women who stealing out of Alexanders campe taking his horse backe rode vnto Darius to bring him newes of the death of his wife Then Darius beating of his head weping bitterly cried out alowd Oh goddes what wretched happe haue the PERSIANS that haue not onely had the wife and sister of their king taken prisoners euen in his life time but now that she is dead also in trauell of childe she hath bene depriued of princely buriall Then spake the Eunuch to him and said For her buriall most gracious king for all due honor that might be wished her PERSIA hath no cause to complaine of her hard fortune For neither did Queene Statira your wife whilest she liued prisoner nor your mother nor daughters want any parte or iot of their honor they were wont to haue before sauing onely to see the light of your honour the which god Oranusdes graunt to restore againe if it be his will vnto your maiestie neither was there any honor wanting at her death to set forth her starely funeralles that might be gotten but more was lamented also with the teares of your enemies For Alexander is as mercifull in victorie as he is valliant in battell Darius hearing the Eunuches wordes being vexed in minde for very griefe tooke the Eunuche aside into the secretest place of his tent and said vnto him If thou be not with the misfortune of the PERSIANS becomen a MACEDONIAN but doest in thy hart acknowledge Darius for thy soueraine Lord and master I pray thee and do also coniure thee by the reuerence thou bearest vnto this bright light of the sunne and to the right hande of the king that thou doe tell me truely Are these the least euills which I lament in Statira blest imprisonment and death And did she not in her life make vs more miserable by her dishonor than if we had dishonorably fallen into the hands of a cruell enemy For what honest communication I pray thee can a young victorious Prince haue with his enemies wife a prisoner hauing done her so much honor as he hath done Darius going on with these speeches Tireus the eunuch fell downe on his knees besought him not to say so neither to bleamish the vertue of Alexander in that sorte nor yet so to dishonor his sister and wife deceased and thereby also to depriue him selfe of the greatest comfort he could wish to haue in this calamitie which was to be ouercome by an enemy that had greater vertues than a man could possibly haue but rather that he should wonder at Alexanders vertue who had shewed him selfe chaster to the Ladies than valliant against the PERSIANS And therewithall the eunuch confirmed the great honesty chastity and noble minde of Alexander by many great and deepe othes Then Darius comming out among his frendes againe holding vp his handes vnto the heauens made this prayer vnto the gods O heauenly gods creators of men protectors of kings and realmes first I beseech you graunt me that restoring the PERSIANS againe to their former good state I may leaue the realme vnto my successors with that glorie and fame I receiued it of my predecessors that obtaining victory I may vse Alexander with that great honor and curtesie which he hath in my misery shewed vnto those I loued best in the world Or otherwise if the time appointed be come that the kingdom of PERSIA must nedes haue end either through diuine reuenge or by naturall chaunge of earthly things Then good goddes yet graunt that none but Alexander after me may sit in Cyrus throne Diuers writers do agree that these things came euen thus to paste Now Alexander hauing conquered all ASIA on this side of the riuer of Euphrates he went to meete with Darius that came downe with ten hundred thowsand fighting men It was told him by some of his frendes to make him laugh that the slaues of his army had deuided them selues in two parts and had chosen them a Generall of either parte naming the one Alexander and the other Darius and that at the first they beganne to skirmish only with cloddes of earth and afterwardes with fiftes but at the last they grew so hot that they came to plaine stones and staues so that they could not be parted Alexander hearing that would needes haue the two Generalls fight hand to hand one with the other and Alexander selfe did arme him that was called Alexander Philotas the other which was called Darius All the army thereupon was gathered together to see this combat betwene theÌ„ as a thing that did betoken good or ill lucke to come The fight was sharp betwene them but in th end he that was called Alexander ouercame the other and Alexander to reward him gaue him twelue villages with priuiledge to goe after the PERSIAN maner Thus it is written by Eratosthenes The great battell that Alexander fought with Darius was not as many writers report at Arbeles but at Gausameles which signifieth in the PERSIAN tongue the house of the cammell For some one of the auncient kings of PERSIA that had scaped from the hands of his enemies flying vpon a drumbledary cammell lodged him in that place and therefore appointed the reuenues of certaine villages to keepe the cammell there There fell out at that time an eclipse of the moone in the moneth called