pleaded That it was a greater Piece of Justice that she who was before the other in Years should be preferr'd before her in Honour For in all other Cases the constant Rule is to yield more Honour and Respect to the Elder than to the Younger The Captains being inform'd by the Midwives that the Elder was with Child preferr'd the Younger before the other Upon which she lost her Cause went out weeping and wailing renting her Vail in pieces and tearing her Hair as if some sad and dreadful News had been told her The other rejoicing in the Victory made forthwith to the Funeral Pile crown'd by the Women of her House with Attires call'd * Attires Women us'd to wear with Labels hanging down Mitres and by her Kindred brought forth most richly adorn'd as to some Nuptial Festival setting forth her Praises all along as they went in Songs fitted for that occasion As soon as she came to the Pile she threw off her Attire and distributed them amongst Ant. Ch 14. her Servants and Friends leaving these behind her as tokens of Remembrances for them that loved her Her Attire was multitudes of Rings upon her Fingers set with all manner of precious Stones of divers Colours Upon her Head were a great number of little Golden Stars between which were plac'd sparkling Stones of all sorts About her Neck she wore abundance of Jewels some small others large increasing by degrees in bigness as they were put on one after another At length she took leave of all her Family and Servants and then her Brother plac'd her upon the Pile and to the great Admiration of the People who flock'd thither to see the Sight with an Heroick Courage she there ended her Life The whole Army solemnly in their Arms march'd thrice round the Pile before it was kindled She in the mean time disposing of her self towards her Husband's Body discover'd not by any Screeks or otherwise that she was at all daunted at the Noise of the Crackling Flames so that the Spectators were affected some with Pity and others with Admiration and extraordinary Commendation of her Resolution However there are some who condemn this Law as Cruel and Inhumane After the Funeral was over Eumenes march'd from Patetacine to Gabiene which being Eumenes marches to Gabiene Ant. Ch. 314. yet untouch'd was in a condition to supply the Army with all Things necessary which was distant from Antigonus his Army going through the Countries inhabited Five and twenty Days Journey but passing through the Desarts where there 's no Water 't is but Nine Days Journey Being thus far distant one from another he there winter'd and so gave his Army time to refresh themselves As for the Affairs of Europe Cassander while he lay at the Siege of Tegea hearing of Cassander marches into Macedonia the return of Olympias into Macedonia and of the Death of Eurydice and King Philip and what was done to the Sepulchre of Jollas his Brother agreed with the Taegeans and march'd with his Army into Macedonia leaving his Consederates in great Trouble and Perplexity For Alexander the Son of Polysperchon was then entred Peloponnesus and ready P. 690. to set upon the Cities with a great Army And the Aetolians to ingratiate themselves with Olympias and Polsyperchon seiz'd upon the straight Passes at Pylas and block'd up the Passage to stop Cassander in his march But he perceiving that it was very difficult for him to force his way through those narrow Streights by the help of some Ships and several Boats out of Eubea and Locris pass'd over into Thessaly And hearing that Polysperchon lay with his Army in Perrhabea he order'd away Callas his General with some Forces to fight him In the mean time Dinias being sent away to secure the * Strights of Perrhabea Streights possess'd himself of those Passes before the Forces of Olympias could reach them As soon as Olympias heard that Cassander was entring Macedonia with a great Army she created Aristonous General and commanded him to
Trumpets sounded a Charge and the whole Army set up a shout for the Onset The Elephants in the first place fought one with another then the Horse Charg'd on both sides The Field was very Large Sandy and Waste so that so much Dust was rais'd by the Trampling of the Horses as that a Man could not see what was done though but at a small distance from him Which Antigonus observing sent forthwith away some Median Horse and a Body of Tarentines to set upon the Baggage of the Enemy For he hop'd by reason of the Dust that was rais'd as the thing in truth prov'd that they would not be discern'd and that if he got possession of the Carriages he should easily bring the whole Army into his power Hereupon those that were sent forth secretly slipping by the Enemies Wing set upon the Pages * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Drudges Scullion Boys and others that were with the Baggage and about five Furlongs distant from the Place of Battel There they found a Multitude of Useless and Unserviceable Rabble and a very small Guard in the Place so that they were presently put to flight and the rest all fell into Eumenes his Carriages taken the Enemies hands In the mean time Antigonus charging the Enemy with a strong Body of Horse so terrify'd Peucestes Governor of Persia that he with his Horse got out of the Dust and drew Fifteen hundred more after him But Eumenes though he was left Ant. Ch. 314. but with a very few in the out Skirts of the Wing where he was yet counted it base to flag or fly judging it more honourable to be Faithful to his word in the Quarrel of the Kings and to die in an honest and just Cause with Resolution made a fierce Charge upon Antigonus so that now there was a sharp Dispute between the Horse where the Eumeneans excell'd the other in Heat and Resolution but the Antigontans them in Num. and Multitude and many fell on both sides At which time the Elephants fighting one with another the Leader on Eumenes his side engaging with one of the Stoutest of the other was there slain Hereupon Eumenes perceiving his Horse to be worsted on P. 694. every hand withdrew with the rest of the Horse out of the Fight and pass'd over to the other Wing and join'd himself to those with Philip whom he had order'd to make a leisurely Retreat And thus ended the Engagement between the Horse But as to the Foot the Argyraspides or Silver Shields in a full Body flew with that Violence upon the Enemy that some they kill'd upon the spot and they rest they put to flight For they were not to be withstood who though they engag'd with the Enemy's Ant. Ch. 314 main Battel yet they signaliz'd both their Valour and Dexterity to that degree that they kill'd above Five thousand without the loss of one Man and put the whole Nota. Foot to flight though they were far more in number than themselves When Eumenes understood that all the Carriages were taken and that Peucestes was not far off with the Horse he endeavour'd to get all to rally in a Body together again and to try their Fortune in a second Engagement with Antigonus For he concluded if he prevail'd he should not only recover his own Carriages but likewise possess himself of the Enemy's But Peucestes would not hear of fighting any more but got further off so that Eumenes was forc'd to yield the Day Then Antigonus dividing his Horse into two Bodies he himself with one sought how to intrap Eumenes observing which way he made the other he delivered to Pitho with Orders to fall upon the Argyraspides who then were forsaken by their Horse who forthwith setting upon them as he was commanded the Macedonians drew up in form of a Square and got safe to the River exclaiming against Peucestes as the Cause of the routing of the Horse When Eumenes came up to them in the Evening they consulted together what was then fittest to be done The Governors of the Provinces were for returning with all speed into the Higher Provinces but Eumenes was for staying where they were and fighting and in regard the Enemies main Battel was broken and cut off and that they were then equal in Horse on both sides But the Macedonians seeing that they had lost their Carriages Wives and Children and whatever was dear to them declar'd they would neither do the one or the other And so at that time without agreeing in any thing they parted But afterwards the Macedonians secretly corresponding with Antigonus Eumenes baseâ—ly deliver'd up by his own Men. seiz'd upon Eumenes and deliver'd him up into his Hands And having receiv'd their Carriages and Faith taken for security they all march'd away together Whose Example the Governors of the Provinces and most of the other Captains and Soldiers follow'd forsaking their General chiefly consulting their own Safety and Preservation Antigonus having thus strangely and unexpectedly possess'd himself both of Eumenes and his whole Army seiz'd upon Antigenes Captain of the Argyraspides and put him alive into a Coffin and burnt him to Ashes He put to death likewise Eudamus who brought the Elephants out of India and Celbanus and some others Who upon all occasions appear'd against him But for Eumenes he put him in Prison and took time to consider how to dispose of him For he had in truth an earnest desire to have gain'd so good a General to his own Interest and to have oblig'd him upon that account but because of the great Kindness and strict Correspondency which pass'd between him and Olympias and the Kings he Ant. Ch. 314. durst not absolutely rely upon him for but a while before though he had deliver'd him out of the straits he was in at Nora in Phrygia yet he presently upon it fell in and sided with the Kings and therefore upon the pressing Importunity of the Macedonians he put him to Death But in respect of his former Familiarity with him he caus'd his Body to be burnt and his Bones to be put into an Urn and deliver'd to his nearest Friends Amongst those that were Wounded and Prisoners was Hieronymus of Cardia Historiographer P. 695. who having been ever in great Esteem with Eumenes during his Life after his Death found great Favour also with Antigonus Antigonus returning into Media with his whole Army spent the rest of the Winter in a Town not far from Ecbatane where stood the Palace-Royal of that Province He distributed The dreadful Earthquake in the Kingdom of Rhages Strabo Jays Two thousand Towns and Cities his Army here and there all over that Province and especially in the Country of Rhages so call'd from the Calamities it had miserably suffer'd in former times For being heretofore full of Rich and populous Cities there hapned such terrible Earthquakes in those Parts that both Cities and Inhabitants were swallow'd up altogether not
City Bedys in Bisaltia and there besieg'd him took him and disarm'd him and then upon mutual Pledges of Faith given and taken discharg'd him Being encourag'd upon this account and knowing nothing but that Eumenes was still living and concluding he should be sure of Aid and Relief from Alexander and Polysperchon he refus'd to surrender Amphipolis But as soon as he receiv'd Letters from Olympias whereby she commanded him upon the Faith of his former Engagement to restore the City he observ'd her Commands and Amphipolis surender'd to Cassander deliver'd it up upon assurance of his own Preservation But Cassander perceiving that he was a Man of great Interest by reason of the Honours conferr'd upon him by Alexander and minding to take all such out of the way as might be in a Capacity to make any Disturbance by the help of Crateuas his Kindred he put him also to Death Then he incited the Relations of such as were put to Death by Olympias to prosecute her in the General Assembly of the Macedonians who thereupon very readily comply'd with what they were put on to do and though she her self was not then present nor had any Person there to plead her Cause yet the Macedonians condemn'd her to Die Cassander thereupon sent some of his Friends to Olympias and advis'd her to get out of the way and promis'd to procure for her a Ship and cause her to be convey'd safe to Athens And this he did not as any ways minding her Preservation but as one conscious of her own Guilt by her flight it might be judg'd a just Vengeance upon her if she perish'd and was cut off as she was in her Voyage For he was afraid as well of the Fickleness of the Macedonians as of the Dignity of her Person But Olympias refus'd to fly but said She was ready to defend her Cause before all the Macedonians Cassander therefore fearing lest the People calling to mind the worthy Acts and Kindnesses of Philip and Alexander towards the whole Nation should change their Minds and so take upon them to defend the Queen sent to her a Band of Two hundred Soldiers Ant. Ch. 314. well Arm'd and Accouter'd with Orders to dispatch her forthwith who rushing on a Cassander kills Olympias sudden into the Palace as soon as they saw her in Reverence to her Person drew back without executing what they were commanded But the Kindred of those she P. 699. had put to Death both to ingratiate themselves with Cassander and likewise to gratify their own Revenge for the Death of their Relations cut her Throat she not in the least crying out in any Womanish Terror or Fear to spare her In this manner died Olympias the greatest and most honourable Woman in the Age wherein she liv'd Daughter of Neoptolimus King of Epirus Sister of * Sister of Alexander that is Pyrrhus Alexander who made the Expedition into Italy Wife of Philip the greatest and most victorious Prince of all that ever were before in Europe and lastly the Mother of Alexander who never was exceeded by any for the many great and wonderful Things that were done by him Cassander now seeing all Things go on according to his Heart's Desire in his Hopes and Expectations was already possess'd of the Kingdom of Macedon He therefore now marries Thessalonices Daughter of Philip and Sister of Alexander by the same Father ambitious Marries Thessalonices to be related in Affinity and esteem'd as one of the Royal Family He built likewise Cassandria calling it after his own Name in †Builds Cassandria Pallene and Peopled it by Inhabitants Ant. Ch. 314. drawn out of the Cities of the * The Chersonesus of Pallene in Thrace Chersonesus and out of Potidea and many other neighbouring Cities and plac'd there likewise those Olynthians that were left of whom there were still a considerable Number To this City he laid a large and rich Territory and made it his earnest Care to advance the Glory and Splendour of this Place so that it grew up in a short time to that degree of Power as to excell all the Cities of Macedonia Cassander likewise minding to cut off all the Posterity of Alexander that there might be none of his Line left to succeed in the Kingdom purpos'd to kill the Son of Alexander and Roxana his Mother But for the present being willing first to observe what People's Discourses were concerning the cutting off of Olympias and having as yet no certain Account how Things went with Antigonus he committed Roxana and her Son close Prisoners to the Castle at Amphipolis under the Charge of Glaucias then by him made Imprisons Roxana and her Son Alexander Ant. Ch. 314. Governor and one of his Friends in whom he plac'd great Confidence He likewise took away from the young King those Children that were bred up with him as his Companions and order'd that he should be no longer attended as a King nor regarded otherwise than as a private Person And now Ruling the Kingdom in all Things as King he Royally and Sumptuously Interr'd at Aegis Eurydice and Philip the late King and Queen and Cinna whom Alcetas had put to Death gracing the Dead with the Solemnity of Funeral Sports and Plays Then he rais'd Soldiers out of Macedonia for the Expedition resolv'd upon into Peloponnesus While he was employ'd in these Affairs Polysperchon who was then besieg'd in Naxius in Perrebea when he heard of the Death of Olympias in despair of retrieving of his Affairs in Macedonia with a few in his Company broke out of the City and pass'd through Thessaly together with Aeacides and came into Aetolia where he judg'd he might safely abide and observe how Things went for that there was a good Understanding between him and this Nation But Cassander having now rais'd a considerable Army marches out of Macedonia with an Cassander's Expedition into Peloponnesus against Alexander the Son of Polysperchon Ant. Ch. 314. intent to drive Alexander the Son of Polysperchon out of Peloponnesus For he with his Army was the only Enemy left and had possess'd himself of many convenient Posts and Towns there Through Thessaly he march'd without any opposition but found the Pass at Pylas guarded by the Etolians whom having with much difficulty beaten off he came into Boeotia where getting all the Thebans together that were remaining from all Parts he set upon repeopling of Thebes conceiving now he had a fair opportunity put into his hands for the rebuilding of that City famous both for its renowned Actions and the ancient Stories concerning it And by so good a Work he concluded he should reap the Fruit of an Immortal Fame and Glory This City had felt very many Changes and Turns of Fortune and those to the utmost The History of Thebes Extremity being sometimes in danger of being raz'd to the Ground Of which to say something briefly will not be any foreign Digression After Deucolion's Flood
the Kings in Cyprus yet he hastned away Ptolemy sends Men into Cyprus many more to reduce those who had there sided against him Those sent were Ten thousand under the Command of Myrmidon an Athenian born and an Hundred sail of Ships Commanded by Polyclitus And the General over all he made his Brother Menelaus These coming into Cyprus join'd then with Seleucus and his Fleet and in a Council of War advis'd what course was fit to be taken The Result of which was that Polyclitus with Fifty sail should pass into Peloponnesus and there should make War upon Aristodemus Polysperchon and his Son Alexander That Myrmidon should go with an Army of Foreigners The Agreement of the Captains of Ptolemy and the rest at Cyprus P. 705. The Acts of Seleucus into Caria there to help Cassander against Ptolemy a Captain of Antigonus who pressed hard upon him and that Seleucus and Menelaus staying in Cyprus should bear up Nicocreon the King and the rest of their Confederates against their Enemies Having thus therefore divided their Forces Seleucus went and took Cyrinia and Lapithus and having drawn over Stasiecus King of the Malenses to his Party he forc'd the Prince of the Amathusians to give him Hostages for his Fealty for the time to come As for the City Citium seeing it would come to no Agreement with him he fell to besiege it with his whole Army About the same time came Forty Ships out of the Hellespont and Rhodes under the Command of one Themison their Admiral to Antigonus and after them came Dioscorides Ant. Ch. 313. A Fleet comes to antigonus from Hellespont and Rhodes with Fourscore more though Antigonus had already a Navy of his own new built in Phenicia to the Number of an Hundred and twenty Ships with those that he left at Tyre so that he had in the whole Two hundred and forty Men of War of which there were Ninety of four Tire of Oars Ten of Five Three of Nine Ten of Ten and Thirty open Gallies Antigonus dividing this Navy into Squadrons sent Fifty of them into Peloponnesus and the rest he committed to Dioscorides his own Brother's Son with this Charge That he should guard the Seas and help his Friends as their occasion requir'd and that he should gain unto his Party such of the Islands as hitherto stood out against him And in this Posture stood the Affairs of Antigonus And now having related the things done throughout all Asia we shall give a particular Account of the Affairs of Europe Apolenides being made Commander of the Argives by Cassander in the Night broke into Arcadia Things done in Peloponnesus and surpriz'd the * The City Stymphalus near the Stymphalian Lake City of the Stymphalions And while he was absent some of the Argives Enemies to Cassander corresponded with Alexander the Son of Polysperchon and promis'd to deliver up the †Argos City into his Hands But Alexander being too slow Apolonides comes to Argos before him and surpriz'd Five hundred of the Conspirators that were in a Senate in the * A public Place where the great Mâ—n us'd to Sacrifice or a Place where a Court was held belonging to the Senate The Acts of Cassander in Peloponnesus and elsewhere Prytaneum and kept them in and burnt them there alive most of the rest he banish'd and some few more he took and put to Death Cassander having intelligence that Aristodemus was arriv'd in Peloponnesus and that he had listed there great numbers of Soldiers in the first place sought to draw off Polysperchon from Antigonus but not being able to prevail he march'd with an Army through Thessaly and came into Boeotia where having assisted the Thebans in raising of their Walls he pass'd into Peloponnesus and first having taken Cencrea he Spoil'd and Harrass'd all the Territory of Corinth Then he took two Castles by Storm and upon future Faith and Allegiance dismiss'd all the Garison Soldiers that were plac'd there by Alexander Afterwards he besieg'd Orchomenon and being let into the Town by Alexander's Enemies he put a Garison into the City Those that sided with Alexander took Sanctuary in Diana's Temple whom he gave up to the Citizens to do with them as they thought fit whereupon the Orchomenians drew them all out of the Temple by Force and against the common Laws of Greece put them all to Death Cassander went thence into Messenia but finding the City strongly Garison'd by Polysperchon he thought not fit for the present to besiege it but march'd into Arcadia where he left Damides Governor of the * City Stamphalus Vid. p. 705. City and return'd to †Argia P. 706. Argolides and there celebrated the Nem'an Games and return'd into Macedonia When he was gone Alexander with Aristodemus lay before the Cities in Peloponnesus to expell the Garisons of Cassander and endeavour'd all he could to restore the Cities to their Liberties Which coming to the Ears of Cassander he sent to him Prepelaus to work upon him to desert Antigonus and enter into a League of Friendship and Amity with himself promising that if he would do so he would give him the Sovereign Command of all Peloponnesus and create him General of the Army and would advance him to high Places of Honour and Preferment Alexander seeing he was now like to attain that for which from the beginning he made War upon Cassander enters into a League with him and so is made General of all the Forces in Peloponnesus In the mean while Polyclitus Secleucus his Lieutenant sailing from Cyprus came to Cencrea where hearing of the Defection of Alexander and finding no Enemy there to The great Victory both by Sea and Land obtain'd by Polyclitus Seleucus his Lieutenant Encounter he chang'd his Course and set sail for Pamphylia and from thence arriving at Aphrodisiades in Cilicia he there understood that Theodotus Admiral of Antigonus his Navy pass'd by from Patara a Port in Lycia with the Rhodian Fleet furnish'd with Mariners out of Caria and that Perilaus with a Land-Army coasted along by the Shore for the defence of the Fleet if need should be In this case he out-witted them both for he Landed his Men in a Place out of view where the Land-Army must of necessity pass and himself with the Fleet went and lay behind a Foreland waiting for the coming of the Énemy there the Enemy's Foot fell into an Ambush and Perilaus himself being taken Prisoner and his Men all either kill'd or taken The Fleet at Sea seeing the Land-Army engag'd hasted to their Relief but then Polyclitus coming upon them in this Confusion with his Ships drawn up in a Line of Battel put them easily to flight so that Polyclitus took all their Ships and most part of the Men in them and amongst the rest Theodotus Ant. Ch. 313. himself their Admiral sorely martyr'd with Wounds of which he shortly after died Polyclitus having sped so well on all hands
