or dead Truely the wounds that are made on a living man if he dye of them after his death will appeare red and bloody with the sides or edges swollne or pale round about contrary wise those that are made in a dead man will bee neither red bloody swollne nor puffed up For all the faculties and functions of life in the body doe cease and fall together by death so that thenceforth no spirits nor blood can be sent or flow unto the wounded place Therefore by these signes which shall appeare it may be declared that hee was wounded dead or alive The like question may come in judgement when a man is found hanged whether he were dead or alive Therefore if he were hanged alive the impression or print of the rope will appeare red pale or blacke and the skinne round about it will be contracted or wrinkled by reason of the compression which the cord hath made also often times the head of the aspera arteria is rent and torne and the second spondile and the necke luxated or mooved out of his place Also the armes and legges will be pale by reason of the violent and sodaine suffocation of the spirits moreover there will be a foame about his mouth and a foamie and filthy matter hanging out at his nosethrills being sent thither both by reason that the Lungs are sodainely heated and suffocated as also by the convulsive concussion of the braine like as it were in the falling sicknesse Contrariwise if he be hanged dead none of these signes appeare for neither the print of the rope appeares red or pale but of the same colour as the other parts of the body are because in dead men the blood and spirits doe not flow to the greeved parts Whosoever is found dead in the waters you shall know whether they were throwne into the water alive or dead For all the belly of him that was throwne in alive will be swollen and puffed up by reason of the water that is contained therein certaine clammie excrements come out at his mouth and nosethrills the ends of his fingers will be worne and excoriated because that hee dyed striving and digging or scraping in the sand or bottome of the river seeking somewhat whereon hee might take hold to save himselfe from drowning Contrariwise if he be throwne into the waters being dead before his belly will not be swollne because that in a dead man all the passages and conduites of the body doe fall together and are stopped and closed and for that a dead man breathes not there appeareth no foame nor filthy matter about his mouth and nose and much lesse can the toppes of his fingers be worne and excoriated for when a man is already dead he cannot strive against death But as concerning the bodies of those that are drowned those that swimme on the upper part of the water being swollne or puffed up they are not so by reason of the water that is contained in the belly but by reason of a certaine vapour into which a great portion of the humors of the body are converted by the efficacy of the putryfying heate Therefore this swelling appeareth not in all men which doe perish or else are cast out dead into the waters but onely in them which are corrupted with the filthinesse or muddinesse of the water long time after they were drowned and are cast on the shore But now I will declare the accidents that come to those that are suffocated and stifled or smoothered with the vapour of kindled or burning charcoales and how you may foretell the causes thereof by the history following In the yeere of our Lord God 1575. the tenth day of May I with Robert Greauline Doctor of Physicke was sent for by Master Hamell an advocate of the Court of Parlament of Paris to see and shew my opinion on two of his servants of whom the one was his Clarke and the other his Horse-keeper All his family supposed them dead because they could not perceive or feele their Arteries to beate all the extreame parts of their bodyes were cold they could neither speake nor move their faces were pale and wanne neither could they bee raised up with any violent beating or plucking by the haire Therefore all men accounted them dead and the question was onely of what kind of death they dyed for their master suspected that some body had strangled them others thought that each of them had stopped one anothers winde with their hands and others judged that they were taken with a sodaine apoplexie But I presently enquired whether there had beene any fire made with Coales in the house lately whereunto their master giving care sought about all the corners of the chamber for the chamber was very little and close and at last found an earthen panne with charcoale halfe burned which when we once saw we all affirmed with one voyce that it was the cause of all this misfortune and that it was the maligne fume and venemous vapour which had smothered them as it were by stopping the passages of their breath Therefore I put my hand to the regions of their hearts where I might perceive that there was some life remaining by the heat and pulsation that I felt though it were very little wherefore we thought it convenient to augment and encrease it Therefore first of all artificially opened their mouthes which were very fast closed and sticking obstinately together and thereinto both with a spoone and also with a silver pipe we put aqua vitae often distilled with dissolved hiera and treacle when we had injected these medicines often into their mouthes they began to moove and to stretch themselves and to cast up and expell many viscous excrementall and filthy humors at their mouth and nostrells and their Lungs seemed to be hot as it were in their throates Therefore then we gave them vomitories of a great quantity of Oxymel and beate them often violently on the last spondill of the backe and first of the loynes both with the hand and knee for unto this place the orifice of the stomacke is turned that by the power of the vomitory medicine and concussion of the stomacke they might be constrained to vomit Neither did our purpose faile us for presently they voided clammie yellow and spumous fleame and blood But wee not being content with all this blowed up into their nostrells out of a Goose quill the powder of Euphorbium that the expulsive faculty of the braine might be stirred up to the expulsion of that which oppressed it therefore presently the braine being shaken or mooved with sneesing and instimulated thereunto by rubbing the chymicall oyle of mints on the pallate and on the cheekes they expelled much viscous and clammie matter at their nostrells Then we used frictions of their armes legges and backe-bones and ministered sharpe glisters by whose efficacie the belly being abundantly loosened they beganne presently to speake and to take things that were
alimentary juice to the braine wanting marrow that is blood to nourish it as we have formerly shewed in our Anatomie But from hence proceeds the effluxe of blood running betweene the scull and membraines or else betweene the membraines and braine the blood congealing there causeth vehement paine and the eyes become blinde vomitting is caused the mouth of the stomacke suffering together with the braine by reason of the Nerves of the sixt conjugation which runne from the braine thither and from thence are spread over all the capacitie of the ventricle whence becomming a partaker of the offence it contracts it selfe and is presently as it were overturned whence first these things that are conteined therein are expelled and then such as may flow or come thither from the neighbouring and communne parts as the Liver and Gall from all which choler by reason of its naturall levity and velocity is first expelled and that in greatest plenty and this is the true reason of that vomiting which is caused and usually followes upon fractures of the scull and concussions of the Braine Within a short while after inflammation seizes upon the membranes and braine it selfe which is caused by corrupt and putrid blood proceeding from the vessels broken by by the violence of the blow and so spread over the substance of the braine Such inflammation communicated to the heart and whole body by the continuation of the parts causes a feaver But a feaver by altering the braine causes Doting to which if stupidity succeed the Patient is in very ill case according to that of Hippocrates Stupidity and doting are ill in a wound or blow upon the head But if to these evills a sphacell and corruption of the braine ensue together with a 〈◊〉 difficulty of breathing by reason of the disturbance of the Animall facâ—… which from the braine imparts the power of moving to the muscles of the Chest the instruments of respiration then death must necessarily follow A great part of these accidents appeared in King Henry of happy memory a little before he dyed He having set in order the affaires of France and entred into amitie with the neighbouring Princes desirous to honour the marriages of his daughter and sister with the famous and noble exercise of Tilting and hee himselfe running in the Tilt-yard with a blunt lance received so great a stroake upon his brest that with the violence of the blow the visour of his helmet flew up and the trunchion of the broken Lance hit him above the left eye-brow and the musculous skinne of the fore-head was torne even to the lesser corner of the left eye many splinters of the same trunchion being strucke into the substance of the fore mentioned eye the bones being not touched or broken but the braine was so moved and shaken that he dyed the eleaventh day after the hurt His scull being opened after his death there was a great deale of blood found betweene the Dura and Pia Mater poured forth in the part opposite to the blow at the middle of the suture of the hinde part of the head and there appeared signes by the native colour turned yellow that the substance of the braine was corrupted as much as one might cover with ones thumbe Which things caused the death of the most Christian King and not onely the wounding of the eye as many have falsly thought For wee have seene many others who have not dyed of farre more greevous wounds in the eye The history of the Lord Saint Iohns is of late memory he in the Tilt-yarde made for that time before the Duke of Guises house was wounded with a splinter of a broken Lance of a fingers length and thicknesse through the visour of his Helmet it entring into the Orbe under the eye and peircing some three fingers bredth deepe into the head by my helpe and Gods favour hee recovered Valeranus and Duretus the Kings Physitions and Iames the Kings Chirurgion assisting me What shall I say of that great and very memorable wound of Prancis of Loraine the Duke of Guise He in the sight of the Citty of Bologne had his head so thrust thorough with a Lance that the point entring under his right eye by his nose came out at his necke betweene his eare and the vertebrae the head or Iron being broken and left in by the violence of the stroke which stuck there so firmely that it could not be drawn or plucked forth without a paire of Smiths pincers But although the strength violence of the blow was so great that it could not be without a fracture of the bones a tearing and breaking of the Nerves Veines Arteries and other parts yet the generous Prince by the favour of God recovered By which you may learne that many die of small wounds and other recover of great yea very large and desperate ones The cause of which events is chiefly and primarily to be attributed to God the author and preserver of mankinde but secondarily to the variety and condition of temperaments And thus much of the commotion or conclussion of the braine whereby it happens that although all the bone remaines perfectly whole yet some veines broken within by the stroake may cast forth some bloud upon the membranes of the braine which being there concreate may cause great paine by reason whereof it blindes the eyes if so be that the place can be found against which the paine is and when the skinne is opened the bone looke pale it must presently be cut out as Celsus hath written Now it remaines that we tell you how to make your prognostickes in all the forementioned fractures of the scull CHAP. X. Of Prognostickes to be made in fractures of the scull VVEE must not neglect any wounds in the head no not these which cut or bruise but onely the hairy scalpe but certainely much lesse these which are accompanied by a fracture in the scull for oft times all horride symptomes follow upon them and consequently death it selfe especially in bodies full of ill humors or of an ill habite such as are these which are affected with the Lues venerea leprosie dropsie Pthisicke and consumption for in these simple wounds are hardly or never cured for union in the cure of wounds but this is not performed unlesse by strength of nature and sufficient store of laudible blood but those which are sicke of hecticke feavers and consumptions want store of blood and those bodies which are repleate with ill humors and of an ill habite have no affluxe or plenty of laudible blood but all of them want the strength of nature the reason is almost the same in those also which are lately recovered of some disease Those wounds which are brused are more difficult to cure than those which are cut When the scul is broken than the continuity of the flesh lying over it must necessarily be hurt broken unlesse it be in a Resoâ—itus
raised up by putting a pillow under them If the upper part be hurt then must he lye quite contrary that the Guts falling downe-wards by such a site may give way to these which are fallne out through the wound But often in this case the Guts having taken cold by the encompassing aire swell up are distended with winde the which you must discusse before you put them into their place with a fomentation of the decoction of camomill melilote aniseeds and fennell applyed with a spunge or contained in a bladder or else with chickens or whelpes cut alive in the midst and layd upon the swelling for thus they doe not onely discusse the flatulency but also comfort the afflicted part But if the inflation cannot thus be discussed the wound shall be dilated that so the Guts may returne the more freely to their place If the Kall shall fall out it must be speedily restored to its place for it is very subject to putrifie for the fat whereof for the most part it consists being exposed to the aire easily looses its native heate which is small and weake whence a mortification ensues Hence is that of Hippocrates If the Kall fall out it necessarily putrifies The Chirurgion shall know whether it putrifie or not by the blacknesse and the coldnesse you may perceive by touching it neither must you when it putrifies presently restore it to its place for so the contagion of the putrifaction would spread to the rest of the parts but what soever thereof is putrefied shall be twitched and bound hard with a string and so cut off and the rest restored to his proper place but its good after cutting of it away to leave the string still hanging thereat that so you may plucke and draw forth whatsoever thereof may by being too straight bound fall away into the capacity of the belly Some thinke it to be better to let the Kall thus bound to hang forth untill that portion thereof which is putrified fall away of itselfe and not to cut it off But they are much deceived for it hanging thus would not cover the guts which is the proper place The Guts and Kall being put up if the wound be great and worth speaking of it must be sowed with that future which is termed Gastroraphia but this kind of future is thus made The needle at the first putting in must onely take hold of the peritonaeum then on the opposite side onely of the flesh letting the peritonaeum alone and so goe along putting the needle from without inwards and from within outwards but so that you onely take the musculous flesh and skinne over it and then onely the peritonaeum untill you have sowed up all the wound Hee which doth otherwise shall undergoe this danger that whereas the coate peritonaeum is of it selfe without blood it being devided or wounded cannot of it selfe be united to it selfe therefore it requires an intercourse of flesh otherwise unlesse it be thus united by the benefit of the flesh intermixed therewith there would remaine an uncurable Tumour after the wound is cicatrized on the outside But that which wee sayd before according to Galens minde that all the wounds must be sowed it is not so to be taken as if that the wound must be sowed up to the very end for in the lower part of the wound there must be left a certaine small vent by which the quitture may passe forth which being wholly clensed and exhausted the wound must be quite healed up But the wounds which shall penetrate into the substance of the liver spleene ventricles and other bowells the Chirurgion shall not suffer them to be without medicines as if they were desperate but here shall spare neither labour nor care to dresse them diligently For doubtfull hope is better than certaine despaire The bladder wombe and right gut being wounded detergent and agglutinative injections shall be put up by their proper passages I have read nothing as yet in any author of the wounds of the Fat for all of them referre the cure thereof to the wounds of the Muscles Yet I will say this by the way that wounds of the fat how deepe soever they be if they be onely simple may be dressed without putting in of any Tent but onely dropping in some of my balsame and then laying upon it a plaister of Cratia Dei or some such like for so they will heale in a short time CHAP. XXXV Of the Wounds of the Groines Yard and Testicles WHen the Groines and neighbouring parts are wounded we must first consider whether they pierce to within and if they doe penetrate to what inward parts the come whether to the bladder the wombe or right gut for these parts are such neare neighbours that oft times they are all wounded with one blow But for the wounds of the Testicles and genitall parts because they are necessary instruments for the preserving the species by generation or a succession of individualls and to keepe all things quiet at home therefore the Chirurgion ought to be very diligent and carefull for their preservation Wherefore if they should chance at any time to be wounded they shall be dressed as we have formerly delivered the medicines being varyed according to the state of the wound and the appearing and happening symptomes for it would be a thing of immense labour to handle all things in particular CHAP. XXXVI Of the Wounds of the Thighes and Legges WOunds which have beene received on the inside of the Thighes have often caused suddaine death if they have come to the veine Saphena or the great Artery or the Nerves the associates of these vessells But when they are simple there is nothing which may alter the usuall manner of cure Yet the patient must be carefull to lye in his bed for the vulgar Italian proverbe is true La mano al petto la gamba al letto that is the hand on the breast and the legge on the bed But when they penetrate more deepely into the substance of the part they bring horrid and fearefull symptomes as an inflammation an abscesse from whence oft times such aboundance of matter issues forth that the Patient falls into an Atrophia and consumption Wherefore such wounds and ulcers require a carefull and industrious Chirurgion who may fitly make incisions necessary for the corrupt parts and callosity of the fistulous ulcer Some Chirurgions have beene so bold as to sowe together the end of the Tendons of the Ham and of other joynts when they have beene quite cut asunder But I durst never attempt it for feare of paine convulsions and the like horrid symptomes For the wounds of that large Tendon which is composed in the calfe of the Legge by the concourse of three muscles and goes to the heele I have observed that when it hath beene cut with a sword that the wounds have beene long and hard to cure and besides when at the last they have beene
part thereof much troubles and exerciseth the mindes of good Physitians and maketh the art conjecturall it is so farre from being attained to by Empericks Yet we must endeavour by method and reason that by the rule of indications so frequently mentioned we may attaine to the knowledge thereof as neare as may bee For to have perfect knowledge hereof and to say that those need only foure others five and other some sixe more or fewer frictions at the beginning which Emperickes commonly doe is a thing both impossible and vaine All these must bee changed and ordered according to the malignity and continuance of the disease and the condition of the affected bodies Verily wee must so long use frictions and unctions untill the virulent humours bee perfectly evacuated by spitting and salivation by stoole urine sweat or insensible transpiration Which you may understand by the falling away drying up of the pustles and ulcers and the ceasing of the paines and other symptomes proper to this disease In many by reason of the more dense and compact habite of the body nature is more slow in excretion Yet I have learnt by long experience that it is best to anoint and chafe such twice in a day to wit morning and evening sixe houres after meate For so you shall profit more in one day than by the single frictions of three dayes But on the contrary I have often and with good successe rubbed over but each other day more rare and delicate bodies giving them one or two dayes rest to recollect their strength which by the too much dissolution of their spirits becomming too weak were not sufficient to expell the relicks of the morbifick matter And certainly about the end of the appointed friction especially when as the patients begin to fluxe at the mouth the bodies together with the noxious humors are made so fluid by the means of the precedent frictions that one friction is then more efficacious than two were at the beginning Therefore as Galen bids when as the disease is great and the strength of the patient infirme that wee should part our blood-lettings and draw a little and a little at once so also here when as we shall observe nature stirred up and ready bent to any kinde of evacuation by the mouth stoole or other like you ought not to use any unction or friction oâ—â—ner than once in a day yea certainely it will bee better to intermit for some few dayes For thus Massa reports that there was a certaine man who almost wasted with a consumption being continually afflicted with the most grievous paines of this disease reputed in a desperate case by other physitians was notwithstanding at length recovered by him when as hee had anointed him thirty seven times putting sometime between for the recovery of his strength I my self have observed others who thus by the interposition of one or two dayes being rubbed over some fifteene or seventeene times have perfectly recovered Wherefore you must take this course in resolved and weake bodies yet in the interim must you have a care that the frictions bee not too weak and so few that the morbifick cause may not be touched to the quick for in this kinde of disease nature doth not of it selfe endeavour any Crisis or excretion it requires the auxiliary forces of medicines by whose assistance it may expell all the malignity These are signes of such a Crisis either at hand or already present if the patient be so restlesse so loath all things that hee cannot remaine in one place either standing or lying he can neither eat nor drinke if he be oppressed with a continuall wearinesse almost ready to swoune yet have a good and equall pulse and gripings in his belly afflict him with bloody viscous dejections untill at length nature after one or two dayes portion of the morbifick matter being spent be somwhat freed and all paines and symptomes so much abated as the excretions have proceeded But whereas medicines are not sufficient in number or strength there followes an unperfect Crisis which leaves behind it some relicks of the morbifick matter which like leven do so by little little infect the whole mass of the humors that oft-times after ten years space the disease riseth as out of an ambush or lurking hole and becomes farre worse than before But wee must in like maner have a care lest these medicines that are either given inwardly or applyed outwardly be not too strong for by causing such colliquation of the radicall moisture and solid parts many have been brought into an incurable consumption In others â—ordid and putride ulcers have thence arisen in the mouth which having eaten a great part of the pallate and tongue have degenerated into a deadly Cancer In others hereupon the tongue hath so swelled up that it hath filled the whole capacity of the mouth so that it could not be bended to any part of the mouth for chawing whereupon they have by little and little beene famished In other some there hath beene caused so great colliquation of humours that for a whole moneth after tough and filthy slaver hath continually flowed out of their mouths Other some have the muscles of their jawes relaxed others troubled with a convulsion so that during the rest of their lives they can scarce gape Others by losing a portion of their jaw have lost some of their teeth But you must not alwaies so long anoint and chafe the body untill a fluxe of the mouth or belly appeare For you may finde sundry persons who if you should anoint or rub them to death you cannot bring them to fluxe at the mouth yet these will recover notwithstanding excretion being made either by insensible transpiration or evacuation of urine or some gentle fluxe of the belly either procured by art or comming of it selfe In which case I have observed that many have received much good by a purging decoction of Guajacum administred according to the quantity of the peccant humor and given for some dayes in the morning adding thereto white wine if the body abounded with tough and viscide humours Dysenteryes or bloody-fluxes caused by unctions may be helped by Glysters wherein much hogs-grease is dissolved to rotund the acrimony caused by the medicine and humor which nourisheth the Dysentery Also new Treacle dissolved in new milke is thought wonderfully to mitigate this symptome CHAP. XIII Of the third manner of Cure which is performed by cerates and emplasters as the substitutes of unctions FOr that sundry by reason of the name abhorre the use of friction which is performed by the forementioned ointments therefore there is found out another manner of cure by cerates and emplasters as substitutes of Frictions but that usually is somewhat slower for which purpose it is not needfull onely to use the things which are described by Vigo but you may also devise other which are more or lesse anodyne emollient attenuating
a bason under it to receive the water which by dropping may resemble raine Let the soles of the feet and palmes of the hands be gently scratched and the patient lye far from noise and so at length he may fall to some rest CHAP. XXVIII Of the Eruptions and Spots which commonly are called by the name of Purples and Tokens THE skinne in pestilent feavers is marked and variegated in divers places with spots like unto the bitings of Fleas or Gnats which are not alwaies simple but many times arise in forme like unto a graine of millet The more spots appeare the better it is for the patient they are of divers colours according to the virulency of the malignity and condition of the matter as red yellow browne violet or purple blew and blacke And because for the most part they are of a purple colour therefore wee call them Purples Others call them Lenticulae because they have the colour and forme of Lentiles They are also called Papiliones i Butterflies because they doe suddenly seaze or fall upon divers regions of the body like unto winged Butterflyes sometimes the face sometimes the armes and legges and sometimes all the whole body often times they doe not onely affect the upper part of the skin but goe deeper into the flesh specially when they proceed of matter that is grosse and adust They doe sometimes appeare great and broad affecting the whole arme legge or face like unto an Erysipelas to conclude they are divers according to the variety of the humour that offends in quality or quantity If they are of a purple or black colour with often swouning and sinke in suddenly without any manifest cause they foreshew death The cause of the breaking out of those spots is the working or heat of the blood by reason of the cruelty of the venome received or admitted They often arise at the beginning of a pestilent feaver many times before the breaking out of the Sore or Botch or Carbuncle and many times after but then they shew so great a corruption of the humours in the body that neither the Sores nor Carbuncles will suffice to receive them and therefore they appear as forerunners of death Sometimes they breake out alone without a Botch or Carbuncle which if they bee red and have no evill symptomes joyned with them they are not wont to prove deadly they appeare for the most part on the third or fourth day of the disease and sometimes later and sometimes they appeare not before the patient be dead because the working or heat of the humours being the off-spring of putrefaction is not as yet restrained and ceased Wherefore then principally the putride heat which is greatest a little before the death of the patient drives the excremental humors which are the matter of the spots unto the skin or else because nature in the last conflict hath contended with some greater endeavour than before which is common to all things that are ready to dye a little before the instant time of death the pestilent humour being presently driven unto the skinne and nature thus weakened by this extreme conflict falleth downe prostrate and is quite overthrowne by the remnant of the matter CHAP. XXIX Of the Cure of Eruptions and Spots YOU must first of all take heed lest you drive in the humour that is comming outwards with repercussives therfore beware of cold all purging things Phlebotomy and drowsie or sound sleeping For all such things doe draw the humours inwardly and work contrary to nature But it is better to provoke the motion of nature outwardly by applying of drawing medicines outwardly and ministring medicines to provoke sweat inwardly for otherwise by repelling stopping the matter of the eruptions there will bee great danger lest the heart be oppressed with the abundance of the venome flowing back or else by turning into the belly it inferres a mortall bloody fluxe which discommodities that they may bee avoided I have thought good to set downe this remedy whose efficacy I have knowne and proved many times and on divers persons when by reason of the weaknesse of the expulsive faculty and the thicknesse of the skinne the matter of the spots cannot breake forth but is constrained to lurke under the skin lifting it up into bunches and knobs I was brought unto the invention of this remedy by comparison of the like For when I understood that the essence of the French pockes and likewise of the pestilence consisted in a certain hidden virulency and venemous quality I soon descended unto that opinion that even as by the anointing of the body with the unguent compounded of Quick-silver the grosse and clammy humors which are fixed in the bones and unmoveable are dissolved relaxed and drawne from the center into the superficiall parts of the body by strengthening and stirring up the expulsive faculty and evacuated by sweating and fluxing at the mouth that so it should come to passe in pestilent Feavers that nature being strengthened with the same kinde of unction might unloade her selfe of some portion of the venemous and pestilent humour by opening the pores and passages and letting it breake forth into spots and pustles and into all kind of eruptions Therefore I have anointed many in whom nature seemed to make passage for the venemous matter very slowly first loosing their belly with a Clister and then giving them Treacle water to drinke which might defend the vitall faculty of the heart but yet not distend the stomack as though they had had the French pockes and I obtained my expected purpose in stead of the Treacle water you may use the decoction of Guajacum which doth heat dry provoke sweat and repell putrefaction adding thereto also vinegar that by the subtlety thereof it may pierce the better and withstand the putrefaction This is the description of the unguent Take of Hogs-greace one pound boyle it a little with the leaves of Sage Time Rosemary of each halfe an handfull straine it and in the straining extinguish five ounces of Quick-silver which hath bin first boyled in vinegar with the forementioned herbs of Sal Nitrum three drammes the yelks of three egges boyled untill they be hard of Treacle and Mithridate of each halfe an ounce of Venice Turpentine oyle of Scorpions and Bayes of each three ounces incorporate them altogether in a morter and make thereof an unguent wherewith annoint the patients arme-holes and groines avoyding the parts that belong to the head breast and back-bone then let him bee laid in his bed and covered warme and let him sweat there for the space of two houres and then let his body bee wiped and cleansed and if it may be let him be laid in another bed and there let him be refreshed with the broth of the decoction of a Capon rear egges and with such like meats of good juice that are easie to be concocted and digested let him be anointed the second and third