Boedromion now August about our the time that the feast of the misteries was celebrated at ATHENS The eleuenth night after that both their armies being in sight of the other Darius kept his men in battell ray and went him selfe by torche light viewing his bandes and companies Alexander on thother side whilest his MACEDONIAN souldiers slept was before his tent with Aristander the Soothsayer and made certaine secret ceremonies and sacrifices vnto Apollo The auncient Captaines of the MACEDONIANS specially Parmenio seeing all the vallie betwext the riuer of Niphates and the mountaines of the GORDIEIANS all on a bright light with the fires of the barbarous people and hearing a dreadfull noise as of a confused multitude of people that filled their campe with the found thereof they were amazed and consulted that in one day it was in maner vnpossible to fight a battell with such an incredible multitude of people Thereupon they went vnâ—â— Alexander after he had ended his ceremonies and did counsell him to geue battell by night bicause the darkenes thereof should helpe to keepe all feare from his men which the sight of their enemies would bring them into But then he gaue them this notable aunswere I wil 〈…〉 steale victorie ê™ he This aunswere seemed very fonde and arrogant to some that he was so pleasaunt being neere so great daunger Howebeit others thinke that it was a present noble corage and a deepe consideration of him to thinke what should happen thereby to geue Darius no maner of occasion if he were ouercomen to take hart againe and to proue another battell accusing the darkenes
had cōmaunded there should be a bill made of all the olde mens names and diseased persones that were in his campe to sende them home againe into their contry there was one Eurylochus AEGEIAN that made his name be billed among the sicke persons it was sound afterwardes that he was not sicke and confessed that he did it only to follow a young woman called Telesippa with whom he was in loue who was returning homewardes towardes the sea side Alexander asked him whether this woman were free or bond he answered him that she was a curtisan free borne Then sayd Alexander vnto Eurylochus I would be glad to further thy loue yet I can not force her to tarie but seeke to winne her by giftes and fayer wordes to be contented to tarie sithence she is a free woman It is a wonderfull thing to see what paines he would take to write for his frendes euen in such trifles as he did As when he wrote into CILICIA for a seruaunt of Seleucus that was fled from his master sending straight commaundement that they should carefully lay for him And by an other letter he commendeth Peucestas for that he had stayed and taken one Nicon a slaue of Craterus And by one other letter also vnto Megabizus touching an other bondman that had taken sanctuarie in a temple he commaunded him also to seeke to intise him out of the sanctuarie to laye hold on him if he could but otherwise not to meddle with him in any case It is sayd also that at the first when he vsed to sit in iudgement to heare criminall causes whilest the accuser went on with his complaint and accusation he alwayes vsed to lay his hande vppon one of his eares to keepe that cleane from the matter of accusation thereby reseruing it to heare the purgacion and iustificacion of the person condemned But afterwardes the number of accusations that were brought before him did so prouoke and alter him that he did beleue the false accusations by the great number of the true that were brought in But nothinge put him more in rage then when be vnderstoode they had spoken ill of him and then he was so fierce as no pardon would be graunted for that he loued his honor more then his kingdome or life Then at that time he went against Darius thinking that he ment to fight againe but vnderstanding that Bessus had taken him then he gaue the THESSALIANS leaue to departe home into their contrie and gaue them two thowsand talentes ouer and aboue their ordinarie pay Alexander had then a maruelous long hard and painefull iorney in following of Darius for in eleuen dayes he rode three thowsande three hundred furlong insomuch as the most parte of his men were euen wearie and done for lacke of water It chaunced him one day to meete with certaine MACEDONIANS that caried vppon moyles goate skinnes full of water which they had fetched from a riuer They seeing Alexander in manner deade for thirst being aboutnoone ranne quickely to him and in a headpeece brought him water Alexander asked them to whom they caried this water They answered him againe that they caried it to their children but yet we would haue your grace to liue for though we lose them we may get more children When they had sayd so Alexander tooke the helmet with water and perceiuing that the men of armes that were about him and had followed him did thrust out their neckes to looke vpon this water he gaue the water backe againe vnto them that had geuen it him and thanked them but dranke none of it For sayd he if I drinke alone all these men here will faint Then they seeing the noble