the publick affairs When they arriv'd therefore in Laconia they found Acrotatus the Son of King Claomenes much hated by many of the young Noblemen at Ant. Ch. 312. Acrotatus invited to be General by Agrigentines home and therefore very desirous to be imploy'd abroad For when the Lacedemonians after the Fight with Antipater had acquitted those that escap'd in that Battel from all Censures of Disgrace he only oppos'd the Decree so that many were offended at him especially those that were liable to the penalty of the Laws And upon that account they had lain in wait for him and beaten him and were constantly seeking to intrap him Being therefore for this reason desirous of a foreign Command he very freely comply'd with the Agragentines and thereupon without the Order of the Ephori resolving upon the Voyage he set Sail with a few Ships for Agrigentum But being driven back by a Storm into Adria he arriv'd in the Territory of the Apolloniates where finding the City besieg'd by Glocias King of the Illyrians he perswaded the King to raise the siege and enter into a League of Friendship with the Apolloniates Then he sail'd to Tarentum and there Solicited the People to join P. 710. with him in procuring the Restoration of the Syracusians to their Ancient Liberties and so far prevail'd that they Decreed to assist them with Twenty Sail of Ships For on the account of his Kindred and the nobleness of his Family his words were of great Ant. Ch. 312. Weight and Credit While the Tarentines were making preparations he himself sail'd to Agrigentum and there took upon him the Command of the Army whereupon the People were in high expectations in so much as that all concluded that an end would be presently put to the Tyranny But in a short time it plainly appear'd that he did nothing worthy either the Nobility of his Birth or the reputation of his Country But on The misgoverment and cruelty of Acrotatus the Corinthian in Sicily the contrary became more cruel and bloody than the very Tyrants themselves and so fell into the Hatred of the People He degenerated likewise from the custom of his Country in his manner of living and so indulg'd himself in voluptuousness that he seem'd more like a Persian than a Spartan After he had lavish'd away the greatest part of the publick Revenues partly by his misgovernment and partly by robbing of the Treasury in the Conclusion he invited Sosistratus the most eminent person among the Exiles and one who had been a General of Armies to Supper and treacherously kill'd him having not anything in the least to lay to his charge but only that he might take out of the way a stout and valiant man and one that was able to discern and discover his Miscarriages Which wicked fact being presently nois'd abroad the Exiles in a Body came upon him and every body else forsoook him and in the first place they depos'd him and presently after attempted to stone him to death to avoid therefore the rage of the People he stole Ant. Ch. 312. away in the night and landed privatly in Laconia After his departure the Tarentines recall their Fleet they had before sent into Sicily Hereupon the Agrigentines Geloans and Messenians by the mediation of Amilcar the Carthaginian General make peace with Agathocles the Conditions of which were as follow that Heraclea Selinum and Himera part of the Greek Cities should belong unto the Carthaginians as they did before all the rest under the power of the Syracusians should be free to be govern'd after their own Laws But afterwards Agathocles when he saw the The Acts of Agathocles in Sicily coast clear and Sicily free and clear'd from all appearance of an Enemy he fell upon the Cities and without any difficulty brought them under his subjection and gaining many in a very short time strongly fixt himself in the Principality For in the multitude of his Confederates the greatness of his Yearly Revenues and the power of a mighty Army he grew very strong For besides his Confederates and those rais'd from among the Syracusians he had of mercenaries Ten thousand Foot and Three thousand and fifty Horse he furnish'd himself likewise with all sorts of Arms foreseeing that the Carthaginians who had smartly rebuk't Amilcar for making the Peace would in a short time make War upon him And such was the estate of Sicily at this time In Italy the Samnites having now been in Wars with the Romans for many Years last The affairs of Italy Ant. Ch. 312. past took Plistia wherein was a strong Roman Garrison and prevail'd with the Soranions to massacre all the Romans that were there and to confederate with the Samnites Afterwards while the Romans were besieging of Satricula they came upon them with a strong Army resolving to raise the siege upon which follow'd a sharp Engagment and after many kill'd on both sides the Romans carry'd the day and then presently after they took the Town and gain'd several other neighbouring Towns and Castles And now the War was brought over amongst the Cities of Apulia whereupon the Samnites Listed all that were of Age to bear Arms and march'd out and Incampt close to the Enemy being now resolv'd to win or lose all The People of Rome therefore to prevent the worst sent thither a great number of Souldiers And because they P. 711. were accustom'd in perilous times to choose one of the most Noble and Eminent Persons to be their General with full and absolute power and Authority they therefore pitch'd upon Quintus Fabius and Quintus Aulius Master of the Horse for that honourable imployment These Generals afterwards fought the Samnites at Lautulas where they sustain'd great loss of their men and the whole Army fled outright only Aulius being asham'd of the dishonour oppos'd the whole Body of the Enemy not out of any hopes or expectation of gaining the Victory but to have it manifest and apparent to all from his own valour that his Country was unconquerable Not sharing therefore with the rest of the Citizens in the Dishonour of the flight he dy'd there a glorious and honourable death The Romans now fearing lest they should lose all Apulia sent Colonies into * Luceria now Nocera Luceria the most famous City of all those parts and this prov'd of great advantage to them by the frequent Eruptions made upon the Samnites For by the help and advantage of this City they became Conquerors not only in this war but several times afterwards and even to our own present Age they have constantly made use of this City as a strong Fort and Citadel of War against all the neighbouring Nations CHAP. VI. Several Cities revolt Lysimachus comes against them Philip Cassander's General Routs the Epirots and Etolians Cassander agrees with Antigonus Antigonus gaines the Cities in Caria Cassander's Acts in Greece The Samnites Routed by the Romans Polemon sent by Antigonus into Greece
Water is very bitter and stinking so that neither Fish nor any other thing us'd to the Water can live in it And though many remarkable Rivers of very sweet Water empty themselves into it yet it remains as corrupt and unsavory both as to Tast and Smell as ever it did before Every Year rises out of the middle of it great massy pieces of Bitumen and Pitch sometimes bigger then Three * Every Plethra is 100 Foot Plethras and sometimes a little less then one And upon that account the Barbarous Inhabitants call the larger pieces Bulls and the less Calves These pieces of Pitch and Brimstone floating upon the Water seem at a distance to be as so many Islands There are evident Signs that sorgoe and give notice of the casting up of this Bituminous Matter at least Twenty Days before For a horrid smell of Brimstone and Pitch infects the Air round about the Lake at many Furlongs distance and all Metals whether of Gold Silver or Copper near the place change their natural Colour which presently returns again as soon as the Brimstone is exhal'd The places bordering upon it are so burning hot by reason of the Sulphur and Brimstone under ground and cast forth such an horrible stench that the Inhabitants are very unhealthy and short liv'd yet the Country thereabouts being water'd with many pleasant Rivers and refreshing Springs bears abundance of Palm-Trees and in a certain Vale near to this place grows that they call * The Balm of Gilead P. 725. Balm from which they raise a great Revenue inasmuch as this Plant grows in no other part of the World beside and is of excellent use amongst Physitians for the healing and curing of Wounds and other Distempers The Inhabitants on both sides this Lake are so earnest to carry away this Brimstone that they fight one with nother and they bring it off in a strange manner without Shipping For they cast in huge Bundles of Butrushes fastned close together upon which Three or more of them place themselves two of which ply the Oars that are fastn'd to the Bulrushes and the third carrys a Bow and Arrows to defend themselves against such as attempt to make up upon them from the other side or that offer them any violence Assoon as they come to the Brimstone they get upon it and hew it in pieces with Axes as pieces of stone out of a soft Rock and so loading the Bulrish Boat they row back If any fall into the Water through the deficiency of the Boat yet he never sinks as in other waters tho' he knows not how to swim but lies upon the water as if he were the best swimmer in the World For this Lake naturally bears any thing that has either a vegetative or an animal Life except such things as are solid and seem to be without Pores as Silver Gold Lead or the like and these likewise are much longer and slower in sinking than when they are cast into other waters And this profit and advantage the Barbarians reap from it they Transport this Pitch into Egypt and there sell it for the use of embalming of the Dead for if they do not mix this with other Aromatick Spices the Bodies cannot be preserv'd long from putrefaction Antigonus at the Reign of Demetrius having heard the Relation of his Voiage blam'd him for his making Peace with the Nabatheans saying that those barbarous people having so escapt would thereupon grow more insolent than before concluding that they were not favour'd out of love or compassion of the Conqueror but in dispair of the Conquest but he commended him for discovering the Lake Asphaltes seeing that from thence he Ant. Ch. 310. might raise some yearly Revenue to himself and made Hieronimus Cardianus the Historian his Treasurer for that Revenue and commanded him to build Ships and gather together all the Bitumen or liquid Brimstone that could be gotten out of that Lake But Antigonus in the event was frustrated of his hope for the Arabians coming together to the number of Six thousand Men set upon them as they were in their Ships gathering this Brimstone and shot them almost all to death with their Arrows whereby Antigonus lost all hopes of making any standing Revenue that way and forbore all further prosecution of that design both upon the account of the miscarriage already and likewise for that he had matters of greater weight and concern then in his head For about that time a Courrier came and brought Letters to him from Nicanor Governor of Media and others how Seleucus was return'd and prosper'd in those parts Whereupon Antigonus being much concern'd for the upper Provinces sent his Son Demetrius with Five thousand Macedonian Foot and Ten thousand Mercenaries and Four thousand Horse with charge that he should march to the very Walls of Babylon and having recover'd that Province should from thence march down to the Sea Demetrius hereupon departed from Damascus in Syria and went vigorously on to fulfil his Fathers Command But Patrocles whom Celeucus had made President of Babylon so soon as he heard that Demetrius was falling into Mesopotamia not daring to stay his coming because he had but a smal power about him commanded the rest to leave the City and that passing the Euphrates they should flee some into the Deseart others over the Tigris into the Province of Susa and to the * The Red Sea in the Greek but mistook Ant. Ch. 310. Persian Sea and he himself with a company which he had about him trusting in the Barrs of the Rivers and Dikes of the Country thereabouts instead of so many Fortresses and Bulwarks for his defence kept himself still within the Bounds of his own Government and cast about how to intrap his Enemy sending ever and anon Tidings to Seleucus in Media how how things went with him and desiring aid to be speedily sent to him Demetrius when he came to Babylon and found the City it self void of Inhabitants fell P. 726. presently to besiege the Forts and Castles that were therein and having taken one of them gave the spoil thereof to his Soldiers But having besieg'd the other for some days together in hast he departed leaving Archelaus one of his trusty friends to maintain the Siege with Five thousand Foot and a Thousand Horse and himself seeing the time run out which his Father had appointed him to finish his work in return'd with the rest of the Army into the lesser Asia While those things were acting the Wars between the Romans and the Samnites continu'd still in Italy wherein there were daily excursions into one anothers Territories Besieging of Cities and Incamping of Armies on both sides For the Contest between the most warlike Nations of Italy was which should gain the Empire and Sovereign Wars in Italy Command of the whole upon which account many great Battles were fought At length the Consuls of Rome with a part of their Forces Incampt in the
know the Issue of the Matters of Fact Yet it 's no ways to be disapprov'd for such as desire to be cry'd up for Eloquent Orators to compose publick Orations and Speeches made by Ambassadors and Panegyricks of Praise and Dispraise and such like For they that manage both Parts well and distinctly in a modest Stile are justly to be prais'd and commended in both kinds of the Discourse But there are some who so over-abound in Rhetorical Flourishes that they make their whole History but as an Appendix as it were to the other For such tedious manner of Writing is not only troublesome but in this respect likewise is to be condemn'd That although the Writer seem in other things to have hit the Mark yet by this kind of Writing he seems to straggle and wander from the due Course both of Time and Place And therefore they who read such sort of Writings partly pass over such artificial and fram'd Discourses though they are never so pat and fit to the Purpose and partly tir'd out with the tedious and unseasonable artificial Digression of the Author leave off reading altogether For the Nature of History is simple and in every part agreeable to it self like to the Body of a living Creature where the Cutting off of one Member is the Deformity of the whole On the other side that which is duly and orderly Compos'd keeps within its proper Bounds and the Coherence of the Whole affords a clear and pleasant View and Understanding of the Matter in the Reading However we do not altogether abandon Rhetorick and Oratorical Flourishes out of History For because it ought to be adorn'd with Variety it s absolutely necessary in some Places to insert these Speeches and Orations And I my self would not be depriv'd of making use of them upon such Occasions and therefore when the Circumstances of the Matter related are such as that the Speech of an Ambassador or the Harangue of a popular Senator or the like fall in naturally and easily he that does not then put himself forth to the utmost in this kind deserves justly to be Censur'd and Condemn'd A Man may be able to give many Reasons why Rhetorical Adornments are often to be made use of For amongst quaint and eloquent Discourses such asare worthy remark and bring Profit and Advantage along with them together with the History are by no means negligently to be pass'd over Or when the Subject treated of is high and lofty of things Famous and Remarkable then it 's very unbecoming and not in the least to be endur'd that the manner of Expression should sink meanly below the greatness of the Acts related It may be likewise necessary when some extraordinary Event happens so as that we are forc'd to make use of words adapted to the Occasion in order to clear up and make plain the dark and intricate Grounds and Reasons of such an Accident But what we have said of these things shall suffice and we shall now proceed to the Relation of those Affairs we before design'd first observing the Time where we are now fallen in the Course of our History In the former Books we have treated of the Affairs both of the Greeks and Barbarians from the most ancient Times till the Tear next preceding the Expedition of Agathocles into Africa From the Sacking of Troy to which time are P â—â—4 run up Eight hundred fourscore and three Years and something more In this Book we shall go on with things next in Course and coherent with the former Relation and begin with the Descent of Agathocles into Africa and end with that year wherein the Kings agreed to join together in a Common War against Antigonus the Son of Philip comprehending the Transactions of Nine years CHAP. I. Agathocles designs to invade Africa His Cruelty Pursu'd in his Voyage An Eclipse of the Sun very great Lands in Africa Burns his Ships His successes in Africa Hanno and Bomilcar made Generals in Africa Battel between them and Agathocles who routs them Kills Hanno His stratagem by Owls The Cruel Superstition of the Carthaginians in sacrificing their Children The Actions at Syracuse Actions of Agathocles in Africa The Acts of Cassander in Macedonia Polysperchon seeks to restore Hercules Alexander's Son The miserable Destruction of Nichocles and his Family in Cyprus The Wars of Parysidas his Sons King of the Cimerean Bosphorus The Valour of Satyrus one of the Sons His Death The sad Death of Eumelus another Son IN the Chancellorship of Hieromnemones at Athens and the Consulship of Caius Julius Olymp. 117. 1. Ant. Ch. 308. and Quintus Aemilius at Rome Agathocles being routed at Himera in Sicily by the Carthaginians and having lost the greatest and best Part of his Army fled to Syracuse where perceiving that he was for saken of all his Consederates and that the Barbarians had got into their hands almost all Sicily except Syracuse and that they far over-power'd him by their Forces both by Sea and Land undertook a very Rash and desperate Adventure For when all were of Opinion that it was not adviseable for him in the least to endeavour to contend with the Carthaginians he even then resolv'd to leave a strong Garison Agathocles intends to invade Africa in the City and with the Choicest of the rest of his Forces to make a Descent into Africa and by that means he hop'd by his Old and and experienc'd Soldiers easily to vanquish the Carthaginians who through a long Peace were grown Soft and Delicate and unexpert in their Arms and besides hereby he thought that their Confederates who had been for a long time very uneasie under the Yoke of their Government would take an occasion to Revolt And which most induc'd him was That by this sudden and unexpected Invasion he should load himself with the Spoils of a Country that was never before harrass'd and that abounded in the Confluence of all forts of Worldly Blessings And to sum up all That he should by this Course draw the Barbarians not only out of his own Country but out of all Sicily and transfer the War entirely over into Africa which happen'd accordingly For without advising with any of his Friends he made Antandrus his Brother Governor of the City leaving with him a considerable Garrison he himself Listed what Soldiers he thought fit for his purpose ordering the Foot to be ready with Arms at Ant. Ch. 308. the first Call and commanded the Horsemen that besides Arms they should every one carry along with them a Saddle and Bridle that when ever he could get Horses he might have have those ready to mount them who were furnish'd with all things encessary for that purpose For in the late Battle most of his Foot were cut off but most of his Horse escap'd but their Horses he could not transport into Africa And to prevent all stirrs and commotions in order to a defection in Syracuse in his absence he divided Kindred and Relations
Retreat But making an Attack upon that side towards the Fenns he took the Timber-Forts which he demolish'd and then pass'd the River Upon which he began to fell a Wood through which he must needs pass to the Palace and while these attempts were carrying on in great Earnestness King Ariopharnes fearing lest the Castle should be taken by Storm valiantly fell upon them perceiving there were no hopes of safety remaining but in an absolute Victory He plac'd likewise Archers on both sides the Passage by whom he sore gall'd the Fellers of the Wood because they could neither see the Arrows before they pierc'd them nor come at the Archers nor return the like upon them by reason of the thick and close standing of the Trees However Satyrus his Soldiers continu'd falling the Wood and opening a Way to the Palace for three Days together though with great Toil and Hazard the Fourth day they came under the Wall But being worsted through showers of Arrows and straightness of the Places they sustain'd very great loss For Meniscus who led the Mercenary Companies having got Ant. Ch. 308. in at a Passage though he Fought very manfully was nevertheless being over-laid with the Multitude within forc'd to retreat Whom Satyrus seeing in such imminent Danger came up to him with seasonable Relief and bearing up against the Enemy's Charge was run through the Arm with a Spear which was so sore that it forc'd him to retire to his Camp and the next Night died of the Wound having reign'd scarce nine Months after the Death of Parasydas his Father Hereupon Meniscus Captain of the Mercenaries breaking up the Siege drew off the Army to a City call'd Gargaza and from thence carry'd the King's Body down the River to a City call'd Pantacapeum to his Brother Prytanis who having magnificently bury'd it and laid up the Reliques in the King's Sepulchre went presently to Gargaza and there took into his hands the Army together with the Kingdom Hereupon came the Agents of Eumelus to him to treat concerning the parting of the Kingdom between them two which he would not hearken to Leaving therefore a strong Garison at Gargara he return'd to Pantacapeum there to settle the Affairs of his Kingdom But a while after Eumelus by the help of some Babarians possess'd himself of Gargara and sundry other Towns and Castles Whereupon Prytanis march'd with an Army against him but was overthrown in a Battel by his Brother and being shut up within a Neck of Land near the Lough of Meotis was forc'd to render himself upon Ant. Ch. 308. Conditions which were to give up all his Army and depart the Kingdom Nevertheless when Prytanis return'd to Pantacapeum which is the Place where the Kings of Bosphorus keep the standing Court he there endeavour'd again to recover his Kingdom but being foil'd there again he fled to a Place call'd the Gardens and was there slain Eumelus after the Death of his Brother to confirm himself in the Kingdom put to Death all the Friends Wives and Children of both his Brothers Satyrus and Prytanis only Parisades Satyrus his Son being but a very Youth escap'd his Hands for by the P. 745. benefit of a swift Horse he got away out of the City to Agarus King of the Scythians But when Eumelus saw that the People repin'd at the loss of their Friends whom he had murder'd he call'd them all together and there excus'd himself and restor'd to them their ancient form of Government and to the Citizens of Pantacapeum their former Immunities and promis'd to discharge them of all kind of Tributes sparing for no fair words which might reconcile the Hearts of the People to him by which means having regain'd their good Opinions he held a just and moderate Hand over them and grew afterwards into no small admiration for all kind of Virtue among them For he omitted not to oblige the Byzantians and Sinopians and the rest of the Grecian Inhabitants of Pontus by all the demonstrations of Kindness imaginable For when the Collantians were besieg'd by Lysimachus and were brought to great distress through want of Provision he entertain'd a Thousand of them who left the Place for want of Bread and not only granted them a safe Protection but allotted them Habitations within the City And divided likewise a Place Ant. Ch. 308. call'd Psoa with the Territory thereunto belonging among them by Lot And for the Benefit of the Merchants that Traded to Pontus he made War upon the Barbarous piratical Heniochians and them of Taurus with the Acheans and scowr'd and cleans'd the Seas of them So that his Name was advanc'd to the Skies as the Fruit of his Generosity not only in his own Kingdom but almost all the World over while the Merchants every where publish'd the Greatness and Braveness of his Spirit Moreover he much enlarg'd his Dominion by the addition of a considerable Part of the Barbarians Country bordering upon him and advanc'd the Fame and Reputation of his Kingdom above whatever it was before In conclusion he had a Design to have brought under all the neighbouring Nations and had certainly effected in short time what he had so design'd if he had not been prevented by Death For after he had reign'd five Years and as many Months he ended his days by a sudden and unusual Accident For returning home out of Scythia with a great desire to be present at a certain Sacrifice and making towards his Palace in a * Running upon Four Wheels The sad Death of Eumelus Chariot with four Horses cover'd over with a Canopy the Horses took a Fright at the Canopy and violently ran away with him the Coachman not being able to stop them in their Carreer Upon which Eumelus fearing lest he should be born away headlong down some steep Rock threw himself out but his Sword entangling in one of the Wheels he was hurry'd away with the violent Motion of the Chariot and kill'd forthwith It 's reported there were some Predictions concerning the Death of Eumelus and his Ant. Ch. 308. Brother Satyrus though something Foolish and Vain yet credited by the Inhabitants For they say that the Oracle warn'd Satyrus to be aware of one Musculus lest he should kill him and that for that reason he would not suffer any of that name whether Bond or Free to abide within his Dominions and that upon that account he was afraid both of House and Field * Musculus is little Mouse 〈◊〉 Mice Mice and continually charg'd the Children to kill 'em and stop up their Holes At length when he had done all that possibly he could to avoid his Fate he was at last kill'd by a Wound in the Muscle of his Arm. And as for Eumelus that he was charg'd by the Oracle to take heed of a Moving House and therefore that he durst not go into his House before his Servants had made a diligent Search to see that both the Roof and Foundation
were sound But after that they came to understand that the Canopy plac'd upon the Chariot was the Occasion of his Death every one concluded that the Prophecy was fulfill'd But this shall suffice concerning the Affairs of the Bosphorus In Italy the Roman Consuls enter'd the Country of the * In the Greek Italy is for Samnium and Italium for Talium Samnites with an Army and P. 746. routed them in a Battel at Talius But the routed Party afterwards possessing themselves of an Hill and the Night drawing on the Romans retreated to their Camp but the next day the Fight was renew'd and great numbers of the Samnites were slain and above Two thousand and Two hundred were taken Prisoners The Romans being thus successful now quietly enjoy'd whatever they had in the open Field and brought under all the revolting Cities and plac'd Garisons in Cataracta and Ceraunia Places they had taken by Assault and others they reduc'd upon Terms and Conditions CHAP. II. The Acts of Ptolemy in Cilicia and elsewhere Polysperchon murders Hercules Alexander ' s Son by Instigation of Cassander Amilcar taken and put to Death by the Syracusians His Head sent to Agathocles in Africa The Transactions in Sicily Archagathus Agathocles ' s Son kills Lysiscus he and his Son in in great Danger by the Army Affairs in Italy The Works of Appius Claudius the Appian Way Ptolemy comes to Corinth his Acts there Cleopatra Alexander ' s Sister kill'd by the Governor of Sardis The further Acts of Agathocles in Africa Ophellas decoy'd and cut off by Agathocles Ophellas his troublesome March to Agathocles Lamias ' s Cruelty and the Story of her Bomilcar seeks to be Prince of Carthage but is put to Death by the Citizens Agathocles sends the Spoils of the Cyrenians to Syracuse most lost in a Storm Affairs in Italy WHen Demetrius Phalerius was Lord Chancellor of Athens Quintus Fabius the second Olymp. 117. 4. Ant. Ch. 307. time and Caius Martius were invested with the Consular Dignity at Rome At that time Ptolemy King of Egypt hearing that his Captains had lost all the Cities again in Cilicia put over with his Fleet to Phaselis and took that City by Force and from thence The Acts of Ptolemy in Cilicia and other Places Ant. Ch. 307. passing into Lycia took Xanthus by Assault and the Garison of Antigonus that was therein Then sailing to Caunus took the City by Surrender and then set upon the Citadels and Forts that were in it and took them by Assaults As for Heracleum he utterly destroy'd it and the City Persicum came into his Hands by the Surrender of the Soldiers that were put to keep it Then sailing to Coos he sent for Ptolemy the Captain who was Antigonus his Brother's Son and had an Army committed to him by Antigonus But now forsaking his Uncle he clave to Ptolemy and join'd with him in all his Affairs Putting therefore from Cholcis and arriving at Coos Ptolemy the King at first receiv'd him very courteously yet after a while when he saw the Insolency of his Carriage and how he went to allure the Officers by Gifts and held secret Cabals with them for fear of the worst he clap'd him up in Prison and there poison'd him with a Draught of Hemlock As for the Soldiers that came with him he made them his own by large Promises and distributed them by small Parcels among his Army Whilst these Things were acting Polysperchon having rais'd a great Army restor'd Hercules the Son of Alexander begotten upon Barsinoe to his Father's Kingdom And while he lay encamp'd at Stymphalia Cassander came up with his Army and both encamp'd near one to another Neither did the Macedonians grudge to see the Restoration of their King Cassander therefore fearing lest the Macedonians who are naturally Inconstant should Revolt to Hercules sent an Agent to Polysperchon chiefly to advise him concerning the Business Ant. Ch. 307. of the King If the King was restor'd he told him he must be sure to be under the Commands of others but if he would assist him and kill the young Man he should enjoy the same Privileges and Honours in Macedonia that ever he had before And besides that he should have the Command of an Army that he should be declar'd Generalissimo of Peloponnesus and that he should share in the Principality and be in equal Honour with Cassander At length he so caught and ensnar'd Polysperchon with many large Promises that they enter'd into a secret Combination and Polysperchon undertook to murder the young King which he accordingly effected upon which Polysperchon openly Polysperchon betrays and murders Hercules by Cassander ' s Instigation join'd with Cassander in all his Concerns and was advanced in Macedonia and receiv'd according to the Compact Four thousand Macedonian Foot and Five hundred Thessalian Horse and having listed several other Voluntiers he attempted to pass through Boeotia into Peloponnesus But being oppos'd by the Boeotians and the Peloponnesians he was forc'd to retire and march into Locris where he took up his Winter-Quarters During these Transactions Lysimachus built a City in Chersonesus and call'd it after his own Name Lysimachia Cleomenes King of Lacedaemon now dy'd when he had reign'd Threescore Years and Ten Months and was succeeded by Aretas his Son who Rul'd P. 747. Forty Four Years About this time Amilcar General of the Forces in Sicily having reduc'd the rest of that Amilcar taken and put to Death by the Syracusians Ant. Ch. 307. Island marches with his Army to Syracuse as if he would presently gain that City by force of Arms and to that end hindred all Provision from the Town having been a long time Master at Sea and having wasted and destroy'd all the Corn and other Fruits of the Field attempted to possess himself of all the Places about * A strong Fort near the Temple of Jupiter Olympus Olympias lying before the Town Then he resolv'd forthwith to assault the Walls being incourag'd thereunto by the Augur who by viewing of the Intrals of the Sacrifice foretold that he should certainly sup the next day in Syracuse But the Townsmen smelling out the Enemies Design sent out in the night Three thousand Foot and about Four hundred Horse with Orders to possess themselves of * Or Euryalus a Fort upon the highest Point of the Hill over the City call'd the Epipole Euryclus who presently effected what they were commanded to do The Carthaginians thinking to surprize the Enemy fell on about midnight Amilcar commanded the whole Body and led them up having always a strong Party near to support him Dinocrates Master of the Horse follow'd him The Army was divided into two Battalions one of Barbarians and the other of Grecian Confederates A Rabble likewise of divers other Nations follow'd to get what Plunder they could which sort of People as they are of no use in an Army so they are many times the cause of sudden