that it maketh an Eschar on the place where it is as we noted before CHAP. XXXIII What Prognosticks may bee made in pestilent Buboes and Carbuncles SOme having the Pestilence have but one Carbuncle and some more in divers parts of their body and in many it happeneth that they have the Bubo and Carbuncle before they have any Feaver which giveth better hope of health if there be no other maligne accident therewith for it is a signe that nature is the victor and hath gotten the upper hand which excluded the pestilent venome before it could come to assault the heart But if a Carbuncle and Bubo come after the Feaver it is mortall for it is a token that the heart is affected moved and incensed with the furious rage of the venome whereof presently commeth a feaverish heat or burning and corruption of the humours sent as it were from the center unto the superficies of the body It is a good signe when the patients minde is not troubled from the beginning untill the seventh day but when the Bubo or Carbuncle sinketh downe againe shortly after that it is risen it is a mortall signe especially if ill accidents follow it If after they are brought to suppuration they presently waxe dry without any reason thereof it is an ill signe Those Carbuncles that are generated of bloud have a greater Eschar than those that are 〈◊〉 choler because that bloud is of a more grosse consistence and therefore ocâ—… 〈◊〉 â—â—eater roome in the flesh contrariwise a cholerick humour is more small 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and thinne and it taketh little roome in the upper part of the flesh onely as you may see in an Erysipelas And I have seene Carbuncles whose Eschars were as broad and as large as halfe the backe also I have seene others which going up by the shoulders to the throat did so eate away the flesh that was under them that the rough artery or wind-pipe might be seen bare when the Eschar was fallen away I had once a Carbuncle which was in the midst of my belly so that when the Eschar was fallen away I might very plainly see the Piritonaeum or Rim the cicatrice that remaineth is as broad as my hand but they doe not spread themselves so far without the great danger or death of the patient There are also some Carbuncles which beginning at the parts under the chin disperse themselves by little little unto the pattell bones and so strangle the patient So in many the Buboes in the groin arise above a great part of the muscles of the Epigastrium Truly of those abscesses that are so large great in quantity so terrible to be seen there is great danger of death to the patient or at least to the grieved part For after the consolidation the part remaineth as if it were leprous which abolisheth the action of the part as I have seene in many Oftentimes also the corruption of the matter is so great that the flesh leaveth the bones bare but Carbuncles often leave the joints and ligaments quite resolved through the occasion of the moisture that is soaked sunk in unto them for they often cast out putrefied virulent sanious matter whereby eating and creeping ulcers are bred many blisters pustles arising up in the parts round about it which shortly breaking into one make a great ulcer These come very seldome and slowly unto suppuration or at least to cast out laudible matter especially if thy have their original of choler because the matter is sooner burned with heat than suppurated Therefore then if they can bee brought to suppuration by no medicines if the tumour still remaine blacke if when they are opened nothing at all or else a very little sharpe moisture doth come forth they are altogether mortall and there is scarce one of a thousand who hath these accidents that recovereth health dispersed small blisters comming of vapours stirred up by the matter that is under the skinne and are there stayed and kept from passage forth doe not necessarily fore-shew death in Carbuncles But if the part be swolne or puffed up if it be of a green or black colour and if it feele neither pricking nor burning it is a signe of a mortall Gangrene Buboes or Carbuncles seldome or never come without a Feaver but the Feaver is more vehement when they are in the emunctories or nervous parts than when they are in the fleshy parts yet it is lesse and all Symptomes are lesse and more tolerable in a man that is strong and of a good temperature Carbuncles not onely affect the outward but also the inward parts and oftentimes both together If the heart be vexed in such sort with a Carbuncle that nothing thereof appeareth forth on the superficiall parts all hope of life is past and those dye suddenly eating drinking or walking and not thinking any thing of death If the Carbuncle be in the mid driffe or lungs they are soon suffocated If it be in the braine the patient becommeth frantick and so dyeth If it be in the parts appointed for the passage of the urine they dye of the suppression of their water as it happened in the Queene mothers waiting maide at the Castle of Rossilion of whom I spake before If it be in the stomacke it inferreth the accidents that are shewed in this history following While I was Surgeon in the Hospitall of Paris a young and strong Monke of the order of St. Victor being overseer of the women that kept the sicke people of that place fell into a continuall Feaver very suddenly with his tongue blacke dry rough by reason of the putrefied and corrupted humours and the vapours rising from the whole body unto that place and hanging out like unto an hounds with unquenchable thirst often swouning and desire to vomit He had convulsions over all his body through the vehemency and malignity of the disease and so hee dyed the third day wherefore those that kept the sicke people in the Hospitall thought that he had been poysoned for the certaine knowledge whereof the Governours of the Hospitall commanded his body to be opened I therefore calling to mee a Physician and Surgeon wee found in the bottome of his stomack a print or impression as if it had been made with an hot Iron or potentiall Cauterie with an Eschar or crust as broad as ones naile all the rest of his stomack was greatly contracted and shrunke up together and as it were horny which wee considering and especially the Eschar which was deepe in the substance of the stomacke we all said with one voice that he was poysoned with Sublimate or Arsenick But behold while I was sowing up his belly I perceived many blacke spots dispersed diversly throughout the skin then I asked my company what they thought of those spots truely said I it seemeth unto me that they are like unto the purple spots or markes that are in the pestilence The Physician and the
dilatations of the artery of the navell But when the mother is dead the lungs doe not execute their office and function therefore they cannot gather in the aire that compasseth the body by the mouth or aspera arteria into their owne substance or into the arteries that are dispersed throughout the body thereof by reason whereof it cannot send it unto the heart by the veiny artery which is called arteria venalis for if the heart want aire there cannot bee any in the great artery which is called arteria aorta whose function it is to draw it from the heart also by reason thereof it is wanting in the arteries of the wombe which are as it were the little conduits of that great artery whereinto the aire that is brought from the heart is derived and floweth in unto these little ones of all the body and likewise of the wombe Wherefore it must of necessity follow that the aire is wanting to the cotyledons of the secundines to the arterie of the infants navell the iliacke arteries also and therefore unto his heart and so unto all his body for the aire being drawne by the mothers lungs is accustomed to come to the infant by this continuation of passages Therefore because death maketh all the motions of the mothers body to cease it is farre better to open her body so soone as shee is dead beginning the incision at the cartelage Xiphoides or breast-blade and making it in a forme semicircular cutting the skinne muscles and peritonaeum not touching the guts then the wombe being lifted up must first be cut lest that otherwise the infant might perchance be touched or hurt with the knife You shall oftentimes finde the childe unmoveable as though hee were dead but not because he is dead indeed but by reason that he being destitute of the accesse of the spirits by the death of the mother hath contracted a great weakenesse yet you may know whether hee be dead indeed or not by handling the artery of the navell for it will beat and pant if he be alive otherwise not but if there be any life yet remaining in him shortly after he hath taken in the aire and is recreated with the accesse thereof he will move all his members and also all his whole body In so great a weakenesse or debility of the strength of the childe the secundine must not bee separated as yet from the childe by cutting the navell string but it must rather be laid close to the region of the belly thereof that thereby the heat if there be any jor remaining may bee stirred up againe But I cannot sufficiently marvaile at the insolency of those that affirme that they have seene women whose bellies and wombe have bin more than once cut and the infant taken out when it could no otherwise be gotten forth and yet notwithstanding alive which thing there is no man can perswade me can be done without the death of the mother by reason of the necessary greatnesse of the wound that must be made in the muscles of the belly and substance of the wombe for the wombe of a woman that is great with childe by reason that it swelleth and is distended with much blood must needs yeeld a great flux of blood which of necessity must be mortall And to conclude when that the wound or incision of the wombe is cicatrized it will not permit or suffer the womb to be dilated or extended to receive or beare a new birth For these and such like other causes this kinde of cure as desperate and dangerous is not in mine opinion to be used CHAP. XXXII Of superfoetation SUperfoetation is when a woman doth beare two or more children at one time in her wombe and they bee enclosed each in his severall secundine but those that are included in the same secundine are supposed to bee conceived at one and the same time of copulation by reason of the great and copious abundance of seed and these have no number of daies between their conception birth but all at once For as presently after meat the stomacke which is naturally of a good temper is contracted or drawn together about the meate to comprehend it on every side though small in quantity as it were by both hands so that it cannot rowle neither unto this or that side so the wombe is drawne together unto the conception about both the seeds as soone as they are brought into the capacity thereof and is so drawne in unto it on every side that it may come together into one body not permitting any portion thereof to goe into any other region or side so that by one time of copulation the seed that is mixed together cannot engender more children than one which are devided by their secundines And moreover because there are no such cells in the wombes of women as are supposed or rather knowne to bee in the wombs of beasts which therefore bring forth many at one conception or birth But now if any part of the womans wombe doth not apply and adjoine it selfe closely to the conception of the seed already received lest any thing should be given by nature for no purpose it must of necessity follow that it must be filled with aire which will alter and corrupt the seeds Therefore the generation of more than one infant at a time having every one his severall secundine is on this wise If a woman conceave by copulation with a man as this day and if that for a few daies after the conception the orifice of the wombe be not exactly shut but rather gape a little and if shee doe then use copulation againe so that at both these times of copulation there may be an effusion or perfect mixture of the fertile seed in the wombe there will follow a new conception or superfoetation For superfoetation is no other thing than a certaine second conception when the woman already with childe againe useth copulation with a man and so conceiveth againe according to the judgement of Hippocrates But there may be many causes alledged why the wombe which did joyne and close doth open and unlose it selfe againe For there bee some that suppose the wombe to be open at certaine times after the conception that there may be an issue out for certaine excrementall matters that are contained therein and therefore that the woman that hath so conceived already and shall then use copulation with a man againe shall also conceive againe Others say that the wombe of it selfe and of its own nature is very desirous of seed or copulation or else being heated or enflamed with the pleasant motion of the man moving her thereto doth at length unclose it selfe to receive the mans seed for like-wise it happeneth many times that the orifice of the stomack being shut after eating is presently unloosed again when other delicate meats are offered to be eaten even so may the wombe unclose it selfe againe at certain seasons
by reason that the putrefying blood is turned into sanies the patient cannot lye but on his backe and he hath an often desire to vomit but if hee escape death his wound will degenerate into a Fistula and at length will consume him by little and little We may know that the Lungs are wounded by the foaming and spumous blood comming out both at the wound and cast up by vomiting hee is vexed with a greevous shortnesse of breath and with a paine in his sides We may perceive the Heart to be wounded by the aboundance of blood that commeth out at the wound by the trembling of all the whole body by the faint and small pulse palenesse of the face cold sweate with often swounding coldnesse of the extreame parts and suddaine death When the midriffe which the Latines call Diaphragma is wounded the patient feeleth a great weight in that place he raveth and talketh idlely he is troubled with shortnesse of winde a cough and fit of greevous paine and drawing of the entralls upwards Wherefore when all these accidents appeare we may certainely pronounce that death is at hand Death appeareth sodainely by a wound of the hollow Veine or the great Arterie by reason of the great and violent evacuation of blood and spirits whereby the functions of the Heart and Lungs are stopped and hindred The marrow of the backebone being pierced the patient is assaulted with a Palsie or convulsion very suddainely and sence and motion faileth in the parts beneath it the excrements of the bladder are either evacuated against the patients will or else are altogether stopped When the Liver is wounded much blood commeth out at the wound and pricking paine disperseth it selfe even unto the sword-like gristle which hath its situation at the Lower end of the brest bone called Sternon the blood that falleth from thence downe into the intestines doth oftentimes inferre most maligne accidents yea and sometimes death When the stomacke is wounded the meate and drink come out at the wound there followeth a vomiting of pure choler then commeth sweating and coldnesse of the extreame parts and therefore we ought to prognosticate death to follow such a wound When the milt or spleene is wounded blacke and grosse blood cometh out at the wound the patient will be very thirsty with paine on the left side and the blood breakes forth into the belly and there putrifying causeth most maligne and greevous accidents and often times death to follow When the guts are wounded the whole body is griped and pained the excrements come out at the wound whereat also often times the guts breake forth with great violence When the reines or Kidnyes are wounded the patient will have great paine in making his Vrine and the blood commeth out together therewith the paine commeth downe even unto the groine yard and testicles When the bladder and Vreters are wounded the paine goeth even unto the entralls the parts all about and belonging to the groine are distended the Vrine is bloody that is made and the same also commeth often times out at the wound When the wombe is wounded the blood commeth out at the privities and all other accidents appeare like as when the bladder is wounded When the sinewes are pricked or cut halfe asunder there is great paine in the affected place and there followeth a suddaine inflammation fluxe abscesse feaver convulsion and oftentimes a gangreene or mortification of the part whereof commeth death unlesse it be speedily prevented Having declared the signes and tokens of wounded parts it now remaineth that we set downe other signes of certaine kindes of death that are not common or naturall whereabout when there is great strife and contention made it oftentimes is determined and ended by the judgement of the discreete Physition or Chirurgion Therefore if it chance that a nurse either through drunkennesse or negligence lyes upon her infant lying in bed with her and so stifles or smothers it to death If your judgement be required whether the infant dyed through the default or negligence of the nurse or through some violent or suddaine diseases that lay hidden and lurking in the body thereof You shall finde out the truth of the matter by these signes following For if the infant were in good health before if he were not froward or crying if his mouth and nosethrills now being dead be moystned or bedewed with a certaine foame if his face be not pale but of a Violet or purple colour if when the body is opened the Lungs be found swolne and puffed up as it were with a certaine vaporous foame and all the other entralls found it is a token that the infant was stifled smothered or strangled by some outward violence If the body or dead corpes of a man be found lying in a field or house alone and you be called by a magistrate to deliver your opinion whether the man were slaine by lightning or some other violent death you may by the following signes finde out the certainety hereof For every body that is blasted or striken with lightning doth cast forth or breathe out an unholsome stinking or sulphureous smell so that the birdes or fowles of the ayre nor dogges will not once touch it much lesse prey or feede on it the part that was stricken often times sound and without any wound but if you search it well you shall finde the bones under the skinne to be bruised broken or shivered in peeces But if the lightening hath pierced into the body which making a wound therein according to the judgement of Pliny the wounded part is farre colder than all the rest of the body For lightning driveth the most thinne and fiery ayre before it and striketh it into the body with great violence by the force whereof the heate that was in the part is soone dispersed wasted and consumed Lightening doth alwayes leave some impression or signe of some fire either by ustion or blacknesse for no lightning is without fire Moreover whereas all other living creatures when they are striken with lightening fall on the contrary side onely man falleth on the affected side if hee be not turned with violence toward the coast or region from whence the lightening came If a man bee striken with lightening while he is asleepe hee will be found with eyes open contrarywise if hee be striken while hee is awake his eyes will be closed as Plinie writeth Philip Commines writeth that those bodyes that are stricken with lightning are not subject to corruption as others are Therefore in ancient time it was their custome neither to burne nor bury them for the brimstone which the lightning bringeth with it was unto them in stead of salt for that by the drynesse and fiery heate thereof it did preserve them from putrefaction Also it may be enquired in judgement Whether any that is dead and wounded received these wounds alive
This Physitian was a certaine while at Thurin to deale with him and was often called to visite the hurt people where he alwayes found me and I consulted with him and some other Chirurgions and when wee had resolved to doe any serious worke of Chirurgery t was Ambrose Pare that put his hand thereto where I did it promptly and with dexterity and with a great assurance in so much that the sayd Physition admired me to see me so ready in the operation of Chirurgery seeing the small age which I had One day discoursing with the sayd Lord Marshall he sayd to him Signor tu hai un Chirurgico giovane de anni ma egli 〈◊〉 vecckio di sapere e di esperientia Guarda lâ— bene perche egli ti fara servicio honore That is to say Thou hast a young Chirurgion of age but he is old in knowledg and experience preserve him well for he will doe thee service and honour But the old man knew not that I had dwelt three yeares in the Hospitall of Paris there to dresse the diseased In the end Monsieur Marshall dyed with his hepaticall fluxe Being dead the King sent Monsieur the Marshall of Annebaeâ—t to be in this place who did me this honour to pray me to dwell with him and that he would use me as well or better than Monsieur the Marshall Mountain which I would not doe for the greefe I had for the losse of my master who loved me intimately and I him in the like manner and so I came backe to Paris The Voyage of Marolle and of low Brritany 1543. I Went to the Camp of Marolle with the deceased Monsieur de Rohan where King Francis was in person and I was Chirurgion of the company of the sayd Monsieur de Rohan Now the King was advertized by Monsieur de Estampes governour of Brittany that the English had hoyste Sayle to land in Low Brittany and prayed him that he would send Monsieur de Rohan and Monsieur de Laval for succour because they were the Lords of that Countrey and for their sakes those of that Country would beate backe the enemy and keepe them from landing Having received this advertisement his Majesty dispatched to send the sayd Lords for the releefe of their Countrey and to each was given as much power as to the Governour in so much that they were all three the Kings Lievetenants They tooke willingly this charge upon them and speedily went away in Poste and lead me with them to Landreneau there where we found every one in armes the Alarum bells sounding on every side yea five or sixe leagues about the Harbors that is to say Brest Conquet Crozon Le Fou Doulac Laudanec each of them well furnisht with Artillery as Cannons Demy-cannons Culverins Sakers Serpentines Falcons Harque buzes in breefe there was nothing wanting in Artillery or souldiers aswell Brittanes as French to hinder that the English made no landing as they had resolved at their parting from England The enemies Army came unto the very mouth of the Cannon and when we perceived them that they would land they were saluted with Cannon shot and we discovered our men of warre together with our Artillery they fled to Sea againe where I was glad to see their vessells hoise saile againe which was in a great number and in good order and seemed like a Forest which marched upon the Sea I saw a thing also whereat I marveiled much which was that the bullets of great peeces made great rebounds and grazed upon the water as upon the ground Now to make the matter short the English did us no harme and returned whole and sound into England and left us in peace We stayd in that Countrey in garrison till we were assured that their army was dispersed In the meane time our horsement exercised their feates of activity as to run at the ring fight in duell and others so that there was still something to imploy me withall Monsieur de Estampes to make sport and pleasure to the sayd Monsieur de Rohan and Laval and other gentlemen caused diverse Countrey wenches to come to the feasts to sing songs in the Low Brittan tongue where their harmony was like the croaking of Frogges while they are in love Moreover made them dance the Brittany Triory without mooving feete or buttockes hee made them heare and see much good Otherwhiles they caused the Wrastlers of the Cittyes and Townes to come where there was a Prize for the best and the sport was seldome ended but that one or other had a legge or an arme broken or the shoulder or hippe displaced there was a little man of Low Britany of a square body and well set who held a long time the credit of the field and by his skill and strength threw five or sixe to the ground there came to him a great schoole master who was sayd to be one of the best wrastlers of all Brittany he entred into the lists having taken off his long jacket in hose and doublet and being neere the little man he seemed as if he had beene tyed to his girdle Notwithstanding when each of them tooke hold of the collar they were a long time without doing any thing and they thought they would remaine equall in force and skill but the little man cast himselfe with an ambling leape under this great Pedant and tooke him on his shoulder and cast him on his Kidneyes spread abroad like a frogge and then all the company laught at the skill and strength of this little fellow This great Dativo had a great spight for being cast by so little a man he rose againe in choler and would have his revenge They tooke hold againe of each others collar and were againe a good while at their hold without falling to ground in the end this great man let himselfe fall upon the little and in falling put his elbow upon the pitch of his stomacke and burst his heart and kild him starke dead And knowing he had given him his deathes blow tooke againe his long cassocke and went away with his tayle betweene his legges and hid himselfe seeing that the little man came not againe to himselfe either for Wine Vinegar or any other thing that was presented unto him I drew neere to him and felt his pulse which did not beate at all then I sayd he was dead then the Brittanes who assisted the wrastling sayd aloud in their jabbering that is not in the sport And some sayd that the sayd Pedagoge was accustomed to doe so and that but a yeere passed he had done the like in a wrastling I would needes open the body to know the cause of this sodaine death where I found much blood in the Thorax and in the inferiour belly and I strived to finde out any apeâ—tion in the place from whence might issue so great a quantity of blood which I could not doe for all the dilligence I could
counsell to take those things to cure their diseases which they had formerly found profitable in themselves or any other in the like affects neither might any passe by a sicke man in silence Also Strabo writes that it was a custome in Graece that those which were sicke should resort to Aesculapius his Temple in Epidaurum that there as they slept by their dreames they might be admonished by the God what meanes they should use to be cured and when they were freed from their diseases they writ the manner of their infirmities and the means by which they were cured in tables fastned them to the pillars of the Temple not only for the glory of the God but also for the profit of such as should afterwards be affected with the like maladies All which tables as fame reports Hippocrdtes transcribed so frō those drew the Arte of Phisicke Beasts also have added much to this Arte. For one man was not only instructed by another but learned also much from brute beasts for they by the onely instinct of nature have found out divers herbs remedies by which they freed preserved themselves from infirmities which might presently be transferred to mans use Wherfore cōsidering that such so many have cōcurred to bring this Arte to perfection who hereafter dare call in question the excellency therof cheifly if he respect the subject therof Mans body a thing more noble than all other Mundane thing and for which the rest were created Which thing moved Herophilus in times past to call Phisitions The hands of the Gods For as we by putting forth our hand do helpe any man out of the water or mud into which he is fallen even so we doe sustaine those that are throwne downe from the top of health to the gates of death by violence of diseases with happy medicines as it were by some speciall divine gift deliver them out of the jawes of death Homer the prince of Greek Poets affirmes that one Phisition is far more worthy than many other men All Antiquity gave Phisitions such honor that they worshipped them with great veneration as Gods or the sons of their Gods For who is it which is not much delighted with the divine force of health full medicines with which we see by dayly experience Phisitiōs as armed with Mercuries rod do bring back those languishing soules which are even entring the gates of death Hence it cometh to passe that the divine Poets of ancient times as Orpheus and Musaeus Hesiode the most renowned Philosophers Pythagoras Plato Aristotle Theophrastus Chrysippus Cato Censorius Varro esteemed nothing more excellent than to excell in the knowledge of Medicines to testifie the same by written monuments to Posterity For what can be more noble or worthy of a generous disposition than to attaine to that by the benefit of Phisicke that adorned with the ornaments of dignity thou maiest have power over other men favoured of Princes Kings Emperours mayest appoint prescribe to them those things which are profitable to preserve health cure their diseases But if you look for benefit by sciences then know that the Professors here of have besides sufficient gain acquired much honor many friends Hippocrates comming to Abdera to cure Democritus of his madnes not only the men of the city but also the women children people of every age sexe ranck went forth to meet him giving him with a common consent loud voice the title of a Tutelary Deity and father of their Country But the Athenians for freeing their Country from the plague with triumphant pompe celebrated playes to his honor bountifully set upon his head as if he had beene a king a Crowne of gold weighing a 1000. peices of their golden coine erected his statue for a perpetuall monument of his piety and Learning Erasistratus the Nephew of Aristotle by his daughter received freely given him by Ptolomy king of Egypt for the cure of his son 100. Talents of gold The Emperour Augustus honoured Antonius Musa with a golden statue Quintus Stertinius yearly received out of the Emperours Treasury 12000. 500. peices of gold In the time of our Grandfathers Petrus Aponensis called Conciliator was so famous through all Italy for his knowledge in Phisicke that he could scarse be intreated to come to any man of fashiō that was sick unles he gave him 50. crownes for every day he was absent from home but when he went to cure Honorius the Bishop of Rome he received 400. crownes for every day he was absent Our French Chronicles relate in what credit estimation James Cotterius the Phisition was with Lewis the 11. King of France for they report he gave him monethly out of his Treasury 10000. crownes Phisick in times past hath bin in such esteem with many famous noble personages that divers Kings Princes delighted with the study therof desirous to attaine glory credite therby called sundry herbs after their own names For so Gentian took its name of Gentius king of Illyria the herb Lysimachia of Lysimachus the king of Macedon the Mithridatick herb or Scordium of Mithridates the king of Pontus Bithinia Achillea of Achilles Centorie of Chiron the Centaure Arthemisia of Arthemisia the Queen of Caria Attalus king of Pergamus Salomon of Judea Evax of Arabia and Juba the king of Mauritania were not only inflamed with a desire of the knowledge of plants but either they have writtē books of it or for the great cōmodity of posterity invented by their skil many choise Antidots compounded of divers simples neither the desire of learning this noble science is yet altogether extinct As may appear by that Indiā plant Tobaco called by some the noble herb Catherines herb Medices herb but commonly the Queens herb because Catherine Medices the mother of our kings by her singular study and industry made manifest the excellent vertue it hath in curing maligne ulcers wounds which before was unknown to the French For these worthy men understood that their glory thus fastened ingrafted into the deepe as it were everliving roots of plants would never decay but shold be propagated to al posterity in many succeeding ages growing up with their sprouting budding shouts stalks floures fruits Neither did these famous men whil'st they adorned this part of phisick suffer the other which treats of the dissectiō of mans body be buried in oblivion without their knowledge as instructed with the precepts learning of the wisest men how artificiall unimitable by mortall hand this fabrick of our body is Neither is it probable that Apis Osiris and Ptolomy kings of Egypt Solomon Alexander the great Mithridates Attalus seeing they dedicated themselves wholy to the cōtemplation of natural things neglected the use of Anatomie being men most desirous to know themselves to have beene ignorant of the structure of there own bodyes being the habitations of their