corage and curtesie of Alexander cried out that he should lead them and therewithall beganne to spurre their horses saying that they were not wearie nor a thirst nor did thinke them selues mortall so long as they had such a king Euerie man was a like willing to followe Alexander yet had he but three score only that entred with him into the enemies campe There passinge ouer much golde and siluer which was scattered abroade in the market place and going also by many charriottes full of women and children which they found in the fields flying away at all aduenture they ranne vpon the spurre vntil they had ouertaken the foremost that fled thinking to haue founde Darius amongest them But at the length with much a doe they founde him layed along in a coche hauing many woundes vpon his bodie some of darts and some speares So he being almost at the last cast called for some drinke and dranke colde water which Polystratus gaue him To whom when he had dronke he sayd this is my last mishappe my frend that hauing receiued this pleasure I can not require thee howbeit Alexander will recompence thee and the goddes Alexander for the liberalitie and curtesie which he hath shewed vnto my wife and children whom I pray thee embrace for my sake At these last wordes he tooke Polystratus by the hande and so gaue vp the goast Alexander came immediatly after and plainely shewed that he was sorie for his death and misfortune and vndoing his owne cloke he cast it vpon the body of Darius After that hauing by good happe gotten Bessus into his hands he tare him in peces with two high straight trees which he bowed downewards and tied his legges to eche of them so that when the trees were let goe they gaue a sodaine cruell ierke vp and caried either tree a peece of his bodie with it Then Alexander hauing geuen Darius corse Princely buriall and embalned him he sent it vnto his mother and receiued his brother Exathres for one of his frendes From thence he went into the contrie of HYRCANIA with all the flower of his armie where he sawe the gulfe of the sea Caspium which he thought of no lesse greatnesse then the sea of PONTVS howbeit calmer then the other seas be He could not then certainly finde out what it was nor from whence it came but of likelyhoode he thought it was some breaking out of the lake or marrish of Meotin Yet some auncient naturall Philosophers seemed to know truely what it was For many yeares before Alexanders voyage and conquest they wrote that of the foure chiefest gulfes of the sea that commeth from the Ocean and doe entre within maine land that which is most northerly is the sea Caspium which they call also Hyrcanium As Alexander went through the contrie certaine barbarous people sodainely sette vppon them that led Bucephal his horse and tooke him but with that he was in such a rage that he sent a Heraulde into their contrie to proclaime open warres vppon them and that he would put man woman and childe to the sword if they brought him not his horse againe Whereuppon when his horse was returned home and that they yeelded vp their cities and fortes into his handes he did vse
vnto the gods Darius army of tenne hundred thowsand fighting men against Alexander at the riuer of Euphrates The magnanimity of Alexander Alexanders third battell with Darius The armor of Alexander An Eagle flewouer Alexanders head when he went so fight with Darius The flying of Darius Alexanders third victory of Darius and liberalithe of all men * The strength and power of Nepina in the contry of Ecbatania VVhat Medaes enchantment was * In this place there lacke certaine lynes in the Greeks originall No lâ—â—e in the countrie of Babylon Tresure found by Alexander at the citie of Susa. * Is seemeth that he meaneth of silke dyed in purple whereof the best that was in Europe was made in the citie of Hermiona in Laconia Alexanders iorney into Persia. Alexander found a maruelous measure in Persia The insoleus boldnes of Thais the herles Persopolls set a fire by Alexander Alexanders prodigalitie reproued by his mother Olympias Alexander reproueth the finenes and curiositie of his frendes Alexander enemy to idlenes Alexanders care of his frendes and wonderfull curtesie towards them Alexander keps one eare for the condeÌ„med person Alexander would not pardon ill wordes spoken of him Alexanders painefull iorney in following of Darius The loue of Alexander to his souldiers and abstinence Alexander regarded not the spoyle of gold siluer in respect of pursuing his flying enemy The death of Darius The punishment and execution of Bessus The sea Hyrcanium or Caspium Alexander goeth after the maner of the Persians Some faultes are to be borne with in a man of great vertues Orexartes fl Alexander with one word of his mouth brought the Macedonians to obedience Alexander maried Roxane a Persian Quarrell betwext Hephaestion and Craterus VVhy Philotas was suspected and enuied of Alexander Limnus traizerously seeketh to kill Alexander Philotas and his father Partmenio put to death Antipater was affrayed of Alexander VVVhy Alexander slue Clitus Alexanders dreame of Clitus The