* About 360. 〈◊〉 P. 754. Three thousand Furlongs they came to a City call'd Automolus and there Encamp'd thence marching forward they came to a mountain shelving down on both sides with steep and sharp Rocks having a deep Valley in the midst out of which rose a soft stone spiring up like unto a sharp Rock at the Foot of which was a wide Cave overshadow'd with Ivy and Leaves of the Yew tree in which is reported Queen Lamia a Lady of admirable Lamias Cave Beauty formerly dwelt but for her Cruelty they say her face was afterwards transform'd into the shape of a Beast for it 's reported that * All her Children they say were kill'd by Juno because they were got by Iupiter being bereav'd of all her Children she took it so grievously that she envy'd all other women that had Children and commanded the poor Infants to be pluck't out of their mothers Arms and forthwith murther'd And therefore even to this day the Tale of this woman is fresh among Children and with the Name of Lamia they are presently put into a very great fright Moreover being given much to Drunkeness she let every one do what they pleas'd without any inquiry after men's manners and because she never seriously minded what was done in her Province it was believ'd that she was blind And therefore there 's a Ant. Ch. 306. Fable told by some that she put her Eyes into a little purse excusing her drunken Sottishness by such an invented Tale as if that was the reason she saw nothing That she was in Africa one brings in Euripides for a witness for so he says 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 To whom is that most hateful Name unknown Or of th' African Lamia the spawn But Ophellas removing again Travel'd with great toil and labour through a dry and thirsty Country full of wild Beasts for they did not only want Water but Bread and other Provision so that the whole Army was in danger to perish These Sandy Deserts near the Syrtes were pester'd with noisom Serpents and all sorts of hurtful beasts and it being for the most part deadly to be bitten by these venomous creatures many were brought into a sad condition out of the reach both of friends help and remedy from Medicines For some of the Serpents were of the same colour with the Earth so that none could see them before they were hurt so that many treading upon them were stung to death At last after two months miserable travel with much ado they carne to Agathocles his Camp where they pitcht their Camps at a small distance one from another on the other hand the Carthaginians hearing that they were come up to him were in a great Consternation seeing the great forces that were making against them Agathocles hearing of his approach went to meet him and advis'd him by all means to have a care of his Army after so tedious and hard a Journey and to see them well refresh'd He himself lay quiet a few days observing every thing that was done in the neighbouring Camp at length taking his opportunity when the greater part of Ophellas his Army were gone a forraging into the Country and taking notice that Ophellas never suspected any thing of what he was in contriving he suddainly call'd his Army together and before them accus'd Ophellas for that being call'd for as an Assistant in this War he went about Ant. Ch. 306 to betray him and having incens'd the multitude drew out his whole Army in Battalion against him and his Cyrenians Ophellas growing amaz'd at this unexpected alteration put nevertheless himself and the men he had with him in a posture of defence but the Enemy being too quick for him and he too weak for them he was there slain upon the place Agathocles persuaded the rest that were left to lay down their Arms then telling them what great things he would do for them he got the whole Army to himself And thus Ophellas by indulging his Ambition and being over credulous came to this fatal Catastrophe In the mean time Bomilcar at Carthage was waiting for an opportunity Bomilcar â—sp 〈…〉 to b 〈…〉 〈◊〉 of Câ—rthage 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an is put to a 〈…〉 P. 755. to put in execution what he had a long time been hammering in his brain in order to gain the Soveraign power and authority And although he had several times fit occasions offer'd him for that purpose yet always some light and inconsiderable cause or other intervening put a stop to his design For some superstitious persons many times are preparing to act great and remarkable pieces of Wickedness and yet always chuse rather to delay than act to put off than execute the thing which even then Ant. Ch. 306 came to pass For concluding he had a fair opportunity offer'd him the better to effect his purpose he sent away the most eminent Persons of the Citizens that were about him in an Expedition against the Numidians that he might have none of the Nobility at hand to oppose him but then checkt by his own Fears he durst not reveal to any his design of gaining the Principality and so he let the matter fall again At length it fell out that he attempted to set up himself at the very same time that Ophellas was cut off by Agathocles and neither of them knew what was done in one another's Camp For Agathocles knew nothing of the Ambition of the other or of the Tumult and Disorder that was in the City which he might at that time have easily subdu'd For if Bomilcar had been surpriz'd and taken in the very Fact he would have chosen rather to have join'd with Agathocles than to have given up himself to be punish'd by the Citizens Neither did the Carthaginians know any thing of Agathocles his falling upon Ophellas for they might easily have overcome him by joining with Ophellas But I suppose both sides were well enough content to be ignorant although they were things of great weight and concern and contrived by them that were near one to another For Agathocles being plotting to cut off a Person that was his Friend and Associate minded not to enquire after any thing that was in doing with the Enemy And Bomilcar on the other side contriving how to overturn the Liberties of his Country cared not what was in agitation in Agathocles his Camp whose purpose was now not so much to conquer Ant. Ch. 306 an Enemy as to subdue his own Fellow-Citizens Matters being thus here some may find fault with History seeing many things of divers Natures falling out at one and the same time and that Writers are forc'd to break in with new Matter of another nature and to divide between things done at the same instant that the Truths related may delight the more But to Answer this the History that is deny'd this liberty although it afterwards represents the things done yet it
they were not willing to venture all at once with Men that were desperate but by lying still in their Camp where they had plenty of Provision and by protracting of Time they hop'd to starve the Enemy and so be Masters of their Camp without fighting Agathocles therefore not being able to draw the Enemy forth to a Battel in the open Field and being necessitated by his present Circumstances to attempt something and Ant. Ch. 305. enter upon some desperate Action marches up with his whole Army close to the Enemy's Camp Thereupon the Carthaginians make out against him and though they had the advantage of Ground and far exceeded him in number of Men yet Agathocles prest hard on every side for some time resolutely bore up against them But his Mercenaries Agathocles routed in Africa and some others at length giving Ground he was forc'd to retreat to his Camp The Barbarians pursu'd them close but to gain the Good-will and Favour of the Africans they past by them without doing any execution But the Greeks whom they knew by their Arms they kill'd all along till they had driven the rest into their Camp There were slain of Agathocles his Men at that time Three thousand The next night a sudden and unexpected Disaster fell upon both the Armies For the Carthaginians when they were sacrificing the most eminent and considerable Persons among their Prisoners in Gratitude to their Gods for the Victory they had gain'd the Flame rising high that enwrapt the Bodies of the sacrific'd Captives a fierce Wind on a Carthaginian Camp burns sudden carry'd the Flame to the Sacred Tabernacle near the Altar where it catch'd and burnt it down to the Ground thence it proceeded to the General 's Pavilion and the Officers Tents next adjoining Upon which arose a mighty Consternation and Astonishment fill'd the whole Camp while some endeavouring to quench the Fire others striving to carry away Arms and rich Furniture were consumed by the Flames The Ant. Ch. 305 Tents were made of Reeds and Straw and therefore the Fire through the height of the Wind rag'd the more so that that by its quickness it prevented all help and assistance that the Soldiers could any ways contribute The whole Camp being presently in a Flame many in strait and narrow Passes were intercepted by the Fire and burnt to death And thus they presently paid for their Cruelty to the Captives suffering the like Punishment as a Retaliation of their Impiety And others who tumultuously with woful Cries got out of the Camp were pursu'd with another and greater Misfortune For those Africans that were in Agathocles his Army to the number of Five thousand deserted the Grecians and were flying to the Barbarians When those that went out to scout saw Their farther Misfortune those Deserters make towards the Carthaginians Camp thinking the whole Grecian Army were at hand ready to fall upon them they forthwith gave Intelligence to their own Party that the Enemy's whole Army approach'd Which being nois'd abroad Confusion and Dread of the Enemy's being just in the midst of them ran through the whole Camp Whereupon every one plac'd his own Safety in the Swiftness of his Heels and P. 768. in regard no Word of Command was given by any of the Officers nor any Order kept among the Soldiers the Run-aways fell down one upon another and some of them through the Darkness of the Night and others out of excess of Fear fell a fighting with their own Men not knowing who they were The Mistake still continuing and encreasing Ant. Ch. 305. a great Slaughter was made and some were kill'd hand to hand and others running away with the loss of their Arms in the height of a surprizing Fear in their hast fell down steep and craggy Rocks and were broken in pieces about Five thousand of them being destroy'd the rest at length got to Carthage The Citizens within the Town deceiv'd by the Report of their own Men believ'd they were routed and that the greatest part of the Army was cut off in this fright they open'd the Gates and receiv'd them with great Terror and Amazement into the Town fearing lest the Enemy should likewise break in at the Heels of them And though when it was full Day they came to understand the Truth of the matter yet they could scarce allay the Fears they had been in as if the Evils were still even at their Doors About the same time through a vain Fear and foolish Imagination Agathocles fell into a Misfortune something of the same kind For the African Deserters after the burning of the Carthaginian Camp and the Hurly-burly and Uproar that follow'd thereupon Misfortune to Agathocles his Camp durst not march forward but made their way back to the place from whence they came whom some of the Greeks espying to make towards them they took them to be the Carthaginian Army and thereupon gave Intelligence to Agathocles that the Ant. Ch. 305. Enemy was near at hand Upon which by the King's Order they cry'd out Arms Arms and forthwith the Soldiers came pouring out in great Tumult and Confusion out of the Camp And besides all this when they saw the Flame in the Enemy's Camp to mount up into the Air and heard the Shouts and Cries of the Carthaginians they were the more confirm'd in their Opinion that the Barbarians were making towards them with their whole Army But Excess of Fear leaving no room for due and serious Consideration Horror and Amazement fill'd the whole Camp and all of them took to their Heels And the Africans being presently mix'd among them the Night causing the Mistake every one oppos'd him that he met as an Enemy and being all the Night long dispers'd here and there and wandering up and down in a Panick Fear there perish'd of them above Four thousand The rest with much ado at length coming to understand the Mistake return'd safe to their Camp And in this manner both Armies deceiv'd by the Vanity of War as the common Proverb is fell into miserable Disasters After which Missortune being now deserted by the Africans and having not sufficient Forces lest to contend with the Carthaginians he resolv'd to leave Africa But he thought it impossible to transport the Soldiers with him because he both wanted Shipping and heard that the Carthaginians were Masters at Sea and lay to intercept his Passage And he concluded the Barbarians whose Forces far exceeded his would never make Peace with him but rather cut off every Man of them that first set footing upon Africa to deterr all others for the future from the like Attempt He determin'd therefore to slip away privately Ant. Ch. 305. with a few and take along with him his younger Son Heraclides for he fear'd lest his Son Archagathus being a daring Man and one that had been too familiar with his Stepmother would plot something against his Life But Archagathus smelling out his Design
bound together by Plates of Iron In the middle part he plac'd strong Planks of Timber a Cubit distance one from another for those that forc'd the Engine forward to stand upon The whole was mov'd upon Eight strong and large Wheels whos 's Felloes were Two Cubit thick cover'd with strong Iron Plates Thwart over the Spokes were contriv'd * Instruments to turn the Engine P. 780. Antistâ—â—pta's to turn about the Engine in a trice when ever they pleas'd At every corner of the Machine were Pillars rais'd little less than a hundred Cubits high every one of an equal length so compacted together as that the whole Machine was Nine Stories high In the first were Three and forty Beds and in the highest Nine The three sides of the Engine were lin'd on the outside with Iron Plates fastn'd with Nails to prevent all damage from Fire that might be shot or cast from the City In every Story at the Front were made Loop-holes proportionable and in shape to the nature of the Artillery that was thence to be discharged To these were Shutters fastn'd to the Engine to draw up for the better defence of them within that threw the Darts for they were lin'd with Skins stuff'd with Wooll to deaden the force of the Stone-shot Every Story was furnish'd with two Ant. Ch. 30â— large Ladders that whatever was necessary might be brought in to them at one and the same time by one while others were going down upon other occasions by the other that so every thing might be dispatcht without tumult and confusion There were chosen out of the whole Army the strongest Men to the number of Three thousand and four hundred to move the Engine forward of whom some from within and others plac'd behind so forc'd it forward that Art and Strength together much facilitated the motion He mad also * Artificial Covers over Mens Heads made of strong Timber covered over with raw S 〈…〉 Testudo's by some to fill up Trenches and Ditches and with others to bring up Battering Rams He made likewise Galleries through which they that were imploy'd might pass and repass with safety at their pleasure By the help and assistance likewise of the Seamen he plain'd and laid even all the way along which the Engines were to be brought up to the space of Four Furlongs so that the breadth of the Work fac'd as much of the City-Wall as consisted of Six Divisions between the Turrets and of Seven of the Turrets themselves The multitude of Artificers and Workmen that were got together were no less than Thirty thousand Men. Every thing therefore through multitude of hands being perfected and compleated sooner than could be imagin'd Demetrius became a Terror to the Rhodians for not only the greatness of the Engines and the multitude of Men but the Valour and Diligence of the King in carrying on of Sieges amaz'd them Ant. Ch. 302. for he was extraordinary ingenious in invention and contriv'd many things beyond all the Art and Industry of the Artificers whence he got the Name of * Poliorches 〈◊〉 Poliorches for he was so fierce and violent in his Assaults that no Wall seem'd to be so strong as to be a sufficient Defence to the Besieg'd against him And besides he was so Tall and Beautiful that he look'd like a Demy God insomuch as those who came to him but as Guests and Strangers and saw his Gracely Meen cloath'd with Royal Majesty they were struck with Admiration and would often attend upon him in his Expeditions meerly to have the satisfaction in looking at him Moreover he was of an high and noble Spirit that scorn'd not only to stoop to the common sort but even to Princes themselves And that which was most strange and peculiar only to himself was in times of Peace he was given to Drukenness and Banqueting to Dancing and Rioting and would imitate even the Manners of Bacchus himself such as is fabulously reported he us'd to practise when he was upon Earth But in times of War he was very active and serious insomuch as he went beyond all the rest both as to his Head and Hand when any thing was to be done For in his time and by his contrivance were made the greatest Darts and such sort of Engines as far exceeded all other Nations in the World And after this Siege and his Father's Death he launch'd forth the greatest Ships that ever were before seen In the mean time the Rhodians perceiving how the Enemy's Works went on built another Wall within answerable to that which was now presently to be Assaulted and to this purpose they us'd the Stones that Wall'd in the Theater and pull'd down some neighbouring Houses and some Temples for the same purpose vowing to the Gods to build larger and fairer Ant. Ch. 302. P. 781. The Acts of the Rhodian Sea-Captains if the City were preserv'd They sent out likewise Nine Ships and commanded the Captains that infesting every part and surprizing what Ships they could they should sink some of those they took and bring in others into the City Harbour These Captains divided their Squadron into three parts Damophilus with the Ships which the Rhodians call'd * Guard Ships Phalacidae sail'd to * Carpathus an Island between Rhodes and Creete now Scarpanto Carpathus were surprizing many of Demetrius's Fleet he sunk some and burnt others that were drawn up upon the Shoar making choice of such Prisoners as might be most useful and serviceable and many Ships that were carrying Corn and other Fruits out of the Island he brought away with him into his own Country Menedemus who commanded three small * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Gallies betwixt two and three Tire of Oars made for Patara and Lycia and there found a Ship at Anchor and burnt her all her Men being before gone off to Land He took likewise many of the Enemies Transport Ships which carry'd Provisions to their Camp and sent them to Rhodes He took also a Ship of Four Tire of Oars coming out of Cilicia which carry'd a Royal Robe and other rich Furniture which Phila Demetrius his Wife had curiously wrought and had sent as a Present to her Husband He order'd the Garments to be convey'd into Egypt for they were Purple Robes fit for none to wear but Kings but the Ship he took away with him and sold all the Seamen he had taken both out of the Galley of four Tire of Oars and other Vessels Amyntas who commanded the other Ships sailed to the Islands and Ant. Ch. 302. falling in with some of the Enemy that were conveying away something of use for the Engines he sunk some of the Ships and brought in others to the City in which were taken Eleven famous Artificers most expert Artists in making of Darts and Engines After this was call'd a General Assembly wherein it was propos'd that the Statues of Antigonus and Demetrius should be pull'd down affirming that
upon him the Government a Warlike Prince and in all respects accomplish'd for the Kingdom who joining Battle with the Persians and behaving himself with great Gallantry and Resolution was kill'd in the Fight and his Son Ariamnes succeeded him in the Kingdom To whom were born two Sons Ariarathes and Holophernes And after he had Reign'd 50 Years he dyed Holofernes having done nothing memorable and the Elder of his Sons Ariarathes succeeded him who it's said bore so great and tender a Love to his Brother that he advanc'd him to the highest degree of Honour and Preferment And sent him to join with the Persians in the War against the Aegyptians who after return'd loaden with many and large marks of Honour conferr'd upon him by Ochus for his Valour and dy'd in his own Country leaving behind him two Sons Ariarathes and Arysses And that his Brother the King of Cappadocia * Gr. having no legal Issue having no legal Issue adopted Ariarathes his Brother 's Eldest Son About this time Alexander the Macedonian King ruin'd the Persian Empire and presently after dy'd But Perdiccas who had the chief Command sent Eumenes as General into Cappadocia who subdu'd and kill'd Ariarathes and brought Cappadocia and all the bordering Territories into the the power of the Macedonians But Ariarathes the adopted Son of the former King despairing for the present to regain the Kingdom with a few followers fled into Armenia But Eumenes and Berdiccas both dying not long after and Antigonus and Seleucus imbroil'd in War one with another Ariarathes with the help of Arcloathus King of Armenia who furnish'd him with forces routed and kill'd Amyntas the Macedonian General and presently drave all the Macedonians out of the Country and recover'd his Kingdom He had 3 Sons the Eldest of which Ariamnes succeeded him who join'd in affinity with Antiochus Theos and Married his Eldest Son Ariarathes to Stratonice Antiochus his Daughter And for the great love he had to him above all his Children â—e set the Diadem upon his Head and made him Co-parther with him in the Kingdom and after the death of his Father he reign'd alone Then he dying Ariarathes his Son of a very tender Age succeeded He Marry'd Antiochide the Daughter of Antiochus the great a very subtile Woman Who because she bore no Children to make up that defect contriv'd unknown to her Husband a suppositious Birth as if she had Born two Sons which were call'd Ariarathes and Holofernes But not long after she conceiv'd in reality and unexpectedly was deliver'd of two Daughters and one Son call'd Mithridates Upon this she acquainted her Husband with the Imposture and so wrought with him that she prevail'd with him to send away the Eldest of the two Sons with a small Sum of Money to Rome and the other into Ionia lest they should challenge the Kingdom from him that was lawful Heir to the Crown who after he came to Man's Estate its said was call'd Ariarathes and was Educated in all the learning of Greece and was a Person accomplish'd with all manner of Virtuous Endowments That the Father who was wonderfully belov'd by the Son strove all he could to repay his Son's love again And their mutual endear'd affections one towards another went so far that the Father would have given up the whole Kingdom into the Hands of the Son but the Son on the other side told him he could not possibly accept of so great an advantage from living Parents After therefore his Father dy'd he succeeded spending the rest of his life very virtuously and in the study of Philosophy So that Cappadocia which was before little known to the Grecians was now a desireable place of Residence for all learned Men He renew'd the League of Peace and Friendship with the Romans And in this manner is the Pedegree of those that have hitherto reign'd in Cappadocia brought down from Cyrus 4. For Statues are made of such Romans as are of noble Families in near resemblance of the Persons and according to the whole proportion of their Bodies For all their life long they have some who observe their Mien and Deportment and the special remarks of every part exactly Likewise every Mans Ancestor * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 stands in that Habit and in those Ornaments and is so clearly represented that every one knows the Person as soon as he looks upon him and to what degree of Honour every one was advanc'd and what Share and Interest they had in the Commonwealth 5. * Rather Fulvius Olymp. 156 4. Ant. Ch. 151. Memmius was sent General with an Army into Spain But the * Lusitanians now Portugals Lusitanians just upon his Landing fell upon him and routed him and cut off most of his Army When this success of the Iberians was nois'd abroad the Araucians who look'd upon themselves to be far better Soldiers than the Iberians slighted and contemn'd the Enemy and upon this ground and confidence chiefly it was that in their general Council they determined to make War upon the Romans * Araucians now of Aurang Out of the 32d BOOK Fragment 1. ALexander fled out of the Fight with 500 Men to a City in Arabia call'd This was Alexander Epiphanes King of Syria and this Battle was with Ptolometor near Antioch Olymp. 158. 3. Ant. Ch. 144. See Mac. 1. Mac. 10. c. Joseph lib. 13. c. 8. Abas to Diocles the Prince there with whom he had before entrusted his Son Antiochus a Child of very tender Age. Afterwards the Chief Commanders who were about Heliades and had been with Alexander plotting to assassinate Alexander sent away some Messengers privately from among themselves promising secretly to Murder him Demetrius consenting to what they propos'd they became both Traitors and Murderers of their Prince We might be justly condemn'd if we should pass in silence that which happen'd before the death of Alexander tho' for the strangeness of the thing it be scarce credible King Alexander a little before these times consulted with the Oracle in Silicia where they say is the Temple of Apollo of Sarpedon and it is reported that the Oracle made Answer that he should take heed of that place which should bring forth a God of two shapes This Divine Hint was then taken for a Riddle but after the King was dead the Truth was discover'd in this manner For in Abas a City of Arabia dwelt one Diophantus a Macedonian This Man Marry'd an Arabian Woman by whom he had a Strange Stories of Hermaphrodites Heraides became a Man Son call'd after his own Name and a Daughter call'd Heraides His Son dy'd while he was young But he gave a Portion to his Daughter when she was grown up and Marry'd her to one Semiades who after he had liv'd with his Bride one year undertook a long Journey In the mean time it is reported that Heraides fell into a strange and wonderful distemper such as is scarce credible For she had a