the inward parts maketh him to eate and drinke freely Their dreames are pleasant they are troubled with diseases arising from bloud as frequent Phlegmons and many Sanguine pustles breaking through the skinne much bleeding and menstruous fluxes Wherefore they can well endure bloud-letting and delight in the moderate use of cold and drie things and lastly are offended by hot and moist things They have a great and strong Pulse and much urine in quantitie but milde of qualitie of an indifferent colour and substance The Signes of a Cholericke Person CHolericke men are of a pale or yellowish colour of a leane slender and rough habit of body with faire veines and large Arteries and a strong and quicke Pulse their skinne being touched feeles hot dry hard rough and harsh with a pricking and acred exhalation which breathes forth of their whole body They cast forth much choler by stoole vomite and urine They are of a quicke and nimble wit stout hardy and sharpe vindicaters of received injuries liberall even to prodigalitie and somewhat too desirous of glory Their sleepe is light and from which they are quickly waked their dreames are fiery burning quicke and full of furie they are delighted with meates and drinkes which are somewhat more cold and moist and are subject to Tertian and burning feavers the Phrensie Iaundise Inflammations and other cholericke pustules the Laske Bloudy fluxe and bitternesse of the mouth The Signes of a Phlegmaticke Person THose in whom Phlegme hath the dominion are of a whitish coloured face and sometimes livide and swollen with their body fat soft and cold to touch They are molested with Phlegmaticke diseases as oedematous tumors the Dropsie Quotidians feavers falling away of the haires and catarrhes falling downe upon the Lungs and the Aspera Arteria or Weason they are of a slow capacitie dull slothfull drousie they doe dreame of raines snowes floods swimming and such like that they often imagine themselves overwhelmed with waters they vomite up much waterie and Phlegmaticke matter or otherwise spit and evacuate it and have a soft and moist tongue And they are troubled with a dogge-like hunger if it at any time should happen that their insipide Phlegme become acide and they are slow of digestion by reason of which they have great store of cold and Phlegmaticke humors which if they be carried downe into the windings of the cholicke-gut they cause murmuring and noise and sometimes the Cholicke For much wind is easily caused of such like Phlegmatick excrements wrought upon by a small and weake heate such as Phlegmaticke persons have which by its naturall lightnesse is diversly carried through the turnings of the guts and distends and swells them up and whiles it strives for passage out it causeth murmurings and noises in the belly like winde breaking through narrow passages Signes of a Melancholike person THe face of Melancholy persons is swart their countenance cloudy and often cruell their aspect is sad and froward frequent Schirrhous or hard swellings tumors of the spleene Haemorroids Varices or swollen veines Quartaine feavers whether continuall or intermitting Quintaine Sextaine and Septimane feavours and to conclude all such wandering feavers or agues set upon them But when it happens the Melancholy humor is sharpened either by adustion or commixture of Choler then Tetters the blacke Morphew the Cancer simple and ulcerated the Leprous and filthy scabbe sending forth certaine scaly and branlike excrescenses being vulgarly called Saint Manis his evill and the Leprosie it selfe invades them They have small veines and arteries because coldnesse hath dominion over them whose propertie is to straiten as the qualitie of heate is to dilate But if at any time their veines seeme bigge that largenesse is not by reason of the laudable bloud contained in them but from much windinesse by occasion whereof it is somewhat difficult to let them bloud not onely because that when the veine is opened the bloud flowes slowly forth by reason of the cold slownesse of the humors but much the rather for that the veine doth not receive the impression of the Lancet sliding this way and that way by reason of the windinesse contained in it and because that the harsh drinesse of the upper skinne resists the edge of the instrument Their bodies seeme cold and hard to the touch and they are troubled with terrible dreames for they are observed to seeme to see in the night Devils Serpents darke dens and caves sepulchers dead corpses and many other such things full of horror by reason of a blacke vapour deversly moving and disturbing the Braine which also wee see happens to those who feare the water by reason of the biting of a mad dogge You shall finde them froward fraudulent parsimonious and covetous even to basenesse slow speakers fearefull sad complainers carefull ingenious lovers of solitarinesse man-haters obstinate maintainers of opinions once conceived slow to anger but angered not be pacified But when Melancholy hath exceeded natures and its owne bounds then by reason of putrefaction and inflammation all things appeare full of extreme fury and madnesse so that they often cast themselves headlong downe from some high place or are otherwise guilty of their owne death with feare of which notwithstanding they are terrified But we must note that changes of the native temperament doe often happen in the course of a mans life so that hee which a while agone was Sanguine may now bee Cholericke Melancholick or Phlegmatick not truly by the changing of the bloud into such humors but by the mutation of Diet and the course or vocation of life For none of a Sanguine complexion but will prove Cholericke if he eate hot and drie meates as all like things are cherished and preserved by the use of their like and contraries are destroyed by their contraries and weary his body by violent exercises and continuall labours and if there be a suppression of Cholericke excrements which before did freely flow either by nature or art But whosoever feeds upon meates generating grosse bloud as Beefe Venison Hare old Cheese and all salt meates he without all doubt sliding from his nature will fall into a Melancholy temper especially if to that manner of diet he shall have a vocation full of cares turmoiles miseries strong and much study carefull thoughts and feares and also if he sit much wanting exercise for so the inward heate as it were defrauded of its nourishment faints and growes dull whereupon grosse and drossie humors abound in the body To this also the cold and drie condition of the place in which we live doth conduce and the suppression of the Malancholy humor accustomed to be evacuated by the Haemorrhoides courses and stooles But he acquires a Phlegmaricke temper whosoever useth cold moist nourishment much feeding who before the former meate is gone out of the belly shall stuffe his paunch with more who presently after meate runs into violent
Spirits Therefore now wee must speake of the Spirits CHAP. X. Of the Spirits THe spirit is a subtile and Aery substance raised from the purer blood that it might be a vehicle for the faculties by whose power the whole body is governed to all the parts and the prime instrument for the performance of their office For they being destitute of its sweet approch doe presently cease from action and as dead do rest from their accustomed labours From hence it is that making a variety of Spirits according to the number of the faculties they have divided them into three as one Animall another Vitall another Naturall The Animall hath taken his seate in the braine for there it is prepared and made that from thence conveyed by the Nerves is may impart the power of sence and Motion to all the rest of the members An argument heereof is that in the great Cold of Winter whether by the intercepting them in their way or by the concretion or as it were freezing of those spirits the joynts grow stiffe the hands numme and all the other parts are dull destitute of their accustomed a gillity of motion and quicknesse of sense It is called Animall not because it is the Life but the cheife and prime instrument thereof wherfore it hath a most subtile and Aery substance and enjoyes divers names according to the various condition of the Sensoryes or seates of the senses into which it enters for that which causeth the sight is named the Visive you may see this by night rubbing your eyes as sparkling like fire That which is conveyed to the Auditorie passage is called the Auditive or Hearing That which is carried to the Instruments of Touching is termed the Tactive and so of the rest This Animall spirit is made and laboured in the windings and foldings of the veines and Arteryes of the braine of an exquisite subtile portion of the vitall brought thither by the Carotidae Arteriae or sleepy Arteryes and sometimes also of the pure aire or sweete vapour drawne in by the Nose in breathing Hence it is that with Ligatures we stoppe the passage of this spirit from the parts we intend to cut off An Humor which obstructs or stopps its passage doth the like in Apoplexies and Palsies whereby it happens that the members scituate under that place doe languish and seeme dead sometimes destitute of motion sometimes wanting both sence and motion The Vitall spirit is next to it in dignitie and excellency which hath its cheife mansion in the left ventricle of the Heart from whence through the Channells of the Arteryes it flowes into the whole body to nourish the heate which resides fixed in the substance of each part which would perish in short time unlesse it should be refreshed by heat flowing thither together with the spirit And because it is the most subtile next to the Animall Nature lest it should vanish away would have it conteined in the Nervous coat of an Artery which is five time more thicke than the Coate of the veines as Galen out of Herophilus hath recorded It is furnished with matter from the subtile exhalation of the blood and that aire which we draw in breathing Wherefore it doth easily and quickly perish by immoderate dissipations of the spirituous substance and great evacuations so it is easily corrupted by the putrifaction of Humors or breathing in of pestilent aire and filthy vapours which thing is the cause of the so suddaine death of those which are infected with the Plague This spirit is often hindred from entring into some part by reason of obstruction fulnesse or great inflammations whereby it followes that in a short space by reason of the decay of the fixed and inbred heat the parts doe easily fall into a Gangrene and become mortified The Naturall spirit if such there be any hath its station in the Liver and Veines It is more grosse and dull than the other and inferior to them in the dignitie of the Action and the excellencie of the use The use thereof is to helpe the concoction both of the whole body as also of each severall part and to carry blood and heate to them Besides those already mentioned there are other spirits fixed and implanted in the simular and prime parts of the body which also are naturall and Natives of the same place in which they are seated and placed And because they are also of an Aery and fiery nature they are so joyned or rather united to the Native heate that they can no more be separated from it than flame from heate wherefore they with these that flow to them are the principall Instruments of the Actions which are performed in each severall part And these fixed spirits have their nourishment and maintenance from the radicall and first-bred moisture which is of an Aery and oyly substance and is as it were the foundation of these Spirits and the inbred heat Therefore without this moisture no man can live a moment But also the Cheife Instruments of life are these Spirits together with the native heate Wherefore this radicall Moisture being dissipated and wasted which is the seate fodder and nourishment of the Spirits and heate how can they any longer subsist and remaine Therefore the consumption of the naturall heate followeth the decay of this sweet and substance-making moisture and consequently death which happens by the dissipating and resolving of naturall heate But since then these kinde of Spirits with the naturall heate is conteined in the substance of each simular part of our body for otherwise it could not persist it must necessarily follow that there be as many kinds of fixed Spirits as of simular parts For because each part hath its proper temper and encrease it hath also its proper spirit and also it s owne proper fixed and implanted heat which heere hath its abode as well as its Originall Wherefore the spirit and heate which is seated in the bone is different from that which is impact into the substance of a Nerve Veine or such other simular part because the temper of these parts is different as also the mixture of the Elements from which they first arose and sprung up Neither is this contemplation of spirits of small account for in these consist all the force and efficacy of our Nature These being by any chance dissipated or wasted wee languish neither is any health to be hoped for the floure of life withering and decaying by litle and litle Which thing ought to make us more diligent to defend them against the continuall effluxe of the threefold substance For if they be decayed there is left no proper Indication of curing the disease so that we are often constrained all other care laid aside to betake our selves to the restoring and repayring the decayed powers Which is done by meats of good juyce easie to be concocted and distributed good Wines and fragrant smells
situate above the Perinaum It hath connexion with the fundament the necke of the wombe and bladder by both their peculiar orifices It hath a middle temper betweene hot and cold moist and drie It hath the same use as a mans Praeputium or fore-skinne that is that together with the Numpha it may hinder the entrance of the aire by which the wombe may be in danger to take cold The lips of the privities called by the Greekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Latines Ala containe all that region which is invested with haires and because we have falne into mention of these Nympha you must know that they are as it were productions of the musculous skinne which descend on both sides from the upper part of the share-bone downewards even to the orifice of the necke of the bladder oft times growing to so great a bignesse that they will stand out like a mans yard Wherefore in some they must be cut off in their young yeares yet with a great deale of caution left if they be cut too rashly so great an effusion of bloud may follow that it may cause either death to the woman or barrennesse of the wombe by reason of the refrigeration by the too great effusion of bloud The latter Anatomists as Columbus and Fallopius besides these parts have made mention of another particle which stands forth in the upper part of the privities and also of the urinary passage which joynes together those wings wee formerly mentioned Columbus cals it Tentigo Fallopius Cleitoris whence proceeds that infamous word Cleitorizein which signifies impudently to handle that part But because it is an obscene part let those which desire to know more of it reade the Authors which I cited The thirteenth Figure shewing the parts of women different from these in men A. B. C. D. The Peritonaeum reflected or turned backward above and below E. F. the gibbous part of the liver 〈◊〉 the cave or hollow part E. G. The trunke of the gate veine H. the hollow veine I. the great artery K. the rootes of the Coelicall artery which accompanieth the gate veine L. M. the fatty veine going to the coate of the kidneies N. O. the fore-part of both the kidneies T. V. the emulgent veines and arteries aa the right ureter at the lowest a cut from a part which neere to b sticketh yet to the bladder because the bottome of the bladder is drawne to the left-side c. the left ureter inserted into the bladder neere to r. dd the spermaticke veine which goeth to the left testicle marked with i. ee the spermaticke veine which goeth to the left testicle with i also f. the trunke of the great arterie from whence the spermaticall arteries doe proceed g. h. the spermaticall arteries ii the two testicles ll a branch which from the spermaticke vessels reacheth unto the bottome of the wombe mm. the leading vessell of the seede which Falopius calleth the tuba or trumpet because it is crooked and reflected n. a branch of the spermaticke vessel compassing the leading vessell oo a vessell like a worme which passeth to the wombe some call it Cremaster p. the bottome of the wombe called fundus vteri q. a part of the right gut r. s the bottome of the bladder whereto is inserted the left ureter and a veine led from the necke of the wombe neere unto r. t. the necke of the bladder u. the same inserted into the privitie or lap x. a part of the necke of the wombe above the privity yy certaine skinnie Caruncles of the privities in the midst of which is the slit and on both sides appeare little hillocks The Figures belonging to the Dugges and Breasts αα The veines of the Dugs which come from those which descending from the top of the shoulder are offered to the skinne β. the veines of the dugges derived from those which through the arme-hole are led into the hand γ. the body of the Dugge or Breast δδ the kernels and fat betweene them εε the vessels of the Dugges descending from the lower part of the necke called iugulum under the breast bone CHAP. XXXV Of the Coats containing the Infant in the wombe and of the Navell THe membranes or coates containing the infant in the wombe of the mother are of a spermaticke and nervous substance having their matter from the seede of the mother But they are nervous that so they may be the more easily extended as it shall be necessary for the child They are of good length and bredth especially neare the time of deliverance they are round in figure like the wombe Their composition is of veines arteries and their proper substance The veines and arteries are distributed to them whether obscurely or manifestly more or fewer from the wombe by the Cotyledones which have the same office as long as the child is contained in the wombe as the nipples or pappes of the nurses after it is borne For thus the wombe brings the Cotyledones or veines degenerating into them through the coates like certaine paps to the infant shut up in them These coates are three in number according to Galen one called the Chorion Secundine or afterbirth the other Allantoides the third Amnios I find this number of coates in beasts but not in women unlesse peradventure any will reckon up in the number of the coats the Cotyledones swollen up and grown into a fleshie masse which many skilfull in Anatomy doe write which opinion notwithstanding we cannot receive as true I could never in any place finde the Allantoides in women with child neither in the infant borne in the sixth seventh eight or in the full time being the ninth moneth although I have sought it with all possible diligence the Midwives being set apart which might have violated some of the coates But thus I went about this businesse I devided the dead body of the mother cross-wise upon the region of the wombe and taking away all impediments which might either hinder or obscure our diligence with as much dexteritie as was possible wee did not onely draw away that receptacle or den of the infant from the inward surface of the wombe to which it stucke by the Cotyledones but we also tooke away the first membrane which we called Chorion from that which lies next under it called Amnios without any rending or tearing for thus we powred forth no moisture whereby it might be said that any coate made for the containing of that humor was rent or torne And then we diligently looked having many witnesses and spectators present if in any place there did appeare any distinction of these two membranes the Allantoides and Amnios for the separating the contained humors and for other uses which they mention But when we could perceive no such thing we tooke the Amnios filled with moisture on the upper side and having opened it two servants so holding the apertion that no moisture might flow out of it into the
little men who have a shorter Chest because the Heart is so neere as to touch the Diaphragma this Lobe is not seene yet it is alwayes found in Dogges The Lungs represent the figure or shape of an Oxes foot or hoof for like it they are thicker in their basis but slenderer in their circumference as you may see in blowing them up by the weazon with your mouth or a paire of bellowes They are compounded of a coate comming from the Pleura which on each side receives sufficient number of nerves from the sixth conjugation and also of the Vena arteriosa comming from the right ventricle of the heart and the Arteria venosa from the left as shall be shewed in the Anatomy of the heart besides the Aspera arteria or Weazon coming from the throat and lastly its owne flesh which is nothing else than the concretion of cholerick blood poured out like foame about the divisions of the fore-said vessels as we have said of other parts The body of the Lungs is one in number unlesse you will divide it into two by reason of the variety of its site because the Lobes of the Lungs stretched forth into the right left side doe almost involve all the heart that so they may defend it against the hardnes of the bones which are about it they are tyed to the heart cheifly at its basis but to the roots of the ribs and their vertebra's by the coat it hath from thence but by the vessels to these parts from whence they proceed But oft times presently from the first and naturall conformation they are bound to the circumference of the ribs by certaine thin membranous productions which descend from thence to the Lungs otherwaies they are tyed toe the ribs by the Pleura The nourishment of the Lungs is unlike to the nourishment of other parts of the body for you cannot find a part equally rare light and full of aire which may be nourished with blood equally thin and vaporous In temper they incline more to heat than to cold whether you have regard to their composure of cholerick blood or their use which is to prepare and alter the aire that it hurt not the heart by its coldnes The Lungs is the instrument of voice and breathing by the Weazon or windpipe For the Lobes are the instruments of voice and the ligaments of respiration But the Larinx or Throtle is the chiefe instrument of the voice for the Weazon first prepares the voice for the Throtle in which it being in some measure formed is perfected in the Pallate of the mouth as in the upper part of a lute or such like instrument by the help of the Gargareon or uvula as a certaine quill to play withall But as long as one holds his breath he cannot speak for then the muscles of the Larinx Ribs the Diaphragma and the Epigastrick muscles are pressed downe whence proceeds a suppression of the vocall matter which must be sent forth in making or uttering a voice Nature would have the Lungs light for many reasons the first is that seeing they are of themselves immoveable they might be more obsequious and ready to follow the motion of the chest for when it is straitened the Lungs are straitened and subside with it and when it is dilated they also are dilated and swell so big that they almost fill up all the upper capacity thereof Another cause is that by this their rarity they might more easily admit the entring Aire at such times as they have much or suddaine necessity as in running a race And lastly that in Pleurisies and other purnient abscesses of the Chest the Pus or matter poured forth into the capacity of the Chest may be suckt in by the rare substance of the Lungs and by that meanes the sooner sent forth and expectorated The use of respiration is to coole and temper the rageing heat of the Heart For it is cooled in drawing in the breath by the coole aire and in sending out thereof by avoiding the hot fuliginous vapour Therefore the Chest performes two contrary motions for whilest it is dilated it drawes in the encompassing aire and when it is depressed it expels the fuliginous vapour of the Heart which any one may easily perceive by the example of a paire of Smithes bellowes CHAP. X. Of the Pericardium or purse of the Heart THe Pericardium is as it were the house of the Heart which ariseing at the basis thereof either the ligaments of the vertebra's situate there or els the vessels of the heart yeilding it matter is of a nervous thick and dense substance without any fibers It retaines the figure of the Heart and leaves an empty space for the heart to performe its proper motions Wherefore the bignes of the Pericardium exceeds that of the heart It consists of a double coate one proper of which wee have spoken another common coming from the pleura and also of veines arteries and nerves the vessels partly comming from the mamillary partly from the Diaphragma chiefly there where it touches it the nerves come on each side from the sixt conjugation It is onely one placed about the heart and annexed to it at the Basis thereof by its membranes to the originall of the Lungs and the vertebra's lying under them and by the vessels to the parts from whence it received them It is of a cold and dry temper as every membrane is The use thereof is to cover the heart and preserve it in its native humidity by a certaine naturall moysture contained in it unles you had rather say that the moisture we see contained in the Pericardium is generated in it after death by the condenfation and concretion of the spirits Although this seemes not very likely because it growes and is heaped up in so great quantity in liveing bodyes that it hinders the motion of the heart and causes such palpitation or violent beating thereof that it often suffocates a man For this Palpitation happens also to hearty and stout men whose harts are hot but blood thin and waterish by reason of some infirmity of the stomack or Liver and this humour may be generated of vapours which on every side exhale into the pericardium from the blood boileing in the ventricules of the heart where kept in by the density thereof they turne into yellowish moisture as we see it happens in an Alembeck Nature would have the pericardium of a dense and hard consistence that by the force thereof the heart might bee kept in better state for if the Pericardium had beene bony it would have made the heart like iron by the continuall attrition on the contrary if it had beene soft and fungous it would have made it spongy and soft like the Lungs CHAP. XXX Of the Heart THe Heart the chiefe mansion of the Soule the organe of the vitall faculty the beginning of life the fountaine of the vitall
ends of the wedgebone in this forehead bone there is often found a great cavity under the upper part of the eye-browes filled with a glutinous grosse viscide and white matter or substance which is thought to helpe to elaborate the aire for the sense of smelling Chirurgions must take speciall notice of this cavity because when the head chances to be broken in that place it may happen that the fracture exceeds not the first table wherefore they being ignorant of this cavity and moved with a false perswasion that they see the braine they may thinke the bone wholy broken and to presse the Meninges whereupon they will dilate the wound apply a Trepan and other instruments to lift up the second table of the bone without any need at all and with the manifest danger of the life of the patient The third and fourth bones of the Skull are the Ossa parietalia or Bregmatis having the third place of density and thicknes although this density and thicknes be different in diverse places of them For on the upper part of the head or crowne where that substance turnes not to a bone in children untill they have all their teeth so that it feeles soft in touching and through it you may feele the beating of the braine these bones are very tender so that oft times they are no thicker than ones naile that so the moist and vapourous excrements of the braine shut up where the greater portion of the braine resides may have a freer passage by the Braines Diastole and Systole These two square bones are bounded above with the Sagittall suture below with the scaly on the forepart with the coronall and on the hinde part with the Lambdoides The fifth and sixth bone of the skull are the two Ossa petrosa stony or scaly bones which are next to the former in strength They are bounded with the false or bastard Suture and with part of the Lambdoides and wedgebone The seaventh is the Os sphenoides basilare or Cuneiforme that is the wedgebone It is called Basilare because it is as it were the Basis of the head To this the rest of the bones of the head are fitly fastened in their places This bone is bounded on each side with the bones of the forehead the stony bones and bones of the Nowle and pallate The figure represents a Batte and its processes her wings There is besides these another bone at the Basis of the forehead bone into which the mamillary processes end the Greekes call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latines Cribrosum and Spongiosum the Spongy bone because it hath many holes in it not perforated in a direct passage as in a sive but winding and anfractuous that the aire should not by the force of attraction presently leap or ascend into the braine and affect it with its qualityes before it be elaborated by its lingring in the way There are besides also sixe other little bones lying hid in the stony bones at the hole or Auditory passage on each side three that is to say the Ineus or Anvill the Malleolus or Hammer and the Stapes or stirrop because in their figure they represent these three things the use of these we will declare hereafter But also in some skuls there are found some divisions of bones as it were collected fragments to the bignesse almost of ones thumbe furnished and distinguished by their proper commissures or sutures which thing is very fit to be known to a Chyrurgion in the use of a Trepan Verily he may give a conjecture hereof whilest he separates the Pericranium from the skull for the pericranium is with greater difficulty pluckt away from the sutures because the Crassa meninx hath straiter connexion therewith by his nervous fibers sent forth in such places The Skuls in women are softer and thinner than in men and in children more than in women and in young men more then in men of a middle age Also the Aethiopians or Blackamoores as also all the people inhabiting to the South have their sculles more hard and composed with fewer sutures Therefore as it is written by Hippocrates such as have their Skulls the softer the Symptomes in fractures are more dangerous and to be feared in them But the skull by how much the softer it is by so much it more easily and readily yeilds to the perforating Trepan Moreover in some skuls there bee bunches standing out besides nature made either round or cornered which the Chirurgion must observe for two causes the first is for the better consideration of a blow or fracture For in these bunches or knots the solution of the continuity cannot be if it seeme to be stretched in length but that the wound must penetrate to the inner parts For in a round body there can be no long wound but it must be deepe by the weapon forced the deeper because as a round body touches a plaine but onely inpuncte in a prick or point so what-so-ever falls only lightly or superficially upon it onely touches a point thereof But on the contrary a long wound must be upon a plaine surface which may be but only superficiall Another cause is because such bunches change the figure and site of the Sutures And the Chirurgion must note that the skuls hath two tables in the midst whereof the Diploe is which is a spongy substance into which many veines and arteryes a certaine fleshynesse are inserted that the skull should not be so heavy and that it might have within it selfe provision for the life thereof and lastly that there might be freer passage out for the fuliginous vapours of the braine The upper table is thicker denser stronger and smoother than the lower For this as it is the slenderer so it is the more unequall that it may give place to the internall veines and arteryes which make a manifest impression into the second table on the inside thereof from which branches enter into the skull by the holes which containe the eyes Which thing fastens the Crassa meninx to the skull and is therefore very worthy to be observed For in great contusions when no fracture or fissure appeares in the skull by reason of the great concussion or shaking of the braine these vessels are often broken whence happens a flux of blood between the skull and membranes and lastly death But it is fit the Chirurgion take good heed to the tender and soft substance of the Diploe that when he comes to it having passed the first table he may carefully use his Trepan least by leaning too hard it run in too violently and hurt the membranes lying underneath it whence convulsion and death would follow To which danger I have found a remedy by the happy invention of a Trepan as I will hereafter more at large declare in handeling the wounds of the head CHAP. V. Of the Meninges that is the two membranes called Dura Mater and Pia Mater THe Crassa