malapertnes of Clitus against Alexander Alexander slue Clitus grieuously repented him Callisthenes and Anaxarchus do comfort Alexander The cause why Callisthenes was envyed Aristotle thought Callisthenes eloquent but not wise Callisthenes suspected of treasoÌ„ against Alexander Alexander offended with Aristotle The death of Callisthenes the rethoritian The iourney of Demaratus CorinthiaÌ„ vnto Alexander and his death Alexanders iourney into India Alexander burnt his cariages The crueltie of Alexander towardes his men A monsterous lamme appeared vnto Alexander A spring of oyle found by the riuer of Oxus Oyle refresheth wearynes The citie of Nisa Acuphis wise aunswer vnto Alexander King Taxiles talke with Alexander Alexanders aunswer to Taxiles Alexander dishonorably brake the peace he had made Alexanders actes against king Porus. Hydaspes fl The statute of king Porus. The quick-wit and catâ— of the ElephaÌ„t to saue the king his master Alexanders conquests in the Indiaes The death of Bucephal Alexanders horse Bucephalia a great citie built by Alexander apon the riuer of Hydaspes why so named Peritas Alexanders dogge Ganges fl Gangaridae and Prosij people of India Alexanders returne out of India Alexanders vaine deuises to make him selfe immortall King Androcottus Alexander in daunger at the citie of the Mallians The wise men of India Alexanders questions propounded to the ten Philosophers of India Alexander rewarded the ten wise men and did let them goe Onesicritus a Philosopher Calanus other wise called Sphines Dandamis Calanus a wise man of India The 〈…〉 of a kingdom shewed by a peece of leather Psitulcis an Iland Alexanders nauie in the sea Oceanum Alexanders armie going in to India Sheepe fed with fishe The contry of Gedrosia The contry of Carmania The riot of Alexanders souldiers The citie of Thapsacus The prouinces conquered by Alexanders rebelled against him The death of Polymachus Pelleian Calanus the Indian did sacrifice him selfe aliue Alexander made men drinke to wyn a game and price The Macedonians maried vnto the Persians The wonderfull giftes of Alexander Alexander payed the soldiers dets Antigenes with one eye a valiant Captaine banished the court for making a lye Thirty thowsand boyes of the Persians taught the discipline of wars by Alexanders commauÌ„dement The clemencie and liberalitie of Alexander vnto his soldiers The death of Hephaestion Alexanders sorow for the death of Hephaestion Stasicrates an excellent image maker Diuers signes before Alexanders death Alexander feared Antipater Alexander fell sicke of an agew Arsitobulus report of the sicknes and death of Alexander The death of Alexander the great Aristotle suspected for the poysoning of Alexander Statira slaine by Roxane Aridaeus Alexanders bastard brother Caesar ioyned with Cinna Marius Caesar tooke sea and went vnto Nicomedes king of Bithynia Caesar taken of pirate Iunius Praetor of Asia Caesar eloquence Caesar loued hospitalitie Caesar a follower of the poeple Ciceroes iudgement of Caesar. The loue of the people in Rome was Caesar. Caesar chosen Tribunus militum Caesar made the funerall oration at the death of his aunt Iulia. Caesar the first that praised his wife in funerall oration Caesar made Questor Pompeia Caesars third wife Caesars prodigality Caesar accused to make a rebellion in the state The death of Metellus chiefe Bishop of Rome Caesar made chiefe Bishop of Rome Caesar suspected to be coÌ„federate with Catiline in his conspiracy Caesar went about to deliuer the conspirators Catoes oration against Caesar. The loue of P. Clodius vnto Pompeia Caesars wife The good goddesse what she was and her sacrifices Clodius taken in the sacrifices of the good goddesse Clodius accused for prophaning the sacrifices of the good goddesse Caesar putteth away his wife Pompeia Clodius quit by the Iudges for prophaning the sacrifices of the good goddesse Caesar Praetor of Spaine Crassus surety for Caesar to his creditors Caesars actes in Spayne Caesar order betwext the creditor and detter Caesar souldiers called him Imperator Caesar reconÌ„cileth Pompey and Crassus together Catoes foresight and prophecy Caesars first Consulship with Calphurnius Bibulus Caesars lawes Lex agraria Caesar maried his daughter Iulia vnto Pompey Caesar maried Calphurnia the daughter of Piso. Pompey by force of armes authorised Caesars lawes Caesar sent Cato to prison Caesar by Clodius draue Cicero out of Italy Caesar a valliant souldier and a skillfull Captaine Caesars conquestes in Gaule The loue and respect of Caesars souldiers vnto him The wonderfull valliantnes of Acilius Cassius Scaua diuers others of Caesars souldiers Granius Petronius Caesar had the falling sickenes The temperance of Caesar in his dyet Caesar ciuilitie not to blame his frend The Tigurinians slaine by Labienus Arax fl Caesar refused his horse wheÌ„ he sought a battell The Heluetians slaine by Caesar. Rheynus fl Caesar made warre with king Ariouistus The wise women of Germany how they did foretell thinges to come King Ariouistus ouerthrowen by Caesar. The Belgae ouercome by Caesar. Neruij the slowtest warriers of all the Belgae The Neruij slaine by Caesar The great Lordes of Rome come to Luca to Caesar Ipes