Pompoedius Chief for his Valour and prudent management of the War who with the consent of all the other Captains rais'd a great Army which with the old Soldiers amounted to the number of 30000. And besides he got together at least 20000 Foot and 1000 Horse of manumitted Slaves and Arm'd them as well as the time would allow And coming to an Engagement with the Romans whose General was Mamercus he kill'd a few of them but lost above 6000 of his own Men. About the same time Metellus took the famous City Venusia in Apulia which had in it a great number of Soldiers and carry'd away above 3000 prisoners And now the Romans prevail'd every day more and more against their Enemies So that the Italians sent Ambassadors to Mithridates King of Pontus who had then a brave and well appointed Army to intreat him to march into Italy with his Army to oppose the Romans by which means they told him that their Power would be easily broken Mithridates answer'd that he would march into Italy as soon as he had subdu'd Asia in order to which he was then engag'd The Rebels therefore being now frustrated in their hopes of Assistance and of supplies of Money were greatly discourag'd For there were but a few of the Samnites remaining and the Sabellians kept themselves close within Nola and the like did Lamponius and Cleptius who commanded those that were left of the Lucanians The Marsian War being now almost at an end there arose again a great Sedition in Rome by reason of the contentious Ambition of many of the Roman Nobility every one striving which should be General in the Expedition against Mithridates stirr'd up thereunto with the Greatness of the Rewards and Riches to be reap'd by that War For Caius Julius and Caius Marius who had been Six times Consul oppos'd one another and the People on that occasion were divided some for one and some for the other There were likewise other disturbances about the same time For Sylla the Consul went from Rome to the Forces that lay near unto Nola and so terrify'd many of the bordering Territories with their Cities that he forc'd them to the obedience of the Romans But when Sylla was engag'd in the War in Asia against Mithridates and Rome was fill'd with slaughters and intestine broils Marcus Aponius and Tiberius Cleptius Generals of those Italians that were left continuing in Brutia not being able to take the strong City Aesias after a long time they had lain before it left part of their Army to maintain the Siege and with the rest fiercely assaulted Rhegium in hopes that if they gain'd this place they might with ease transport their Army into Sicily and so become Masters of the richest Island under the Sun But Caius Urbanus the Governor of Rhegium so terrify'd the Italiots with the greatness of his Army and his vast preparations that they drew off from the Siege and so the Rhegians were delivered And afterwards when the Civil Wars broke forth between Marius and Sylla part of them sided with Marius and the rest with Scylla and most of them were kill'd in the War and those that surviv'd all joyn'd with the Conqueror Scylla And thus ended the Marsian War and the greatest home-bred Sedition of any that was ever before among the Romans Eclog. 2. And now that the Marsian War was at an end a Second great Sedition was rais'd The War between Sylia and Marius Olymp. 174. Ant. Ch. 80. Or rather Aphroditus Beautiful in Rome stirr'd up by Sylla and Caius Marius a young Man the Son of Marius who had been Seven times Consul In this Commotion many thousands of Men perish'd At length Sylla prevail'd and being created Dictator he call'd himself Epaphroditus which vain glorious Title did not altogether deceive him for he prosper'd all his life long and dy'd a natural death after all his Victories But Marius altho' he behav'd himself with great Gallantry in the War against Sylla being at length routed fled with 15000 Men to Proeneste where he was Besieg'd a long time at length all having forsaken him and seeing no way how to escape he earnestly intreated one of his faithful Servants to afford him his helping hand for the extricating him out of the present dangers and mischiefs that surrounded him After much persuasion the Servant at one stroke put an end to his Masters Life and then immediately kill'd himself And so at length ended this Civil War However some relicks of it still gave Scylla disturbance for some time till those that pursu'd it with some others were suppress'd But after these were all ruin'd and destroy'd there broke out such a flame of Discord The War between Caesar and Pompey which continu'd Four years Olymp. 182. Ant. Ch. 47. between Julius Caesar and Pompey who for the great and eminent Services he had done for the Romans partly by the Conduct of Sylla and partly by his own Valour was sirnam'd the Great that the Romans were again involv'd in intestine Slaughters and Butcheries And as soon as Pompey had lost all his Army in a great Battle he himself was afterwards Murther'd near Alexandria and the unbounded power of the Consuls being at length restrain'd and limited fell wholly into the hands of Caesar himself and so ended the Sedition But when he was murther'd another Civil War broke forth against Brutus and Cassius his Murtherers which was manag'd by the Consuls Lepidus Antonius and Octavius Augustus When this War was ended by dint of Sword and the deaths of Cassius and Brutus not long after the secret and private grudges and quarrels between Augustus and Anthony for the Supream Power broke out into an open War And after much Blood spilt on both sides Augustus gain'd the Empire which he held during his Life having now wav'd Augustus Emperor his Consular Power and Dignity Out of the 38th BOOK CINNA and Marius calling together a Council of the Chiefest of the Officers This was long before in time and therefore comes in here with relation to some other Matter before related but now lost For this Sedition was in 173. Olymp. Ant. Ch. 86 consulted what ways and methods were best to take for the better settling and confirming of the Peace At length they resolv'd to put to death the greatest persons of quality that were their Enemies and who were most capable to make a disturbance and overturn all their Affairs that so the Factious Party being purg'd out from among them they and their Friends might Govern all things for the future with more security according to their own Will and Pleasure Upon this forthwith all regard to former Leagues and Articles were wholly laid aside Persons were proscrib'd and butcher'd in every place without being heard At that time Quintus Lutatus Catullus who had had a glorious Triumph for his Victory over the * Danes Cimbri and had more than an ordinary share in the Affections of the People was
besides the Vices this King was really guilty of he imputed many others to him invented of his own Head and always lessen'd his prosperous successes and aggravated his misfortunes which were really casual and turn'd them upon himself as the cause of them through his own miscarriages For whereas all know that Agathocles was a prudent and expert Soldier and Commander and was Bold and Couragious in the greatest Difficulties he all along in his History is continually calling him a weak headed Coward And yet who is there that is ignorant that none were ever under meaner Circumstances that afterwards attain'd to such a Degree of Sovereignty and Dominion For his Poverty and mean Birth was such that from his Childhood he was but a mean * A Potters Son Artificer But afterwards by his Valour he not only gain'd the Sovereign Power over all Sicily but Conquer'd a great part of Italy and Africa And any one may justly wonder at the Vanity of Timaeus who almost in every Page extols the Valour of the Syracusians and yet affirms him who Conquer'd them to be the greatest Coward of any Man living From these contradictions and inconsistencies it's clear and manifest that out of a private Pique and Disgust he betray'd the Trust of a faithful Historian And therefore his last five Books wherein are set forth the acts of Agathocles for very good reason were never approv'd by any 8. Callias likewise the Syracusian deserves as much to be Censur'd as the other who being inrich'd and advanc'd by Agathocles never leaves off praising him far above his Callias desert and so dishonouring History which should be the Herauld of Truth For whereas Agathocles in many things violated both the Laws of God and Man he cryes him up as the most Pious and Righteous Man in the World To conclude as Agathocles by force took away the Citizens Goods and most injuriously bestow'd them upon this Writer so this admirable Historiographer in way of requital loads him in his History with Praises of all sorts and sizes But in my opinion it were no difficult Task by way of grateful Return to repay favours receiv'd from Princes by moderate and due Praises and Commendations 9. After the * Mercenary Soldiers had agreed with the Syracusians they Marched away The Mamettines and were receiv'd by the Messenians as Friends and Confederates and being thus kindly entertain'd by the Citizens in the Night they Murther'd all their Landlords and took their Wives as their own and possessed themselves of the City 10 When Demetrius was a Prisoner at Pella Lysimachus sent an Ambassador to Seleucus to Caution him not to suffer him upon any Terms to get out of his Hands being as he Demetrius said an insatiably ambitious Man and one continually plotting against all the Kings and promis'd he would give him 2000 Talents if he would put Demetrius to death But Seleucus the King sharply rebuk'd the Ambassadors for perswading him not only to violate his Faith but to commit so horrid a piece of Wickedness against one so near related to him But he writ a Letter to his Son Antiochus who was then in Media to ask his Advice what should be done with Demetrius for he had resolv'd to release him and restore him hononourably to his Kingdom but was willing likewise to have the Favour acknowledg'd by his Son * Antiochus Soter Antiochus who had marry'd Stratonices the Daughter of Demetrius and had several Children by her Out of the 22d BOOK 1. WHen a Garrison was put into Rhegium by the Romans Decius a Campanian a covetous and impudent Fellow acted the Base and Treacherous Part of the Mamertines Decius for as they were receiv'd as Friends by the Messenians and seiz'd upon their City and cut the Throats of all the Messenians their Landlords in their own Houses and marry'd their Wives and possess'd themselves of the Estates of them they had murder'd so the Campanian Soldiers to whom with Decius the Garrison of Rhegium was committed by the Romans with the like Perfidiousness kill'd all the Rhegians and dividing their Goods amongst themselves possess'd themselves of the City But Decius the Governor after he had sold the Goods of these miserable People and shared the Money he had treacherously rais'd was expell'd from Rhegium by the Campanians his Co-partners in this wicked Fact But every one of these perfidious Villains at length met with their just Reward For Decius being seiz'd with a grievous pain in his Eyes sent for an Eminent Physitian of Rhegium who to revenge the Wrong done to his Country anointed Decius his Eyes with Cantharides and by this means having made him stark blind forthwith fled out of Messena 2. Phintias having tyrannically oppressed his Citizens and put to death many of the Wealthy Men of the City began to be hated by his Subjects for his Cruelty and therefore Phintias all being upon the point ready for a General Defection and he himself reduc'd to great streights on a sudden chang'd his former Course and ruling more moderately kept his Subjects within the bounds of their Duty and Obedience 3. Ptolomy King of Macedonia being indeed very Young and altogether unexpert in Military Affairs and naturally Rash and weak Headed made no provision for any thing Ptolemy Ceraunus Vid. Justin lib. 17. 25. Olymp 125. Ant. Ch. 279. Ush Ann. Apollodorus as he ought And therefore when he was advis'd by his Friends to stay for the Auxiliary Forces who were not as yet come up to him he disregarded their Council 4. Apollodorus affecting the Sovereign Power and minding to confirm the Conspirators in whhat they had undertaken sent for a young Man one of his Friends under colour of coming to Sacrifice and when he came he offer'd him up to the Gods and gave his Intrails to be eaten by the Conspirators and drunk to them in his Blood mixed with Wine 5. The same Apollodorus arm'd some Gauls and engag'd them with large Gifts and made use of them for his Life-Guard because they were naturally Cruel and ready to Apollodorus King of Cassandria in Macedonia execute any Villany He rais'd likewise a great Sum of Money by Confiscating and exposing to publick Sale the Goods of the Wealthy Citizens He grew very potent in a short time by increasing the Soldiers Pay and distributing Money among the Poorer sort Being wholly given up to Cruelty and Covetousness he squeez'd Money from the Citizens and forc'd both Men and Women with Racks and Torments to bring forth all their Gold and Silver for he made use of one Calliphon a Sicilian for his adviser an Arts master in Tyranny who had been long bred up a Courtier among many of the Tyrants in Sicily 6. When Pyrrhus had plunder'd Aegeas the Seat-Royal of the Kings of Macedonia he left there a Garrison of Gauls who being inform'd by some that there were great Treasures Pyrrhus cited by Ush An. 353. Before Christ 273. according
hands against their Friends and Relations but all unmovable dy'd in the Anguish of their Sufferings keeping themselves pure and unspotted from the Guilt of destroying one another 7. When Gelo and Hiero Kings of Sicily were dead in Syracuse and Hieronymus who was very raw and young succeeded the Kingdom was but ill supply'd with a Governour for being flatter'd and sooth'd up by his Friends he fell into Luxury Debauchery and Tyrannical Cruelty For he Ravish'd many Men's Wives Murther'd his Friends that advis'd him confiscated the Goods of many without hearing them and gave their Estates Hieronymus King of Syracuse Murther'd by his Subjects to the flattering Informers which first stirr'd up the hatred of the People against him then put them upon Plotting which broke out at last and ended in his destruction the common Lot of Tyrants in such cases 8. When Hiero was kill'd the Syracusians call'd a Senate where it was decreed that all the Kindred of the Tyrant should be put to death both Man and Woman and that Hieronymus none of his Race or Family should be left alive 9. When the dead Body of Semprenius Gracchus was sent by Mago to Hannibal the Soldiers seeing it lie upon the ground cry'd out to have it cut in pieces and to be hurl'd away piece by piece out of Slings But Hannibal having an Object before his Eyes to instruct him in the uncertainty and unconstancy of Fortune and honouring and admiring likewise the Valour of the Man said it was an unworthy thing to wreak a Man's Anger upon a speechless Carcass and afterwards celebrated his Funeral with all the marks of Honour and Respect and civilly sent his Bones and Ashes in an Urn to the Roman Camp 9. When Syracuse was taken all the Citizens went forth to meet Marcellus with Olive-branches Marcellus in their hands and he told them he would spare all the Lives of those that were Freemen of the City but all their Goods should be a prey for his Soldiers 10. The Carthaginians after they had made an end of the Libyck War severely punish'd Cruelty of the Carthaginians the Micatanian Numidians with their Wives and Children for they crucify'd all their Captives insomuch as their posterity ever since remembring the Cruelty executed upon their Forefathers are most implacable Enemies to the Carthaginians 11. But the Valour of Hasdruball is not to be passed over in silence For he was the Son of Amilcar Barca the bravest Captain of his Age who in the Sicilian War was the only General that often overcame the Romans and having put an happy end to the Civil War was the first that past over with an Army into Spain and this Hasdrubal approv'd himself a Son not unworthy the Honour and Dignity of such a Father For he was generally own'd to be the best Soldier next to Hannibal his Brother of all the Carthaginian Commanders and therefore he was left General of all the Forces in Spain by Hannibal where he fought many Battles and freeing his Army many times from the Straits they were in he often ran himself into many great Dangers and being at â—ength forc'd up into the heart of the Country far from the Sea upon the account of his Valour he got together a mighty Army and at last came unexpectedly into Italy 12. Nabis King of Lacedemon Murthered Pâ—lâ—ps the Son of â—â—curgâ—â— the former King Nabis when he was but a very Child for he was afraid when he was grown up to Man's Estate he would seek to free and rescue his Country upon the account of his being of the Blood-Royal And for this reason he put to death the Nobility of Sparta and hir'd the basest and most abject Fellows wherever he could find 'em to be his Life guard and protect him in his Dominion So that Robbers of Temples Thieves Highway-men and Condemn'd Persons flock'd from all places to Sparta For stepping up into the Throne by wickedness he had no hopes to keep what he had so wickedly got but only by the help of such Prophane and Impious Fellows 13. The Cretians Rigg'd out Seven Ships for Piracy and robb'd many Passengers at Cretian Pyrats Sea whereupon the Merchants being altogether discourag'd the Rhodians looking upon it to belong to them to redress this Mischief proclaim'd War against the Cretians 14. Pleminius was left Governor of Locris by Scipio and being a pâ—ofligaâ—â— wretch he forc'd open the Treasury of Proserpina and carry'd away all the Sacred Treasure Pleminius robs Proserpina's Temple The Locrians enrag'd at the Fact Address'd themselves to the People of Rome and intreated their Relief according to their usual Faith whereupon Two Military Tribunes seem much offended with the Impious Fact committed and sharply rebuk'd Pleminius not that they were really angry at what was done but because they themselves had no part of the Money But in a short time after the Goddess paid them all home for their Impiety For this was reported to be the most Famous Temple of all that were in Italy and in all Ages before that time through the care of the Inhabitants had remain'd safe and unviolated For at the time when Pyrrhus transported his Forces out of Sicily to Locris and his Soldiers were pressing upon him for Pay he was forc'd to make use of this Sacred Treasure but in returning back they say he suffred much his whole Fleet being dispers'd shatter'd and torn in pieces by a â—ierce and violent Tempest and therefore Pyrrhus himself out of a Religious Reverence to the Goddess endeavour'd to pacify her and restor'd every penny of the Money before he left the Country But the Tribunes before mentioned pretending to abhorr the Sacrilege sided with the Locrians and rebuking Pleminius for his Crime threatned severely to punish him The Quarrel growing hotter and hotter it came at length to blows and the Tribunes threw Pliminius upon the ground and bit off his Ears and Nose and slic'd off both his Lips but afterwards Pliminius caus'd the Tribunes to be seiz'd and whipp'd them to death with Rods. In the mean time the Senate and People of Rome through a Religious awe of the Gods were in great concern about this Sacrilegious Act and upon this occasion the Enemies of Publius Scipio having got an opportunity to cast Durt upon him accus'd him as if he had been the Adviser of Pliminius and that he had done all by his Order and Command Whereupon by a Decree of the Senate two Tribunes of the People and an Aedilis were sent into Sicily with Orders to bring Scipio forthwith to Rome if they found that the Sacrilege was committed by his Command or Connivance but if they could not discover any such thing that then they should suffer him to Transport the Forces over into Africa While they were upon their Journey Scipio sent for Pliminius and cast him into Goal and every day with great care and diligence exercis'd the Soldiers at which the Tribunes of
Scipio Africanus the most Eminent of all the Romans that ever were before him was his Grandfather Scipio thus Nobly descended and taken into so famous a Family approv'd himself not the least unworthy the Glory and Renown of his Ancestors For he was brought up and instructed from his Childhood in the Learning of the Greeks and when he was 18 years of age apply'd himself to the study of Philosophy under the Inspection of Polybius of Megalopolis the Historian his Tutor with whom he continu'd a considerable time and increasing in all manner of Virtue he not only excell'd his equals in years but those far elder than himself in Sobriety Affableness Generosity and all other virtnous qualifications But before he fell to the study of Philosophy it was every bodies Opinion that he was but dull and blockish very unworthy to be Heir to so great a Family In the first place he made it his chief Care and Business to be Sober as conducing much to the commendation of his youthful age which was then at his years a very difficult Task For the Youth at that time were hurried away by filthy Lusts and an Excess of intemperance with an impetuous Current some to Sodomy others to Whores Gluttony Drunkenness Revellings and such like Luxurious and Voluptuous Courses For the Romans presently learnt the Effeminate Manners of the Greeks in this kind through the long continuance of the Persian War and besides having gain'd abundance of Wealth they were plentifully supply'd with Fuel to seed their Luxury 76. But Scipio following another course of Life and combating with all his natural corrupt Lusts as with so many wild Beasts within the space of Five years attain'd to a fix'd and habitual state of Sobriety and Temperance To which all giving their Testimony and generally crying him up upon that account he then put forth himself in acts of Bounty Generosity and Liberality in distributing his Money for the good of others For which sort of Virtue he had an Example in his Father Aemilius under whose instruction he was long bred up and now exhibited as it were a perfect Copy of his Virtue But Fortune likewise presented him an Eminent occasion of expressing his Liberality For when Aemilia the Wife of Great Scipio the Sister of Aemilius who conquer'd Perseus dy'd and left a great Estate behind her of which Scipio was Heir he first gave an instance of his generous disposition upon this occasion For his Mother Papiria being cast off long before the death of his Father had liv'd a considerable time separate from her Husband in a far meaner condition than became one of her Noble Birth But Aemilia the Mother of his adopted Father leaving behind her a great Inheritance besides other Riches had a rich Robe and Womans Gown together with a splendid Retinue of Houshold-Servants as being the Wife of the Great Scipio and so Sharer with him in his Estate and Fortune All these Scipio Nobly bestow'd upon his Mother in which stately Habit when she appear'd in publick amongst the Ladies of Quality the Bounty and Generosity of the young Man and his Piety towards his Mother was highly applauded First among the Women and then among all Companies and Societies of Men throughout the whole City This piece of Liberality was lookt upon by the whole City not only as a thing commendable but even wonderful especially at Rome in which City none easily parts with any thing they have to another After this there being a great sum of Money owing to the Daughters of the Great Scipio as their * Portions Dowries and whereas by the Roman Laws the Party that was to pay such Portions had liberty to pay them in Three years time by a certain proportion every year he paid the whole down at once Afterwards when his natural Father Aemilius was dead and he and his Brother Fabius were constituted joint Heirs of his Estate Scipio did another Honourable Act well worthy to be remembred For when he knew that his Brother had far less than himself he freely bestow'd upon him his own share of the Inheritance amounting to above Sixty Talents and so made his Brother as rich as himself which Act being generally cry'd up he did that which was further remarkable For when Fabius was resolv'd to exhibit single Combats by Gladiators at the Funeral of his Father yet was not well able to bear the great Charge it would require Scipio bore half of the Cost and Expence out of his own Purse A little time after when his Mother died he was so far from taking again what he had before bestow'd on her that he gave not only them but all the rest of his Mother's Inheritance to his Sisters altho' no part of her Estate by the Laws belong'd to them Thus Scipio being cry'd up by the unanimous Consent of all Persons for his generosity he grew every day more and more famous and renown'd which he attain'd unto not so much by greatness of Expence as by choice of fit opportunities to express his Kindnesses and an Art in Conferring of his Gifts and Benefits upon proper Objects He gain'd likewise a just Reputation for his Chastity without any Cost or Charge but only by his Moderation and Sobriety from whence likewise he reapt the great Benefit of Health and Strength of Body and following this Course all his life long he injoy'd a Reward of his Temperance with great pleasure and delight And as for all the parts of Valour which is a Virtue absolutely necessary every where especially among the Romans he was not in the least wanting or negligent in that respect Fortune affording him a special opportunity to approve himself for the Macedonian Kings being much given to Hunting Scipio by far surpass'd them all 77. After that the Romans had Conquer'd * Ptolemy Philometer Perseus they put some of them to death Charopus who had sided with the Macedonians and others they sent to Rome But Charopus being cloth'd with an absolute Power and Authority in Epirus because he seem'd to be a great favourer of the Romans at first dealt with the Epirots something gently and mildly but afterwards growing every day more proud and insolent he turn'd every thing in Epirus upside down For by false Accusations against the richest Men he banish'd some put others to death and Confiscated their Goods And he not only squeez'd Money from Men but from Women by the help of his Mother Philota who was more than a Woman in Cruelty and Wickedness Many likewise who were accus'd to be plotting against the Romans he gave up into the Hands of the People who were all Condemn'd to die 78. Orofernes having depos'd his Brother Ariarathes when he ought to have manag'd Orofernes King of Capadocia Ush An. 460. Before Ch. 160. his Affairs with the greatest prudence imaginable and ingratiated himself into the Hearts of his People by Kindness and Acts of Grace and Favour intended no such Matter But being