I ventured upon because they were free from paine and by taking them away and cauterizing the place I perfectly healed them not truly sodainly and at once for although I bâ—… the place after dissection yet neverthelesse they sprung up againe because a certaine portion of the bone and sockets in which the Teeth stand fastened were become rotten I have often observed such like flesh by continuance of time to have turned into a gristlely bony substance Wherfore the cure must be begun as speedily as may be for being but litle and having fastened no deepe roots it is more easily taken away being then only filled with a viscide humor which in successe of time is hardened and makes the taking away thereof more difficult CHAP. V. Of the Ranula THere is ofttimes a tumor under the tongue which takes away the liberty of pronuntiation or speech wherefore the Greeks call it Batrachium the Latines Ranula because such as have this disease of the tongue seeme to expresse their minds by croaking rather than by speaking It is caused by the falling downe of a cold moiste grosse tough viscide and Phlegmaticke matter from the braine upon the tongue which matter in colour and consistence resembles the white of an egge yet sometimes it lookes of a Citrine or yellowish colour That you may safely performe the cure you must open the Tumor rather with a cautery or hot Iron than with a Knife for otherwise it will returne againe The manner of opening of it must be thus You shall get a bended hollow and perforated iron plate with a hole in the midst and making the patient to hold open his mouth you shall so fit it that the hole may be upon the part which must be opened Then there you must open it with an hot Iron for so you shall hurt no part of the mouth which is whole but when you are ready to burne it by thrusting your thumbe under the Patients Chin you may somewhat elevate the Tumor whereby you may open it with more certainty when it is opened you must thrust out the matter conteined therein and then wash the patients mouth with some barly water hony and Sugar of Roses for so the ulcer will be safely and quickly healed The deliniation of the Iron plate and crooked actuall Cautery CHAP. VI. Of the swelling of the Glandules or Almonds of the Thro ate NAture at the jawes neare the roots of the Tongue hath placed two Glandules opposite to one another in figure and magnitude like to Almonds whence also they have their name Their office is to receive the spittle falling downe from the braine both least that the too violent falling downe of the humor should hinder the tongue in speaking as also that the tongue might alwayes have moisture as it were laid up in store lest by continuall speaking it should grow dry and faile For thus this spittle being consumed by feaverish heats the patients are scarse able to speake unlesse they first moisten their tongue by much washing of their mouth These Glandules because they are seated in an hot and moist place are very subject to inflammations for there flowes into these ofttimes together with the blood a great quantity of crude phlegmaticke and viscous humors whence arises a tumor which is not seldome occasioned by drinking much and that vaporous wine by too much Gluttony and staying abroad in the open aire Swallowing is painfull and trouble some to the Patient and commonly hee hath a Feaver Ofttimes the neighbouring Muscles of the Throtle and necke are so swolne together with these Glandules that as it usually happens in the Squinzye the passage of the breath and aire is stopped and the Patient strangled We resist this imminent danger by purging and blood-letting by applying Cupping-Glasses to the Necke and shoulders by frictions and ligatures of the extreme parts and by washing and gargling the mouth and throte with astringent gargarismes But if they come to suppuration you must with your incision Knife make way for the evacuation of the Pus or Matter but if on the contrary these things performed according to art defluxion be encreased and there is present danger of death by stopping and intercepting the breath for the shunning so great and imminent danger the top or upper part of the Aspera arteria or Weazon must be opened in that place where it uses to stand most out it may be done so much the safer because the jugular veines and arteryes are furthest distant from this place and for that this place hath commonly litle flesh upon it And that the incision may be the fitlyer made the patient must be wished to bend his head backe that so the Artery may be the more easily come to by the instrument then you shal make an incision overtwhart with a crooked knife betweene two rings not hurting nor touching the Gristlely substance that is to say the membrane which tyes together the Gristlely rings being onely cut you shall then judge that you have made the incision large enough when you shall perceive the breath to breake out by the wound the wound must be kept open so long untill the danger of suffocation be past and then it must be sowed up not touching the Gristle But if the lipps of the wound shall be hard and callous they must be lightly scarified that so they may become bloody for their easier agglutination and union as we shall shew more at large in the cure of Hare lips I have had many in cure who have recovered that have had their Weazon together with the Gristlely rings thereof cut with a great wound as we shall note when wee shall come to treate of the cure of the wounds of that part CHAP. VII Of the inflammation and relaxation of the Vvula or Columella THe Vvula is a litle body spongy and somewhat sharpened to the forme of a pine apple hanging even downe from the upper and inner part of the palat so to breake the force of the Aire drawn in in breathing and carryed to the Lungs and to be as a quill to forme and tune the voyce It often growes above measure by receiving moysture falling downe from the braine becomming sharpe by litle and litle from a broader and more swolne Basis Which thing causes many Symptomes for by the continuall irritation of the distilling humor the Cough is caused which also hinders the sleepe and intercepts the liberty of speech but also by hindring respiration the patients cannot sleepe unlesse with open mouth they are exercised with a vaine endeavoring to swallow having as it were a morsell sticking in their jawes and are in danger of being strangled This disease must be resisted and affailed by purging bleeding Cupping taking of chysters using astringent Gargles and a convenient diet but if it cannot thus be overcome the cure must be tryed by a causticke of Aqua fortis which I have
defaced that it may seeme one bone growne together of many This shall be made manifest by recitall of the following Historie A servant of Massus the Poste-master had a greevous blow with a stone upon the right Bregma which made but a small wound yet a great contusion and Tumor Wherefore that it might more plainely appeare whether the bone had received any harme and also that the congealed blood might be pressed forth the wound was dilated the skinne being opened by Theodore Hereus the Chirurgion who as hee was a skillfull workeman and an honest man omitted nothing which Art might doe for his cure When he had divided the skinne the bone was found whole although it was much to bee feared that it was broken because he fell presently to the ground with the blow vomited and shewed other signes of a fractured scull so it happened that he dyed on the one twentieth day of his sicknes But I being called to learne search how he came by his death deviding the scul with a saw found in the part opposite to the blow a great quantity of Sanies or bloody matter and an Abscesse in the Crassae meninx and also in the substance of the very braine but no sutures but the two scaly ones Therefore that is certaine which is now confirmed by the authority of Hippocrates as also by reason and experience that a blow may bee received on the one side and the bone may be fractured on the opposite especially in such as have either no sutures or else so firmely united and closed that they are scarse apparent Neither is it absured that the part opposite to that which received the stroake of the same bone and not of diverse bones may be cloven and in those men who have their sculls well made and naturally distinguished and composed with sutures and this both was and is the true meaning of Hippocrates That this may bee the better understood we must note that the opposite part of the same bone may be understood two manner of wayes First when the fracture is in the same surface of the smitten bone as if that part of one of the bones of the Bregma which is next to the Lambdall future be smitten and the other part next to the Coronall suture be cloven Secondly when as not the same superficies and table which receives the blow but that which lyes under it is cleft which kind of fracture I observed in a certaine Gentleman a Horsman of Captaine Stempans troope He in defending the breach of the wall of the Castle of Hisdin was strucke with a Musket bullet upon the Bregma but had his helmet on his head the bullet dented in the Helmet but did not breake it no nor the musculous skinne nor scull for as much a could be discerned yet notwithstanding hee died apoplecticke upon the sixt day after But I being very desirous to know what might be the true cause of his death dividing his scull observed that the second table was broken and cast off scales and splinters wherewith as with nedles the substance of the braine was continually pricked the first and upper table being whole for all this I afterwards shewed the like example to Capellanus and Castellanus the King and Queenes chiefe Phisitions in the expedition of Roane But Hippocrates prescribes no method of curing this fifth kind of fracture by reason he thinks it cannot be found out by any circumstance whence it happens that it is for the most part deadly Yet must we endeavour to have some knowledge conjecture of such a fracture if it shall at any time happen Wherefore having first diligently shaved away the haire we must apply an Emplaister of Pitch Tarre Waxe Turpentine the powder of Iris or floure deluce rootes and mastich now if any place of the head shall appeare more moyst soft and swollne it is somewhat likely that the bone is cleft in that place so that the patient though thinking of no such thing is now then forest to put his hand to that part of the scull Confirmed with these and other signes formerly mentioned let him call a counsell of learned Physitions and foretell the danger to the Patients friends which are there present that there may no occasion of calumnie remaine then let him boldely perforate the scull for that is far better than forsake the patient ready to yeelde to the greatnesse of the hidden disease and so consequently to dye within a short while after There are foure sorts or conditions of fractures by which the Chirurgion may be so deceived that when the scull is broken indeed yet he may thinke there is no fracture The first is when the bone is so depressed that it presently rises up into its true place and native equability The second is when the fissure is onely capillary The third is when the bone is shaken on the inside the utter surface neverthelesse remaining whole forasmuch as can be dediscerned The fourth is when the bone is stricken on the one side and cleft on the other CHAP. IX Of the moving or Concussion of the Braine BEsides the mentioned kindes of fractures by which the braine also suffers there is another kinde of affect besides nature which also assailes it by the violent incursion of a cause in like manner externall they call it the Commotion or shaking of the braine whence Symptoms like those of a broken scull ensue Falling from aloft upon a solide and hard body dull and heavie blowes as with stones clubbes staves the report of a peece of Ordinance or cracke of Thunder and also a blow with ones hand Thus as Hippocrates tells that beautifull damosell the daughter of Nerius when she was twenty yeeres old was smitten by a woman a friend of hers playing with her with her flat hand upon the fore part of the head and then she was taken with a gâ—ddines and lay without breathing when she came home she fell presently into a great Feaver her head aked and her face grew red The seaventh day after there came forth some two or three Ounces of stincking and bloody matter about her right eare and shee seemed some what better and to be at somewhat more ease The feaver encreased againe and she fell into a heavie sleepinesse and lost her speech and the right side of her face was drawne up and she breathed with difficulty she had also a convulsion and trembling both her tongue failed her and her eyes grew dull on the ninth day she dyed But you must note that though the head be armed with a helmet yet by the violence of a blow the Veines and Arteries may be broken not onely these which passe through the sutures but also those which are dispersed betweene the two tables in the Diploe both that they might binde the Crassa Meninx to the scull that so the braine might move more freely as also that they might carry the
The bones of children are more soft thin and replenished with a sanguine humidity than those of old men and therefore more subject to putrefaction Wherefore the wounds which happen to the bones of children though of themselves and their owne nature they may be more easily healed because they are more soft whereby it comes to passe that they may bee more easily agglutinated neither is there fit matter wanting for their agglutination by reason of the plenty of blood laudible both in consistence and quality than in old men whose bones are dryer and harder and so resist union which comes by mixture and their bloud is serous and consequently a more unfit bond of unitie and aggluâ—ination yet oft times through occasion of the symptomes which follow upon them that is putrefaction and corruption which sooner arise in a hot and moyst body and are more speedily encreased in a soft and tender they usually are more suspected and difficult to heale The Patient lives longer of a deadly fracture in the scull in Winter than in Summer for that the native heat is more vigorous in that time than in this besides also the humors putrifie sooner in Summer because unnaturall heat is then easily enflamed and more predominant as many have observed out of Hippocrates The Wounds of the braine and of the Meninges or membranes thereof are most commonly deadly because the action of the muscles of the chest and others serving for respiration is divers times disturbed intercepted whence death insues If a swelling happening upon a wound of the head presently vanish away it is an ill signe unlesse there be some good reason therefore as blood-letting purging or the use of resolving locall medicines as may be gathered by Hippocrates in his Aphorismes If a feaver ensue presently after the beginning of a wound of the head that is upon the fourth or seaventh day which usually happens you must judge it to bee occasioned by the generating of Pus or Matter as it is recited by Hippocrates Neither is such a feaver so much to be feared as that which happens after the seaventh day in which time it ought to be determinated but if it happen upon the tenth or foureteenth day with cold or shaking it is dangerous because it makes us conjecture that there is putrefaction in the braine the Meninges or scull through which occasion it may arise chiefely if other signes shall also concurre which may shew any putrifaction as if the wound shall be pallide and of a faint yellowish colour as flesh lookes after it is washed For as it is in Hippocrates Aphoris 2. sect 7. It is an ill signe if the flesh looke livide when the bone is affected for that colour portends the extinction of the heate through which occasion the lively or indifferently red colour of the part faints and dyes and the flesh there abouts is dissolved into a viscide Pus or filth Commonly another worse affect followes hereon wherein the wound becomming withered and dry lookes like salted flesh sends forth no matter is livide and blacke whence you may conjecture that the bone is corrupted especially if it become rough whereas it was formerly smooth and plaine for it is made rough when Caries or corruption invades it but as the Caries encreases it becomes livide and blacke sanious matter withall sweating out of the Diploe as I have observed in many all which are signes that the native heat is decayed and therefore death at hand but if such a feaver be occasioned from an Erysipelos which is either present or at hand it is usually lesse terrible But you shall know by these signes that the feaver is caused by an Erysipelas confluxe of cholericke matter if it keepe the forme of a Tertian if the fit take them with coldnes and end in a sweat if it be not terminated before the cholerike matter is either converted into Pus or else resolved if the lips of the wound be somwhat swollne as also all the face if the eyes be red and fiery if the necke and chappes bee so stiffe that he can scarse bend the one or open the other if there be great excesse of biting and pricking paine and heate and that farre greater than in a Phlegmon For such an Erysipelous disposition generated of thinne and hot blood chiefely assailes the face and that for two causes The first is by reason of the naturall levity of the cholericke humor the other because of the rarity of the skinne of these parts The cure of such an affect must be performed by two meanes that is evacuation and cooling with humectation If choler alone cause this tumor we must easily bee induced to let blood but we must purge him with medicines evacuating choler If it be an Erisipelas phlegmonodes you must draw blood from the Cephalicke veine of that side which is most affected alwayes using advise of a phisition Having used these generall meanes you must apply refrigerating and humecting things such as are the juice of Night-shade Housleeke Purslaine Lettuce Navell wort Water Lentill or Ducks-meate Gourdes a liniment made of two handfulls of Sorrel boiled in faire water then beaten and drawne through a searse with ointment of Roses or some vnguent Populeon added thereto will bee very commodious Such and the like remedies must be often and so long renued untill the unnaturall heat be extinguished But we must be carefull to abstaine from all unctuous and oyly thing because they may easily be enflamed and so increase the disease Next we must come to resolving medicines but it is good when anything comes from within to without but on the contrary it is ill when it returnes from without inwards as experience and the Authority of Hippocrates testifie If when the bone shall become purulent pustles shall breake out on the tongue by the dropping downe of the acride filth or matter by the holes of the pallate upon the tongue which lyes under Now when this symptome appeares few escape Also it is deadly when one becomes dumbe and stupid that is Apolecticke by a stroake or wound on the head for it is a signe that not onely the bone but also the braine it selfe is hurt But oft times the hurt of the Braine proceedes so farre that from corruption it turnes to a Sphacell in which case they all have not onely pustles on their tongues but some of them dye stupide and mute othersome with a convulsion of the opposite part neither as yet have I observed any which have dyed with either of these symptomes by reason of a wound in the head who have not had the substance of their braine tainted with a Sphacell as it hath appeared when their sculls haue beene opened after their death CHAP. XI Why when the braine is hurt by a wound of the head there may follow a Convulsion of the opposite part MAny have to this day enquired but as yet as farre as I know
with a desire to vomit or goe to stoole or with yawning and when hee shall change his colour and his lips looke pale then you must stop the blood as speedily as you can otherwise there will be danger lest hee poure forth his life together with his blood Then he must bee refreshed with bread steeped in wine and put into his mouth and by rubbing his temples and nosethrilles with strong vinegar and by lying upon his backe But the part shall bee eased and freed from some portion of the impact and conjunct humor by gently scarifying the lippes of the wound or applying of Leaches But it shall bee diverted by opening these veines which are nighest to the wounded part as the Vena Puppis or that in the middest of the forehead or of the temples or these which are under the tongue besides also cupping-glasses shal be applied to the shoulders sometimes with scarification sometimes without neither must strong and long frictions with course clothes of all the whole body the head excepted be omitted during the whole time of the cure for these will be available though but for this that is to draw backe and dissipate by insensible transpiration the vapours which otherwise would ascend into the head which matters certainly in a body that lyes still and wants both the use and benefit of accustomed exercise are much increased But it shall bee made manifest by this following and notable example how powerfull blood-letting is to lessen and mitigate the inflammation of the Braine or the membranes thereof in wounds of the head I was lately called into the suburbs of Saint German there to visite a young man twenty eight yeeres old who lodged there in the house of Iohn Martiall at the signe of Saint Michaell This young man was one of the houshold servants of Master Doucador the steward of the Lady Admirall of Brion He fell downe headlong upon the left Bregma upon a marble pavement whence he received a contused wound without any fracture of the scull and being he was of a sanguine temperature by occasion of this wound a feaver tooke him on the seaventh day with a continuall delirium and inflammation of phlegmonous tumor of the wounded Pericranium This same tumor possessing his whole head and necke by continuation and sympathy of the parts was growne to such a bignesse that his visage was so much altred that his friends knew him not neither could he speake heare or swallow any thing but what was very liquide Which I observing although I knew that the day past which was the eight day of his disease he had foure saucers of blood taken from him by Germaine Agace Barber-surgion of the same suburbs yet considering the integrity and constancie of the strength of the patient I thought good to bleed him againe wherefore I drew from him foureteene saucers at that one time when I came to him the day after and saw that neither the feaver nor any of the fore mentioned symptomes were any whit remitted or aswaged I forthwith tooke from him foure saucers more which in all made two twenty the day following when I had observed that the symptomes were no whit lessened I durst not presume by my owne onely advice to let him the fourth time blood as I desired Wherefore I brought unto him that most famous Physition Doctor Violene who as soone as he felt his pulse knowing by the vehemencie thereof the strength of the Patient and moreover considering the greatnesse of the inflammation and tumor which offered its selfe to his sight hee bid mee presently take out my Lancet and open a veine But I lingred on set purpose and told him that hee had already twenty two saucers of blood taken from him Then sayd he Grant it be so and though more have beene drawne yet must we not therefore desist from our enterprise especially seeing the two chiefe Indications of blood-letting yet remaine that is the greatnesse of the disease and the constant strength of the Patient I being glad of this tooke three saucers more of blood hee standing by and was ready to take more but that he wished mee to differ it untill the after noone wherefore returning after dinner I filled two saucers more so that in all this young man to his great benefit lost twenty seaven saucers of blood at five times within the space of foure dayes Now the ensuing night was very pleasing to him the feaver left him about noone the tumor grew much lesse the heat of the inflammation was aswaged in all parts except in his eyelids and the lappes of his eares which being ulcerated cast forth a great quantitie of Pus or matter I have recited this history purposely to take away the childish feare which many have to draw blood in the constant strength of the patient and that it might appeare how speedy and certaine a remedy it is in inflammations of the head and braine Now to returne from whence we digressed you must note that nothing is so hurtfull in factures and wounds of the head as venery not onely at that time the disease is present but also long after the cure thereof For great plenty of spirits are conteined in a small quantity of seed the greatest part thereof flowes from the braine hence therefore all the faculties but chiefly the Animall are resolved whence I have divers times observed death to ensue in small wounds of the head yea when they have beene agglutinated and united All passions of the minde must in like sort be avoided because they by contraction and dissipation of the spirits cause great trouble in the body and minde Let a place be chosen for the Patient as farre from noise as can be as from the ringing of bells beatings and knocking 's of Smithes Coopers and Carpenters and from high-wayes through which they use to drive Coaches for noyse encreases paine causes a feaver and brings many other symptomes I remember when I was at Hisdin at the time that it was beseiged by the forces of Charles the fifth that when the wall beaten with the Cannon the noise of the Ordinance caused grievous torment to all those which were sicke but especially those that were wounded on their heads so that they would say that they thought at the discharging of every Cannon that they were cruelly strucken with staves on that part which was wounded and verily their wounds were so angred herewith that they bledde much and by their paine and feavers encreased were forced with much sighing to breathe their last Thus much may serve to be spoken of the cure in generall now we will out of the monuments of the ancients treate of the particular CHAP. XV. Of the particular cure of Wounds of the head and of the musculous skinne LEt us beginne with a simple wound for whose cure the Chirurgion must propose one onely scope to wit Vnion for unlesse the wound pierce to the scull it is
the heart were troubled with continuall feavers But the Liver and all the veinous parts being polluted and so the generation of the laudible blood hindred they languished for want of fitting nourishment But when the Braine by vapours was drawne in to sympathize with the rest they were molested with Ravings and Convulsions Wherefore if any thing succeeded unprosperously in so great malignancie of wounds the Chirurgion was not to be blamed for that it were a crime to fight against God and the Aire wherein the hidden scourges of the divine justice lye hid Therefore if according to the minde of the great Hippocrates who commands to bring all contused wounds to suppuration that so they may be healed wee endeavoured to cure with such medicines wounds made with Gunshot and therefore contused who can rightly be angry with us if we performed it not so well by reason of these putrifactions gangreens and mortifications which proceeded from the corrupt Aire for all that we used not onely suppuratives but were oft times forced to use other medicines so long turning aside from the cure of the disease untill we had orecome the symptomes which much endanger the patient and customarily happen upon such wounds as also upon those which are made with a sword or any other kind of weapon As shall plainly appeare in the following treatise to which it now seemes high time that we betake our selves CHAP. I. A division of wounds drawne from the variety of the wounded parts and the Bullets which wound ALl wounds which are made in mans body by Gunshot whether simple or compound are accompanied with contusion dilaceration distemper and swelling I say all these possesse eyther the noble parts or ignoble the fleshy nervous or bony some whiles with rending and tearing asunder the larger vessells sometimes without harming them Now these wounds are onely superficiary or else peirce deepe and passe quite through the body But there is also another division of these wounds taken from the variety of the Bullets wherewith they are made For some bullets are bigger some lesse some betweene both they are usually made of Lead yet sometimes of Steele Iron Brasse Tinne scarse any of Silver much lesse of Gold There arises no difference from their figure for almost all kinds of wounds of this nature are round From these differences the Chirurgion must take his Indications what to doe and what medicines to apply The first care must be that he thinke not these horrid and maligne symptomes which usually happen upon these kinds of wounds to arise from combustion or poyson carried with the Bullet into the wounded part and that for these reasons we have formerly handled at large But rather let him judge they proceede from the vehemencie of the contusion dilaceration and fracture caused by the Bullets too violent entry into the nervous and bony bodies For if at any time the bullet shall onely light upon the fleshy parts the wounds will be as easily cured as any other wound usually is which is made with a contusing and round kind of weapon as I have often found by frequent experience whilest I have followed the warres and performed the part of a Chirurgion to many Noble-men and common Souldiers according to the counsell of such Physitions as were there overseers of the cure CHAP. II. Of the signes of wounds made by Gunshot WOunds made by Gunshot are knowne by their figure which is usually round by their colour as when the native colour of the part decayes and in stead thereof a livid greenish violet or other colour succeeds by the feeling or sense of the stroke when in the very instant of the receiving thereof hee feeles a heavy sense as if some great stone or peice of Timber or some such other weightything had falne upon it by the small quantity of blood which issues out thereat for when the parts are contused within some small while after the stroake they swell up so that they will scarse admit a Tent whence it is that the blood is stopped which otherwise would flow forth of the orifice of the wound by heate which happens eyther by the violentnesse of the motion or the vehement impulsion of the aire or the attrition of the contused parts as the flesh and nerves Also you may conjecture that the wounds have beene made by Gunshot if the bones shall be broken and the splinters thereof by pricking the neighbouring bodies cause defluxion and inflammation But the cause that the Bullet makes so great a contusion is for that it enters the body not with any points or corners but with its round and sphericall body which cannot penetrate but with mighty force whence it commeth to passe that the wound lookes blacke and the adjacent parts livid Hence also proceede so many grievous symptomes as paine Defluxion Inflammation Apostumation Convulsion Phrensie Palsie Gangreen and mortification whence lastly death ensues Now the wounds doe often cast forth virulent and very much stincking filth by reason of the great contusion and the rending and tearing of the neighbouring particles A great aboundance of humors flow from the whole body and fall downe upon the affected parts which the native heate thereof being diminished forsakes and presently an unnaturall heate seazes upon it Hither also tend an universall or particular repletion of ill humours chiefely if the wounds possesse the nervous parts as the joynts Verily neither a Stagge with his horne nor a flint out of a sling can give so great a blow or make so large a wound as a Leaden or Iron Bullet shot out of a Gun as that which going with mighty violence peirces the body like a Thunderbolt CHAP. III. How these wounds must be ordered at the first dressing THe wound must forthwith be enlarged unlesse the condition of the part resist that so there may be free passage forth both for the Sanies or matter as also for such things as are farced or otherwise contained therein such as are peices of their cloathes bombast linnen paper peices of Maile or Armour Bullets Haile-shot splinters of bones bruised flesh and the like all which must be plucked forth with as must celerity and gentlenesse as may bee For presently after the receiving of the wound the paine and inflammation are not so great as they will be within a short time after This is the principall thing in performance of this worke that you place the patient just in such a posture as he was in at the receiving of the wound for otherwise the various motion and turning of the Muscles will eyther hinder or straiten the passage forth of the conteined bodies You shall if it be possible search for these bodies with your finger that so you may the more certainly and exactly perceive them Yet if the Bullet bee entred some-what deepe in then you shall search for it with a round and blunt probe lest you put the patient to paine yet often
give him for lost content to have let him goe with prognosticks for as an ancient Doctor writes That as in Nature so in diseases there are also Monsters The end of the Twelfth Booke OF VLCERS FISTVLA'S AND Haemorrhoides THE THIRTEENTH BOOKE CHAP. I. Of the nature causes and differences of Vlcers HAving already handled and treated of the nature difference causes signes and cure of fresh and blood wounds reason order seeme to require that we now speake of Vlcers taking our beginning from the ambiguity of the name For according to Hippocrates the name of Vlcer most generally taken may signifie all or any solution of Continuity In which sense it is read that all paine is an Vlcer Generally for a wound and Vlcer properly so called as appeares by his Booke de Vlceribus Properly as when hee saith it is a signe of death when an Vlcer is dryed up through an Atrophia or defect of nourishment Wee have here determined to speake of an Vlcer in this last and proper signification And according thereto wee define an Vlcer to bee the solution of Continuity in a soft part and that not bloody but â—ordide and unpure flowing with quiâ—â—ure Sauies or any such like corruption associated with one or more affects against nature which hinder the healing and agglutination thereof or that we may give you it in fewer words according to Galens opinion An ulcer is a solution of Continuity caused by Erosion The causes of Vlcers are either internall or externall The internall are through the default of humors peccant in quality rather than in quantity or else in both and so making erosion in the skinne and softer parts by their acrimonie and malignitie Now these things happen eyther by naughty and irregular diet or by the ill disposition of the entrailes sending forth and emptying into the habite of the body this their ill disposure The externall causes are the excesse of cold seazing upon any part especially more remote from the fountaine of heate whence followes paine whereunto succeeds an attraction of humors and spirits into the part and the corruption of these so drawne thither by reason of the debility or extinction of the native heate in that part whence lastly ulceration proceeds In this number of externall causes may be ranged a stroake contusion the application of sharpe and acrid medicines as causticks burnes as also impure contagion as appeares by the virulent vlcers acquired by the filthy copulation or too familiar conversation of such as have the French disease How many and what the differences of Vlcers are you may see here described in this following Scheme A Table of the differences of Vlcers An Vlcer is an impure solution of continuity in a soft part flowing with filth and matter or other corruption whereof there are two chiefe differeÌ„ces for one Is simple and solitary without complication of any other affect against nature and this varies in differences either Proper which are usually drawne from three things to wit figur whence one Vlcer is called Round or circular Sinuous and variously spread Right or oblique Cornered as triangular Quantity that eyther according to their Length whence an Vlcer is long short in different Breadth whence an Vlcer is broad narrow indifferent Profundity whence an Vlcer is deepe superficiary indifferent Equalitie or inequality which consists In those differences of dimensions whereof we last treated I say in length breadth and profundity wherein they are either alike or of the same manner or else unlike and so of a different manner Or common and accidentall these drawne either From their time whence an Vlcer is tearmed new old of short or long cure and â—uration From their appearance whence one is called an apparent Vlcer another a hidden and occult Vlcer From their manner of generation as if it be made by a heavy brusing cutting pricking or corroding thing whence a cut torne and mixt Vlcer From their site whence an Vlcer before behind above below in the head taile or belly of a Muscle From that part it seazes upon whence an vlcer in the flesh and skin or feeding upon the gristles or bones such as these of the nose the palate of the mouth and eares From other common accidents whence a Telephian Vlcer that is such an Vlcer as Telephus had A Chironian which needs the hand and art of Chiron A Canckrous which resembles a Cancer Is compound and many and various wayes complicated as With the cause whence an Vlcer Is Cacochymicke Catarrhoicke or venenate that is with a Cachochymia or Repletion of ill humors a Catarrhe or poison cherishes or feeds With the disease as from Distemper whether simple or compound whence an Vlcer is Hot. Cold. Day Mâ—…st Mixt. Swelling or Tumor whence a Phlegmonous Erysipelous Oedematous Scirrhous Cancrous Vlcer Solution of continuitie or any other discommoditie whence a rough callous fistulous cavernous sinuous Vlcer with luxation facture c. With the Symptome whence According eating painefull sordid and virulent Vlcer With the cause and disease With the cause and Symptome Examples whereof may be taken from that we have formerly delivered With the disease and Symptome With the cause disease and Symptome CHAP. II. Oâ— the signes of Vlcers THere are various signes of Vlcers according to their differences For it is the signe of a putride Vlcer if it exhale a noy some grievous stinking and carion-like vapour together with filthy matter An eating Vlcer is knowne by the eating in hollownesse and wearing away of the part wherein it resides together with the adjoyning parts A sordide Vlcer may be knowne by the grossenesse and viscidity of the excrements it sends forth and by the loose and spongy softnesse or the crusted inequality of the flesh which growes over it A cavernous Vlcer by the streghtnesse of the orifice and largenesse and deepenesse of the windings within A fistulous Vlcer if to the last mentioned signes there accrew a callous hardnesse of the lips or sides of the Vlcer A cancrous Vlcer is horrible to behold with the lips turned backe hard and swollne flowing with virulent and stincking corruption and sometimes also with bloody matter together with the swelling and lifting up of the adjacent veines An untemperate or as they terme it a distempered Vlcer is such as is nourished by some great distemper whether hot or cold moist or dry or compounded of these An ill naâ—â—red or maligne Vlcer is knowne by the difficulty of curing and rebellious contumacy to remedies appointed according to art and reason Wee know a catarrhous Vlcer if the matter which feeds it flow to it from some varices thereunto adjoyning or dilated swollne and broken-veines or from some entraile or from the whole body being ill affected An Apostumatous Vlcer is perceived by the presence of any tumor against nature whose kind may be found out by sight and handling Telephian Vlcers are such as affected Telephus and Chironian in