to wrath he neither regarded his persone nor the intent of his iorney but runninge farre before his men he cried with a lowde voyce to the tyran and chalenged the combat of him The tyran woulde not abide him nor come out to fight with him but fled and hid him selfe amongest his souldiers But for his souldiers the first that thought to set apon Pelopidas were slaine by him and many left dead in the fielde The residue standing stowtly to it and close together did passe his curaces through with their long pykes and thrust him into the brest The THESSALIANS seeinge him thus sore handled and distressed for pities sake came runninge from the toppe of those hilles to the place where Pelopidas was to helpe him But euen as they came he fell downe deade before them Then did they together with their horsemen so fiercely sette apon them that they made the whole battell of the enemies to flye and followinge them in chase a great waye from that place they couered the valley with deade bodies for they slue aboue three thowsande men It is no maruell if the THEBANS that were at Pelopidas death tooke it very heauilie and lamented bitterly callinge him their father their sauiour and maister as one that hadde taught them the worthiest thinges that might be learned of any But the THESSALIANS and other frendes and confederates also of the citie of THEBES besides their excedinge in setting out their common proclamations and edictes in prayse of his memorie and doing him all the honor that could be due to the most rare and excellent persone that euer was they did yet more shewe their loue and affection towardes him by their passinge great sorowe and mourning they made for him For it is sayed that they that were at the battell did not put of their armor nor vnbridle their horses nor woulde dresse their woundes hearinge tell of his death before they went first and sawe his body not yet colde with fightinge laying great heapes of the enemies spoyles about it as if he coulde haue tolde what they had done nor before they hadde clipped of their owne heares and the heare of their horses in token of sorowe And many of them also when they were come into their tentes and pauilions woulde neither haue fier eate nor drinke and all the campe was full of sorowe and mourninge as if they hadde not wonne a notable victorie but hadde beene ouerthrowen and made subiect by the tyranne Afterwardes when the newes of his deathe was spread through all the contrie the Magistrates of euerie cittie through which Pelopidas bodie was conueyed went to receaue it verie honorablie accompanied with all the younge menne Priestes and children caryinge tokens and crownes of triumphe and other ornamentes of golde And when his funerall daye came that his bodie shoulde be caried to be buried the oldest and noblest persones of the THESSALIANS went to the THEBANS and prayed them that they might haue the buryinge of him and one amonge them beinge the mowthe of the reste spake in this manner to the THEBANS My Lordes of THEBES our good beloued frendes and confederates we onely craue this good turne at your handes wherin you shal much honor vs in our great calamity somwhat also cōfort vs For we shall neuer more accōpany Pelopidas aliue nor requite his honorable deserts to vs that he shal euer know them But if it please you to let vs handle his body with our handes and that we may bury him and set forth his obsequies we will imagine then at the least that you doe thinke that which we our selues do certainly beleue that we THESSALIANS not you THEBANS haue receiued the greatest losse of both For you haue lost in deede a worthy Captaine and we haue not only receaued that like losse with you but the hope also of recoueringe of our liberty For how dare we againe sende to you for an other Captaine when we can not redeliuer you Pelopidas The THEBANS hearing their peticion graunted their desire and in mine opinion no funeralles could be done with greater pompe and honor then the THESSALIANS performed his being men that recken not dignity magnificence pompe to consist in ornaments of Iuory nor of purple As Philistus doth set it out who praiseth to the moone the buryinge of Dionysius the tyran of SYRACVSA which was the ende of his tyranny as a sumptuous conclusion of a stately tragedy And Alexander the great at the death of Ephestion did not only clippe his horse heares mules but plucked downe also the battellments of the wals of the city bicause it shoulde appeare that the very walles them selues did mourne for his death shewinge that deformitie in steede of their former beawtie But all such thinges are done only by force and compulsion apon the Lordes commaundementes which doe but raise vp enuy against their memorie for whom they are done and hatred of them that are against their willes constrained to do the thing they misliked are no iust proofes of honor nor good will but rather vaine showes of barbarous pompe and pride in him that disposeth his authority and plenty of goodes in