hand but fill'd all his Dominions with Rapine and Violence He plunder'd and spoil'd likewise the Cities of Greece that border'd upon him and abus'd some of the Captives and put others to death with exquisite Torments After he had taken the City Lysimachia which belonged to Attalus he burnt it down to the Ground and pickt out the greatest Persons of Quality from amongst the Captives and put them to death with strange and unheard of Tortures For he cut off the Heads Hands and Feet of their Children and hung them about their Parents Necks and exchang'd the Members of Men and Women one from another Of some he cut off their Hands and clove them down the small of the Back and sometimes would cause the Members to be carry'd about upon the top of their Spears so that he far exceeded Phalaris himself and Apollodorus the Tyrant of the Cassandrians His Barbarity is more evident in this one Instance following When he was celebrating his Nuptials after the Ancient manner of the Thracians he catcht up Two young Men of Greece that were Travelling who were Subjects to Attalus and were Brothers both very beautiful The one was fully attain'd to Mans Estate and the other was near bordering upon it Diegylis caus'd them both to be introduc'd Crown'd with Garlands after the manner of the Victims The younger being laid along and extended at length by the Officer as one ready to cut him off at the Middle the Tyrant cry'd out that Kings and private Men were not to offer the like Sacrifices hereupon the Elder making great lamentation out of endear'd Love to his Brother interpos'd himself between him and the Sword upon which Diegylis commanded he should be likewise laid along and then doubling his Cruelty at one stroak dispatch'd them both the Spectators all applauding so noble a piece of Dexterity Many such like wicked acts were committed by him 105. When Attalus understood that Diegylis was hated by all his Subjects for his Cruelty and Covetousness he took a quite contrary Course And therefore when he had taken many Thracian Prisoners Captive and freely Releas'd them all there were many that spread abroad his Fame for his Generosity and Clemency And when many of the Thracian Nobility out of hatred to Diegulis fled to him and were kindly receiv'd and the thing came to be known Diegulis tortur'd the Hostages of them that were fled with most Diegulis kiâ— Cruelty grievous Torments Many of whom that were very Young and of tender Age he pull'd in pieces Limb from Limb and of others he cut of their Hands Feet and Heads some he crucified and others he hung upon Trees many Women likewise who were Persons of Quality he stigmatiz'd before they were put to death and prostituted them to the Lust of every vile Fellow in a most Barbarous manner giving up himself to all manner of Filthiness Which as it clearly evidenc'd his unparall'ld Cruelty so it mov'd many of the Spectators who had but the least sense of Humanity with pity and commiseration 106. When Pompey was preparing to Besiege the City Lagnus the Numantines willing Quintus Pompey to assist their Countrymen sent to them in the Night 400 Soldiers whom the Lagnetians at first readily receiv'd and bountifully rewarded as their Saviours But in a few * Lagnetum in Africa days after dreading a Siege they Treated with Pompey to deliver up the Town upon Terms insisting only upon sparing their Lives But when Pompey would admit of no Conditions unless the Numantians were deliver'd up to him the Lagnetians at first shrunk at the thoughts of such a wicked Act against their Benefactors and therefore resolv'd to stand it out to the utmost But being afterwards reduc'd to the utmost extremity they sent to Pompey to acquaint him they were ready to Redeem their own Lives by the Destruction of their Confederates which the Numantians coming to understand they set upon the Citizens unexpectedly in the Night and made a grievous Slaughter amongst ' em Pompey having Intelligence of this Tumult and Bustle in the Town forthwith set scaling Ladders to the Walls and took the City and put all the Lagnetians to the Sword but generously discharg'd all the Numantian Auxiliaries to the Number of 100 both pitying the Men that were so unworthily brought into such extremity and distress as likewise hereby designing to to gain the Goodwill and opinion of the Numantians towards the Romans Afterwards he Raz'd the City to the Ground 107. Arsases King of the Parthians being a Mild and Gracious Prince was exceeding Arsases prosperous and successful and greatly enlarg'd the bounds of his Empire for he Conquer'd all before him as far as to India where Porus Reign'd formerly with a great deal Ush An. 480. before Ch. 142. of ease And tho' he was advanc'd to that degree of Power and Authority yet he inclin'd not in the least to Pride and Luxury as is common with Princes in such cases but was Kind to his Subjects and Valiant in the Field against his Enemies and having subdu'd several Nations gathered together a System out of the best of their Laws and Ush An. 481. imparted them to his Parthians 108. Viriathus was Bury'd by the Lusitanians with great Pomp and State for Two hundred Gladiators were matcht singly with as many more and sought Duels at his Sepulchre in honour of the remarkable Valour of this Man For he was as is agreed by all Valiant in Dangers Prudent and Careful in providing whatever was necessary and that which was most of all considerable was that whilst he Commanded he was more belov'd than ever any was before him For in dividing the spoil he never serv'd himself with any thing above any of the rest and of those things which fell to his share he often rewarded them that had behav'd themselves valiantly and reliev'd those Soldiers that were most in want He was likewise of incredible Sobriety and Vigilancy not sparing any Labour or drawing back from any hazard not to be overcome in the least by Ease or Pleasures The Arguments of his virtuous Qualifications are evident and demonstrable For being General of the Lusitanians for the space of Eleven years during all that time his Soldiers were not only peaceable without any Mutinies but remain'd unconquerable But after his death the Forces of the Lusitanians in a short time after were broken and dispers'd being depriv'd of such a General 109. Ptolemy for his Cruelty Murthers filthy Lusts and deform'd Body whence he was Ptolemy call'd Physco was hated by all But Hierax his General being an expert Soldier and Popular in all General Assemblies and a Man of a great Spirit took upon him the Government For when Ptolemy wanted Money and the Soldiers for want of Pay were ready to Revolt to Galaestes he put a stop to their Mutiny by paying off their Arrears out of his own Purse 110. The Aegyptians altogether contemn'd Ptolemy when they saw him so childish
Body they could invent 15. Ptolemy Physcon when he saw his Sister Cleopatra was so great an Enemy to him and Ptolemy Physco his barbarous Cruelty Justin c. 8. 39. Livy Olymp. 162. 4. Ant. Ch. 130. Val. Max. lib. 9. c. 2. This of Vales. Prag cited by Ush An. 494. Atheneus cited by Ush Ant. Ch. 128. Hegelocus Marsyas See Ush An. 495. Valesius his Fragments cited Ant. Ch. 139. could not revenge himself otherwise upon her contriv'd a most notorious piece of Villany for that purpose For he imitated the Cruelty of Medea Murdering her Son Memphites Begotten by himself who was then in Cyprus and a very young Boy And not content with this he committed a far more wicked Act For cutting off the Child's Limbs he put them in a Chest and deliver'd them to one of his Guard to be convey'd to Alexandria and whereas Cleopatra's Birth-day was then near at hand he commanded that in the Night next before that day he should set down the Chest at the Palace Gates which being accordingly executed Cleopatra made great lamentation and all the People were in a great Rage against Ptolemy 16. Atheneus Antiochus his General in a short time met with a just and due Reward for his Insolencies and Abuses in all places wherever he Quarter'd in his March For being the first that fled and forsook Antiochus in the heat of the Fight coming to some of the Towns where he had abus'd his Quarters all shut their Doors upon him and every one refus'd to help him either with Meat or Drink so that he wander'd up and down the Country till at length he was famish'd to death 17. Hegelochus General of Ptolemy Physco sent against Marsyas the Alexandrian General took him prisoner and cut off all his Army When Marsyas was brought before the King and all concluded that he would forthwith put him to some cruel death Ptolemy pardon'd him beyond all Mens expectation For now he began to repent of his former Cruelties and endeavour'd to regain the Peoples Love and Favour by acts of Clemency 18. Euemerus King of Parthia Born in Hyrcania exceeding all other Princes in Cruelty Euemerus omitted no sorts of Torments he could invent For many of the Babylonians upon slight grounds with their whole Families he made Slaves and sent them into Media to be Sold. He burnt likewise to the ground the Market-place and some of the Temples in Babylon and raz'd the fairest and most beautiful parts of the City 19. Alexander sirnam'd Zabinas when those Renown'd Captains Antipater Ponius and Alexander Zabinas cited Ush An. 498. Ant. Ch. 124. Aeropus * Revolted from him to Seleucus Demetrius Son of Nicanor Caius Sextius Revolted from him and seiz'd upon Laodicea he at length took the City However he Generously spar'd them all For he was of a mild and gentle Disposition and pleasing Temper and of a wonderful Affability in his Converse or Discourse and was therefore greatly Belov'd of every Body 20. When Caius Sextius had Taken the City of the Gauls and Sold the Inhabitants for Slaves One Crato who was led in Chains with the rest came up to the Consul as he sate upon the Tribunal and told him He had ever been a Friend to the Romans and for that reason had suffer'd many Injuries and had undergone many Stripes and Scourgings from his fellow Citizens Upon which Sextius forthwith with all the demonstration of Kindness as of a Kinsman Released him from his Bonds and Restor'd him his Goods And for his Good Will to the Romans gave him Power to set free 900 of the Citizens such as he himself thought fit For the Consul was more Generous and Bountiful to Crato than he expected to the end the Gauls might see how exactly Just the Romans were both in their Punishments and Rewards 21. Alexander not being very confident of the multitude both in regard of their Rawness Alexander Ush An. 498. this cited in Martial Affairs and their natural Inconstancy and hankring after Innovations would not adventure upon a pitcht Field but having got together as much Money as he could out of the Publick Treasuries and pillag'd the Temples resolv'd by Night to steal away into Greece But whilst he attempted by the help of some of his Barbarians to plunder Jupiter's Temple he was seiz'd upon and himself and whole Army had like to have been cut off but he soon escap'd out of their hands and made towards Seleucia But the Seleucians having heard before-hand the Brute of his Sacriledge shut their Gates against him Failing there of his purpose he went to Pisidium and never after departed from the Sea-Coast 22. After Caius Gracchus was kill'd by the hands of his own Servant Lucius Lucius Vitellius his Treachery to his Friend C. Gracchus Vitellius who had been one of his particular Friends was the first that got his Body and was so far from being troubl'd at his death that he cut off his Head and carry'd it to his own House thereby giving a remarkable Instance of his Cruelty and Covetousness For when Lucius * Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist lib. 33. c. 3. Opinius the Consul by Proclamation promis'd to Reward him that should bring to him Gracchus his Head with the weight of it in Gold Vitellius bor'd a hole in the Neck and drawing out the Brains poured in melted Lead in the room Then he brought the Head to Opinius and return'd with the promis'd Reward but was afterwards hated by all to the day of his death as a Betrayer of his Friend The Flacci were also all put to death 23. In Lybia the two Kings drew up their Armies one against another and Jugurtha Jugurtha and Adherbal Two Brothers Kings at War routed the Numidians in a great Battle slaying many of them whereupon Adherbal his Brother fled to Cirta where being straitly Besieg'd he sent Ambassadors to Rome to intreat them not to suffer a King that was their Friend and Ally to be utterly ruin'd Whereupon the Senate forthwith sent Messengers into Numidia with Orders to Jugurtha to raise his Siege which he disregarding they sent another Embassy vested with Power and Authority but that was as fruitless as the other and at length Jugurtha straitly blocking up the City round through extremity of Famine forc'd it to a Surrender and most unnaturally slew his Brother as he was going out of the City with his Children and leaving the Kingdom beseeching him only to spare his Life neither regarding the Laws of Nature and Consanguinity nor of Arms in sparing those that beg for Quarter He likewise scourg'd all the Italians to death that sided with his Brother 24. Publius Scipio Nasica the Consul was a Man renown'd both for his Virtue and Nobleness Scipio Nascica his Commendation of Birth for he was of the same Family with Africanus and Hispanicus of whom the first Conquer'd Africa the other Asia and the third Spain and from thence gain'd the several Sirnames
before mention'd And besides the Eminency of his Birth his Father and Grandfather were the most Eminent Men of the City for both of them were * Chairmen or Speakers Presidents of the Senate and the first that gave their Votes and delivered their Opinions in all publick Matters to the time of their Deaths His Grandfather upon an Occasion was judg'd by the Senate the Best Man of all the Roman Citizens For it being found written in the Sibyls Books That the Romans should build a Temple in honour of the great Mother of the Gods and should bring her Image from Pessinunt in Asia and meet it out of the City with all the Orders and Degrees of the Citizens in solemn Pomp and State and that the Best Man should lead the Men and the Best Woman be at the head of the Women when they receiv'd the Image of the Goddess The Senate performing all that was prescrib'd by the Sibyls writings judg'd Publius Nasica to be the Best Man and Valeria the Best Woman For he was not only eminent for his Piety towards the Gods but of singular Prudence in governing and ordering matters of State and of a piercing Judgment For when Marcus Cato who was Sirnam'd Demosthenes in delivering his Opinion in the Senate was ever and anon affirming That Carthage must be raz'd though nothing was in debate concerning it but the Senate was consulting of other Matters Publius Nasica was ever of a contrary Opinion that Carthage was to be preserv'd In which difference of Opinions it seem'd a matter of great Difficulty to the Senate which of the Two was most adviseable but those that were accounted the best Statesmen amongst them preferr'd the Opinion of Nasica For they conceiv'd that the Power and Grandeur of the Romans was not to be judg'd of by the Ruine and Destruction of other Cities but rather by its Sovereign Power and Authority over such as are accounted the most Potent Besides if Carthage stood out of fear of that City the Romans would be kept within the bounds of their Duty and in Peace and Concord among themselves and the Common-wealth would be forced to carry it towards their Subjects with more Moderation and Clemency which things usually strengthen and enlarge all sorts of Governments But if Carthage the Rival City be once destroy'd what can be expected but Civil Wars among the Romans themselves and the hatred likewise of all their Allies for the Pride and Covetousness of the Roman Magistrates all which accordingly happen'd to the Romans after the Destruction of Carthage For turbulent Factions Agrarian Laws grievous Revolts of Confederates continual and destructive Civil Wars and all the other Mischiefs which Publius Scipio foretold came to pass His Son Nasica afterwards when he was well in years ordering the Senate to follow him kill'd Tiberius Gracchus with his own hands when he was contriving to set up himself and take upon him the Government At the Commission of which Fact the Commons being in an Uproar and Exasperated against the Authors of the Murder and the Tribunes of the People asking every one of the Senators Man by Man being brought before them Who it was that kill'd Gracchus Every one out of fear of the Rage of the People deny'd the Fact and made use of shifting and impertinent Answers But when it came to Nasica he own'd that he kill'd him with his own Hand and further declar'd That the designs of Gracchus in aspiring to be absolute Monarch was a Secret to all other Persons but very well known to him and the Senate Whereupon the People though they were much troubled at the Fact yet being mov'd by the Boldness and Authority of the Man from thenceforth rested quiet and said no more This Scipio Nasica likewise Son of the former Nasica who dy'd Consul this Year was of an unspotted Conversation all his Days never tainted or corrupted with Bribes And being endow'd with Philosophical Principles he was not only a Philosopher in Words but in Truth so that he inherited both the Glory and Virtues of his Ancestors 25. Antiochus Cyzicenus as soon as he got into Possession of the Kingdom applied himself Antiochus Cyzicenus cited by Ush An. 500. to Revellings and Luxury and Courses altogether unbeseeming Kings For being extremely Addicted to Anticks Stage-players and all sorts of Juglers he learn'd their Arts with a great deal of Vehemency He apply'd himself also to Puppit-playing and plac'd his chiefest Delight in making the Images of living Creatures in bulk Five Cubits cover'd over with Gold and Silver to move of themselves and other Engines of that Nature But as for Warlike Engines and Testudoes call'd Helepoles whose Preparations and Magnificence belong'd to Princes and were commonly of great use he was altogether wanting in them Moreover he was much addicted to unseasonable Huntings and oftentimes would steal out privately by Night with a Servant or two to hunt Boars Lions and Leopards so that many times he was in danger of his Life by his rash encountring of these wild Beasts 26. Mecipsa Son of Massinissa King of Numidia had many Children but above them all he lov'd Adherball his Eldest and Hiempsales and Micipsa the last of which was the Mecipsa a King of Numidia a mild and learned Prince mildest Prince of all the Kings of Numidia and sent for the Learnedst Men out of Greece he could hear of and spending his time with them in improving himself in all sorts of Liberal Sciences and especially in Philosophy he enjoy'd his Kingdom together with his Study of Philosophy to his Old Age. 27. Contoniatus the Petit Prince of Jentora in Gaul was eminent for his Prudence and Contoniatus Skil in Martial Affairs He was a Friend and an Ally of the Romans being formerly brought up in Rome and so season'd with Virtue and Civility by the help of the Romans he gain'd that Principality in Gaul 28. Caius Marius one of the Ambassadors was slighted by the Proconsul as one of the Caius Marius Meanest of them The rest who were of eminent Birth and in high Place were Honour'd and Respected by the Proconsul But as for the other who was said to have been but a Publican and had much ado to get into the lowest Form amongst the * The Proconsul Magistrates Metellus made no account of him Though in truth all the rest lov'd their Ease and avoided the Camp but Marius having been often employ'd in the Wars in desperate Adventures seem'd highly to resent the Injury and Affront But addicting himself with great application of Mind to Martial Affairs he became a most expert Soldier and being naturally of a warlike Spirit in a short time he grew very Famous and for his Generosity and courteous Deportment and his affable Carriage in all Meetings towards all that were under his Command he gain'd the Hearts of all the Soldiers who studying to make grateful returns for his Kindness fought the more Chearfully and Courageously to
had been pinch'd by those Toll-gatherers made their address to him he Commissionated upright Judges by whom he Condemn'd them wheresoever he came and forc'd them to pay the Mulct impos'd upon them to the Persons they had injur'd but for Offences that deserv'd death he gave sentence of death One of the chief of these Publicans that had contracted with his Master for his Freedom for a great Sum of Money before he was manumitted he condemn'd to die and crucify'd him 7. Those that were condemn'd by the Judges he deliver'd over to the Persons injur'd to be by them carry'd away to Prison so that they who before through their insolency Mucius Scaevola Ush An. ibid. and covetousness committed all manner of Injustice were unexpectedly hurried away to the Goal by them that they had injur'd Moreover by discharging his own Expences and the Expences of his Retinue out of his own private Purse he soon inclin'd the Hearts of all the Province towards the People of Rome 8. Lucius Asellius whose Father was a Quaestor being sent Praetor into Sicily finding Lucius Asellius a prudent Governor of Sicily in the Province great Havock and Devastation by his prudent management of things in a short time restor'd it to its former state and condition For after the Example of Scoevola he made choice of his intimate Friend Caius Sempronius Longus for his Legate and join'd with him Publius the famous Roman Knight for his Counsellor who then resided at Syracuse and besides the goods of Fortune was eminent for the Virtues of his Mind his Piety towards the Gods is sufficiently testify'd by his Sacrifices Gifts and Adorning of the Temples And the quick and lively use of all his Senses to the last moment of his Life was an evident Argument of his Sobriety and Temperance And his Learning courteous Disposition are apparent from the great Value and Esteem he ever had of learned Men and his Bounty and Liberality out of his own Purse towards them that appli'd themselves to the study of the Liberal Arts and Sciences Assellius assisted with the advice of those two Men who continu'd with him under the same Roof and sate with him in Judgment upon the Bench made it his daily care to reform and set all things right again in the Province 9. In the Courts of Justice he aim'd at the Publick Good and clear'd the Court of all Asilius Sycophants and false Accusers and it was his chief care to relieve the poorest Man and those that were less able to help themselves for whereas the other Praetors committed the care of Orphans and Widows that were destitute of Friends to Tutors and Guardians that were Strangers he lookt after them himself and decided their Causes with all the care and diligence imaginable and was a great Relief to the Oppressed And as long as he was Governor of Sicily continually using his utmost endeavour to Suppress both private and publick Injuries he at length settled the Province in its former State of happiness and prosperity 10. Marcus Livius Drusus tho' he was very young yet was adorn'd with whatever M. Livius Drusus was commendable either in reference to his Body or Mind For he was the Son of a renown'd Father who was singularly belov'd of the People of Rome both upon the account of his noble Birth and virtuous Qualifications And he himself for Eloquence excell'd all his equals in Age and all his fellow Citizens in Wealth and Riches And upon the account of his Faithfulness to his Word he gain'd a very great Interest and Authority among the Citizens and being likewise of a great Spirit seem'd to be the only Patron of the Senate Out of the 37th BOOK 1. POmpoedius General of the Marsians attempted indeed a Great but a most Rash and inconsiderate Act for he pickt out 10000 Soldiers from amongst them that Pompaedius General of the Martians his atempt upon Rome were afraid of suffering due punishment for their Offences and commanding them to hide their Swords under their Coats Marcht with them towards Rome with a design to beset the Senate round with this Rabble and to demand the Freedom of the City and if he could not prevail to lay the City Wast with Fire and Sword Being by chance met * A People in Italy upon the Road by Caius Domitius he askt him whither goest thou Pompedius with so great a Company Who answer'd to Rome for that he was sent for by the Tribunes of the People to be receiv'd into the Freedom of the City But Domitius reply'd saying Thou mayest obtain what thou seek'st for with far more ease and much more honesty if thou didst not make up to the Senate in a Hostile manner for the Senate will not be compelled but intreated and petitioned to bestow that Grace and Favour upon the Latines that are their Allies and Confederates The Man being taken with this as with a Divine Admonition from Heaven and over-perswaded with what Domitius had said forthwith return'd home And thus Domitius by his seasonable and prudent advice deliver'd his Country from dreadful Mischiefs that threatned it addressing himself to Pompaedius much better than Servilius the Proconsul did to the Picentians For he spoke not to them as to Freemen and Allyes but as to Slaves and insulted over them with the greatest scorn and contempt imaginable and threatn'd and terrifi'd them to that Degree that he stirr'd up the Confederates to the Ruin and Destruction both of himself and others But Domitius on the contrary by his Mild and calm Discourse allay'd the Fury and Violence of the Inrag'd Multitude 2. There was one Agamemnon a Cilician for his many wicked pranks and slaughters of the Confederates was committed to Prison in * A City in A pulia in Italy Asculum by the Romans This Man being Releas'd by the Picentians in gratitude for the kindness shew'd him Fought resolutely on their side And being enur'd to Robberies from a Boy joyning with others of the like Gang he Wasted and Spoil'd the Enemies Country 3. The Inhabitants of the City * In Italy Pinna for their constant Fidelity to the Romans fell into most dreadful calamities for being obstinately resolv'd not to desert the Romans without any touch or Sense of Natural affection were forc'd to see their Children knockt on the Head before their Eyes 4. Lucius Suila bravely and gallantly perform'd most noble Actions and his Fame and Renown was Blazon'd all over the City And the People of Rome judg'd him worthy of Lucius Suila the Consulship looking upon him as a Man Eminent both for Valour and Conduct in Martial affairs To conclude it was apparent he was likely to arrive at the highest pitch of Glory 5. Mithridates having conquer'd the Roman Generals in Asia and taken many Prisoners Mithridates citâ—d by Ush An 515. sent them all home Cloth'd and with provision in their Snapsacks This mild Passage was cry'd up every where that all