shivers of the bone with the residue of the leaden bullet came forth of themselves But if the fracture shall happen in the necke of the shoulder blade or dearticulation of the shoulder there is scarce any hope of recovery as I have observed in Anthony of Burbon King of Navarre Francis of Lorraine Duke of Guise the Count Rhingrave Philibert and many other in these late civill warrs For there are many large vessels about this dearticulation to wit the axillary veine and arterie the nerves arising from the Vertebrae of the necke which are thence disseminated into all the muscles of the arme Besides also inflammation and putrefaction arising there are easily communicated by reason of their neighbour-hood to the heart and other principall parts whence grievous symptomes and oft times death it selfe ensues CHAP. X. Of the fracture and depression of the Sternon or Breast-bone THe Sternum is sometimes broken otherwiles onely thrust in without a fracture The inequality perceivable by your feeling shews a fracture as also the going in with a thrust with your finger and the sound or noise of the bones crackling under your fingers But a manifest cavity in the part a cough spitting of blood and difficultie of breathing by compression of the membrane investing the ribs and the lungs argue the depression thereof For the restoring of this bone whether broken or deprest the patient must be layd on his backe with a cushion stuffed with tow or hay under the vertebrae of the backe as we set downe in the setting of the Collar-bone Then a servant shall lye strongly with both his hands on his shoulders as if he would presse them downe whilst the Surgeon in the meane time pressing the ribs on each side shall restore and set the bone with his hand and then the formerly described medicines shall bee applyed for to hinder inflammation and asswage paine boulsters shall bee fitted thereto and a ligature shall bee made crosse-wayes above the shoulders but that not too strait lest it hinder the Patients breathing I by these meanes at the appointment of Anthony of Burbon King of Navarre cured Anthony Benand a Knight of the Order who had his breast-plate bended and driven in with an iron bullet shot out of a Field-Peece as also his sternum together therewith and he fell down as dead with the blow he did spit blood for three months after I had set the bone yet for all this he lives at this day in perfect health CHAP. XI Of the fracture of the ribs THe true ribs for that they are bonie may be broken in any part of them But the bastard ribs cannot be truly broken unlesse at the backe bone because they are onely bonie in that part but gristly of the foreside towards the breast-bone wherefore there they can only be folded or crooked in These which are subject to fractures may be broken inwards and outwards But oft times it comes to passe that they are not absolutely broken but cleft into splinters and that sometimes inwards but not outwards Thus the fissure doth oft-times not exceede the middle substance of the rib but sometimes it so breakes through it all that the fragments and splinters do prick and wound the membrane which invests and lines them on the inside and then there is great danger But when the fracture is simple without a wound compression puncture of the membrane and lastly without any other symptome then the danger is lesse Therefore Hippocrates wisheth that these who are thus affected fill themselves more freely with meat for that moderate repletion of the belly is as it were a certaine prop or stay for the ribs keeping them well in their place and state which rule chiefly takes place in fractures of the bastard ribs For such as have them broken usually feele themselves better after than before meat For emptinesse of meat or of the stomack makes a suspension of the ribs as not underpropped by the meat Now that fracture which is outwardly is farre more easie to heale than that which is inwardly for that this pricketh the membrane or Pleura and causeth inflammation which may easily end in an Empyema Adde hereunto that this is not so easily to be handled or dealt withall as the other whereby it commeth to passe that it cannot be so easily restored for that these things cannot bee so fully and freely performed in this kinde of fracture which are necessary to the setting of the bone as to draw it out hold it and joyne it together It is therefore healed within twenty dayes if nothing else hinder The signes of fractured ribs are not obscure for by feeling the grieved part with your fingers you may easily perceive the fracture by the inequalitie of the bones and their noyse or crackling especially if they bee quite broke asunder But if a rib be broken on the inside a pricking paine far more grievous than in a Pleurisie troubles the Patient because the sharp splinters pricke the Costall membrane whence great difficulty in breathing a cough and spitting of blood ensue For blood flowing from the vessels broken by the violence of the thing causing the fracture is as it were sucked up by the lungs and so by a dry cough carried into the weazond and at length spit out of the mouth Some to pull up the bone that is quite broken and deprest apply a cupping glasse and that is ill done for there is caused greater attraction of humors and excesse of paine by the pressure and contraction of the adjacent parts by the cupping-glasse wherefore Hippocrates also forbids it Therefore it is better to endeavour to restore it after this following manner Let the Patient lye upon his sound fide and let there be layd upon the fractured side an emplaister made of Turpentine rosin black pitch wheat floure mastick and aloes and spread upon a strong and new cloath When it hath stucke there some time then plucke it suddenly with great violence from below upwards for so the rib will follow together therewith and bee plucked and drawne upwards It is not sufficient to have done this once but you must doe it often untill such time as the Patient shall finde himselfe better and to breathe more easily There will be much more hope of restitution if whilest the Surgeon doe this diligently the Patient forbeare coughing and hold his breath Otherwise if necessitie urge as if sharpe splinters with most bitter tormenting paine pricke the Costall membrane overspred with many nerves veines and arteries which run under the ribs whence difficultie of breathing spitting of blood a cough and fever ensue then the only way to deliver the Patient from danger of imminent death is to make incision on the part where the rib is broken that so laying it bare you may discerne the pricking fragments and take them out with your instrument or else cut them off And if you make a great wound by
force the heads of the bones to fly out of their seats or cavities which also happens somtimes to infants in their birth when as they are too carelesly and violently drawne forth by the Midwife so that eyther their armes or legges are put out of joynt Hereditarie causes are such as the Parents transfuse into their off-spring hence it is that crooked not necessarily but often times are generated by crooked and lame by lame The truth whereof is evident by daily experience Besides also Hippocrates himselfe averres that infants in the very wombe may have their Joynts dislocated by a fall blow and compression by the too much humidity and loosenes of the Joynts whence also we see many crooke legg'd and footed from their nativitie so that none need marvell or make any doubt hereof We have read it observed by Galen In librum de Artic. that children may have impostumes in their mothers wombs which may cast forth quitture the ulcers being opened of their own accord and be cicatrized by the only benefit of nature It also happens to many from their first conformation that the cavities of their Joynts are lesse deprest than they should bee and that their verges are more dilated than they ought to be whereby it happens that the heads of the bones can the lesse enter into them It fals out that othersome have the ligaments appointed by nature for fastening together the bones of the joynt whether inserted or placed about so weake that from their first originall they are not of sufficient strength or else abound with much phlegme eyther bred together with them or flowing from some other place so that by their too much slipperinesse they lesse faithfully containe the knittings or articulations of the bones In all these as the bones are easily dislocated so they may presently be easily restored without the assistance of a Surgeon as I have sometimes observed in some CHAP. IIII. The signes of dislocations SOme of the signes whereby we come to the knowledge of a luxated bone are common to all dislocations others are proper only to severall Luxations It is a common signe that there is alwaies a tumor in that part whereto the bone runnes and a hollownesse on that side from whence it is flowne Now the proper signes shall be shewed when as we come to treat of the particular kindes of Luxations We know a perfect Dislocation by the lost action of the part that is to say the lost motion paine also breeds a suspicion of a dislocation for the head of the bone which moved out of its place is forced into another presses the flesh and distends the nerves also moved out of their place Hereto also conduces the comparing of the sound joynt with that which is hurt in which collation it is fit the sound part which is compared with the hurt be no waies neyther by nature nor any accident wronged nor deformed nor withered or decayed nor swolne above measure otherwise it may cozen and deceive you if you bee lesse warie Labour and difficultie of action in moving is a signe of an uncomplete Luxation or strain Now we thus know that the ligaments serving to the connexion of the articulations are extended and relaxed if the head of the bone pressed with your fingers be easily driven unto the contrary part and suddenly flye thence backe againe if thrusting your finger into the joynt it easily enter nothing resisting it as though all were empty within if the motion be difficult or none at all CHAP. V. Of Prognosticks to be made upon luxations ALl Joynts may bee perverted or luxated but all of them cannot in like manner be restored For the head may be dislocated but therupon present death ensues by reason of the compression of the whole spinall marrow presently at the originall thereof such also is the dislocation of a vertebra of the spine and of the Jaw-bone which slipped forth on both sides hath caused inflammation and a great tumor before that it be set The bones of other Joynts as they are more or lesse dislocated and moved out of their seats so may they bee more easily or difficultly restored For by how much they are the lesse moved out of their places by so much they are the more quickly and by how much they are the further by so much they are the more slowly and difficultly set Also an indication taken from the figure of the luxated bone gives a signe of the easie or hard restoring of the dislocation as in the Arme by how much the bones be the more easily dislocated by so much once luxated they are the more easily restored Bones doe not easily fall out of joynt in fleshie bodies but when they chance to be put out they are not easily got in againe For in such the articulation is straitly on everie side held in by the thicknesse of the muscles and the plenty of the fat lying thereabouts On the contrarie such as are leane especially those who formerly have beene more fat have their joynts more laxe whereby it comes to passe that their bones may easily be put forth of joynt besides also through the default of the digestive facultie they have their joynts replete with mucous humors whence it is that the heads of the bones as standing in a slipperie place are the lesse stable as it is recorded by Hippocrates But slender bodies which are naturally dry compact and dense have their muscles and ligaments more strong and dry wherefore their bones are the more difficultly displaced and displaced the more difficultly set Some bones joyned amongst themselves doe sometimes flye asunder as when the shoulder blade flyes from the collar-bone at the Acromion and in the Arme the Ell from the Wand and in the Legge the one focile from the other and the Heele-bone from the Ancle Bones thus separated will never be joyned together againe will never recover their former comely figure never their strength of action For then it most usually happens that the ligaments are either broke asunder or else resolved and become laxe Those whose bones are dislocated by an externall cause they after they be set may easily fall out againe for that the ligaments moystened and bedewed with an excrementitious humor cannot firmely hold them oft times the ligaments are not wholly broken but onely in some portion thereof and hence the action of the part either perishes or is debilitated Also that dislocation is uncureable when as the ligaments steeped and swolne up with an excrementitious humiditie are so much shortened and contracted in their length as they have acquired in their breadth and thus they draw away and plucke off the appendices of the bones from whence they arise and by reason the bone and the appendix doe enter and receive each other by manie cavities and prominencies therefore they cannot by how skilfull hand soever they be handled be againe fitly placed and put
in plantaine water and injected into the bladder Let the patient abstaine from wine and instead thereof let him use barly water or hydromel or a ptisan made of an ounce of raisins of the sun stoned and boyled in five pints of faire water in an earthen pipkin well leaded or in a glasse untill one pinte be consumed adding thereto of liquorice scraped and beaten â„¥ i. of the cold seeds likewise beaten two drams Let it after it hath boyled a little more be strayned through an hypocras bagge with a quarterne of sugar and two drams of choice cinamon added thereto and so let it be kept for usuall drinke CHAP. LVI Of the Diabete or inabilty to hold the Urine THe Diabete is a disease wherein presently after one hath drunke the urine is presently made in great plenty by the dissolution of the retentive faculty of the reines and the depravation of immoderation of the attractive faculty The externall causes are the unseasonable and immoderate use of hot and diureticke things and all more violent and vehement exercises The internall causes are the inflammation of the liver lungs spleen but especially of the kidneyes and bladder This affect must be diligently distinguished from the excretion of morbifick causes by urine The loines in this disease are molested with a pricking and biting pain and there is a continuall unquenchable thirst and although this disease proceed from a hot distemper yet the urine is not coloured red troubled or thick but thin and white or waterish by reason the matter thereof makes very small stay in the stomacke liver and hollow veine being presently drawn away by the heat of the kidneyes or bladder If the affect long endure the patient for want of nourishment falleth away whence certaine death ensues For the cure of so great a disease the matter must be purged which causes or feedes the inflammation or phlegmon and consequently blood must be let We must abstain from the foure cold seedes for although they may profit by their first quality yet will they hurt by their diuretick faculty Refrigerating and astringent nourishments must bee used and such as generate grosse humours as Rice thicke and astringent wine mixed with much water Exceeding cold yea Narcotick things shall be applyed to the loins for otherwise by reason of the thickness of the muscles of those parts the force unless of exceeding refrigerating things will not be able to arrive at the reins of this kind are oile of white poppy henbain opium purslain and lettuce seed mandrage vinegar and the like of which cataplasmes plaisters and ointments may be made fit to corroberate the parts and correct the heat CHAP. LVII Of the Strangury THe Strangury is an affect having some affinity with the Diâ—beâ—e as that wherin the water is unvoluntarily made but not together at once but by drops continually and with paine The externall causes of a strangury are the too abundant drinking of cold water all too long stay in a cold place The internall causes are the defluxion of cold humours into the urenary parts for hence they are resolved by a certain palsie and the sphincter of the bladder is relaxed so that he cannot hold his water according to his desire inflammation also all distemper causeth this affect and whatsoever in some sort obstructs the passage of the urine as clotted blood thick phlegme gravell and the like And because according to Galens opinion all sorts of distemper may cause this discase divers medicines shall be appointed according to the difference of the distemper Therfore against a cold distemper fomentations shall be provided of a decoction of mallows roses origanum calamint and the like so applied to the privities then presently after let them be anointed with oile of bayes and of Castoreum and the like Strong and pure wine shall be prescribed for his drinke and that not onely in this cause but also when the Strangury happens by the occasion of obstruction caused by a grosse and cold humor if so be that the body be not plethoricke But if inflammation together with a Plethora or fulnesse hath caused this affect wee may according to Galens advice heale it by blood-letting But if obstruction bee in fault that shall be taken away by diuretickes either hot or cold according to the condition of the matter obstructing We here omit to speake of the Dysuria or difficulty of making water because the remedies are in generall the same with those which are used in the Ischuria or suppression of urine CHAP. LVIII Of the Cholike WHensoever the Guts being obstructed or otherwise affected the excrements are hindred from passing forth if the fault bee in the small guts the affect is termed Volvulus Ileos miserere mei but if it be in the greate rguts it is called the Cholick from the part affected which is the Colon that is the continuity of the greater guts but especially that portion of the greater guts which is properly and especially named Colon or the cholicke Gut Therefore Avicen rightly defines the Cholicke A paine of the Guts wherein the excrements are difficultly evacuated by the fundament Paulus Aegineta reduceth all the causes of the Colicke how various soever to foure heads to wit to the grossenesse or toughnesse of the humours impact in the coates of the guts flatulencies hindred from passage forth the inflammation of the guts and lastly the collection of acride and biting humors Now we will treat of each of these in particular Almost the same causes produce the grossenesse of humors and flatulencies in the guts to wit the use of flatulent and phlegmaticke â—ough and viscide meats yea also of such as are of good nourishment if sundry thereof and of sundry kinds be eaten at the same meale and in greater quantity than is fit For hence crudity and obstruction and at length the collection of flatulencies whereon a tensive paine ensues This kind of Cholick is also caused by the use of crude fruits and too cold drink drunken especially when as any is too hot by exercise or any other way for thus the stomacke and the guts continued thereto are refrigerated and the humours and excrements therein conteined are congealed and as it were bound up The Cholicke which is caused by the inflammation of the kidneyes happens by the Sympathy of the reines pained or troubled with the stone or gravell conteined in them or the ureters Therefore then also paine troubles the patient at his hips and loynes because the nerves which arising from the vertebrae of the loins are oppressed by the weight of the stones and gravell about the joint of the hippe are disseminated into the muscles of the loines and thigh Also the ureters are pained for they seeme nothing else but certaine hollow nerves and also the cremaster muscles so that the patients testicles may seeme to be drawne upwards with much violence Hence great
finde out a lurking hole wherein to hide its head but the women which were present with a joynt consent fell upon it and smothered it with cushions at length the poore woman wearied with long travell was delivered of a boy but so evilly entreated and handled by this monster that it died as soone as it was christened Cornelius Gemma a Physician of Lovaine telleth that there were many very monstrous and strange things cast forth both upwards and downewards out of the belly of a certaine maid of Lovaine of the age of fifteene yeares Amongst the rest she cast forth at her fundament together with her excrements a living creature some foot and halfe long thicker than ones thumbe very like an eele but that it had a very hairy taile I have here given you the figure of the monster as it was expressed by him The figure of a monster that came forth of a maides belly Master Peter Barque and Claude le Grand Surgeons of Verdun lately affirmed to mee that they cured the wife of a certaine Citizen of Verdun which out of an Abscesse broken in the belly cast forth a great number of wormes together with the quitture and these were of the thicknesse of ones finger with sharpe heads which so gnawed her guts that the excrements for a long time came forth at the ulcer but now she is perfectly recovered Anthony Benenius a Physician of Florence telleth that one Menusierusâ—…an â—…an of fourty yeares of age troubled with continuall paines at his stomacke was 〈◊〉 at the point of death neither found he any helpe by the counsels of many Physicians which hee used At length comming to have his advice hee gave him a vomit by meanes whereof hee cast up a great quantity of corrupt and putride matter yet was hee not thereby eased of his paine Therefore he gave him another vomit by force whereof he cast up much matter like to the former and together therewith a worme of foure fingers long having a red round head of the bignesse of a great pease covered over the body with a soft downinesse with a worked taile in manner of an halfe moone going upon foure feet two before and two behind The figure of a worke cast forth by vomit Why should I mention the prodigious bodies which are found in Abscesses as stones chalke sand coales snaile-shels strawes hay hornes haires and many kinds of living and dead creatures For there is nothing in the generation of these things caused by corruption preceded by much alteration which may make us admire or hold us in suspence especially if we shall consider that nature the fruitfull parent of all things hath put divers portions and particles of the universall matter whereof the greater world is composed into this microcosmos or little world man whereby he might the rather seem to be made to the resemblance and form of the greater Wherefore it so desports it selfe here that it may counterfeit and resemble all the actions and motions which it useth to performe in the scene of the greater world in this little one if so be that matter be not wanting CHAP. IIII. Of the wormes which use to breed in the guts A Grosse viscide and crude humour is the materiall cause of wormes which having got the beginning of corruption in the stomacke is quickly carried into the guts and there it putrefies having not acquired the forme of laudible Chylus in the first concoction This for that it is viscide tenaciously adheres to the guts neither is it easily evacuated with the other excrements therfore by delay it further putrefies by the efficacy of heat it turns into the matter and nourishment for wormes This alimentary humour being consumed unlesse some fresh supply the want thereof which may ease their hunger they move themselves in the guts with great violence they cause grievous and great paines yea and oft-times they creep up to the stomack and so come forth by the mouth and sometimes they ascend into the holes of the palate and come forth at the nose Wormes are of three sorts for some are round long others broad and long others short slender The first are called by the Ancients Teretes that is round for that they are long and round The second are named Teniae for that their bodies are long broad like a rowler or swathe The third are termed Ascarides for that they commonly wrap themselves up round Other differences of wormes are taken from their colours as red white black ash-coloured yellowish Some also are hairy with a great head like the little fish which the French call Chabot we a Millers-thumbe in some diseases many wormes are generated and cast forth by fundament as small as haires and usually of colour white and these are they which are called Ascarides The diversity of colours in wormes proceedeth not from the like distinct diversity of humours whereof they are generated For the melancholicke and cholericke humour by their qualities are wholly unfit to generate wormes But this manifold variety in colour is by reason of the different corruption of the chylous or phlegmaticke humour whereof they are bred The long and broad wormes are oftentimes stretched alongst all the guts being like to a mucous or albuminous substance and verily I saw one voided by a woman which was like to a serpent and some sixe foote long which ought not to seeme strange seeing it is noted by the Ancients that they have sâ—… wormes so long as the length of the whole guts that is seven times the length of ones body Wicrus writes that he saw a country man who voided a worme eight foot and one inch long in head and mouth resembling a Ducke which therefore I have thought good here to expresse The figure of a worme generated in and cast forth of the Guts Valeriola affirmeth that he saw a worme above nine foote long Now as wormes differ in shape so are their places of generation also different For the round and long wormes are commonly generated in the smaller guts the rest in the greater but especially the Ascarides none breede in the stomacke as that which is the place of the first concoction There truely the matter which breedeth these wormes gets the first rudiment of corruption but comes to perfection onely in the guts they breed in some infants in their mothers bellies by the pravity and corrupt nature of the humour flowing from the mother for the nourishment of the childe which for that then they doe not expell it by siege it by delay putrefieth the more and yeeldes fit matter for the breeding of wormes as some have observed out of Hippocrates Lastly wormes breed in people of any age that are Belly-Gods and given to gluttony as also in such as feed upon meats of ill juice and apt to corrupt as crude summer fruits cheese and milke-meates But to know in what part of the
Guts the wormes doe lurk you must note that when they are in the small guts the patients complain of a paine in their stomacke with a dogge-like appetite whereby they require many and severall things without reason a great part of the nourishment being consumed by the wormes lying there they are also subject to often fainting by reason of the sympathy which the stomacke being a part of most exquisite sense hath with the heart the nose itches the breath stinkes by reason of the exhalations sent up from the meat corrupting in the stomacke through which occasion they are also given to sleep but are now and then waked therefrom by suddaine startings and feares they are held with a continued and slow feaver a dry cough a winking with their eielids and often changing of the colour of their faces But long and broad wormes being the innates of the greater guts shew themselves by stooles replenished with many sloughes here and there resembling the seedes of a Musk-melon or cucumber Ascarides are knowne by the itching they cause in the fundament causing a sense as if it were Ants running up and downe causing also a tenesmus and falling downe of the fundament This is the cause of all these symptomes their sleepe is turbulent and often clamorous when as hot acride and subtle vapors raised by the wormes from the like humor and their foode are sent up to the head but sound sleep by the contrary as when a misty vapour is sent up from a grosse and cold matter They dream they eate in their sleepe for that while the wormes doe more greedily consume the chylous matter in the guts they stirre up the sense of the like action in the phantasie They grate or gnash their teeth by reason of a certaine convulsisick repletion the muscles of the temples and jawes being distended by plenty of vapours A dry cough comes by the consent of the vitall parts serving for respiration which the naturall to wit the Diaphragma or midriffe smit upon by acride vapoures and irritated as though there were some humour to bee expelled by coughing These same acride fumes assailing the orifice of the ventricle cause either a hicketting or else a fainting according to the condition of their consistence grosse or thin these carryed up to the parts of the face cause an itching of the nose a darkenesse of the fight and a suddaine changing of the colour in the cheeks Great wormes are worse than little ones red than white living than dead many than few variegated than those of one collour as those which are signes of a greater corruption Such as are cast forth bloody and sprinkled with blood are deadly for they shew that the substance of the guts is eaten asunder for oft-times they corrode and perforate the body of the gut wherein they are conteined and thence penetrare into divers parts of the belly so that they have come forth sometimes at the Navell having eaten themselves a passage forth as Hollerius affirmeth When as children troubled with the wormes draw their breath with difficulty and wake moist over all their bodies it is a signe that death is at hand If at the beginning of sharpe feavers round wormes come forth alive it is a signe of a pestilent feaver the malignity of whose matter they could not endure but were forced to come forth But if they be cast forth dead they are signes of greater corruption in the humours and of a more venenate malignity CHAP. V. What cure to bee used for the Wormes IN this disease there is but one indication that is the exclusion or casting out of the wormes either alive or dead forth of the body as being such that in their whole kinde are against nature all things must bee shunned which are apt to heap up putrefaction in the body by their corruption such as are crude fruits cheese milke-meats fishes and lastly such things as are of a difficult and hard digestion but prone to corruption Pappe is fit for children for that they require moist things but these ought to answer in a certaine similitude to the consistence and thicknesse of milke that so they may the more easily be concocted assimulated such only is that pap which is made with wheat flower not crude but baked in an oven that the pappe made therewith may not be too viscide nor thicke if it should onely bee boyled in a panne as much as the milke would require or else the milke would bee too terrestriall or too waterish all the fatty portion thereof being resolved the cheesy and whayish portion remaining if it should boile so much as were necessary for the full boiling of the crude meate they which use meale otherwise in pappe yeild matter for the generating of grosse and viscide humours in the stomacke whence happens obstruction in the first veines and substance of the liver by obstruction wormes breede in the guts and the stone in the kidneyes and bladder The patient must be fed often and with meates of good juice lest the worms through want of nourishment should gnaw the substance of the guts Now when as such things breed of a putride matter the patient shall be purged and the putrefaction represt by medicines mentioned in our treatise of the plague For the quick killing and casting of them forth syrupe of Succory or of lemmons with rubarbe a little Treacle or Mithridate is a singular medicine if there be no feaver you may also for the same purpose use this following medicine ℞ cornu cervi pul rasur eboris an ʒ i ss sem tanacet contra verm an ʒ i. fiat decoctio pro parva dofi in colatur a infunde rhei optimi ʒ i. cinam ℈ i. dissolve syrupi de absinthio ℥ ss make a potion give it in the morning three houres before any broath Oyle of Olives drunke kills wormes as also water of knot-grasse drunke with milke and in like manner all bitter things Yet I could first wish them to give a glyster made of milke hony and sugar without oyles and bitter things lest shunning thereof they leave the lower guts and come upwards for this is naturall to wormes to shunne bitter things and follow sweet things Whence you may learne that to the bitter things which you give by the mouth you must alwaies mixe sweet things that allured by the sweetnesse they may devour them more greedily that so they may kill them Therefore I would with milke and Sugar mixe the seeds of centaury rue wormewood aloes and the like harts-horne is very effectuall against wormes wherefore you may infuse the shavings thereof in the water or drinke that the patient drinkes as also to boile some thereof in his brothes So also treacle drunke or taken in broth killeth the wormes purslaine boiled in brothes and destilled and drunke is also good against the worms as also succory and mints also a decoction of the lesser house-leek and sebestens given with