An. 522 523. thought he had now gain'd a most convenient opportunity for some Commotion or other and therefore that he might indear the Soldiery to him he permitted them to make incursions into the Countreys of their Allies and make what havock they pleas'd therein and to take Captive every one they met withal The Soldiers very readily embrac'd the License so that within few days they had scrambl'd together abundance of Wealth by their plundering But those that had been spoil'd of their Goods went to meet the Consul and made bitter complaints to him of the Injuries they had receiv'd who being much troubl'd at the business commanded them to follow him and he himself would see restitution made to every one that had suffer'd and accordingly with Threats he commanded Fimbria to return forthwith to the Owners whatsoever had been taken away from them But Fimbria laid all the blame upon the Soldiers who did this without any Commission from him but covertly he advis'd them not to regard the Consul's Command nor suffer that to be taken from them which they had got by the Law of Arms Upon this when Flaccus commanded restitution to be made of their Rapine adding threatning to his commands the Soldiers refus'd to Obey so that there follow'd a great Mutiny in the Camp 12. Fimbria having again cross'd the Hellespont animated his Soldiers to Rapines and Fimbri Ush An. 524. all kind of Villanies exacted Moneys from the Cities and divided it amongst the Soldiers who having obtain'd an uncontroul'd License did what they listed and allur'd moreover with the hopes of a large Income lov'd Fimbria as one who had deserv'd extreamly well of the whole Army Moreover those Cities that had stood out against him when he had taken 'em he gave them to the plunder of his Soldiers and so he dealt Ush An. ibi with * Nicomedia 13. The same Fimbria being admitted into Cizicum professing himself a Friend to the Fimbria Ush An. 523. Ant. Ch. 85. Place as soon as he was got in began to Impeach all the wealthiest of them and charge them with some Crime or other Two of these the principal Men of the City after he had pass'd Sentence on them he caus'd to be whipt with Rods to terrifie the rest and afterwards struck off their Heads and set their Goods to Sale and forc'd others out of Fear to give him all they had as a Ransom for their Lives 14. Cn. Pompeius addicted himself to Martial Affairs and inur'd himself to the hardships and Fatigues of War so that in a short time he became very expert in Military Matters For casting off all Sloth and Effeminateness he was always Night and Day doing something or other that was useful and advantagious for matters relating to War For he was very sparing in his Diet eat his Meat sitting and altogether forbore Baths and such like delights He allotted but a few Hours of the Night for Sleep and spent the rest in the Cares of a General relating to what he was to put in Execution the next Day so that by his constant forethoughts of the uncertain Events of War he became a most expert Commander And therefore whereas another could scarce in the same time sit himself to take upon him the Charge of an Army already rais'd in that time and much less he Rais'd them Train'd and Disciplin'd them And when the News of his famous Exploits was brought to Rome every Body at first reflecting upon his youth more than thinking upon his Valour slighted him supposing the Messengers stretcht in their Relations and made things look bigger than in truth they were But when the certain Event confirm'd the former Report the Senate sent out * Junius Brutus Junius against him whom he routed and put to Flight 15. Lucius Scipio's Army being corrupted Revolted and went over to Sylla Scipio Lucius Scipio now looking upon himself as a lost Man Sylla sent to him a Party of Horse to conduct him whithersoever he pleas'd Being therefore forc'd in a Moment to lay aside the Ensigns of his Authority he was forthwith by the courtesie of Sylla brought in a private Habit to the Place he desir'd But presently after he resum'd the Ensigns of his Authority and again Marcht forth with a considerable Army 16. In the mean time the Persons of the greatest Quality at Rome by false accusations were put to death amongst whom Quintus Mucius Scaevola the chief Priest a most honourable and virtuous Person came to an unworthy End only the Romans were fortunate in this that the High Priest dy'd not in the most Sacred Place For the cruelty of the Murderers was such that they laid him upon the very * Of Vesta Altar and there cut his Throat so that by his own Blood he extinguish'd that Fire that out of a Religious Devotion from Ancient times was ever kept Burning 17. The Names of those that were proscrib'd being fixt up in the Market-place on Proscriptions Liv. Epitom lib. 89. A remarkable Instance of one proscrib'd who glory'd over others a sudden a Multitude of People came flocking in to read it of whom very many pity'd those that were thus Condemn'd to die But one amongst the rest a most malicious and insolent Fellow glory'd over the miserable Condition of the afflicted and bawl'd out most spiteful words against them whom some incens'd Deity forthwith repaid with a just Revenge For by chance reading his own Name as one proscrib'd at the bottom of the Roll he presently threw his Gown over his Head and began to fly through the thickest of the People but being known to one that stood next to him who discover'd him to be one condemn'd he was instantly surrounded and seiz'd and then put to death to the great joy of all that heard of it 18. Cneius Pompeius being a long time Praetor in Sicily appli'd himself to the business Cn. Pompeius of the Courts of Justice and deciding both publick and private Controversies discharg'd his Office with so much diligence and integrity that none ever merited more Commendation For tho' he was but Two and twenty years of Age a time which might have drawn him off by foolish youthful Lusts yet he carri'd himself with so much gravity and sobriety all the while he was in Sicily that the Virtue of the young Man was much admir'd by all the Sicilians FRAGMENTS OUT OF The Lost Histories OF Diodorus Siculus CONCERNING EMBASSIES Published by Fulvius Ursinus LONDON Printed by Edw. Jones for A. and J. Churchill at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row 1699. To the READER THese few Fragments together with those of Polybius Dionysius Halicarnassus Dion Casseus and Appian were Publish'd in the Year of Our Lord 1581. By Fulvius Ursinus a Roman Born and Eminently Learn'd But for a further and more particular Account of 'em I refer the Reader to the Epistle to the Fragments of Valerius plac'd next before these And therefore have now no
likewise the Son of Asclepâ—odorus Lord Lieutenant of Syria Epimenes the Son of Arseus and Anticles the Son of Theocritus together with Philotas the Son of Carsides the Thracian were all brought in by him to join in the same Treason The Night that it came to Antipater's turn to wait in the Bedchamber was the time pitch'd upon to kill Alexander when he was asleep But it hapned as some write that Alexander that very Night sate up Drinking till Morning But Aristobulus says That a certain Woman of Syria pretending to be divinely inspir'd still follow'd Alexander from place to place whom Alexander and his Courtiers at first ridicul'd but when what she had foretold was still verify'd by the Event she was no longer despis'd by Alexander but was freely admitted to the King both by night and by day and often was in his Bed-chamber when he was asleep 'T is said at that time this Prophetess by chance met the King as he came from his Cups and entreated him to return to his Companions and spend the whole Night in Drinking Alexander judging it might be a Divine Warning return'd and by that means disappointed the Traiterous Designs of the Pages The next day Epimenes the Son of Arseus one of the Conspirators discover'd the whole matter to his Friend Caricles the Son of Menander Caricles to Eurylochus the Brother of Epimeues Eurylochus going into Alexander's Tent reveal'd all to Ptolemy the Son of Lagus the Esquire of the King's Body and he to Alexander who forthwith order'd all that Eurylochus had nam'd to be seiz'd who being apprehended upon their Examination confess'd their Treason and discover'd some others Aristobulus indeed says that they declar'd Calisthenes stirr'd 'em up to undertake this piece of Villany which Ptolemy likewise confirms But there are some others that give another account of this matter viz. That Alexander perfectly hated Calisthenes and because there was a great Intimacy between him and Hermolaus he was easily wrought up on by the Informers to suspect Calisthenes Some likewise say That Hermolaus being brought beforethe Macedonians confess'd that he himself plotted the Treason and that it was not in the Power of any free-born Man to endure the Disgrace and Dishonour Alexander had brought upon him and then reckon'd up all that Alexander in that kind had done to wit the unjust Death of Philotas and with far more Injustice his putting to death Parmenio Philotas's Father and the rest that were then kill'd the Murder of Clitus through his Drunkenness his assuming the Habit of the Medes the Edict for his Adoration not yet recall'd his carousing and drunken Dozing which vile Courses he not able further to endure he was earnest to regain Liberty both to himself and the rest of the Macedonians Hereupon Hermolaus and the rest that were seiz'd were ston'd to death by the Standers-by But Aristobulus says That Calisthenes was carry'd about with the Army in Chains and died Ptolemy says he was first rack'd and afterwards hang'd So that these Authors though of great Credit and Repute and who were themselves present in the Army and attending upon Alexander at the very time when these things were acted yet cannot agree about a matter whereof there cou'd be no doubt at all at the time when it was done 10. The King's Expedition against those call'd Nauticans or Naurans and the Destruction of many of his Army by a great Snow Curtius lib. VIII c. 4. THese things being thus set in order the third Month he march'd * From Naura or Nautica out of his Winter-Quarters towards a Country call'd †In Sogdiana Gabaza The first day he had an easie March the next day was not as yet stormy or gloomy but something darker than the day before not without some threatning of a Storm at hand The third day the whole heaven flash'd with Lightning sometimes light then presently dark which not only amaz'd the Eyes but terrify'd the Hearts of the distracted Army The Air resounded with continual Thunder and Thunder-bolts up and down seem'd to be shot from the Clouds the Army even struck deaf with the Thunder as Men astonish'd durst neither march nor stand still Then on a sudden fell down a Storm of Hail like a violent Torrent At first they cover'd themselves with their Shields but presently their henumb'd and frozen Hands let fall their Arms neither did they know towards what Place or Country to move themselves the Violence of the Storm being greater than could possibly be avoided turn themselves which way soever they would Their Ranks and Order therefore being broke they wander'd through the * Oâ—r Forest Wood in Parties as they could and many fainting rather with Fear than through Weariness fell down upon the Ground although the Fierceness of the Cold had frozen the Hail others lean'd themselves to the Bodies of Trees which was to many both a Support and Defence Neither were they deceiv'd in chusing out a place to die in when their natural Heat overcome by the Cold left them immovable But it was a grateful Sloth to them that were tir'd out neither did they count it iâ—ksome to find Rest by Death for the Cold was not only vehement but also not likely to abate and the dark Shades of the Wood besides the Storm which was as the Night supprest and kept out the Light that common Comfort and Refreshment The King only was patient under this sad Misforttune and walk'd round his Camp and brought together the dispers'd and lifted up them that were down shewing them the Smoak that came from Chimneys afar off advising every one to take the highest Refuge Neither did any thing conduce more to their Safety than to see the King who had taken more Pains than they yet most unwearied of any and therefore were asham'd to leave him But Necessity more forcible than Reason in their Distresses found out a Remedy for the Cold For hewing down the Trees with their Axes they set the Heaps of Wood up and down on fire so that you would have thought all the Wood had been on a â—lame and scarce any place left for the Army to lodge This Heat presently enliven'd their benumb'd Limbs and by degrees their Spirits which the Cold had even clos'd up began freely to pass Some were entertain'd in the Houses of the Barbarians which hid from them in the late Wood but now their Necessity had discover'd others lodg'd in their Tents which though wet yet were more tolerable the Fury of the Storm being something abated This unhappy Accident swept away a thousand Soldiers and other mean * Scullions Horse-boys c. Attendants upon the Camp 'T is reported that some were found standing at the side of the Trees and seem'd not only as if they had been alive but as if they had been discoursing one with another in the same posture as they were in when they died 11. How Alexander falling in Love with Roxana marry'd her and induc'd many
War with the Ambrociats 287 r. 317 Achaians assist Phayllus 494 r. 529 Demetrius restores Liberty to their Cities 494 r. 786 Acimnestus his unfortunate aspiring to the Government at Enna 364 r. 402 Agrigentines their War with the Syracusians and their Rout 243 r. 269 Ada Princess of Caria Restor'd by Alexander the Great 531 r. 574 Adranum in Sicily built 375 r. 416 Aeacides King of Epirus endeavours to restore his Sister Olympias to the Kingdom of Macedon 612 r. 676 But in Vain 624 r. 690 Is expell'd his Kingdom ibid. Restor'd and afterwards kill'd in a Battel 642 r. 712 Aegestines their War with the Lilybaeans 259 r. 286 With the Selinuntians 297 r. 328 Burn the Tents of Dionysius 382 r. 425 The Cruelties Executed upon them by Agathocles 686 r. 769 Aegesta wholly Destroy'd and Raz'd 687 r. 770 Aegineans are Subdu'd by the Athenians 256 r. 283 Expell'd by the Athenians 281 r. 309 Aegium taken and raz'd by Aristodemus 637 r. 707 Aegppt their Defection from the Persians 252 r. 279 The two Persian Expeditions against them 254 255 r. 280 281 282 They assist Evagoras against Artaxerxes Mnemon 410 r. 460 King Acovis leagues with Gaius against the Perseans 413 462 King Tachus his War with Artaxerxes 473 r. 504 They revolt from Tachus and Tachus restor'd by Agesilaus 474 r. 506 Revolt from Artaxerxes Ocus 496 r. 531 Gain'd by Alexander M. 542 r. 588 Ptolemys Province 591 r. 628 648 Aequi Conquer'd by the Romans 289 r. 319 786 Aetna the City Aetna first call'd Eunesia 254 r. 281 Aetolians overcome the Athenians and Besieg'd Naupactus in vain 287 r. 317 Rebell against Alexander the Great 522 r. 563 Oppose Alexander's Edict 577 r. 632 Their War with Antipater 584 r. 641 Their Treachery against the Agrineans 638 r. 708 Africa dry and full of Serpents 674 r. 754 The Africans rebell against the Carthaginians 391 r. 437 Divided into four Sorts 681 r. 762 Agathocles his Original Increase and Cruelty 607 r. 670 Becomes King 610 r. 673 His Cruelty at Gela 655 r. 739 His Fight with the Carthaginians at Ecnomus unsuccessfull 655 r. 729 His Preparations for an Expedition into Africa 658 r. 734 Burns his Ships in Africa Beats the Africans 660 c. r. 738 739 740 His further Acts there 670 r. 749 r. 750 752 His treachery against Ophellas 673 c. r. 753 754 Takes Utica 680 r. 761 Flies back into Sicily 681 r. 762 His Acts there 682 683 c. r. 764 r. 765 766 Returns into Africa and is worsted by the Africans 685 r. 767 A mutiny in his Camp ibid. Flies out of Africa his Sons murder'd and his Army dispers'd and all made Slaves 686 687 r. 769 His Cruelty upon the Aegestines 687 r. 769 And the Syracusians idid His Sacrilege and Death 699 r. 785 Agesilaus General against the Persians 392 r. 438 His Praise 421 r. 473 His Acts in Egyyt 474 475 r. 505 506 His Death 475 r. 506 Agis King of Lacedemon 277 r. 306 Accus'd for making Peace wiuh the Argives 295 r. 326 His Valour at the Battel of Mantinea 295 r. 326 General against Antipater 547 r. 595 His Heroical Death ibid. Agrigentines overcome by the Syracusians 243 r. 269 A famous Pond there and other Works 228 r. 256 Their ancient Grandeur 340 r. 374 Besieg'd 341 r. 377 The Miserable destruction of the City 343 r. 379 They afterwards seek to free all the Cities of Sicily 670 681 r. 748 762 Agrinium a City of Acarnania the Cities put to the Sword by the Aetolians against terms agreed 638 r. 708 Alcetas Brother of Perdiccas overcome by Antigonus 593 r. 651 Betray'd by the Pisidians kills himself 594 r. 652 Alcibiades sent by the Athenians to Argos against the Lacedemonians 296 r. 327 His Praise 297 r. 329 Accus'd to be the â—â—thor cutting off the Nead of Mercury's Statues 301 r. 332 Is Condemn'd in his absence 301 r. 333 Flies to Sparta ibid. Restor'd to favour of the People 333 r. 367 368 Banishes himself 336 r. 370 Treacherously murder'd by Pharnabazus 362 r. 400 Alesa built by Archonides in Sicily 364 r. 403 Alexander the Son of Amyntas King of Macedon 433 r. 488 His Acts against Alexander Phereus 434 r. 489 Kill'd by Ptolemy Alorites 478 r. 510 Alexander M. a short History of him 521 r. 562 The Fight at Chaeronea 516 r. 555 His besieging and razing of Thebes 524 527 r. 568 His design against Persia his Passage into Asia and mustering of his Army 528 r. 570 The Battel at Granicum 529 r. 571 r. 572 573 His Acts in the lesser Asia 529 530 r. 574 576 His desperate Sickness 534 r. 578 The Battel at Issus 535 r. 579 Besieges Tyre 538 r. 583 Takes Gaza 541 r. 588 Gains Egypt ibid. Goes to Jupiter Hammon's Temple 542 r. 589 The Battel at Arbela 546 r. 591 Enters Susa 551 r. 598 His kindness to the Greeks maim'd by the Persians 550 r. 597 Persepolis burnt by him 552 r. 599 Thalestris Queen of the Amazons 554 r. 603 His other Acts in Persia 555 556 c r. 604 605 606 His Expedition into India 558 r. 608 His Acts there 560 c. r. 610 612 613 His War with the Oxydracans 563 r. 613 His desperate Case and Hazard there ibid. Marries Statira 567 r. 619 Enters into Babylon 570 r. 622 Prodigies before his Death 572 r. 624 His Intemperance Sickness and Death ibid. The Division of his Conquests among his Captains 574 591 r. 628 648 A Description of his Funeral Charriot 586 r. 642 The Captains join with Eumenes and presently fall from him 617 r. 682 The magnificent Feast of the Captains and Great Commanders in Persia 617 r. 682 The third division of the Provinces 628 r. 696 All the Captains join against Antigonus 633 r. 701 Great Captains take upon them the Stile of Kings 654 680 r. 728 761 Alexander King of Epirus 510 r. 548 Alexander Son of Alexander the Great together with his Mother murder'd by Cassander 654 r. 728 The Family of Alexander the Great Extinct 672 r. 752 Alexandria in Egypt built by Alexander the Great 543 r. 589 Another beyond Caucasus 568 r. 606 Another in India 556 r. 617 Alexander Pheraeus his War with the Thessalians and Macedonians 434 438 r. 489 494 His Cruelty 440 a. 466 His other Acts 442 475 r. 499 507 Is murder'd by his Wife 483 r. 517 Alexander Polysperchon his Acts 602 623 632 636 c. r. 662 689 700 706 c. Amazons the Queen lies with Alexander the Great r. 663 Amilcar the Carthaginian General besieges Himera 226 r. 253 His Death 227 r. 254 Amilcar the Carthaginian General against Agathocles 654 r. 728 Is taken attempting to surprize Syracuse in the night and his Punishment 669 r. 747 748 Amhictyons their decrees against the Spartans 491 r. 525 Against the Phocians 505 r. 542 Amphipolis an Athenian Colony their Slaughters 252 276 r. 278 304 279 Their various Changes 290 r. 321
r. 388 The taking of their City by Lysander 353 r. 389 The Thirty Tyrants of Athens 357 r. 396 r. 397 The War with the Tyrants 373 r. 414 Their Ejection ibid Ten others set up in their room prove as as bad as they 374 r. 415 Athens wall'd again 393 r. 442 They stir up the Cities against Sparta 419 r. 471 471 The Beotian War and their Expedition into Beotia 420 r. 472 How the league with Sparta is broken after the Peace of Antilcida ibid. A new War with Sparta The first Victory after their loss at Egos-Potamos against the Spartans at Naxos in a Sea-fight 422 r. 475 Their Expedition into Corcyra and Victory over the Spartans They assist the Spartans their implacable Enemies against the Thebans by Iphicrates 435 437 r. 490 493 Are routed by Philip 478 r. 511 Their Acts in the Social War 485 r. 521 Their War with Philip 503 r. 539 The Battel at Chaeronea where they are overcome by Philip 516 r. 555 Their War with Antipater 578 r. 633 c. Their City given up to Antipater and garison'd by him 581 r. 637 Their Democracy restor'd 602 r. 662 Antigonus and Demetrius honour'd by them 677 r. 757 Athenae a University for the Liberal Arts and Sciences 311 r. 344 Attica wasted by Xerxes 223 r. 250 By Mardonius 230 r. 257 By the Spartans 280 284 r. 308 309 r. 313 314 Atho Mount Atho digg'd thro' by Xerxes's Army 310 r. 343 Augurs a superstitious Observation of Augurs the occasion of the Ruin of the Athenians in Sicily 305 r. 337 Shew'd to Philomelus 489 r. 524 Portending the death of Alexander M. 571 r. 623 Axiotheca the Wife of Nicocles murders her self and her whole Family 665 r. 743 B. Babylon Alexander M. his first Entry into Babylon 548 r. 596 His second and last where he died 570 r. 622 Babylonia the Province of Arcon 574 r. 628 It s Scituation 576 r. 630 Antipater allotted it to Seleucus 590 r. 648 Bactria Conquer'd by Alexander M. The Province of Philip 574 r. 628 The Scituation 576 r. 630 Bagistama a fruitful Country r. 621 Bagoas the Eunuch colleague with Mentor in Egypt 499 500 r. 535 536 Destroys Ochus and all his Family 501 r. 537 How he was punished 502 r. 564 Belus his Sepulchre repair'd by Alexander M. 570 r. 622 Bessus treacherously murders Darius and stirs up the Bactrians against Alexander M. 552 r. 601 Punished by Alexander M. 556 r. 606 Beotians whence so call'd r. 696 Their War with the Plateans 280 r. 308 With the Athenians 290 321 With the Phoceans and Lacedemonians 393 394 395 r. 439 441 442 The Beotian War against the Lacedemonians to the end 414 r. 465 466 Overcome by Philomelus 491 r. 526 By Onomarchus 493 r. 528 They overcome Phayllus at Orchomenus Cephissus and Chaeronea 504 r. 541 Overcome by Leosthenes 578 r. 633 Join with Antigonus 642 r. 713 Boeotarchs 431 r. 485 Bomilcar his Ambition 661 r. 737 Invades the Soveraignty over the Carthaginians 674 r. 754 His Conflict with the Citizens 675 r. 755 His punishment 676 〈◊〉 756 Bucephalus Alexander M. his Horse his properties 554 r. 603 Is taken ibid. Built a City in India call'd Bucephala in memory of his Horse 564 r. 612 Bura and Helice drown'd two Cities in Greece 428 r. 481 Buildings Stately Buildings in Sicily 514 r. 553 Burial the remarkable love of a Wife to her Husband at his Funeral 622 r. 689 Bees make their Honey Combs in the Hipps of Agathocles his Statue 607 r. 671 Byzantians their Expedition into Bithynia and Cruelty 297 r. 328 The City taken by the Athenians by Treachery but not without Blows 331 r. 366 C. Cadmus the first King of Thebes 271 r. 300 Cadmea the Cittadel of Thebes taken by the Spartans 416 r. 467 Recover'd 418 r. 470 Callantineans their War with Lysimachus 640 r. 711 Callicrates his Sea-Fight with the Athenians 305 349 r. 373 385 Camillus overcomes the Volsci Equi and the Gauls 406 r. 456 Campanians assist Dionysius in Sicily 330 r. 364 Are Rooted out of Sicily by Timoleon 514 r. 553 Cappadocia the Province of Eumenes 574 r. 628 It s Situation 576 r. 630 Carducians the hardships of the Grecians through their Countrey 370 r. 411 The Mountains there ibid. Caria its Situation 576 r. 630 The Province of Cassander 574 r. 628 Carmania the Province of Tlepolimus 574 r. 628 It s Situation 576 r. 630 Carrhae Villages in Mesopotamia 569 r. 621 Carthaginians their numerous Forces brought into Sicily as Confederats with Xerxes 225 r. 252 Their miserable slaughter at Himera by Gelo 227 r. 254 Their Cruelty and Impiety in the Sacking of Selinunt 327 r. 361 And after of Himera 330 r. 364 Their War with Dionysius 376 r. 418 Are overcome by the Syracusians 385 r. 430 Their Navy damag'd by Dionysius 391 r. 434 A grievous Plague amongst them ibid. The burning of their Fleet 390 r. 435 Another Expedition into Sicily against Dionysius 398 r. 445 Another War with him 414 r. 465 Plague and Pannick fears 418 r. 469 The last War with Dionysius 439 r. 495 Another Expedition against Timoleon 508 512 r. 545 550 Overcome by Timoleon 513 r. 551 Their Expedition against Agathocles and their Shipwrack 654 r. 728 The manner of the publick Mourning ibid. Their Victory at Ecnomon 656 r. 730 The Terror amongst the Carthaginians upon the landing of Agathocles in Africa 660 r. 737 Human sacrifices in Africa 662 r. 739 Towns taken by Agathocles in Africa 664 r. 741 Their miserable Slaughter in Assaulting Syracuse 668 r. 747 They overcome Agathocles in Africa 684 r. 767 The Tents of the Carthaginians burnt by chance cause a great terror ibid. Cassander his War with Olympias 622 r. 689 He builds Cassandra and repairs Thebes 630 r. 699 Uses Rhoxana and her Son very ill ibid. His Expedition into Peloponnesus 630 r. 699 Confederates against Antigonus 632 r. 701 Another Expedition into Peloponnesus 635 r. 705 Into Illyrium and his happy success there ibid. Into Cario against Antigonus and his good success there 641 r. 712 His War with the Apolloniats 648 r. 719 Wickedly murders the Son of Alexander and his Mother 654 r. 728 Assumes the Kingdom 680 r. 761 His Expedition against Antigonus 702 r. 788 Caulonia Besieg'd and raz'd 401 403 r. 449 451 Cerberus how he was pull'd out of Hell by Hercules 372 r. 413 Chabrias the Athenian General defends Corinth against the Thebans 437 r. 493 Their General in Sicily 285 r. 314 His Victory at Sea over Pollides the Spartan 422 r. 475 His Death 423 r. 476 Charonaea Philip gains a great Victory over the Athenians at Charonaea 516 555 Chaldaeans their Opinion of the Prodigies in the Heavens 429 r. 483 The Nature of their Divinations 570 r. 622 Chares the Athenian General overcomes the Argives 440 r. 496 His Acts in the Social War 480 486 r. 514 521 Charonidas His Laws 267 r. 295 Cilicia The Province of Philotas its