whereby the poyson may arrive at the heart and principall parts For in such for example sake as have the passages of their arteries more large the poyson may more readily and speedily enter into the heart together with the aire that is continually drawn into the body CHAP. IIII. Whether such creatures as feed upon poysonous things be also poysonous and whether they may be eaten safely and without harme DUcks Storkes Hernes Peacocks Turkies and other birds feed upon Toads Vipers Aspes Snakes Scorpions Spiders Caterpillers other venemous things Wherfore it is worthy the questioning whether such like creatures nourished with such food can kill or poyson such persons as shall afterward eat them Matthiolus writes that all late Authors who have treated of poysons to be absolutely of this opinion That men may safely and without any danger feed upon such creatures for that they convert the beasts into their nature after they have eaten them and on the contrary are not changed by them This reason though very probable yet doth it not make these beasts to be wholly harmelesse especially if they be often eaten or fed upon Dioscorides and Galen seeme to maintaine this opinion whereas they write that the milke which is nothing else than the relented bloud of such beasts as feed upon scammonie hellebore and spurge purgeth violently Therefore Physicians desirous to purge a sucking childe give purges to the nurses whence their milke becomming purging becomes both meat and medicine to the childe The flesh of Thrushes which feed upon Juniper berries favours of Juniper Birds that are fed with worme-wood or Garlike either tast bitter or have the strong sent of Garlike Whitings taken with garlike so smell thereof that they will not forgoe that smell or taste by any salting frying or boyling for which sole reason many who hate garlike are forced to abstain from these fishes The flesh of Rabbits that feed upon Pennyroyall and Juniper favour of them Phisicians wish that Goats Cows and Asses whose milke they would use for Consumptions or other diseases should bee fed some space before and every day with these or these herbs which they deeme fit for the curing of this or that disease For Galen affirmes that hee doubts not but that in successe of time the flesh of creatures will be changed by the meats where on they feed and at length favour thereof Therefore I do noe allow that the flesh of such things as feed upon venemous things should be eaten for food unlesse it bee some long space after they have disused such repast and that all the venome bee digested and overcome by the efficacy of their proper heat so that nothing thereof may remaine in tast smell or substance but bee all vanished away For many dye suddenly the cause of whose deaths are unknowne which peradventure was from nothing else but the sympathy and antipathy of bodies for that these things cause death and disease to some that nourish othersome according to our vulgar English proverbe That which is one mans meate is another mans Poyson CHAP. V. The generall signes of such as are poysoned WEE will first declare what the generall signes of poyson are and then will we descend to particulars whereby we may pronounce that one is poysoned with this or that poyson We certainly know that a man is poysoned when as hee complaines of a great heavinesse of his whole body so that hee is weary of himselfe when as some horrid and loathsome taste sweats out from the orifice of the stomacke to the mouth and tongue wholly different from that taste that meat howsoever corrupted can send up when as the colour of the face changeth suddenly somewhiles to blacke sometimes to yellow or any other colour much differing from the common custome of man when nauseousnesse with frequent vomiting troubleth the patient and that hee is molested with so great unquietnesse that all things may seeme to bee turned upside downe Wee know that the poyson workes by the proper and from the whole substance when as without any manifest sense of great heate or coldnesse the patient sownes often with cold sweats for usually such poysons have no certaine and distinct part wherewith they are at enmity as cantharides have with the bladder But as they worke by their whole substance and an occult propriety of forme so doe they presently and directly assaile the heart our essence and life and the fortresse and beginning of the vitall faculty Now will wee shew the signes whereby poysons that worke by manifest and elementary qualities may be knowne Those who exceed in heate burne or make an impression of heat in the tongue the mouth throate stomacke guts and all the inner parts with great thirst unquietnesse and perpetuall sweats But if to their excesse of heate they bee accompanyed with a corroding and putrefying quality as Arsenicke Sublimate Rose-ager or Rats-bane Verdegreace Orpiment and the like they then cause in the stomacke and guts intolerable pricking paines rumblings in the belly and continuall and intolerable thirst These are succeeded by vomitings with sweats some-whiles hot somewhiles cold with swounings whence suddaine death ensues Poysons that kill by too great coldnesse induce a dull or heavie sleepe or drowzinesse from which you cannot easily rouze or waken them sometimes they so trouble the braine that the patients performe many undecent gestures and anticke trickes with their mouthes and eyes armes and legges like as such as are franticke they are troubled with cold sweats their faces become blackish or yellowish alwayes ghastly all their bodies are benummed and they dye in a short time unlesse they be helped poysons of this kinde are Hemlock Poppie Nightshade Henbane Mandrage Dry poysons are usually accompanied by heate with moisture for although sulphur bee hot and dry yet hath it moisture to hold the parts together as all things which have a consistence have yet are they called dry by reason that drynesse is predominant in them such things make the tongue and throate dry and rough with unquenchable thirst the belly is so bound that so much as the urine cannot have free passage forth all the members grow squallide by drynesse the patients cannot sleepe poysons of this kinde are Lytharge Cerusse Lime Scailes of Brasse Filings of Lead prepared antimony On the contrary moist poysons induce a perpetuall sleep a fluxe or scouring the resolution of all the nerves and joints so that not so much as the eyes may be faithfully conteined in their orbes but will hang as ready to fal out the extreme parts as the hands feet nose and ears corrupt putrefie at which time they are also troubled with thirst by reason of their strong heat alwaies the companion of putrefaction oft times the author thereof now when this commeth to passe death is at hand Very many deny that there can be any moist poysons found that is such as may kill by the efficacy of their
Scorpions laid waste a certaine part of Aethiopia by chasing away the inhabitants The Ancients made divers kinds of Scorpions according to their varietie or difference of colours some being yellow others browne redish ash-coloured greene whitish blacke duskie some have wings and some are without They are more or lesse deadly according to the countries they inhabite In Tuscanie and Scythia they are absolutely deadly but at Trent and in the Iland Pharos their stinging is harmlesse The place stung by a Scorpion presently begins to be inflamed it waxeth red growes hard and swels and the patient is againe pained hee is one while hot another while cold labour presently wearies him and his paine is somewhiles more and somewhiles lesse he sweats and shakes as if he had an Ague his haire stands upright palenesse discolours his members and hee feels a paine as if he were pricked with needles over all his skin wind flieth out backwards he strives to vomit and goe to stoole but doth nothing he is molested with a continuall feaver and sowning which at length proves deadly unlesse it be remedied Dioscorides writes that a Scorpion beaten and laid to the place where he stung is a remedy thereto as also eaten roasted to the same purpose It is an usuall but certaine remedy to anoint the stung place with the oyl of Scorpions There be some who drop into the wound the milkie juice of figs others apply thereto Calamint beaten othersome use barly meale-mixed with a decoction of Rue Snailes beaten together with their shels and laid thereon presently asswage pain Sulphur vivum mixed with turpentine and applyed plaster-wise is good as also the leaves of â—…ue beaten laid thereto In like sort also the herbe Scorpioides which thence tooke its name is convenient as also a bryony root boiled and mixed with a little sulphur and old oile Discorides affirmes Agarick in powder or taken in wine to be an Antidote against poysons verily it is exceeding good against the stingings or bitings of serpents Yet the continuall use of a bath stands in stead of all these as also sweat and drinking wine somewhat alaid Now Scorpions may bee chased away by a fumigation of Sulphur and Galbanum also oile of Scorpions dropped into their holes hinders their comming forth Juice of radish doth the same For they will never touch one that is besmeared with the juice of radish or garlike yea verily they will not dare to come neare him CHAP. XXVI Of the stinging of Bees Waspes c. BEes Waspes Hornets and such like cause great paine in the skin wounded by their stinging by reason of the curstnesse of the venome which they send into the body by the wound yet are they seldome deadly but yet if they set upon a man by multitudes they may come to kill him For thus they have sometimes been the death of horses Wherefore because such as are stung by these by reason of the cruelty of pain may think they are wounded by a more virulent and deadly creature I thinke it not amisse to set downe what signes follow upon their stingings Great paine presently ariseth which continueth untill the sting left in the part is taken forth the part becomes red and swolne and there riseth a push or little blister The cure is forthwith to sucke the wound very hard and thereby to draw forth the stings which if they cannot thus be gotten out the place if nothing hinder is to be cut or else temper ashes with leven or oile and so apply them the part also may be very conveniently put into hot water and there fomented for an houres space and at length washed in sea-water Cresses beaten and applied asswage the paine and discusse the humour causing the tumour Oxe dung macerated in oile and vinegar and applyed hot doth the same There are some who apply to the part the same creatures beaten as we formerly said of Scorpions beans chawed and laid to the part asswage paine Vinegar hony and salt applied exceeding hot are good if besides you dip a cloth therein and lay it upon the place sulphur vivum tempered with spittle hath the same effect The milkie juice of unripe figs incorporated with hony is judged very effectuall but it is much the better mixed with treacle Waspes will not sting nor bite such as anoint their bodies with the juice of mallowes mixed with oile They may bee quickly chased away with the fume of brimstone and such like things A waspe is said if shee find a viper dead to dip her sting in the others poyson and thence men learned to empoison the heads of their arrowes The rough and hairy wormes which are commonly called Bear-wormes especially those which breed about a Pine tree cause great itching rednesse swelling in the part which they bite touch or grate upon very hard A remedy hereof is onions beaten with vinegar and the rest of the things formerly mentioned CHAP. XXVII Of the bite of a Spider SPiders weave webs with various art yet in these they alwaies make a lurking hole so to lye in waite to catch the intrapped flyes and so to prey upon them There are many sorts of Spiders one is termed Rhagium round and like a blacke berry whence it taketh the name it hath a very small mouth under the midst of the belly and most short feet as if they were imperfect her bite is as painefull as the sting of a Scorpion Another is called Lupus or the Wolfe-spider because shee doth not onely lye in waite to catch flyes but also bees and waspes and all such things as may flee into her webbe The third is named Myrmecion it is larger than an Ant but headed like one the bodie thereof is blacke and hath white spots or streakes running towards the backe The fourth kind may bee called Vesparium in other things resembling a Waspe but that it wants the wings of a redish colour and living onely on herbes The Ancients have thought their bitings to bee venemous Now their poyson is therefore thought to bee cold because the symptomes thence arising are winde in the belly refrigerations of the extreme parts of the body numnesse in the bitten part with sense of cold and shaking The wound must forthwith be washed with very hot vinegar then must you lay thereto onions and such like things beaten then procure sweat by art as by bathes and stoves yet nothing is more effectuall than treacle and mithridate CHAP. XXVIII Of Cantharides and Buprestes CAntharides shine as it were with a golden colour acceptable to the eye by reason of the commixture of a blewish or greenish colour therewith yet their smell is ungratefull They are hot and dry in the fourth degree and so causticke corrosive and venemous not onely by reason of their caustick quality but because of a secret antipathy which they naturally have against the urenary parts which effects they produce not onely if they bee
a horse as Avicen writes The Antidote is pistick nuts eaten in great plenty treacle also and mithridate dissolved in sacke also wormewood rue and milke Of Mushromes some are deadly and hurtfull of their owne kinde and nature as those which broken presently become of divers colours and forth with putrefie such as Avicen saith those are which be found of a grayish or blewish colour others though not hurtfull in qualitie yet eaten in greater measure than is fitting become deadly for seeing by nature they are very cold and moist and consequently abound with no small viscosity as the excrementitious phlegme of the earth or trees whereon they grow they suffocate and extinguish the heat of the body as overcome by their quantity and strangle as if one were hanged and lastly kill Verily I cannot chuse but pittying Gourmondizers who though they know that Mushromes are the seminary and gate of death yet doe they with a great deale of doo most greedily devoure them I say pitying them I will shew them and teach them the art how they may feed upon this so much desired dish without the endangering of their health Know therfore that Mushromes may be eaten without danger if that they be first boyled with wild peares but if you have no wilde peares you may supply that defect with others which are the most harsh either newly gathered or dryed in the sun The leaves as also the bark of the same Tree are good especially of the wild for peares are their Antidote yet Conciliator gives another to wit Garlick eaten crude whereto in like sort vineger may bee fitly added so to cut and attenuate the tough viscous and grosse humors heaped up and in danger to strangle one by the too plentifull eating of Mushromes as it is delivered by Galen Ephemerum which some call Colchicum or Bulbus sylvestris that is medow saffron being taken inwardly causeth an itching over all the bodie no otherwise than those that are netled or rubbed with the juice of a Squill Inwardly they feelegnawings their stomacke is troubled with a great heavinesse and the disease encreasing there are streakes of blood mixed with the excrements The Antidote thereof is womans milke Asses or Cowes milk drunken warme and in a large quantity Mandrage taken in great quantity either the root or fruit causeth great sleepinesse sadnesse resolution and languishing of the body so that after many scritches and gripings the patient falls asleep in the same posture as hee was in just as if hee were in a Lethargie Wherefore in times past they gave Mandrage to such as were to bee dismembred The apples when as they are ripe and their seeds taken forth may be safely eaten for being green and with their seeds in them are deadly For there ariseth an intolerable heate which burnes the whole surface of the bodie the tongue and mouth waxe dry by reason whereof they gape continually so to take in the cold aire in which case unlesse they be presently helped they die with convulsions But they may be easily helped if they shall presently drinke such things as are convenient therefore Amongst which in Conciliators opinion excell radish seeds eaten with salt and bread for the space of three dayes Sneesing shall be procured if the former remedy do not quickly refresh them and a decoction of Coriander or Penny-royall in faire water shall be given them to drinke warme The ungratefull taste of the juice of blacke poppy which is termed Opium as also of Mandrage easily hinders them from being put into meate or drinke but that they may be discerned and chiefly for that neither of them can kill unlesse they be taken in a good quantity But because there is danger lest they bee given in greater quantity than is fitting by the ignorance of Physitians or Apothecaries you may by these signes finde the errour There ensues heavie sleepe with a vehement itching so that the patient oft times is forced thereby to cast off his dull sleepe wherein hee lay yet keepes his eye-lids shur being unable to open them But by this agitation there flowes out sweat which smels of Opium the bodie waxeth pale the lippes burne the Jaw-bone is relaxed they breath little and seldome When as their eyes waxe livid unlesse they bee drawne aside and that they are depressed in their orbe we must know that death is at hand The remedy against this is two drammes of the pouder of Castoreum given in wine Hemlocke drunken causeth Vertigo's troubleth the minde so that the patients may bee taken for mad men it darkeneth the sight causeth hicketting and benums the extreme parts lastly strangles with convulsions by supressing or stopping the breath of the Arterie Wherefore at the first as in other poysons you must endevour to expell it by vomit then inject glysters to expell that is got into the guts then use wine without mixture which is very powerfull in this case Peter Aponensis thinks the Bezoar or Antidote thereof to bee a potion of two drams of Treacle with a decoction of Dictamnus or Gentian in wine He which further desires to enform himselfe of the effects of Hemlock let him read Mathiolus his commentary upon Dioscorides where as he treats of the same subject Aconitum called so of Aconis a towne of the Periendines where as it plentifully growes According to Mathiolus it kils Wolves Foxes Dogges Cats Swine Panthers Leopards and all wilde beasts mixed with flesh and so devoured by them but it kills mice by onely smelling thereto Scorpions if touched by the roote of Aconite grow numme and torpid and so die thereof arrowes or darts dipped therein make uncurable wounds Those who have drunke Aconite their tongue forthwith waxeth sweet with a certaine astriction which within a while after turneth to bitternesse it causeth a Vertigo and shedding of teares and a heavinesse or straitnesse of the chest and parts about the heart it makes them breake wind downewards and makes all the body to tremble Pliny attributes so great celerity and violence to this poyson that if the genitalls of female creatures bee touched therewith it will kill them the same day there is no presenter remedy than speedy vomiting after the poison is taken But Conciliator thinks Aristolochia to be the Antidote thereof Yet some have made it usefull for man by experimenting it against the stinging of Scorpions being given warme in wine For it is of such a nature that it killeth the party unlesse it finde something in him to kill for then it strives therewith as if it had found an adversary But this fight is onely when as it finds poyson in the body and this is marvellous that both the poisons being of their own nature deadly should dye together that man may by that meanes live There are divers sorts thereof one wherof hath a flower like an helmet as if it were armed to mans destruction
take the poison on this condition that if the Antidote which was predicated to have singular power against all manner of poisons which should bee presently given him after the poison should free him from death that then he should have his life saved The Cooke answered chearfully that he was willing to undergo the hazzard yea and greater matters not only for to save his life but to shun the infamy of the death he was like to be adjudged to Therefore he then had poyson given him by the Apothecarie that then waited and presently after the poyson some of the Bezahar brought from Spain which being taken down within a while after hee began to vomit and to avoid much by stoole with grievous torments and to cry out that his inward parts were burnt with fire Wherefore being thirsty and desiring water they gave it him an houre after with the good leave of the Jaylor I was admitted to him I find him on the ground going like a beast upon hands and feet with his tongue thrust forth of his mouth his eyes fierie vomiting with store of cold sweats and lastly the bloud flowing forth by his eares nose mouth fundament and yard I gave him eight ounces of oile to drinke but it did him no good for it came too late Wherefore at length hee died with great torment and exclamation the seventh houre from the time that hee tooke the poison being scarcely passed I opened his body in the presence of the Jailor and foure others and I found the botome of his stomacke blacke and dry as if it had beene burnt with a Cautery whereby I understood he had sublimate given him whose force the Spanish Bezahar could not represse wherefore the King commanded to burne it CHAP. XXXVII Of Minerall Poysons MInerals or mettals are either so taken forth of the bowels of the earth or else from fornaces Of these many are poisonous as arsenicke sublimate plaister cerusse lytharge verdegreace orpiment filings of Iron brasse the load-stone lime and the like Such as have taken sublimate the tongue and jawes become straightned and rough as if they drunke the juice of unripe services you cannot amend this asperity with lenitive gargarismes but with much labour and time for as soone as it descends into the stomack it sticketh to it Therefore presently after it frets and exulcerates it causeth unquenchable thirst and unexplicable torments the tongue is swolne the heart faints the urine is supprest the chest can scarce performe the office of breathing the belly is griped and so great paines happen to the other extreme parts that unlesse they bee helped the patient will die for presently will grow upon them unlesse it be speedily hindred the devouring and fierie furie of the poyson rending or eating into the guts and stomacke as if they were seared with an hot iron and bloud sloweth forth of the ears nose mouth urenarie passage and fundament and then their case is desperate These and who else soever shall take any corroding poyson shall be cured with the same remedies as those that have taken Cantharides Verdegreace so stops the instruments of respiration that it strangles such as have taken it The cure is performed by the same remedies as helpe those that have taken Arsenick Litharge causeth a heavinesse in the stomack suppresseth the urine makes the body swelled and livide Wee remedy this by giving a vomit presently then after it pidgeons dung mixed in strong wine and so drunken Peter Aponensis wisheth to give oile of sweet almonds and figs. Also it is good to give relaxing and humecting glysters and to anoint the belly with fresh butter or oile of lillies The scailes of brasse drunke by troubling the stomacke cause a casting and scouring The remedie is if the patient forth with vomit if he enter into a bath made of the decoction of snailes if he annoint his belly and breast with butter and oile of lillies and inject laxative and humecting glysters The Load-stone makes them mad that take it inwardly The Antidote thereof is the powder of gold and an emerald drunk in strong wine and glysters of milke and oile of sweet almonds The filings of lead and the scailes or refuse of iron cause great torment to such as take them downe The which we helpe with much milke and fresh butter dissolved therein or with oile of sweet almonds drawne without fire with relaxing and huâ—…cting glysters used untill the paine be perfectly asswaged Risagallum Roseaker or Rats-bane because it is of a most hot and dry nature induces thirst and heat over all the body and so great colliquation of all the humours that although the patients by medicines speedily given escape death yet can they not during the residue of their lives use their members as they formerly did being destitute of their strength by reason of the great drynesse and contraction of the joynts The Antidote thereof is oyle of pine kernels speedily given and that to the quantity of halfe a pint then procure vomit then give much milke to drink and glysters of the same and let them sup up fat broths Unquencht Lime and Auripigmentum or Orpiment drunke gnaw the stomacke and guts with great tormenting paine and cause unquenchable thirst an asperity of the jawes and throat difficulty of breathing stoppage of the urine and a bloudy flux They may bee helped by all fat humecting and relaxing things which retund the acrimonie by lenitive potions and such things as lubricate the belly as also by creames and the mucilages of some seeds as with a decoction of the seeds of Line mallowes marsh-mallowes and other such things set downe at large in the cure of Cantharides These exceeding acride and strong waters wherewith Gold-smithes and Chymists separate gold from silver being taken into the body are hard to cure because they are forthwith diffused over all the body first burning the throat and stomacke Yet it may be helped by the meanes prescribed against unquenched Lime and Orpiment Cerusse causeth hicketting and a cough makes the tongue dry the extreme parts of the body numbe with cold the eyes heavie to sleepe The patients very often in the midst of the day see some vain phantasie or apparition which in deed is nothing they make a blacke and oft-times bloudy water they die strangled unlesse they bee helped The Antidote in the opinion of Aëtius and Avicen is scammonie drunk in new wine or hony and wine and other diuretick things and such things as procure vomit and purge by stoole Plaister because it concreteth and becommeth stony in the stomacke causeth strangulation by straitening and stopping the instruments that serve for breathing The patients receive cure by the same remedies as those who have eaten mushroms or drunke Cerusse you must adde Goose-grease in the glysters and anoint the belly with oyle of lillies and butter CHAP. XXXVIII Of Quick-silver QUick-silver is so called because it
she fearlesly and harmelesly takes all manner of fruits herbs sheaves of corn apples peares oranges and pulse And herein they have proceeded so farre that they feign they will love Virgins entised by their beauty so that stayed in the contemplation of them and allured by their entisements they by this meanes are often taken by hunters In this opinion is Lewes Vartoman who denies that Unicornes are wild or fierce for he saith that he saw two which were sent out of Aethiopia to the Sultan who kept them shut up in Pennes in Mecha a city of Arabia foelix renowned by the Sepulcher of Mahomet Thevet travailing thither tels that he diligently enquired of the inhabitants what their opinion was of such a beast yet could he never heare any tidings thereof Whence it is easie to discerne that such beasts have neither beene in our nor in Vartomans times The so great variety of dissenting opinions easily induceth me to beleeve that this word Unicorne is not the proper name of any beast in the world and that it is a thing onely feigned by Painters and Writers of naturall things to delight the readers and beholders For as there is but one right way but many by-waies and windings so the speech of truth is but one and that alwaies simple and like it selfe but that of a lye is divers and which may easily refell it selfe by the repugnancie and incongruity of opinions if one should say nothing What therefore will some say of what creatures are these hornes which we see wholly different from others if they be not of Unicorns Thevet thinks them nothing else than Elephants bones turned and made into the fashion that wee see them for thus in the Eastern countreies some crafty merchants and cunning companions turne hollow and being softened draw to what length they please the teeth of the fish Roharde which lives in the â—ed and Aethiopian Sea and being so handled they sell them for Unicornes horne Verily that which is termed Unicornes horne being burnt sends forth a smell like to Ivory Now Cardanus affirmes that the teeth and bones of Elephants made soft by art may bee drawne forth and brought into what forme you please like as Oxe bones are For what is there in the world which the thirsting desire of gold will not make men to adulterate and counterfeit But it is time that we come to the third scope Grant there be Unicornes must it therefore follow that their hornes must be of such efficacy against poysons If we judge by events and the experience of things I can protest thus much that I have often made tryall thereof yet could I never find any good successe in the use thereof against poisons in such as I have had in cure If the matter must bee tryed by witnesses and authorities a great part of the Physicians of better note have long since bid it adieu and have detracted from the divine and admirable vertues for which it formerly was so much desired And this they have done moved thereto by many just but two especiall reasons The first is of Rondeletius who in this case affirmes that horns are endued with no taste nor smell and therefore have no effect in physicke unlesse it bee to dry Neither saith hee am I ignorant that such as have them much predicate their worth so to make the greater benefit and gaine by them as of the shavings or scrapings of Unicornes horne which they sell for the weight in gold as that which is singular good against poysons and wormes which things I thinke Harts-horne and Ivory doe no lesse effectually performe which is the cause why for the same disease and with the like successe I prescribe Ivory to such as are poor and Unicornes horn to the rich as that they so much desire This is the opinion of Rondeletius who without any difference was wont for Unicornes horne to prescribe not onely Harts-horn or Ivory but also the bones of Horses and Dogges and the stones of Myrabalanes Another reason is that whatsoever resists poyson is cordiall that is fit to strengthen the heart which is chiefly assailed by poysons but nothing is convenient to strengthen the heart unlesse it bee by laudible blood or spirit which two are onely familiar to the heart as being the work-house of the arterious blood and vitall spirits For all things are preserved by their like as they are destroyed by their contraries for all things that generate generate things like themselves But Unicornes horne as it conteines no smell so neither hath it any aëry parts but is wholly earthy and dry neither can it bee converted into blood by the digestive faculty for as it is without juice so is it without flesh For as it cannot bee turned into Chylus so neither is it fit to become Chymus that is juice or blood Therefore it is joyned to the heart by no similitude nor familiarity Furthermore there is not a word in Hippocrates and Galen concerning the Unicornes horne who notwithstanding have in so many places commended Harts-horne Therefore D. Chapelaine the chiefe Physitian of King Charles the ninth often used to say that hee would very willingly take away that custome of dipping a piece of Unicorns horn in the Kings cup but that he knew that opinion to be so deeply ingrafted in the minds of men that he feared that it would scarce be impugned by reason Besides he said if such a superstitious medicine do no good so certainely it doth no harme unlesse it be to their estates that buy it with gold or else by accident because Princes whilst they rely more than is fitting upon the magnified vertues of this horne neglect to arme themselves against poysâ—â—s by other more convenient meanes so that Death oft-times takes them at unawares When as upon a time I enquired of Lewes Duret the Kings Physitian and Professor by reason of the great opinion that all learned men justly had of his learning and judgement what he thought of this horne He answered that he attributed no faculties thereto for the confirmation whereof he rendred the second reason I have formerly given but more largely and elegantly neither feared he to affirme it aloud in plain words to his auditory of learned men comming from all parts to hear him But if at any time orecome by the fault of the times place he prescrib'd this horn that he did it for no other entent than to help faintings or sownings that happen by the abundance of serous humors floating in the orifice of the ventricle which makes men ill disposed because this mixed with other things endued with the like faculty hath power to drinke up the waterish humidity by its earthy drinesse But some will reply that neither the Lemnian nor Armenian earth have any juice in them neither any smell nor aëry spirit It is granted neither truely are such things truely and properly called cordiall but onely by event and accident for that