Lamian War 578 r. 633 Elis Conquer'd by Telephorus 648 r. 719 Epaminondas his Praise 424 r. 477 The Theban General 430 r. 484 His Valour in the Battel at Leuctra 435 r. 490 Rebuilds Messina 435 r. 491 Besieges Corinth 436 r. 493 Preserves the Army 437 r. 494 His Acts in Peloponnesus His other Acts 441 443 362 r. 498 500 401 His Valour at Mantinea and Deaths wound 445 r. 503 Was a Pythagorean and Fellow-Schollar with Philip King of Macedon 477 r. 510 Regardless of Auguries 430 r. 484 485 His Sayings at the time he lay a dying 445 r. 503 Ephori the Great Court at Sparta that over-ruled the Kings 639 r. 709 Epidamnus The sedition there 275 r. 303 Evagoras endeavors to recover all Cyprus 399 r. 447 His War with Artaxerxes 411 r. 460 Kill'd by Nieucoles 428 r. 482 Euboea Subdu'd by Xerxes 222 r. 249 The intestine War 480 r. 513 Eumelus King of Bosphoros his War with his Brother for the Kingdom 665 r. 743 Overcomes his Brother Prytanis 667 r. 744 Kill'd by his Horses running away with his Chariot 667 r. 745 Eumenes Governor of Cappadocia 581 r. 635 His Expedition against Antipater 587 r. 643 His Battel with Craterus and Neoptolemus and Victory 587 r. 644 Is overcome by Antigonus and besieg'd 591 r. 649 His Exercise of his Horses in the Siege 589 r. 649 His various Fortunes 596 r. 655 His other Acts 598 c. r. 653 659 His danger at Euphrates 604 r. 667 His Expedition against Seleucus 612 r. 677 His danger at Tigris ibid. His other Acts 613 614 616 617 c. r. 678 680 682 683 c. His last Battel with Antigonus 625 r. 693 Deliver'd up to Antigonus and put so death 626 r. 694 Euripides His death 351 r. 387 Eurydice The Wife of Archidaeus 590 r. 648 Hangs herself 612 r. 676 Eloquence See Gorgias F. Fabii Three Hundred of the Family kill'd together in one Battel 243 r. 269 Famine At Athens in a Siege 353 r. 389 At Rhegium 320 r. 353 At Pydna where Olympias was besieg'd 629 r. 697 Feast By Alexander M. before his Persian Expedition 527 r. 570 Fountain at the Temple of Jupiter Hammon of a Wonderful Nature 543 r. 589 Fortune hates the Proud and Cruel 308 r. 341 The wonderful Turns in Eumenes 5â—6 r. 655 In Agathocles 662 670 678 r. 739 749 759 In the Carthaginians 662 668 r. 739 746 Of a Gardner makes a King 541 r. 587 Funeral the sumptuous Funeral of Hephestion 571 r. 623 Far more pompous of Alexander M. 586 r. 642 Burnt with their dead Husbands in India 562 r. 610 A Contest between two Wives which should be burnt with the dead Husband 622 r. 689 G. Gauls Take Rome 406 r. 455 Are almost all cut of by Camillus 407 r. 456 Geloans they leave the City Gela and go to Syracuse 264 r. 292 Then to the Leontines 358 r. 397 Gela besieg'd by the Syracusians 609 r. 672 The Cruelty of Agathocles at Gela 655 r. 729 Gellias the Agragentine his Wealth Hospitality Beauty c. 340 r. 375 His Wine-Cellar 341 r. 376 His Death 343 r. 379 Gelo overcomes the Carthaginians at Himera 227 r. 253 His Praise ibid. His Victory and the Death of Leonidas fall out both on the same day 227 r. 255 Inriches Sicily with the Spoils of his Enemies ibid. His Death Burial c. 235 249 r. 262 276 God God defends the Greeks against Xerxes 222 r. 249 His Anger the Cause of all publick Calamities as Earthquakes c. 428 r. 482 His Revenge of Sacrilege 505 506 508 r. 542 543 545 Remarks of Divine Providence 508 514 r. 545 553 769 Gorgias the Leontine his Eloquence and invented Rhetorick 284 r. 313 Grecians their Assembly and Decree at the Isthmus against the Persians 216 r. 243 Their Valour at Thermopyle 219 r. 246 The Sea-Fight and Victory at Artemesia over the Persians 222 r. 249 At Salamis 223 r. 250 Their Expedition against Mardonis and their Fight with him 231 r. 258 The Grecian Auxiliaries against Artaxerxes for Cyrus his Brother are Victors 368 r. 408 The Grecian Captains that were prisoners all put to Death 369 r. 410 Their troublesome passage out of Persia back into their own Country 370 371 471 r. 411 412 413 The Grecian Cities confederate against the Lacedemonians in the Theban War 419 r. 471 The Grecians advis'd to Peace amongst themselves by Artaxerxes 438 r. 494 Peace after the Battel at Mantinea 446 r. 504 Their War at Lamia with Antipater 496 r. 631 Gylippus his severe Speech against the Athenian Prisoners in Sicily See Speech Gold the Sacred Hunger of Gold 492 r. 527 Rich Mines at Philippi 480 r. 514 Gulf a deep Gulf cover'd with Sand in Egypt 498 r. 534 H. Halicarnassus Taken by Alexander M. 531 532 r. 574 576 Hammon the Temple of Hammon 542 543 r. 588 589 Hannibal the Carthaginian General against the Syracusians 319 r. 352 Razes Selinunt 327 r. 361 Dies of the Plague 341 r. 377 Harpalas his Luxury and Rapes 569 r. 619 Helepolis an Engine of Battery us'd by Demetrius describ'd 677 694 r. 758 779 Helice and Bura two Cities drown'd 428 r. 482 Hephestion dies at Ecbatana His Funeral 623 r. 571 Hercules the ancient Hercules His Acts 557 564 r. 607 613 Hermocrates his Acts in Sicily 330 r. 364 Is slain ibid. Hicetas Prince of Syracuse ejected by Dionysius Junior 508 r. 545 Overcomes Dionysius is routed by Timoleon 509 511 r. 546 548 Hiero King of Syracuse 235 r. 262 His Acts 240 241 243 r. 267 268 269 Builds Catana 240 r. 267 Hilotes their War with Sparta 248 290 r. 274 320 Himera raz'd to the Ground by Hannibal 328 r. 362 Historians who are to be Blam'd and who Excusable 244 r. 380 Who end with the Battel at Mantinea 446 r. 504 Unpleasant when broken off with many Speeches 657 r. 733 The Profit of History 583 r. 639 Honey in Colchis makes Men mad 371 r. 412 Horses how exercis'd by Eumenes when he besieg'd in a strait Place See Exercise I. Japygians Overcome the Tarentines 241 r. 268 Jason the Pherean his Acts 420 432 433 r. 472 487 488 Ida the Mountain Ida describ'd 524 r. 565 The Wonders there ibid. Illyrians Overcome the Macedonians 478 r. 510 Conquer'd by Philip 479 486 r. 512 522 Imilco the Carthaginian General in Sicily his Acts 380 382 383 r. 423 426 427 His Sacrileges 385 r. 430 Looses his Fleet Army c. 391 r. 436 His extream Misery in his own Country ibid. Dies for want ibid. Isaurians burn themselves in Pisidia 584. 640 India the Description 576 r. 630 By a Law among the Indians the Wives burn themselves with their dead Husbands 622 r. 688 Inundations fearful Inundations in Peloponnesus 428 r. 482 And in other Parts of Greece 286 r. 316 At Rhodes 627 r. 695 Iphicrates the Athenian General in Egypt 425 r. 478 His Acts in Egypt 426 r. 479 His other Acts 397 435 486
Fumes of Lime b 38. e 2. 736 D. Demetrius King of Syria overcomes Alexander b 32. e 1. 724 E. Enna taken and plunder'd by the Slaves b 34. e 2. 727 Eunus the Juggler and Captain of the Slaves in Sicily ibid. H. Heraris a young Wife becomes a Man b 32 e 1. 724 Hermaphrodites strange Relations of Hermaphrodites ibid. I. Jerusalem the Temple by Antiochus Epiphanes taken by Antiochus Eupator b 34. e 1. 726 Jews hated of all An Heathenish Relation of their Coming out of Aegypt b 34. e 1. b 40. e 1. 726 736 Their Laws by Moses ibid. Jugurtha King of Numidia brought Prisoner to Rome b 36. e 1. 729 M. Marsian War b 37. e 1. 734 Masinissa his Srength and Age b 32. e 3. 325 Megallis the wife of Demophilus of Enna thrown down a Rock by the Women Slaves for her former Cruelty b 34. e 2. 327 Titus Minutius buys a Slave he fell in Love with for a great Sum of Money and stirs up the Servile War in Italy at length betray'd by his own men b 36. e 1. 729 Moses his Acts b 34. e 1. b 40. e 1. 726 736 N. Nerva manages the War against the Slaves in Sicily slothful b 36. e 1. 730 P. Persius King of Macedonia his extream Misery b 31. e 2. 722 Pompey his Death b 37. e 2. 734 Prusias King of Bithynia murder'd by his Son b 32. e 4. 726 R. Romans their superstition b 36. e 2 733 Their Statues of their Ancestors b 31. e 4. 723 Their Degeneracy from their former Frugality b 37. e 1. 734 S. Salvius a Piper Captain of the Slaves in Sicily is made King and call'd Tripho b 36. e 1. 731 Sicily It s lamentable Condition in the time of the servile Wars b 36. e 1. 729 Sylla His War with Marius his remarkable Death b 37. e 2. 735 T. Titinius betrays the S 〈…〉 s in Sicily b 36 e 1. 731 V. Varius Captain of the Slaves in Sicily b 36. e 1. ibid. Viriathus General of the Lusitanians once a Captain of Thieves his Successes against the Romans b 32. e 5. 726 W. War The War of the Slaves among the Romans b 34. e 2. 727 And in Attica ibid. At Nucera Capua and by Minutius b 36. e 1. 729 The Servile Wars in Sicily under Eunus Varius Salvius and Athenio b 34. e 2. b 36. e 1. 727 729 The FRAGMENTS out of the History of Diodorus the Sicilian Publish'd by H. Valesius A. ACtaeon pull'd in pieces between those that strove for him See Archias Lib. 6. Sect. 15. Page 743 Agathocles Kill'd with a Thunderbolt l 6. s 16. ibid. His Revenge upon his Soldiers that kill'd his Son l 2◠s 2. 748 Archias his vile love to Actaeon a virtuous young Boy l 6. s 15. 743 Astyages King of the Medes his Cruelty towards his subjects l 6. s 30. 745 Adrastus by Chance kill'd Atys the Son of Croesus Kills himself for it l 6. s 32 ibid. Atys See Adrastus ibid. Aeneas his Care of his Father when Troy was taken l 6. s 8. 742 Aristogon his praise l 6. s 46. 747 Antigonus one a private Man Kill'd through his Ambition l 21. s 1. 748 Apollodorus King of Cassandria in Macedonia his Cruelty l 22. s 5. 750 Attilius Regulus the Roman General his Misfortunes at Carthage routed by Xanthippus l 23. s 1. 751 Antiochus the Great his Acts l 26. s 28 to 33. 757 His strange familiarity with ordinary fellows l 26. s 43. 758 Epiphanes his foolish and light Carriage at Sports and in Feasts ibid. s 67 68 69. 761 Antiochus Cyzienus addicted to Puppit-Plays c. hunting wild Beasts in the night l 34. s 25. 774 Aradians slew the Ambassadors sent to them from the Marathenians l 26. s 97. 767 Arsases King of Parthia his praise l 26. s 107. 769 Attalus his cruelty l 34. s 9. 771 Athenaeus Antiochus's General abusive in his Quarters afterwards was famish'd to Death because none would relieve him by reason of his former abuses l 34. s 16. 722 Asellus See Lucius Asellus 776 B. Bias one of the Seven Wise Men His noble Entertainment and Redemption of Captive-Virgins l 6. s 28. 744 C. Castor and Pollux l 6. s 1. 741 Chilo one of the Seven wise Men l 6. s 26. 744 Cyrus his Praise l 6. s 29 31 34. 744 Croesus Cyrus his Kindness to him l 6. s 33 34. 745 Cambyses l 6. s 44. 747 Cimon his love to his Dead Father l 6. s 51. His Praise 52. 748 Carthaginians their War with the Mercenaries See War 752 Their Cruelty towards the Micatanian Revolters l 26. s 10. 754 Cretians their Treachery to the Citizens of Siphnus Corinth Rebuilt by Julius Caesar l 26. s 92. 766 Caius Gracchus his Head sold by his tr 〈…〉 rous Friend Lucius Metellius for its Weight in Gold l 34. s 22. 773 Drew out the Brains and pour'd in Lead to make it weigh heavier ibid. Caius Marius one of the Ambassadors sent to Metellus despis'd by him but belov'd by the Soldiers l 34. s 28. 775 Caius Domitius See Pompaedius D. Dromichares King of Thrace his kind Usage of Lysimachus and his Son when he had them prisoners Demetrius Nicanor King of Syria his Cruelty l 26. Demetrius Son of Philip King of Macedon murder'd by his Father through the instigation of his Brother Perseus l 26. s 39. 758 Decius Treacherously kill'd all the Rheglans l 22. s 1. 750 His end ibid Diegulis King of Thrace his cruelties l 26. s 104 105. 769 E. Eleans Consecrated to Jupiter by the Policy of the Lacedemonians l 6. s 12. 742 Eucephus his Treachery concerning Polychares his Cattel and his Cruelty l 6. s 14. 742 Eumenes his Kindness to his Brother Attalus tho' he had married his Queen in his absence upon news of his death l 26. s 44. 759 His other Acts s 48. ibid. His Praise s 66. 761 Eumenes King of Parthia his Cruelty raz'd a great part of Babylon F. Fimbria encouraged his Soldiers to plunder l 37. s 11 12. His Cruelties s 13. 779 G. Gauls their Cruelty l 26. s 65. 761 Gorgus Father and Son their remarkable love one to another H. Hippomenes caus'd his own Daughter to be eaten up by a Horse l 6. s 20. 743 Hamilcar his cruel usage by the Sons of Attalus l 24. s 5. 752 Hannibal his Acts l 26. s 1 2 3 4 5 6 9. 753 His Praise s 36. 757 Hieronymus King of Syracuse murder'd by his Subjects l 26. s 7 8. 754 Hasdrubal his Commendation l 26. s 11. 754 I. Julius Caesar his praise l 26. s 92. 766 Rebuilt Corinth ibid. Jugurtha Besieged his Brother Adherball in Cinna took the place and unnaturally slew his Brother l 34. s 23. 77◠L. Lycurgus l 6. s 11. 742 Lucius Tarquinius King of the Romans his praise l 6. s 23. 744 Lucretia her story l 6. s 48. 747 Lysimachus kindly us'd by the Thracians when he was prisoner l
beautiful Frame and Order and likewise conjoyn'd the Natures of Men in a common Analogy and Likeness one to another incessantly wheels about every Age as in a Circle imparting to each what is before by Fate shar'd out and allotted for them So these Historians by committing to Writing the common Actions of Men through the whole World as if they were the Affairs only of one City represent their Labours as one intire Account and common Repertory and Treasury of Human Transactions For it 's a desirable thing to be in a capacity to make use of the Mistakes of others the better to order the course of our own Lives and in the various Events and Accidents that may befal us not to be then at a loss and seeking what is to be done but rather to be able to imitate what has been well done And certainly as to Councel and Advice all prefer Ancient Men before those that are Young because of their Prudence gain'd by a long Experience But History goes as far beyond the Knowledge of Old Men as we are sure it does surmount all their Experience in multitude of Examples So that any Man may justly look upon it as a thing most profitable and advantageous to make use of this upon all occasions and accidents of this Life As for Young Men it teaches them the Wisdom and Prudence of the Old and increases and improves the Wisdom of the Aged It fits Private Men for high Places and stirs up Princes for the sake of Honour and Glory to these Exploits that may immortalize their Names It incourages likewise Souldiers to Fight the more Couragiously for their Country upon the hopes of Applause and Commendation after their Deaths And as a Curb to the Impious and Prophane it restrains them in some measure upon the account of being noted to Posterity with a perpetual Brand of Infamy and Disgrace What shall I say In hopes of having the Memory of their good Acts recorded to Posterity by Historians some have built Cities others have apply'd themselves to the Promulgation of good and wholsom Laws Many also upon this account have set their Wits at work to invent Arts and Sciences for the good of Mankind And whereas compleat Happiness is made up of all Perfections centring in one History consequently is to bear away the Prize which is the Cause of all those commendable and glorious effects For it 's most certain She is the Preserver of the Virtues of Worthy Men to Posterity and an eternal Witness to the Cowardize and Impiety of others and a Benefactor to all Mankind in general For if a fine spun Story consisting meerly of Fictions told of things done among the Spirits In Hell below tends much to the promoting of Piety and Justice how much more then may we conclude that History the most noble Assertrix of Truth and very Metropolis as it were of all Philosophy may adorn the Manners of Men with Principles of Justice and Honesty For there is not a Man through the Infirmity of Human Nature that lives scarce a moment of an entire Eternity but is extinguish'd and gone for ever after this Life and with those who never did any thing commendable in their Life-time all their Injoyments and Comforts perish with them But those who have signalized themselves by virtuous Actions are made famous in every Age their praises being proclaim'd as it were by Or by a Divine Mouth of History a Divine Voice from History I judge it therefore honourable and commendable and a piece of admirable Wisdom and Prudence to purchase that Glory which is immortal with Labours and Sufferings that are but short and temporal It 's confess'd by all concerning Hercules that while he was here upon Earth he voluntarily undertook great and continual Labours and ran through many Dangers that by doing good to Mankind he might gain the Reward of an Immortal Fame And as to other Men some are honour'd as Heroes others Deify'd as Gods and all by the help and advantage of History which has transmitted their Virtues to Posterity and caus'd the Remembrance of them to be immortal Other Monuments indure but for a little time and are often ruin'd and destroy'd by various Accidents but the force and vigour of History pierces through the whole World and Time it self which consumes all other things is its Keeper handing it down to Posterity for ever History likewise conduces much to make a Man Eloquent than which nothing is more commendable for by this Grecians excel Barbarians and the Learn'd those that are Ignorant And by this Art alone it is that one single Person many times prevails over Multitudes To conclude Whatever is done appears to be such either as to Quantity or Quality as the Eloquent Rhetorician is pleas'd to make it And such we call Good Men Men of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Worthy Men of Language high Esteem for excellent Language as those that by that Qualification have attain'd to the highest pitch of Virtue But this Art of Speaking well is divided into several Parts That part which is Poetical seems to delight more than to profit the Auditor that which relates to making of Laws tends more to Coertion than Instruction and the other parts either contribute nothing at all to our well-being or they are as hurtful one way as they are useful and profitable another and some of them even oppose the Truth with downright Lyes But History only wherein Words and Things agree comprehends in Writing what is both pleasant and profitable For who cannot discern but that it perswades to Justice condemns the wicked and vicious praises the good and greatly improves the Understanding of the Those that meet with it Readers And therefore when we saw these sort of Writers deservedly in great Esteem we were stir'd up to an earnest study of prosecuting the same Subject But when we seriously consider the Authors that have been before us though we highly approve of their Method and Design as far as we may justly yet we conceive their Writings are not altogether compos'd to the due Measure of Profit and Advantage as they ought to be For whereas to profit the Reader it 's necessarily requisite that many and various Circumstances of Affairs be related many set forth the Wars only of one Nation or one single City for very few have begun their Histories from Antient Times or have made it their Business to write of the Affairs of all Nations in General to these our Days And those that do some of them fix no certain Time to the several Transactions they write of and others altogether pass over the Affairs of the Barbarians And some there are that never mention the Ancient Mythologies but slip them by because of the Difficulty of the Subject Some that have begun to write have been prevented by Death and so have left their Works imperfect And none who have hitherto set themselves to this Business have brought down their History below the Times
order'd the Admirals to sail along near unto the Shore and attend upon him as he march'd by Land When he came to the * Gates Pile as they are call'd and found the Entrance without any Guard he was much pleas'd for he was full of Fear lest some had seiz'd the Passes before him For the Place is naturally very streight and defended by Craggy Rocks on every side so that it may be kept by a very few Men. For there are two Mountains that rise up on either side near one to another the one mounting up with sharp Rocks of a prodigious height and the other call'd Libanus beginning at the very Entrance into the only Passage Ant. Ch. 399. that leads through those Places and runs out as far as to Phenicia The space lying between these two Mountains is about * A Quarter and an half of a Mile Three Furlongs wide strongly fortify'd shut up with streight and narrow Gates When Cyrus had pass'd through here he discharg'd the Fleet and sent it back to Ephesus for he had no occasion to use it being now to march through the Heart of the Country After twenty Days march he came to Thapsacus near to the River Euphrates After he had continu'd here Five days and had gain'd the Hearts of the Soldiers by plenty of Provision and rich Spoils and Booties he call'd a Council and discover'd to 'em his whole design But perceiving that the Army was very uneasy upon what he said he earnestly intreated all of them that they would not now Desert him and endeavour'd to pacify them by promising besides other Rewards a * 3 l. 2 s. 6 d. Mina apiece to every Man as soon as he came to Babylon Upon which being thus encourag'd and having their Expectations rais'd high they at length consented Hereupon Cyrus pass'd his Army over Euphrates and went forward without making any Halt and as soon as he came to the Borders of Babylon he gave leave to his Army to refresh themselves Artaxerxes the King had some time before notice given him by Pharnabazus of the secret Preparations of Cyrus against him but now having certain Intelligence of his March he call'd all his Forces together from every place to Ecbatana in Media and with what Force he then had march'd against Cyrus not being willing to stay for the Aids from India and other Nations who he perceiv'd would be too long in coming up to him by reason of the great Distances of the several Places from whence they came His Army as Ephorus relates amounted to no less then Four hundred thousand Horse and Foot When he came within the Borders of Babylon he Encamp'd at Euphrates purposing there to leave his heavy Baggage For he knew the Enemy was not far off and therefore Ant. Ch. 399. had just Cause to fear their desperate and daring Attempt He drew therefore a Trench Threescore Foot in breadth and Ten in depth and Barricaded it with Carts and Carriages as with a Wall here he left his Baggage and those that were Sick and Weak with but a slender Guard but he himself with a swift March made towards the Enemy who were then near at hand When Cyrus saw the King's Army advancing he forthwith commanded all his Army P. 408. The Battel between Cyrus and Arraxerxes It was fought at a Plac'd call'd Cynaxa 500 Furlongs from Babylon Plut. Artaxerxes to their Arms. The Lacedaemonians and some Mercenaries were in the Right Wing stretch'd out to the River Euphrates under the Command of Clearchus the Macedonian with whom were join'd above a Thousand Paphlagonian Horse The Lest Wing was commanded by Arideus consisting of Phrygians and Lydians and in this were about a Thousand Horse more In the middle Battel was Cyrus himself with a Guard for his Person consisting of the best Persian Soldiers and other Barbarians to the number of Ten thousand Men before whom march'd as a Vaunt-guard a Thousand Horse gallantly accoutred with Grecian Swords and Coats of Mail. On the other side Artaxerxes plac'd a great number of hook'd Chariots in front of his whole Army and committing the two Wings to the Command of Persian Officers he himself remain'd with the Main Body guarded with no less then Fifty thousand choice Men. When the Armies came within * A Quarter and half of a Mile Three Furlongs one of another the Grecians sang the †The Pean was a song to Mars before the Fight and to Apollo after the Victory Ant. Ch. 399. Pean and then silently led the Van and as soon as they came within the Cast of a Dart they ran in upon the Enemy with great Fury for so Clearchus had ordered them conceiving that if they fought at a great Distance their whole Bodies would be Marks for their Enemies during all the time of the Fight whereas if they engag'd close at Hand they would be less subject to the Darts and Arrows of the Persians As soon as the Main Body with Cyrus came up to the King 's a Shower of Darts and Arrows like a Tempest fell upon them as great as can be imagin'd might be discharg'd by a Body of Fifty thousand Men. But after they had fought a while with their Darts at a distance at length they fell to it hand to hand The Lacedaemonians and Mercenaries at the first Charge routed that Part of the Army that oppos'd them far exceeding the Barbarians both in dexterity of Fight and the resplendant brightness of their Arms. For all the Barbarians were but lightly arm'd and many of the Regiments were of the meanest Soldiers and the greatest part but raw and unexpert in War The Grecians on the contrary by so long and continual exercise of their Arms in the late Peloponnesian War were grown very skilful and excellent Soldiers so that they put their Adversaries presently to flight and made a great slaughter of the Barbarians It so happen'd that both the Generals who were contending for the Kingdom being in the main Battel on either side and weighing how fatal the issue would be made one against the other purposing to decide the Controversie by their own hands and Destiny seem'd now to engage these two Brothers in a Duel as if it had been in imitation of that ancient and stout Combat between * The Sons of Oedipus King of Thebes kill'd one another in a Combat fighting for the Kingdom Plut. Lives Ant. Ch. 399. Eteocles and Polynices so memoriz'd by Poets in their Tragedies Here Cyrus made the Onset and at a distance threw his Javelin with all his force at the King and brought him down to the Ground who was presently taken up as dead and carry'd out of the Fight by them that were about him Upon this Tissaphernes a Noble Persian steps into the King's place encourages the Soldiers and sights valiantly himself endeavouring to revenge the suppos'd Death of the King flew about into every Place with the choicest of the Troops and made
a dreadful Slaughter where-ever he came insomuch as his Heat and extraordinary Courage was taken notice of by them that were at a great distance Cyrus likewise lifted up with the Success of his Arms siercely rushes into the midst of the Battel and signaliz'd his Courage with the slaughter of many of his Enemies But rashly running himself into eminent Dangers he at length receiv'd a mortal Wound from a common Soldier of the Persians and there fell down dead Upon whose fall the Spirits of the Royalists reviv'd and renew'd the Fight and at last by the Number of their Forces and Confidence of success weary'd out their opposers Arideus Cyrus's General and Commander in the other part of the Army at the first P. 409. valiantly receiv'd the Charge of the Barbarians But afterwards the Wing of the Enemy stretching in length far beyond him and the Rumour of the Death of Cyrus coming to him as a further Discouragement he retreated with those under his Command to a Post very commodious for that purpose Clearchus perceiving the main Body of their Army to be routed and the rest ready to fly stopp'd his own Men in their pursuit for he fear'd that if the whole Army of the Barbarians should fall upon the Grecians they would be all utterly cut off In the mean time the Body where the Persian King immediately commanded having routed the Party that engag'd them rifled Cyrus's Camp Afterwards Ant. Ch. 399. it now growing towards Night in one Body they made against the Greeks who valiantly like Men of brave and generous Spirits receiv'd the Charge the Barbarians did Cyrus's Army Routed not long stand their ground but being worsted by the Valour and Dexterity of the Grecians were presently put to flight Clearchus after he had made a great slaughter among them it being now dark erected a Trophy and then retir'd to his Camp about the time of the second Watch. The Battel thus ended an account was taken of those that were slain on the King's side which amounted to above Fifteen thousand the greatest part of whom were kill'd by the Lacedaemonians and Mercenaries under the Command of Clearchus On the other side of Cyrus his Army were slain Three thousand No account is given of any of the Grecians that were slain but only a few wounded The next day Arideus who retir'd to his former Post as we have before related sent to Clearchus to desire him to join their Forces that so they might better secure themselves by the advantage of Places near to the Sea side For Cyrus being dead and the King's Forces now Victors a Terror seiz'd the whole Army and every one repented himself of his bold and rash attempt to Depose Artaxerxes Hereupon Clearchus call'd a Council of War of all the Captains and Officers of the Army to advise what was to be done in the present Exigent of Affairs While they were in Consult there came to them Messengers from the King the Chief of whom was one Philenus a Grecian of the Island * Now Zant. Zacyn 〈…〉 s. When they were introduc'd they declar'd their Message in this manner Thus saith King Artaxerxes In as much as Cyrus is kill'd and I am now Conqueror lay down your Arms make haste to my Gates and consider how to appease me that ye may find some favour Upon these words all the Officers answered as Leonidas Ant. Ch. 399. had done in time past when Xerxes sent to the Guard at Thermopyle to give up their Arms which was to this purpose That if at any time after they should become Xerxes ' s Friends they should be more able to do him service with their Arms than without them and if they were forc'd to be his Enemies they could better defend themselves in fighting against him After Clearchus had return'd this Answer to the same effect Proxenus the Theban said thus We have now lost almost all we have only our Hearts and our Arms are still our own and as long as we keep these we doubt not but by our Courage we may be able to better our Condition But when we part with our Arms our Valour is Useless and Unprofitable And therefore bid them tell the King That if he design'd any Attack upon them they were ready with their Arms to oppose him Sophilus likewise one of the Commanders is reported to have said That he wonder'd at the King's demands For says he if the King thinks himself stronger than the Grecians let him draw down his Army upon us and take our Arms by Force But if he means only to persuade us and intends to give us thanks for the favour let him first say so To this Socrates P. 410. the Achean added The King said he deals with us without Sense or Reason for that which he would have to be taken from us he demands forthwith to be delivered to him and that which we are to expect in return we must seek for after as Suppliants by Petition and Entreaty To conclude If he be so ignorant how things stand as that he thinks fit to Command the Conquerors as if they were Conquered that he may learn the better to judge whether side carries away the Victory let him set upon us with his innumerable Army But if he very well knows that we Ant. Ch. 399. are Conquerors and yet seeks deceitfully with a Lie to circumvent us how can we rely upon his Promises for things to come The Messengers were dismiss'd with these Answers and so departed Clearchus afterwards marched with his Squadron to the Place where the rest of the Army The troublesome March of the Grecians out of Persia into their own Country that escap'd out of the Battel were posted and when all the Forces were got together they enter'd into a Council of War concerning their marching back to the Sea-side and so from thence how to go on In this Consult it was judg'd most adviseable not to return the same way they came for that a great Part of it was Desert and Barren and the more Hazardous because the Enemy would be pressing continually upon their Heels At length it was resolv'd with a swift March to lead the Army towards Paphlagonia yet not so fast but that they might furnish themselves with Provision in the way But the King as soon as he begun to be heal'd of his Wounds and heard of the Enemy's being retir'd supposing that they fled hasten'd after them with all speed and because they mov'd but slowly at last he overtook them and Night drawing on Encamp'd near at hand About break of day next Morning the Grecians drew up in Battalia upon which he sent Messengers to them and for that time granted to them a Truce for three Days within which it was agreed that the King should suffer them to pass quietly through his Country and that he should allow them Guides to the Sea-side and furnish them with Provision in their march for their Money
Sacrifices and rejoicing and Men burnt Incense every one upon his own Altar thanking the Gods for what at present they enjoy'd and putting up Prayers for an happy Issue of Affairs for the time to come Then were heard many Shouts of Joy by the Women all over the City for their sudden and unexpected Happiness and the People rejoicing through all Corners of the Town There was then neither Freeman or Servant or any Stranger but all were earnest to see Dion who for his Valour and Courage was cry'd up by all above what was fitting for a Man Yet was it not altogether without some Reason the Change was so great and so unexpected For having liv'd Fifty Years as Slaves through so long a time they had almost forgotten what Liberty meant and now by the Valour of one Man they were on a sudden deliver'd from their Calamity About that time Dionysius staid at Caulonia in Italy but sent to Philistus his Admiral who was then with the Fleet about the Adriatick Coasts and commanded him to sail away streight for Syracuse And both of them speeding away to the same Place Dionysius came to Syracuse the seventh Day after the return of Dion And now thinking to put a Trick upon the Syracusians he sent Ambassadors to treat of Peace by whom he made use of Ant. Ch. 355. many Devices to persuade them that he would restore the Democracy if he might but have some remarkable Honours conferr'd upon him by the Government He desir'd therefore that Ambassadors might be sent to him with whom calling together a Senate he might put an end to the War The Syracusians having their Expectations rais'd to so high a Pitch sent some of the Chief of their Citizens to him as Ambassadors who had Guards presently put upon them and Dionysius one day after another put off their Audience In the mean time perceiving that the Syracusians in hopes of Peace neglected their Guards and were unprepar'd for an Encounter he opens the Gates of the * A Castle in a Place call'd the Part of Syracuse Acropolis in the Island and suddenly Sallies out with a strong well appointed Party The Syracusians had there drawn a Wall from Sea to Sea which the Dionysians terribly assaulted with a great Shout And having entred it with the Slaughter of many of the Guard they engag'd with the rest that came in to defend it Dion therefore being thus deluded against the Articles of the Truce comes down with a stout Party to oppose the Enemy engages them and makes a great Slaughter within a * Within a Stage small Compass of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ground For although the Fight was but a small distance from the Walls within the Town yet a vast Number of Men were got together within this little spot so that the stoutest Men on both sides were hotly Engag'd The large Promises egg'd on the Dionysians on one side and hopes of Liberty stirr'd up the Syracusians with a Resolution for Victory on the other The Obstinacy therefore on both sides being equal the Fight was a long time doubtful Many fell and as many were wounded receiving all their Wounds upon their Breasts For those that first led on courageously died to preserve those that follow'd those that were next cover'd the Heads of them that were tir'd out with their Shields and valiantly underwent all manner of Dangers and endur'd the Utmost that could befall them out of their Heat and Zeal to come off Conquerors But Dion resolving to do Ant. Ch. 355. something remarkable in this Engagement and that by his own Valour he might gain the Day broke violently into the thickest of his Enemies and laying about him Hero-like hew'd down multitudes and wholly broke in pieces the Body of the Mercenaries and was left alone standing in the midst of his Enemies Troops and though he was pelted with abundance of Darts receiv'd upon his Buckler and Helmet yet by the Strength and Goodness of his Arms he avoided the Danger but receiving a Wound upon his Right Arm through the Greatness and Extremity of the Pain he began to faint and was not far from falling into the Hands of the Enemy but that the Syracusians highly concern'd for the Preservation of their General charg'd in a full Body upon the Dionysians and rescuing Dion now almost spent put the Enemy to flight And the Citizens prevailing at another part of the Wall the Foreign Forces of the Tyrant were forced to fly into the Castle in the Island The Syracusians now having gain'd a glorious Victory and confirm'd their Liberty by Conquest set up a Trophy in defiance of the Tyrant who being thus beaten and now perceiving that all was lost and an End put to his Sovereignty fortify'd the Castle with a strong Garison then being permitted to carry off the dead Bodies of those that were slain to the number of Eight hundred he buried them honourably crowning them with Crowns of Gold and richly clothing them in Purple Robes By this extrarordinary Honour and Respect shewn to the Dead he hop'd to draw in others more readily and Chearfully to venture their Lives for the support of his Principality Then he bountifully rewarded them that had valiantly behav'd themselves in the late Engagement And sent some to the Syracusians to Treat upon Terms of Peace But Dion study'd excuses to delay Ant. Ch. 355. the Business And in the mean time finish'd the rest of the Wall without any interruption Thus having deceiv'd the Enemy with an Expectation of Peace as they had done him before he admitted the Ambassadors to Audience Upon which they making proposals for Peace Dion answer'd that there was only one way left for the obtaining of a Peace and that was for Dionysius to lay down his Government and be contented only with some Honours to be conferr'd upon him Which answer the Tyrant taking in disdain as Haughty and Peremptory he call'd a Council of War to consult with his Officers how he might be reveng'd of the Syracusians He abounded with all things except Corn and was likewise Master at Sea Therefore he infested the Country with Depredations and by Foraging for some time got Provisions but with great difficulty at length he sent forth Transport Ships and Money to buy Corn and other Provisions But the Syracusians tho' they had but few Gallies yet at fit Times and Places they surpriz'd the Merchants and a great Part of the Corn that they imported And thus stood the Affairs of Syracuse at this time But in Greece Alexander the Tyrant of Phaerea was murder'd by his Wife a Theban Alexander of Phaerea murder'd and his two Brothers Lycophrones and Tisiphonus They were at first in great repute for killing of the Tyrant but afterwards growing Ambitious and having hir'd many Foreign Soldiers they set up for themselves and put to death many that were averse from their Designs and having got together a strong Party they kept the Soverejgnty by
force of Arms. But the Aleuadae as they are call'd Persons famous for the Nobleness of their Birth conspir'd to oppose the Tyrants But not being able to perfect so great a Business of themselves they procur'd the Assistance of Philip King of Macedon who return'd into Ant. Ch. 355 Thessaly and subdu'd the Tyrants and restor'd the Cities to their Liberty and carried himself with the greatest demonstrations of Kindness imaginable towards the Thessalians so that ever after in all his Wars not only he but his Son Alexander had them to be their constant Friends and Confederates Among the Writers Demophilus the Son of Ephorus the Historian who continu'd the Demophilus Calisthenes Dyillus History of the Sacred War left imperfect by his Father began at the time when the Temple of Delphos was seiz'd and robb'd by Philomele the Phocian That War continu'd Eleven Years till such time as the Sacrilegious Robbers of that Temple were miserably destroy'd Calisthenes likewise comprehended in ten Books the Affairs of the Graecians bringing down his History in a continual Thred to the Spoiling of the Temple by the Wickedness of Philomele And Dyillus the Athenian begins his History from this Sacrilege and gives an Account of the Affairs of Greece and Sicily in those Times in Seventeen Books CHAP. IV. The first Rise of the Brutii in Italy Dionysius his Admiral invades the Leontines A Fight at Sea between Heraclides and Philistus Admirals one of Dionysius the other of Dion A Faction in Syracuse Dion leaves the Syracusians Their sad Condition Reliev'd by Dion WHen Elpinus bore the Chief Magistracy of Athens and Marcus Popilius Laenos Olymp. 106. 1. Ant. Ch. 354. An. M. 3594. Isackson's Com. and Cneius Manlius Imperiosus were invested with the Consular Dignity at Rome the Hundred and Sixth Olympiad was celebrated in which Porus of Malia was crown'd with Victory In Italy a promiscuous Multitude got together about Lucania * from several parts of the Country most of them Servants that had run away from their Masters At first they The first Rise of the Brutii in Italy employed themselves in Robbing and Stealing presently by a common Practice of skulking in the Fields and making Incursions they learnt the Use and Exercise of Martial Discipline and Feats of War And prevailing in several Encounters against the Inhabitants they increas'd to a vast Body and Number of Men. In the first Place they took and plunder'd the City Trojana then seizing upon Arponius and Thurium and many other Cities they formed themselves into a Common-wealth and because they had many of them been Servants they assum'd the Name of * Brutii And thus the Nation of the* Brutii grew up in Italy At this time in Sicily Philistus Dionysius his General Sailed to Rhegium and transported 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rather Brettians for they were call'd Brutii by the Romans as a Brutish People above Five hundred Horse to Syracuse And joining to these a greater Body of Horse and Two Thousand Foot he invaded the Leontines who had fallen from Dionysius 〈…〉 Surprizing therefore the Walls secretly in the Night he possess'd himself of part of the City upon which follow'd an Hot Engagement and by the help of the Syracusians who came into the Aid of the Leontines Philistus over-power'd with number was forc'd out again In the mean time Heraclides Dion's Admiral being left in Peloponnesus and hinder'd by Storms and contrary Winds so that he could not arrive at Sicily time enough to be assistant to Dion in his return into his Countrey and to be helpful in rescuing the Syracusians from Slavery arriv'd at length with Twenty Sail of * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Long Ships Ant. Ch. 354. Galleys and Fifteen hundred Soldiers Who being a Man of Noble Birth and of great Esteem and judg'd worthy of so great a Trust he was declar'd Admiral by the Syracusians and he and Dion joining Head and Hand together manag'd the War against Dionysius About the same time Philistus being made Lord High-Admiral by Dionysius and having a Fleet of Sixty Sail well provided entred the Lists in a Sea-fight with the Syracusians who A Fight at Sea between Dion's Admiral and Dionysius his Admiral had a Navy not fewer in number than the Dionysians Whereupon there was a sharp Fight in which the Valour of Philistus at the first prevail'd But at length being surrounded by the Enemy the Syracustans from all parts making it their great business to take him alive he to avoid the Disgrace and Miseries usually attending upon a State of Captivity kill'd himself after he had serv'd the Tyrant to the utmost of his Power and had signaliz'd his Faithfulness above all the rest and chiefest of his Friends The Syracusians being Victors drew the mangled Body of Philistus through the whole City and at length cast it out to the open Air without Burial Dionysius having now lost the most Valiant of all his Friends and knowing not where to find another fit for the Place sent Ambassadors to Dion with an Offer at first of half the Kingdom and presently after consented to give up the Whole But when Dion answer'd That it was but just he should surrender the Castle to the Syracusians upon having only some Money and some marks of Honour conferred upon him The Tyrant hereupon said He was ready to deliver up the Castle to the People upon Condition that he and Ant. Ch. 354. the Mercenaries with all the Treasure they had got might pass over to Italy Dion's Advice was That the Terms should be accepted But the People being wrought over to a contrary Opinion by the importunate Orators opposed Dion for that they doubted not but to take the Castle by Storm Dionysius hereupon committed the Custody of the Castle to the Stoutest of the Mercenaries but he himself having brought aboard all his Treasures and Houshold-Goods without being discover'd set sail and Landed in Italy In the mean time the Syracusians were divided into Factions while some were for Heraclides A Faction in Syracuse to have the Chief Command in the Army and likewise the Sovereign Power because he was judg'd a Person that was not ambitious of the Tyranny But others were for intrusting the Chief Power and Authority in the Hands of Dion Moreover there were great Arrears due to the Soldiers that came out of Peloponnesus to the Assistance of the Syracusians The City therefore being very low in Money and the Soldiers defrauded of their Pay they gather'd themselves into a Body being Three thousand valiant Men all old and expert Soldiers far excelling the Syracusians in Courage These mov'd Dion to go along with them and leave the Syracusians that they might be revenged of them in due time as a Common Enemy Which he at first deny'd but the present Exigency of Dion leaves the Syracusians Affairs requiring it he at length took upon him the Command of the Foreigners and joining himself to them marched to
into the Lists Having gain'd great Experience and an Habit. 3. Menodotus the Corinthian writ the Affairs of Greece in 14 Books And Sosilus the * A People in the Island of Corcyra or Corfu What a Lagiâ—n is Ilian the Acts of Hannibal in Seven 4. Among the Romans a Legion consists of 5000 Men. 5. Men naturally flock to them that are in prosperity but insult over those that are brought into Distress For the Soul presently to undergo a meer contrary Change which is in its own nature unchangeable 6. The City of Rhodes being ruin'd by a great Earthquake Hiero the Syracusian bestow'd Earthquake in Rhodes Six Talents of Silver towards the repairing of the Walls and Silver Cauldrons of great value besides Money And let them have Corn to Transport free from Custom 7. That which is now call'd Philopolis was heretofore call'd Phiotis of Thebes over all Thessaly 8 For sost Beds constant delicate Fare and the use of all sorts of precious Ointments unfitted them for toil and hardship For both their Bodies and Minds were habituated to Effeminacy and Luxuriousness For Men naturally can hardly brook Toil and Pains and low Diet but delight in Idleness and Luxury For Hannibal with much Toil and Care gain'd Cities both from the Romans and Brutians and took Crotona and Besieg'd Rhegium For from Hercules Pillars in the West to Crotona he over-ran all the Roman Territories Fragments out of the Books of Diodorus the Sicilian that are lost as they are in Photius his Bibliotheca Out of the 31st BOOK 1. VVHile these things were doing Ambassadors came to Rome from Rhodes to beg pardon for what they had done For in the War against Perseus they had seem'd to favour the King and to break their League with the Romans But not being able to accomplish any thing for which they were sent they were greatly dejected and solicited with Tears the great and principal Men of the City Whereupon being introduc'd into the Senate by Antonius one of the Tribunes of the People Philophron was the first that open'd the matter and business of their Embassy And after him Astimedes when they had made many Arguments and apt Discourses to prevail with the Senate and at last according to the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sung the Swans Song Proverb had with the Swan concluded their mournful Ditty they receiv'd an answer which presently freed from their fears However they were sharply reprov'd and fin'd for their Offences So that it is evident how the most noble among the Romans by whom the greatest Affairs are manag'd strive which shall be most generous and upon that account gain most Honour and Reputation For in the Administration of publick Affairs elsewhere one envies another But the Romans praise and commend one another So that while all endeavour to advance the publick Good great and glorious things are Atchiev'd but as to others while they aim only at their own vain Glory and envy the Successes one of another they ruin their Country 2. At length Aemilius took Perseus the last King of Macedonia who had often enter'd Olymp. 154. 1. The miserable condition of Perseus King of Macedon into a League with the Romans and as often appear'd in the Field with great Armies against them And after the Victory Aemilius Triumph'd gloriously And tho' Perseus was brought into so great miseries and calamities as that the ruins and destructions which he suffer'd can scarce be parallel'd by any Romance yet was he not willing to part with his Life For before the Senate had determin'd any thing relating to his punishment * One of the City Praetors one of the chief Officers of the City cast both him and his Children into the Goal Albinus This Prison is a deep Dungeon of the bigness of a Chamber capable of 9 Beds at the most Dark and full of all sorts of filth and nastiness by reason of the multitude of Men Condemn'd for capital Offences that from time to time were thrust down there and generally most of such Malefactors were put into this Place So that many being shut up together in so strait a place those miserable Creatures were even turn'd into Beasts And in regard the Meat Drink and other necessaries which were brought them were jumbled together into one Chaos and heap of Confusion there arose thence such a stench that none that came near were able to endure In a most miserable Condition Perseus continu'd here for the space of 7 Days insomuch that he begg'd relief and some share of the Food of those strangers in Prison who had only a stinted allowance They out of compassion to this miserable Man with great humanity and tears in their Eyes gave him part of that small pittance they had and withall offer'd him a Sword and a Rope to use which of them he would at his pleasure for the putting an end to his Life Yet nothing seems so sweet as Life even to the miserable tho' they suffer what is equivalent to death it self in the mean time To conclude he had certainly ended his days in this extream misery if Marcus Aemilius President of the Court out of respect to the dignity of his Person mov'd by the natural and innate humanity of the Romans had not with some indignation mov'd the Senate on his behalf putting them in mind that tho' they fear'd not Men yet they should bear some awe and reverence to * 〈…〉 of 〈◊〉 Nemesis who will take vengeance on them that use their power with Pride and Insolency Upon this he was committed to a more moderate Confinement and while he was seeding himself with fresh hopes he ended his days agreeable to the former misfortunes of his Life for after he had liv'd 2 Years in this * 〈◊〉 The death of P 〈…〉 s. the Cappadocian Kings fond love of Life having displeas'd his barbarous Keepers they would not suffer him to sleep and so he dy'd 3. The Kings of Cappadocia say that they came from Cyrus King of Persia They affirm likewise that they are descended from one of those Seven Persians that kill'd Magus And they drew down their Pedegree from Cyrus thus That Atossa was the Sister of Cambyses and Daughter of Cyrus That Gallus was the Son of Atossa and Pharnaces King of Cappadocia Smerdis the Son of Gallus and Artames the Son of Smerdis and Artames had issue Anaphas a brave and valian Man who was the Father of one of thâ— Seven Persians In this manner therefore Cr. do they make out their Consanguinity both to Cyrus and to Anaphas who it 's said * For 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Valour others say it should be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cowardice was of so stout a Spirit that before he would pay Tribute to the Persians he abdicated his Government of Capadocia After his death Anaphas his Son Reign'd in his stead who dying left his two Sons Ditamus and Arimneus and that Ditamus took