the multitude of the matter with the weight whereof nature is overcome When the Moone decreaseth those that are infected with the Pestilence are in great doubt and danger of death because then the humours that were collected and gathered together before the full of the Moone through delay and abundance do swell the more and the faculties by which the body is governed become more weake and feeble because of the imbecility of the native heate which before was nourished and augmented by the light and so consequently by the heat of the full Moon For as it is noted by Aristotle the wainings of the Moone are more cold and weak and thence it is that women have their menstruall fluxes chiefly or most commonly at that time In a grosse and cloudy Aire the pestilent infection is less vehement and contagious than in a thin and subtle Aire whether that thinnesse of the Aire proceed from the heat of the Sun or from the North wind cold Therfore at Paris where naturally and also through the abundance of filth that is about the Citie the Aire is darke and grosse the pestilent infection is lesse fierce and contagious than it is in Province for the subtlety of the Aire stimulates or helps forward the Plague But this disease is mortall and pernicious wheresoever it bee because it suddenly assaulteth the heart which is the Mansion or as it were the fortresse or castle of life but commonly not befoâ—… signes and tokens of it appeare on the body and yet you shall scarce find any man that thinketh of calling the Physitian to helpe to preserve him from so great danger before the signes thereof be evident to bee seene and felt but then the heart is assaulted And when the heart is so assaulted what hope of life is there or health to be looked for Therefore because medicines come oft-times too late and this malady is as it were a sudden and winged messenger of our death it commeth to passe that so many dye thereof And moreover because at the first suspicion of this so dire and cruell a disease the imagination and minde whose force in the diversly stirring up of the humours is great and almost incredible is so troubled with feare of imminent death and dispaire of health that together with the perturbed humours all the strength and power of nature falleth and sinketh downe This you may perceive and know by reason that the keepers of such as are sicke and the bearers which are not fearefull but very confident although they doe all the basest offices which may be for the sick are commonly not infected and seldome dye thereof if infected CHAP. XVIII How a pestilent feaver comes to be bred in us THe Plague oft-times findeth fuel in our bodies and oft-times allurements to wit the putrefaction of humours or aptnesse to putrefie but it never thence hath its first originall for that comes alwaies from the defiled aire therefore a pestilent feaver is thus bred in us The pestilent Aire drawne by inspiration into the lungs and by transpiration into the utmost mouthes of the veines and arteries spread over the skin the bloud or else the humours already putrefying or apt to putrefie therein are infected and turned into a certaine kind of malignity resembling the nature of the agent These humours like unquencht lime when it is first sprinkled with water send forth a putride vapour which carryed to the principall parts and heart especially infecteth the spirituous bloud boyling in the ventricles thereof and therewith also the vitall spirits and hence proceeds a certaine feaverish heat This heat diffused over the body by the arteries together with a maligne quality taints all even the solid parts of the bones with the pestiferous venome and besides causeth divers symptomes according to the nature thereof and the condition of the body and humours wherein it is Then is the conflict of the malignity assailing nature defending manifest in which if nature prevaile it using the help of the expulsive faculty will send drive it far from the noble parts either by sweats vomits bleeding evacuation by stoole or urine buboes carbuncles pustles spots and other such kinds of breakings out over the skin But on the contrary if the malignity prevaile and nature be too weake and yeeld and that first he be troubled with often panting or palpitation of the heart then presently after with frequent faintings the patient then at length will dye For this is a great signe of the Plague or a pestilent Feaver if presently at the first with no labour nor any evacuation worth the speaking of their strength faile them and they become exceeding faint You may find the other signes mentioned in our preceding discourse CHAP. XIX Into what place the Patient ought to betake himselfe so soone as he finds himselfe infected WEE have said that the perpetuall and first originall of the pestilence commeth of the Aire therefore so soone as one is blasted with the pestiferous Aire after he hath taken some preservative against the malignity thereof hee must withdraw himselfe into some wholesome Aire that is cleane and pure from any venemous iufection or contagion for there is great hope of health by the alteration of the Aire for we doe most frequently and abundantly draw in the Aire of all things so that we cannot want it for a minute of time therefore of the Aire that is drawne in dependeth the correction amendment or increase of the Poyson or malignity that is received as the Aire is pure sincere or corrupted There bee some that doe think it good to shut the patient in a close Chamber shutting the windowes to prohibite the entrance of the Aire as much as they are able But I thinke it more convenient that those windowes should bee open from whence that wind bloweth that is directly contrary unto that which brought in the venemous Aire For although there be no other cause yet if the Aire bee not moved or agitated but shut up in a close place it will soone bee corrupted Therefore in a close and quiet place that is not subject to the entrance of the Aire I would wish the patient to make wind or to procure Aire with a thick and great cloth dipped or macerated in water and vinegar mixed together and tyed to a long Staffe that by tossing it up and downe the close chamber the wind or aire thereof may coole and recreate the patient The patient must every day bee carried into a fresh chamber and the beds and the linnen cloaths must be changed there must alwaies be a cleare and bright fire in the patients chamber and especially in the night whereby the aire may be made more pure cleane and voyd of nightly vapours and of the filthy and pestilent breath proceeding from the patient or his excrements In the meane time lest if it be in hot weather the patient should be weakened or made more faint by reason
with a little swelling with a knife or lancet so breaking and opening a way for them notwithstanding that a little fluxe of blood will follow by the tension of the gummes of which kind of remedy I have with prosperous and happy successe made tryall in some of mine owne children in the presence of Feureus Altinus and Cortinus Doctors of Physick and Guillemeau the Kings Chirurgian which is much better and more safe than to doe as some nurses doe who taught onely by the instinct of nature with their nailes and scratching breake and teare or rent the childrens gummes The Duke of Nevers had a sonne of eight moneths old which died of late and when wee with the Physitians that were present diligently sought for the cause of his death we could impute it unto nothing else than to the contumacious hardnesse of the gums which was greater than was convenient for a childe of that age for therefore the teeth could not breake forth nor make a passage for themselves to come forth of which our judgement this was the tryall that when we cut his gummes with a knife we found all his teeth appearing as it were in an array ready to come forth which if it had bin done when he lived doubtlesse he might have beene preserved The End of the twenty fourth Booke OF MONSTERS AND PRODIGIES THE TWENTY FIFTH BOOK THE PREFACE WEe call Monsters what things soever are brought forth contrary to the common decree and order of nature So wee terme that infant monstrous which is borne with one arme alone or with two heads But we define Prodigies those things which happen contrary to the whole course of nature that is altogether differing and dissenting from nature as if a woman should bee delivered of a Snake or a Dogge Of the first sort are thought all those in which any of those things which ought and are accustomed to bee according to nature is wanting or doth abound is changed worne covered or defended hurt or not put in his right place for somtimes some are born with more fingers than they should other some but with one finger some with those parts devided which should be joyned others with those parts joyned which should bee devided some are borne with the privityes of both sexes male and female And Aristotle saw a Goate with a horne upon her knee No living creature was ever borne which wanted the Heart but some have beene seene wanting the Spleene others with two Spleenes and some wanting one of the Reines And none have bin known to have wanted the whole Liver although some have bin found that had it not perfect and whole and there have beene those which wanted the Gall when by nature they should have had it and besides it hath beene seene that the Liver contrary to his naturall site hath lien on the left side and the Spleene on the right Some women also have had their privities closed and not perforated the membranous obstacle which they call the Hymen hindering And men are sometimes borne with their fundaments eares noses and the rest of the passages shut and are accounted monstrous nature erring from its entended scope But to conclude those Monsters are thought to portend some ill which are much differing from their nature CHAP. I. Of the cause of Monsters and first of those Monsters which appeare for the glory of God and the punishent of mens wickednesse THere are reckoned up many causes of monsters the first whereof is the glory of God that his immense power may be manifested to those which are ignorant of it by the sending of those things which happen contrary to nature for thus our Saviour Christ answered the Disciples asking whether he or his parents had offended who being born blind received his sight from him that neither he nor his parents had committed any fault so great but this to have happened onely that the glory and majesty of God should be divulged by that miracle and such great workes Another cause is that God may either punish mens wickednesse or shew signes of punishment at hand because parents sometimes lye and joine themselves together without law and measure or luxuriously and beastly or at such times as they ought to forbeare by the command of God and the Church such monstrous horrid and unnaturall births doe happen At Verona Anno Dom. 1254. a mare foaled a colt with the perfect face of a man but all the rest of the body like an horse a little after that the warre betweene the Florentines and Pisans began by which all Italy was in a combustion The figure of a Colt with a mans face About the time that Pope Julius the second raised up all Italy and the greatest part of Christendome against Lewis the twelfth the King of France in the yeere of our Lord 1512. in which yeere upon Easter day neere Ravenna was fought that mortall battell in which the Popes forces were overthrowne a monster was borne in Ravenna having a horne upon the crowne of his head and besides two wings and one foot alone most like to the feet of birds of prey and in the knee thereof an eye the privities of male and female the rest of the body like a man as you may see by the following figure The figure of awinged Monster The third cause is an abundance of seed overflowing matter The fourth the same in too little quantity and deficient The fift the force and efficacy of imagination The sixt the straightnesse of the wombe The seaventh the disorderly site of the party with childe and the position of the parts of the body The eighth a fall straine or stroake especially upon the belly of a woman with child The ninth hereditary diseases or affects by any other accident The tenth the confusion and mingling together of the seed The eleventh the craft and wickednesse of the divell There are some others which are accounted for monsters because they have their originall or essence full of admiration or doe assume a certaine prodigious forme by the craft of some begging companions therefore we will speak briefly of them in their place in this our treatise of monsters CHAP. II. Of monsters caused by too great abundance of seed SEeing wee have already handled the two former and truely finall causes of monsters we must now come to those which are the matereall corporeall and efficient causes taking our beginning from that we call the too great abundance of the matter of seed It is the opinion of those Philosophers which have written of monsters that if at any time a creature bearing one at once as man shall cast forth more seed in copulation than is necessary to the generation of one body it cannot be that onely one should bee begot of all that therefore from thence either two or more must arise whereby it commeth to passe that these are rather judged wonders because they happen seldome and contrary to common custome Superfluous parts
braine spinall marrow but hot things are good 46. 2. Two paines infesting together but not the same place the more vehement obscures the other 74. 7. A corruption and abscesse of the bone is caused by the corruption of the flesh 506. Coacar praenâ—s A livid or dry Vlcer or yellowish is deadly 19. 6. When as a bone or gristle or nerve or small portion of the cheeke or the prepuce is cut asâ—â—der it neither encreases nor growes together 24. 6. Aph. 513. Coacar If any of the small guts be cut it knits not againe 50. 7. Those that have the braine sphacelate that is corrupt they dye within three dayes if they escape these they recover 9. 7. Bleeding at a wound causing a Convulsion is the foreteller of death 20. 5. Cold is biting to Vlcers hardens the skin causes paine not easily comming to suppuration blacknesse aguish shakings convulsions erampes 508. Coac Those who have the temples cut have a Convulsion upon the parts contrary to the section 44. 7. Whosoever being suppurate are burnt or cut if pure and white quitture shall flow forth they escape out if that which is bloody feculent and stinking then they dye Galen comment ad Aphor. 29. 2. It is not â—it to take in hand to cure such as are in a desperate case but to leave them onely foretelling the end of the disease Celsus Cap. 10. Lib. 2. It is better to try a doubtfull remedy than none at all FINIS THE EFFIGIES OF GALEN THE PRINCE OF PHYSITIONS NEXT TO HIPPOCRATES AEQVVM erat Hippocratem divino è semine Divûm Orbem muneribus conciliare sibi Scripta sed involuit tam multo aenigmate verum Vt quamuis solers nullus habere queat Pergamei auxilio nisi sint monimenta Galeni Qui docta ambages sustulit arte senis Ergo macte esto virtute arcana resolvens Quae nulli fuer ant nota Galene prius Obstringensqúe orbem aeterno tibi munere totum Aeternis sacras te quoque temporibus BON. GRA. PARIS MEDIC RVLES OF CHIRVRGERY BY THE AVTHOR 1 PRactise is an operation agreeable to the rules and lawes of the Theory 2 Health is not received by words but by remedies fitly used 3 Remedies knowne and approved by use and reason are to be preferred before such as are unknowne or but lately found out 4 Science without experience gets the Physition no great credit with the patient 5 Hee that would performe any great and notable worke must diligently apply himselfe to the knowledge of his subject 6 It is the part of a good Physition to heale the disease or certainly to bring it to a better passe as nature shall give leave 7 The Chirurgion must be active industrious and well handed and not trust too much to bookes 8 He that hath not beene versed in the operations of the Art nor a frequent auditor of the Lectures of such as are learned therein and sets forth himselfe for a brave Chirurgion for that hee hath read much he is either much deceived or impudent 9 He shall never doe any thing praise-worthy that hath got his mastery in Chirurgery by gold not by use 10 You shall comfort the patient with hope of recovery even when as there is danger of death 11 To change Physitions and Chirurgions is troublesome but not good for the Patient 12 Though the disease prove long yet it is not fit that the Physition give over the patient 13 Great wounds of large vessells are to be judged deadly 14 Every contusion must be brought to suppuration 15 As the nature or kind of the disease must bee knowne so also must the remedy 16 An Abscesse of the bone of the pallate is in danger to cause a stinking breath 17 Bleeding caused by heate must be represt by cold 18 Wounds of nervous parts require medicines which by the subtlety of the parts may enter in and draw from farre 19 It is not fit for such as have Vlcers in their Legges neither to walke stand nor sit but to rest themselves in bed 20 All biting and acrid medicines are offensive to cleane Vlcers 21 For restoring of dislocations you must hold them fast stretch them out and force them in 22 A great Gangreene admits no cure but cutting 23 A monster is a thing dissenting from the lawes of nature 24 Wounds of the Chest presently become sanious and purulent 25 The wounds made by all venemous creatures are dangerous 26 The south wind blowing wounded members easily become mortifyed 27 Such as are wounded and desire to bee quickly whole must keepe a spare diet 28 Vntemperate bodies doe not easily recover of diseases 29 Round Vlcers unlesse they be drawne into another figure doe not easily heale up 30 An Erysipelatous Vlcer requires purgation by stoole 31 Crying is good for an infant for it serves in stead of exercise and evacuation 32 Greefe is good for none but such as are very fat 33 Idlenesse wealens and extinguisheth the native heate 34 An ill natured Vlcer yeelds not unlesse to a powerfull remedy 35 A bath resolves and discusses humors and gently procures sweate 36 Cold diseases are troublesome to old people and hard to be helped but in young bodies they are neither so troublesome nor contumacious 37 Exercised bodies are lesse subject to diseases 38 Moist bodies though they neede small nourishment yet stand they in neede of large evacuation 39 Sicke people dye sooner of an hot distemper than of a cold by reason of the quicke and active operation of fire 40 The quitture that flowes from an Vlcer is laudible which is white smooth and equall The end of the twentiseaventh Booke HOW TO MAKE REPORTS AND TO EMBALME THE DEAD THE TVVENTIEIGHTH BOOKE NOw it onely remaines that wee instruct the Chirurgion in making or framing his reporte or opinion eyther of the death of any person or of the weakenesse or deprivation of any member in the function or execution of its proper office and duty Herein it is meete that hee be very considerate that is to say ingenious or wise in making his report because the events of diseases are often-times doubtfull and uncertaine neither can any man fore-tell them certainly whether they will be for life or death by reason of the manifold nature of the subject of which we speake and also the uncertaine condition of the humors both in their kind and motion Which was the cause why Hippocrates even in the first of his Aphorismes pronounceth that judgement is difficult But first of all it is very expedient that a Chirurgion be of an honest mind that hee may alwayes have before his eyes a carefull regard of true piety that is to say the feare of God and faith in Christ and love toward his neighbours with hope of life everlasting least that hee being carried away by favour or corrupted with money or rewards should affirme or testifie these wounds to bee small that are great and these great that are small for the report
of the wound is received of the Chirurgion according to the civill Law It is recorded in the workes of ancient Physitions that wounds may bee called great for three respects The first is by reason of the greatnesse of the dissolved unitie or resolution of Continuity and such are these wounds which made by a violent stroake with a backe-sword have cut off the arme or legge or overthwart the breast The second is by reason of the dignitie or worthinesse of the part now this dignity dependeth on the excellencie of the action therefore thus any little wound made with a bodkin knife in any part whose substance is noble as in the Braine Heart Liver or any other part whose action and function is necessary to preserve life as in the Weasant Lungs or Bladder is judged great The third is by reason of the greatnesse and ill habit or the abundance of ill humors or debility of all the wounded body so those woundes that are made in nervous parts and old decayed people are sayd to be great But in searching of wounds let the Chirurgion take heede that he be not deceived by his probe For many times it cannot goe into the bottome of the wound but stoppeth and sticketh in the way either because he hath not placed the patient in the same posture wherein he was when he received his hurt or else for that the stroake being made downe right slipt aside to the right or left hand or else from below upwards or from above downewards and therefore hee may expect that the wound is but little and will be cured in a short time when it is like to bee long in curing or else mortall Therefore from the first day it behooveth him to suspend his judgement of the wound untill the ninth for in that time the accidents will shew themselves manifestly whether they be small or great according to the condition of the wound or wounded bodyes and the state of the ayre according to his primitive qualities or venomous corruption But generally the signes whereby we may judge of diseases whether they bee great or small of long or short continuance mortall or not mortall are foure For they are drawne either from the nature and essence of the disease or from the cause or effects thereof or else from the similitude proportion and comparison of those diseases with the season or present constitution of the times Therefore if wee are called to the cure of a greene wound whose nature and danger is no other but a simple solution of Continuity in the musculous flesh we may presently pronounce that wound to be of no danger and that it will soone be cured But if it have an Vlcer annexed unto it that is if it be sanious then we may say it will be more difficult and long in the curing and so we may pronounce of all diseases taking a signe of their essence and nature But of the signes that are taken of the causes let this bee an example A wound that is made with a sharpe pointed and heavie weapon as with an halbeard being stricken with great violence must be accounted great yea and also mortall if the accidents be correspondent But if the patient fall to the ground through the violence of the stroake if a cholericke vomiting follow thereon if his sight faile him together with a giddinesse if blood come forth at his eyes and nosthrills if distraction follow with losse of memory and sense of feeling we may say that all the hope of life remaineth in one small signe which is to be deduced from the effects of the wound But by the comparing it unto the season that then is and diseases that then assault mans body wee may say that all those that are wounded with gunshot are in danger of death as it happened in the schirmishes at the seige of Roan and at the battall of Saint Denis For at that time whether it were by reason of the fault of the heavens or ayre through the evill humors of mans body and the disturbance of them all wounds that were made by gunshot were for the most part mortall So likewise at certaine seasons of the yeare we see the small pockes and measels breake forth in children as it were by a certaine pestilent contagion to the destruction of children onely inferring a most cruell vomit and laske and in such a season the judgement of those diseases is not difficult But you by the following signes may know what parts are wounded If the patient fall downe with the stroake if he lye senselesse as it were asleepe if he voyde his excrements unwittingly if he be taken with giddinesse if blood come out at his eares mouth and nose and if he vomit choller you may understand that the scull is fractured or pearced through by the defect in his understanding and discourse You also may know when the scull is fractured by the judgement of your externall senses as if by feeling it with your finger you finde it elevated or depressed beyond the naturall limits if by striking it with the end of a probe when the Pericranium or nervous filme that investeth the scull is cut crosse wise and so divided there from it yeeld a base and unperfect sound like unto a pot sheard that is broken or rather like unto an earthen pitcher that hath a cleft or rent therein But we may say that death is at hand if his reason and understanding faile him if he be speechlesse if his sight forsake him if he would tumble headlong out of his bed being not at all able to moove the other parts of his body if he have a continuall feaver if his tongue be blacke with drienesse if the edges of the wound bee blacke or dry and cast forth no sanious matter if they resemble the colour of salted flesh if he have an apoplexie phrensie convulsion or palsie with an involuntarie excretion or absolute supprâ—ssion of the Vrine and excrements You may know that a man hath his throate that is his weason and winde pipe cut First by the sight of his wound and next by the abolishment of the function or office thereof both wayes for the patient can neither speake nor swallow any meate or drinke and the parts that are cut asunder divide themselves by retraction upwards or downewards one from another whereof commeth sodaine or present death You may know that a wound hath peirced into the brest or concavity of the body if the ayre come forth at the wound making a certaine whizzing noyse if the patient breathe with great difficulty if he feele a great heavinesse or weight on or about the midriffe whereby it may be gathered that a great quantity of blood lyeth on the place or midriffe and so causeth him to feele a weight or heavinesse which by little and little will bee cast up by vomiting But a little after a feaver commeth and the breath is unsavory and stinking
way that we had put many of them in a great Tower layd upon a little straw and their pillowes were stones their coverlets were their cloakes of those that had any Whilst the battery was making as many shot as the Cannons made the patients sayd they felt paine in their woundes as if one had given them blowes with a staffe the one cry'd his head the other his arme and so of other parts divers of their wounds bled afresh yea in greater quantity than first when they were wounded and then it was I must runne to stay their bleeding My little master if you had beene there you had beene much troubled with your hot irons you had neede to have had much charcoale to make them red hot and belee ve they would have slaine you like a Calfe for this cruelty Now through this diabolicall tempest of the Eccho from these thundring Instruments and by the great and vehement agitation of the collision of the ayre resounding and reverberating in the wounds of the hurt people divers dyed and others because they could not rest by reason of the groanes and cryes that they made night and day and also for want of good nourishment and other good usage necessary to wounded people Now my little master if you had beene there you would hardly have given them gelly restauratives cullises pressures panado cleansed barly white meate almond milke Prunes Raisons and other proper meates for sicke people your ordinance would onely have beene accomplisht in paper but in effect they could have had nothing but old Cow beefe which was taken about Hedin for our munition salted and halfe boyled insomuch that who would have eate it he must pull it with the force of his teeth as birds of Prey doe carrion I will not forget their linnen wherewith they were drest which was onely rewashed every day and dryed at the fire and therefore dry stubborne like Parchment I leave you to thinke how their wounds could heale well There was â—oure lusty whores to whom charg was given to wash their linnen who discharged their duty under penalty of the batoone and also they wanted both soape and water See then how the sicke people dyed for want of nourishments and other necessary things One day our enemies fained to give us a generall assault to draw our Souldiers upon the breach to the end to know our countenance and behaviour every one ranne thither we had made great provision of artificiall fire to defend the breach a Priest belonging to Monsieur du Boüillon tooke a granado thinking to throw it on the enemies and set it on fire sooner then he ought to have done it brake asunder and the fire fell amongst our fire workes which were put into a house neere the breach which was to us a mervelous disastre because it burned diverse poore souldiers it also tooke hold on the house it selfe and we had beene all burned had not great helpe beene used for to quench it there was but one Well there wherein was water in our Castle which was almost quite dryed up and in steede of water we tooke beere and quenched it then afterwards we had great scarcity of water and to drinke the rest that remained which we must straine through napkins Now the enemy seeing this smoake and tempest of the fire workes which cast a very great flame and clashing noyse beleeved wee had put the fire on purpose for the defence of our breach to burne them and that wee had great store of others That made them to be of another opinion than to taken us by assault they did undermine and digge into the greatest part of our walls so that it was the way to overthrow wholly the Castle topsie turvie and when the mines were finisht and that their Artillery shot the whole Castle did shake under us like an earthquake which did much astonish us Moreover he had levelled five peeces of Artillery which they had seated upon a little hill to play upon our backes when wee should goe to defend the breach The Duke Horace had a Cannon shot upon one shoulder which caried away his arme on one side and the body on the other without being able to speake one onely word His death was to us a great disasture for the ranke which hee held in this place Likewise Monsieur de Martigues had a stroake with a Bullet which peire't through his Lungs I drest him as I will declare hereafter Then we demanded Parle and a Trumpet was sent toward the Prince of Piedmont to know what composition it pleased him to make us His answer was that all the chiefe as Gentlemen Captaines Lievtenants and Ensignes should be taken for ransome and the Souldiers should goe out without Armes and if they refused this faire and honest proffer the next day we ought to be assured they would have us by assault or otherwise Counsell was held where I was called to know if I would signe as divers Captaines Gentlemen and others that the place should bee rendred up I made answer it was not possible to be held and that I would signe it with my proper blood for the little hope that I had that wee could resist the enemies force and also for the great desire which I had to be out of this torment and hell for I slept not eyther night or day by reason of the great number of hurt people which were about two hundred The dead bodies yeelded a great putrifaction being heaped one upon the other like Fagots and not being covered with earth because we had it not and when I entred into one lodging Souldiers attended me at the dore to goe dresse others at another when I went forth there was striving who should have me and they carried me like a holy body not touching the ground with my foote in spight one of another nor could I satisfie so great a number of hurt people Moreover I had not what was necessary to dresse them withall for it is not sufficient that the Chirurgion doe his duty towards the patients but the patient must also doe his and the assistance and all exterior things witnesse Hippocrates in his first Aphorisme Now having understood the resolution of the yeelding up of our place I knew our affaires went not well and for feare of being knowne I gave a veluet Coate a Satin doublet a very fine cloth cloak lin'd with velvet to a Souldier who gave me a scurvy old torne doublet cut and flasht with using and a leather jerkin well examined and an ill favoured hat and a little cloake I smutcht the collar of my shirt with water in which I had mingled a little soote likewise I wore out my stockings with a stone at the knees and the heeles as if they had beene worne a long time and I did as much to my shooes in so much that they would rather take me for a Chimney sweeper than a Kings Chirurgion I went in this equipage towards Monsieur de
joynt of the hippe which fractured and broke the Os femoris in divers places from whence divers accidents did arise and then death which was to my great greefe The day after my arrivall I would goe to the field where the battell was given to see the dead bodyes I saw a league about all the earth covered where there was by estimation five and twenty thousand men or more All which were dispatcht in the space of two houres I would my little master for the love I beare you that you had beene there to recount it to your schollers and to your children Now in the meane time while I was at Dreux I visited and drest a great number of gentlemen and poore Souldiers amongst the rest many Swisser Captaines I dressed 14 in one chamber onely all hurt with Pistoll shot and other instruments of Diabolicall fire and not one of the foureteene dyed Monsieur the Count of E◠being dead I made no long tarrying at Dreux there came Chirurgions from Paris who performed well their duty toward the hurt people as Pigray Cointeret Hubert and others and I returned to Paris where I found diverse gentlemen wounded who had retired themselves thither after the battell to be drest of their hurts The Voyage of the battell of Moncontor 1569. DVring the battell of Moncontour King Charles was at Plessei the Towers where he neard they had wonne it a great number of hurt gentlemen and Souldiers with drew themselves into the Citty and suburbes of Towers to be drest and help◠where the King and Queene Mother commanded me to shew my duty with the other Chirurgions who were then in quarter as Pigray du Bois Portail and one named Siret a Chirurgion of Towers a man very skilfull in Chirurgery and at that time Chirurgion to the Kings brother and for the multitude of the wounded wee were but little in repose nor the Physitions likewise Count Mansfield Governer of the Duchy of Luxembourge Knight of the King of Spaines order was greatly hurt in the battell in the left arme with a Pistoll shot which broke a great part of the joynt of the elbow and had retired himselfe to Bourgueil neere Towers being there he sent a gentlemen to the King affectionately to beseech him to send one of his Chirurgions to helpe him in his hurt Counsell was held what Chirurgion should be sent Monsieur the Marshall of Montmorency told the King and the Queene that it were best to send him his cheefe Chirurgion and declared to them that the sayd Lord Mansfield was one part of the cause of winning the battell The King sayd flat he would not that I should goe but would have me remaine close to him Then the Queene Mother sayd I should but goe and come and that he must consider it was a strange Lord who was come from the King of Spaines side to help and succour him And upon this he permitted me to goe provided that I should returne quickly After this resolution he sent for me and likewise the Queene Mother and commanded me to goe finde the sayd Lord Mansfield in the place where I was to serve him in all I could for the cure of his hurt I went and found him having with me a letter from their Majesties having seene it he received me with a good will and from thenceforth discharged three other Chirurgions that drest him which was to my great greefe because his hurt seemed to me uncureable Now at Bourgueil there were retired divers gentlmen who had beene hurt at the sayd battell knowing that Mounsieur de Guise was there who had beene also very much hurt with a Pistoll shot through one legge well assured that he would have good Chirurgions to dresse him and also that hee being kind and liberall would assist them with a great part of their necessities And for my part I did helpe and ayd them in my Art as much as it was possible some dyed some recovered according to their hurts The Count Ringrave died who had such a shot in the shoulder as the King of Navarro before Roüen Monsieure de Bassompiere Colonell of twelve hundred horse was hurt also in such a like place as Count Mansfield whom I drest and God cured God so well blessed my worke that within three weekes I led him back to Paris where I must yet make some incisions in the arme of the sayd Lord Mansfield to draw out the bones which were greatly broken and caries'd he was cured by the grace of God and gave me an honest reward so that I was well contented with him and he with me as he hath since made it appeare he writ a letter to the Duke of Ascot how that he was cured of his hurt and also Monsieur de Bassompiere of his and divers others which I had dress'◠after the battell of Montcontour and counselled him to beseech the King of France my good master to give me leave to goe see Monsieur the Marquesse of Auret his brother Voyage of Flanders MOnsieur the Duke of Ascot did not faile to send a Gentleman to the King with a letter humbly to beseech him to doe him so much good and honour as to permit and command his cheefe Chirurgion to come see the Marquesse of Auret his brother who had received a Musket shot neare the knee with fracture of the bone about seaven monthes since with the Physitions and Chirurgions in those parts were much troubled to cure The King sent for me and commanded me to goe see the said Lord Auret and to helpe him in all that I could for the cure of his hurt I told him I would imploy all that little knowledge which it had pleased God to give me I went then conducted by two Gentlemen to the Castle of Auret which is a league and a halfe from Mounts in Hainaut where the said Marquesse was as soone as I arrived I visited him and told him the King had commanded me to come see him and to dresse him of his hurt he told me he was glad of my comming and was much bound to the King to have done him the honour to have sent me to him I found him in a great Feaver his eyes very much sunke with a countenance gastly and yellow his tongue drie and rough and all the body emaciated and leane his speech low like that of a dying man then I found his thigh much swelled apostemated ulcerated and casting out a greene stinking matter I searcht it with a silver probe and by the same I found a cavity neare the groyne ending in the middle of the thigh and others about the knee sauious and cuniculous also certaine scales of bones some separated others not The Legge was much tumified and soaked with a pituitous humor cold moist and flatulent in so much that the naturall heate was in the way to be suffocated and extinguished and the said Legge crooked and retracted toward the buttockes his rumpe ulcerated the breadth of the palme
There ought to be a moderation of our nights sleepe How to be knowne What the forme and site of our body ought to be while we sleep The harme of lying on our backes Vpon our bellies The consideration of dreames Aphor. 1. sect 2. The kinds of Repletions or rather of Excesses * Repletio advasa advires Gal. Meth. 13. cap. 6. What Cacochymia The kinds of evacuation 〈◊〉 The commodities of moderate scratching The force of vomits Salivation The whole body is also purged by urines We must observe three things in every evacuation Why the Passions of the minde are called Accidents Their force From whence they have their force The reason of Ioy. The effects of Ioy. Anger Sorrow Feare Hippocrat lib. 4. de morb Shame Shamefastnesse An agonie Why the first signes of passions of the minde appeare in the face The use of passions of the minde What things against nature are What and how many the causes of diseases be The primitive cause Internall anterecdent Internall conjunct The congenit or inevitable cause of death What a disease is and I ovv various A Distemperature Ill conformation Solution of Continuitie What a Symptome is Three kindes thereof What an Indication is See method Cap. 7. lib. de opt secta Cap. 11. The kinds of Indications Lib. 9. Method cap. 9. Indications drawne from things natural What the conditions of the parts affected do indicate Indications from the ages Aphor. 40. li. 2. Aphor. 6 sect 6. Ap hor. 5. sect 4. From our Diet. Hatred arising from secret properties Indications taken from things against nature We do not alwayes follow the Indication which is from the disease In what parts we cannot hope for restoring of solution of continuity Exherience without reason is like a blind man without a guide Indications in implicite diseases An example of Indications in implicite diseases What we must do when the temper of the part is different from the temper of the whole body An artificiall conjecture is of much force in Indications Indication from similitude Indication of a subtle device Examples A Physition should be of a quicke apprehension Indications indicative Coindicative Repagnant Correpugnant Monstrom diseases The wonderfull force of the bite of a certaine Spider Musicke the remidy therof Musicke gives ease to paine A strong perturbation of the minde helps by moving the spirits Chance sometimes exceeds Arte. Observat 4. lib. 2. Cap ult lib. de cur rat per sanguinis miss Galen by a dreame cures the Sciatica The cause of the last recited cures Sciences are not hereditary A most impudent sort of Impostors Three things necessary for the cure of a Luxation What wounds may be cured onely by lint or by tents and water Deuteron 18. The difference of brute beasts Some shadow of vertue in beasts Lib. 8. cap. 27. The craftinesse of Beares The bird Ibis the first inventer or shewer of Clysters The invention of removing a Cataract The invention of Phlebotomie A preservative against thunder What the butting of Rams signifies Presages of raine The signe at sea of a storme at hand The Crocodile by laying her egges shewes the bâ—â—â—â—…s of the increase of the river Nilus How Fishes provide for their safetie against a storme How they swimme against the streame Of what things birds build their neasts In what shape With what care Sparrowes breed their young How the Spiders weave How they catch their prey Bees chuse themselves a King Their pitching their tents Their obsequies for their dead King Their justice Their watch Their divers imployments They punish sloth with banishment Aristomachus a diligent observer of Bees Lib. 11. 30 Wonderfull care There is nothing but may be attained by diligence The formes of all vertues exprest in Pismiâ—â—s Diligence the mother of wealth The industry of Partridge in preserving their young How Hares provide for themselues and their young for feare of hunters The care of the Hedg-hogge to provide for her young The pietie of Storkes The fidelity of Doggâ— Doves free from adultery Turtles never couple twise Lib. 8. cap. 1. The religion of the Elephant Cosmograph Tom. 2. lib. 19. cap 7. Tke craft of the Rhinocerot about to fight with the Elephant The providence of the Lion in his going The greatest are terrified by the least Cockes are Kingly and martiall birds Conies have taught us undermining The deceits and ambushes of Wolfes The craft of the Foxe The Foxe seemes to reason with himselfe His Soritâ—â— The love of Fishes one to another The Whales pilot or gâ—â—d Cranes order themselves in rankes The sentinell Crane The care of the Geese that their gagling doe them no harme The craft of Dragons fighting against the Elephant Lib. 8. cap. 11. and 12. The craft of the Fisherman-fish in taking her prey The craft of the Cuttell to save her selfe Lib. 9. de Hist animal Cap. 37. Cosmog Tom. 1. lib. 10. cap. 10. Tom. 1. lib. 5. cap 2. The wonderfull docillity of Dogs A spectacle full of admiration and mirth Gal. lib. 1. de usâ— partium The diligence of Faulconers in training up their Hawkes The fight of the Herne and Faulcon Camel both tame and wilde The easie and not chargeable keeping of Camels Camels know when they have a sufficient loade Camels both â—o carry burdens and to ride upon Mighty troop of Camels To sing like a Nightingale The voice to beasts is of the same use as speech is to men We are as ill as deafe when we heare an unknowne language Parrots are wonderfull imitaters of mans voice A talking Pie. Lib. 2. Saturn cap. 4. The Lion feares a cocke A horse feares a Camell Water foule feare the Falcon The enmity betweene the Kites and Crowes The discord between the Lambe and Wolfe is not ended by deal How to make theese that Mice will not gnaw Man beares Gods image Man hath given names to things Gal. cap. 4. lib. 1. de usu partâ—um As the hand is the instrument of instruments so Reason is the Arte of Arts. Man under God is the king and Emperour of the world Men is the end of all mundans things Man a litle world yea almost a great world Man is not obnoxious to the Aire and stars One man will counterfeit the voyces of infinite varietyes of beasts The power of Musicke A â—ame Crocodile In what sense we said Elephants had religion Man not onely the imitater but the interpreter of the voices of beasts and birds The unquenchable desire of learning in â—an The necessitie of the knowledge of Anatomy Initio lib. de Offic. â—edici Lib. de cssibus 1. de loc affectis lib. 3. Mâ—â—h Why when the liver is hot the stomacke is commonly cold The knowledge of Anatomy is commodious foure manner of wayes There is a threefold method The Authors intent What Anatomie is How a definition differs from a description The Subject of Physicke Gal lib. 1. de vsu pars lib. 1. Meth. The simular parts are 9. How the bones come to feele
of the vessels An admonitioÌ„ The 4. way dy Escharoticks The 5. way by cutting off the vessels Paines weakens the body and causes defluxious Divers Anodines or medicines to asswage paine What a Convulsion is Three kinds of an universal Convulsion Three causes of a convulsion Causes of Repletion Causes of Inanition Aph. 26. sec 2. Causes of convulsion by consent of paine Signes of a convulsion The cause of a Convulsion by Repletion The cure of a Convulsion caused by inanition An Emolient Liniment for any Convulsion An Emolient and humecting Bath The cure of a Convulsion by a puncture or bite A worthy Alexâ—pharmacâ—… or Antidote You must hinder the locking of the teeth What a Palsie is The differences thereof How it differs from a Convulsion The causes It is good for a feaver to happen upon a Palsie The decoctioÌ„ of Guaiacumis good for a Palsie Things actually hotegood for to be applied to paraliticke meÌ„bera Leon. Faventi his ointment An approved ointment for the Palsie A distilled water good to wash them outwardly to drinke inwardly Exercises and frictions Chymicall oyles What Sowning is Three causes of sowning The cure of sowning caused by dissipation of spirits The cure of sowning caused by a venenate aire The cure of Sowning caused by oppression and obstruction What a Symptomaticall Delirium is The causes thereof Why the brain suffers with the midriffe The Cure The differences of a brokeÌ„ head The kinds of a broken Scul out of Hippocrates Differences from their quantity Differences from their figure From their complication The externall causes Rationall causes Aphor. 50. sec 6. Lib. 8 cap. 4. Hippocrates and Guidoes conjecturall fignes of a broken scull Sensible signes of a broken scull before the dividing of the skinne Lib. de vuluere cap. What a probe must be used in searching for a fracture Lib. 5. Epid. in Autonomus of Omsium Hipcrates was deceized by the futures Vpon what occasion the hairy sealpe must be cut Celsus Hippocrater The manner how to pull the hairiesealp from the broken scull The manner to binde a vessell in case of too much bleeding A History A way to finde a fracture in the scull when it presents not it selfe to the view at the first A signe that both the Tables are broken You may use the Trepan after the tenth day It it sufficient in a simple fissure to dilate it with your Scalpri onely and not to Trepan it What an Ecchymosis is How 〈◊〉 contusion of the scull must be cured What a contusion is What an Effracture is The causes of Effractures The cure Hip. lib. do â—ulâ— cap. Gal. sib 6. meth cap. 〈◊〉 A History What a seate is The cure Lib. 8. cap. 4. A History What a Resonitus is Lib. 6. cap. 90. In whom this fracture may take place in diverse bones of the scull A History The Resonitus may be in the same bone of the scull A History Why Hippocrates set dovvne no way to cure a Resonitus The manner to know when the scull is fractured by a Resonitus Gal. lib. 2. de comp medic cap. 6. Com. ad Aph. 58 sect 7. Lib. 5. Epidem The vessels of the braine broken by the commotion thereof signes Celsus The cause of vomiting when the head is wounded Aphor. 14 sect 7 A History What was the necessary cause of the death of King Henry the second of France A History A History Why some die of small wounds and others recover of great Hippoc. de vul cap. Whether the wounds of children or old people are better to heale Aph. 15. sect 1. Aphor. 65 sect 5 Aph. 47 sect 2. Wounds which are dry rough livide and black are evill The signes of a feaver caused by an Erysipelas Why an Erysipelas chiefely assailes the face The cure of an Erysipelas on the face Why oyly things must not be used in an Erysipelas of the face Aph. 25. sect 6 Deadly signes in wounds of the head A convulsion is caused by drynesse A twofold cause of convulsisieke drynesse Lib. 4. de usu partium Opinion of Champhius The signes of a deadly wound from the depraved faculties of the minde From habite of the body From the time that such signes appears Celsus lib. 8. câ— 4. When the patients are out of danger The patient must beware of cold How the ayre ought to be Aphor. 18. sect 〈◊〉 Lib. 2 de usâ— part ca. 2. The Aire though in summer is colder than the braine The discommodities of too much light What his drink must be Almonds encrease the paine of the head What fish he may eate Aphor 13. 14 sect 1. Aphor. 15 sect 2 Why sleepe upon the day-time is good for the braine being enflamed Lib. 2. Epidem The discommodities ensuing immoderate Watching Gal. Meth. 13. Medicinâ—s procuring sleepe The commodities of sleepe Lib. 4. Meth. Lib. de cur per sanguâ—… Miss The use of Fractures A History The two chiefe Indications in blood letting The discommoditis of venery in vvounds of the head Hovv hurtfull noyse is to the fractures of the scull A History Of a simple wound of the flesh and the skinne A degestive medicine A sarcoticke Medicine An Epuloticke A History What things we must observe in sovveing When we must not let blood in wounds A History The bitings of man and beasts are venenate Theriacall 〈…〉 picke Medicines A Cordiall Epithema The cure of the Hairy scalpe when it is contused A repelling medicine A discussing Fomentation Ceratum de Minio Detersive or clensing medicines Why the Pericranium hath such exquisite sense Gal. 6. Meth. The bones are offended with the application of humide things Lib. dei ulcer 〈◊〉 6. Math. Vigoes Cerate good for a broken scull A liniment good against convulsions Gal. 4. Meth. How farre humide things are good for a fractured scull Why Cephalicke or Catagmaticke pouders are good When to used How to be mixed when trey are to bee applyed to the Meninges Why a repelling Ligature cannot be used in fractures of the Scull How the patient must be placed when you Trepan him What to be done before the application of the Trepan The harme the bone receives by being heated with the Trepan What things hasten these ailing of the bone The bone must not be forcibly scailed A caution in Trepaning A safe and convenient Trepan The use of a Leaden Mallet Why a Trepan must not be applyed to the sutures Why two Trepans are to be used to a fractured suture A bone almost severed from the scull must not be Trepaned A notable cavitie in the forehead bone Lib. de â—ul câ— A rule out of Hippocrates What discommodities arise from cutting the temporall muscle A history A history The generation of a Fungus Why when the scull is broken the bones sometimes become foule or rotten The signes of foulenesse of the bone Corrupt bones are sometimes hard The benefit of a vulnerary potion A History A great falling away of a corrupt bone Aph. 45. Sect. 6 The
dry In what cases good What the plague is Sect. 3. aphor How it comes to kill The originall Bubo's Carbuncles c. in the plague Amos 3. Acts 17 The second causes have their power from God as the first cause The generall causes of the plague Lib. 6 de loc affectis How the seasons of the yeere may be said to want their seasonablenesse How the aire may be corrupted Lib. 8. hist aâ—iâ— Pestiferous putrefaction is â—ar different from ordinary putrefaction In a pestilent constitution of the aire all diseases become pestilent Lib. 1. de differ feb How the aire may be said to putrefie A Southerly constitution of the aire is the fuell of the Plague Three causes of the putrefâ—ction of humours Passions of the mind helpe forward the putrefaction of the humours Why Abortionâ— are frequent in a pestilent season A Catarrhe with difficulty of breathing killing many The english sweating sicknesse The Plague is not the definite name of one disease What signes in the earth forâ—tell a Plague How pestilent vapours may kill plants and trees Change of places the surest prevention of the Plague Two things of chiefe account for prevention Diet for prevention of the Plague Discommodities of a cloudy or toggy aire Why the South wind is pestilent The efficacy of fire against the Plague Moderate repleâ—ion good for prevention A strange art to drive away the Plague The antipathy of poysons with poysons Whether in the plague time one must travell by night or by day Why the Moon is to be shunned Garlick good against the Plague What water to be made choice oâ— in the Plague time Aqua theriacalis good against the Plague both inwardly taken outwardly applyed The composition thereof A Cordiall water A Cordiall clectuary Anâ—… Another Another A consection to be taken in the morning against the pestilent Aire A March-pane Pils of Ruffus Other pils Other pils Of what nâ—…e the medicines outwardly used ought to be Pomanders Sweet poudeâ—… Bagges Unsavory things to bee eschewed An unguent Why venery is to be shunned Running ulcers good in time of pestilence Places to be shunned in time of plague What company to be avoided You must doe nothing in a pestilent season whereby you may grow too hot Why dogs and cats must be killed in a plague time Why Bathes and hot-houses are not then to be allowed Such as dye of the plague doe quickly putrefiâ— Lib. 2. de occult â—at mirac The villany of some baâ—e people Our lots are in the hands of the Lord. Where to make issues in the time of the Plague Cap 8. Epist 2. What to weare How to visite your patients A history Whence certain signes of the Plague may be taken The cause of such as have the Plague suddenly changed Why some that â—e taken with the plague are â—eepy Why their urine are like those that are â—â—und An ulcerous painefull wearinesse from the beginning sheweth the Plague to be deadly Why they have no sores Sâ—gnes of choler When the urine is to be looked upon Why some are much troubled with thirst others not at all No certain prediction in tâ—… Plaâ—… A history Why young men sooner take the Plague than old What Plague most contagious Who least subject to take the Plague Who subject thereto Signes that the disease is incurable A good signe A deadly signe In whâ—t aire most contagious What effects feare and confidence produce in the Plague The originall of the Plague alwaies from the Aire Signes that natuee is oâ—â—come Change of the Aire â—onduâ—â—â—h to the cure of the Plague Aire penâ— up is apt to putreâ—… The materials for sweet fires Lib 16. cap 13. Perfumes Sweet candles A sweet water to smell to A Nodula to smell to Why such as have the plague may feed more fully Pulse must be shunned The manner of diet For the second course In the end of the meale A restaurative drinke An Oxymel A Julep The commodities of oxycrate To whom hurtfull The drinking of cold water to whom when profitable Lib. 3. cap. 7. For drynesse or roughnesse of the mouth For the Ulcers thereof The choice of waters Hip. sect 5. aphor 26. The beginning of the cuâ—… must be by antidotes In what quantity they must be taken Why poisonous things are put into Antidotes Some poysons Antidotes to othersome How to walke after the taking of an Antidote A sudoâ—ifick potion A sudorifick powder A distilled water against the Plague Another What meane to be used in sweating Whereof they must be made Repercussives not fit to be applyed to Carbuncles Reasons for and against bloud-letting in the Plague The composing of this controversie A history When purging and bleeding may be used Aph. 22 sect 2. Aph. 10. sect 4. Cap. 7. lib 3. Why bloud must 〈◊〉 let on th â—…me in the Plague What purges fit in thel lague Pils An effectuall sudorifick and also purging medicine The vertues of Mugwort Vide Rondelet Lib. 7. de pâ—s c. 3. 〈◊〉 Potion The effects of mercury copperose against the Plague The cause of phrensie in the Plague The benefit of opening an artery Aph. 10. sect 6. A history To stay bleeding Medicines to â—â—ocuresleep A Cataplasme An ointment for the reines An ointment for the heart The noise of dropping water drawes on sleep The differences of the spots in the plague Their severall names and the reasons of them When signes of death Why they somtimes appeare after the death of the patient They are to be cured by driving â—orth The indication of curing taken 〈◊〉 the like An ointment to draw them forth when as they appear too slowly In proâ—… 〈◊〉 Diâ—sâ— What a pesâ—â—lent Bubo is The signe of Bubo's salutary and deadly The use of cupping glasses in curing a Bubo A liniment A compound 〈◊〉 Why vesicatories are better than cauâ—… in a pestilent 〈◊〉 Strong drawing 〈◊〉 Against such as cut away plague 〈◊〉 A digestive fomentation An anodine Cataplasme Why it is best to open a Plague-sore with a potentiall cautery How to draw forth a sore that seems to goe in againe When repercussives may be applyed Why too much bleeding is to be feared Lâ—â—iments to hasten the falling way of the Eschar Against â—ating ulcers The praise of Aegyptiacum What a Carbuncle is The signes of a Carbuncle When so called Symptomes of Carbuncles How the matter of a Bubo Carbuncle differ Why it is deadly to have a sore come after the Feaver Huge postilent Abscesses commonly deadly Deadly Carbuncles A history How to distinguish purple spots from flea-bitings Why Emplastick very hot and great drawers are not good for a carbuncle A Cataplasme for a pestilent Carbuncle Another Other Cataplasmes The effect of Scabious against a pestilen Carbuncle A Radish root drawes out the venome powerfully The top of a Carbuncle when why and with what to be â—urneâ— The falling of the Eschar promiâ—eth health A twofold indication Why the adjacent parts are troubled with 〈◊〉 A fomentation for this
resolution What a liniment is Oyntments their differences Unguentum adstringens Unguentum nutritum Vnguentum aureum Vng Tetraphâ—…macum scu Basiâ—…m Ung. Diapompholygos Vng desiccatvum rubrum Ung. Enulatum Vng album Rhasis De Althaea Vng Populeuâ—… Vng Apostolorum Comâ—… Ung. pto stomacho Ung. ad morsus rubiosos ex li. 1. Gal. de comp sce genera 3. De comp med see gen What a Cerat is The differences Emplasters Signes of a plaster perfectly boyled The quantity of things to be put into plasters Empl. de Vigo with Mercury Ceratum oesipiex Philagrio Degratia Dei De janua seu de Betonica Emplastrum oxycroceum De cerusa Tripharmacum seu nigrum Diapalma seu diachalciteos Contrarupturam De mucaginibus De minio Diachylon magnum The use of plasters The matter of cataplasmes Their use Lib. 2. ad glaucubi deschirrho An anodine cataplasme A ripening cataplasme A discussing caplasme How pultisses differ from caplasmes A ripening cataplasme Their use 2. De victu iâ—â—cutis What an Embrocation is Their use What an Epitheme is In the sixth Chapter A cordiall Epitheme Their use The use of potentiall cauteries The matter of them The formes of them The signe of good Capitellum The faculty of the silken Cautery The cause of the name Their description The description of Mercury or Angelicall powder What vesicatorie and rubrifâ—ing medicines are The description of a vesicatory Their use What a collyrium is The difference of them Their use Their matter A repercussive collyrium An anodine A detergent What an errhine is Their differences The forme of one An errhine purging phlegme An errhine with powders A Rernutatory The matter of solid errhines Their use The manner of using them To whom they are hurtfull What an apophlegmatism is The differences The use of masticatories To whom hurtfull What a gargle is The differences thereof Their matter An astringent gargle An anodine gargle A detersive What a dentifrice is The differences The matter whereof they consist A powder for a Dentifricc Their usâ—… Whata bag or quilt is Their differences A quilt for the stomacke A cap for a cold head A quilt for the heart Their use What a fumigation is Their differences and matter A cephalicke sume For the hardnesse of the sinewes For the relicks of the Lues venerea The manner of using them The manner of a moist fumigation A moist fume for the eares What an insâ—… is The matter A halfe bath for the stone in the kidneies The use The manner of using it The faculties of Bathes Their differences Naturall Baths How to know whence the Bathes have their efficacy The condition of naturall sulphureous waters Of aluminous waters Of salt and nitious Oâ— bituminous Of brasen Of iron Of leaden Of hot baths To whom hurtfull The faculties of cold baths The Spaw Of artificiall baths The faculty of a bath of warme water Why wâ— put oile into baths Why we must not continue in the bath till we sweat A mollifying anodine bath Cautions to be observed in the use of baths The fittest time for bathing How to order the patient comming forth of the bath The differences of Stoves How made A vaporous stove or bath As the colour of the skin is such is the humour that is thereunder Waters wherewith to wash the face Compound liquors wherewith to wash the face Virgins 〈◊〉 The marrow of sheeps bones good to smooth the face How to makâ— Salcerussae How to paint the face Why worse in winter than in summer Diâ—â— Remedies An approved ointment To dry up the pustles To kill tettarâ— To smooth the skinne What things are fit to dy the haire How to wash Lime A water to black the haire To make the haire of a flaxen colour A depilatory Another Sweet waters Lavander water Clove water Sweet water What distillation is Foure degrees of heate What heate fittest for what things The matter the best for Fornaces A round forme the best for Fornaces Leaden vessells ill Brasse worse The best vessells for distillation Hot things must bee often distilled * By Aquavita in this and most other places is meant nothing but the spirit of 〈◊〉 The parts of an Alembecke Why those things that are distilled in Balneo retaine more of the strength of things What things neede not to be macerated before they bee dissolved The maceration of plants in their owne juice The varieties of stilled waters Rose water Restauratives Another way of making restorative Liquors Spirit of wine seaven times rectified The faculties of the spirit of wine The distilling of Wine and Vinegar is different The first way The second Lac Virginis Ch. 44. of suci Oiles by expression By infusion By distillation Oyle of Bay-berries Of Egges Oyle of S. Iohns wort Of Masticke What oyles are to be drawne by expression The first manner of drawing oiles by distillation Another way What oiles fall to the bottome The description of Pepper The uses thereof The Cinnamon tree 7. simp An excellent Cinnamon tree A signe that the spirit of wine hath fetcht out the strength of the ingredients A signe that the ingredients have loâ—â— their strength What a Retort is The differences of Gummes Cautions in distilling of gummes How to make oyle of Turpentinâ—… How to make oyle of waxe The faculties thereof How to make oyle of myrrhe How to give it a pleasing colour and smell Vesalius hiâ— balsame Fallopius hiâ— balsame What frankinâ—ense is The faculties thereof The signe of perfectly calcined vitrioll Why a Chirurgion must be carefull in making of Reports Why judgement is difficult Wounds teâ—med great for three respects How long a Chirurgion must suspend his judgement in some cases Generall signes whereby we judge of diseases Wounds deadly by the fault of the ayre Singnes of a fractured scull Signes of death by a wound on the head Signes that the throate is cut Signes that a wound hath pierced in the capâ—city of the chest Signes that the Lungs are wounded That the heart is wounded The midriffe The Vâ—…â—a and great Artery The spinall marrow The Liver The stomacke The spleene The guts The kidneyes The bladder The womb The Nerves Signes that an infant is smothered or over-layd Signes of such as are slaine by Lightning Lib. 2. cap. 54. Signes of wounds given to a living and dead man Signes whether on be hanged alive or dead Whether one found dead in the water came therein a live or dead 〈◊〉 such as are smothered by Charcoale Lib. 9. cap. 12. lib. 23. A history Sect. 5. Aph. 5. The occasion of the death of such as have the apoplexie Conditions of the ayre good to breath in Of the signes of virginitie Lib. de errâ—r popul Aph. 39. sect 5. Lib. 4. de hist animal cap. 20. Lib. 12. de subtilet A certificate of death Another in a doubtfull case In the losse of a member Another in the hurts of divers parts A caution in making report of a woman with child being killed The care of the