trifling toyes not to be desired Where contrariwise it plainely appeareth that a priuate man dying in a foreine contry by reason should be accompted most happy of all other creatures that hauing neither his wife kinne nor his children by him he should be conueyed to his funerals accompanied with such multitudes of crowned people and number of cities enuying one an other who should most honor the funerals as being vnrequested least of all compelled For saith Esope the death of a happy man is not greuous but most blessed seeing it bringeth all good mens doinges to happines and leaueth fortune to her fickle chaunge and sportinge pleasure But in my iudgement a LACEDAEMONIAN spake better when he sayd to Diagoras an old man that had him selfe in old time gotten victory in the games Olympicall had sene besides his own childrē his childrens childrē both sonnes daughters crowned with victories also in the self same games O Diagoras die presently els thou shalt neuer come to heauen But these victories of the Olympicall Pythian games whosoeuer should put thē al together are not to be cōpared with one of the battels only that Pelopidas hath foughten wonne hauing spent the most parte of his time in great calling and dignity lastly ended the same beinge gouernor of BOEOTIA the third time which was the highest office of state in all his contry when he had distroied the tyrans that kept the THEBANS in bondage and was also slaine himselfe valiantly fighting for the recouery of the THESSALIANS liberty But as Pelopidas death was greuous to the THEBANS frends confederats so fell it out very profitable for them For the THEBANS hearinge of Pelopidas death did not delay reuenge but sent an army forthwith of seuen thowsande footemen and seuen
hundred horsemen vnder the conduct of Malcitas and of Diogiton They findinge Alexanders army ouerthrowen that he had lost the most parte of his strength did compel him to geue vp the THESSALIANS townes he kept by force against thē to set the MAGNESIANS the PHTHIOTES the ACHAIANS at liberty withdrawinge his garrisons he had placed in their strong holdes and therewithall to sweare that from thence forth he would marche vnder the THEBANS against any enemy they should leade him or commaunde him to go against So the THEBANS were pacified apon these conditions Now will I tell you how the gods plagued him soone after for Pelopidas death who as we haue tolde you before had pretily instructed THEBE his wife that she shoulde not feare the outward appearance nor power of his tyranny although she were enuironed with souldiers of banished mē whom the tyran enterteined to gard his person He self on the other side fearing his falshode as also hating his cruelty conspired her husbands death with her three brethren Tisiphomus Pytholaus Lycophron executed her cōspiracy after this sorte The tyrans palice where he lay was straightly garded euery where with souldiers who nightly watched his persone but their bed chamber which they cōmonly vsed to lie in was in the top of al his palice where they kept a dog tyed at the chamber dore to giue warninge which was a terrible dog and knewe none but the tyran and his wife and his keeper that gaue him meate Nowe when Thebe purposed to worke her feate she locked vp her three brethren a whole day neere vnto their bed chamber So when night was come and being bed time The went her selfe alone according to her maner into Alexanders chamber and finding him a sleepe she stale out straight againe and bad the keeper of the dogge to cary the dogge away for her husbande was disposed to take rest and would haue no noyse There was no way to get vp to this chamber but by a ladder which she let downe and fearing least her brethren should make a noyse she had coueted the ladder staues with wolle before she let it fall downe When she had gotten them vp with their swordes and had set them before the dore she went first her selfe into the chamber tooke away the tyrans sword that hong at his beds head and shewed it them as a token geuen them that he was a sleepe When it came to the pinche to do the deede these young men were afrayed and their heartes beganne to faile them But she tooke on with them and called them cowardly boyes that would not stande to it when it came to the point with all sware in her rage that she woulde goe wake the tyran and open all the treason to him So partely for shame and partely for feare she compelled them to come in and to step to the bed her selfe holding a lampe to light them Then one of them tooke him by the feete and bounde them hard an other caught him by the heare of his head and pulled him backewards the third thrust him through with his sword So by chaunce he dyed sooner then he should haue done and otherwise then his wicked life deserued for the maner of his death So Alexander was the first tyran that was euer slaine by the treason of his wife whose body was most villanously dispitefully vsed after his death For when the townes men of PHERES had drawen him through the city in myer and durt they cast him out at length to the dogs to deuore The ende of Pelopidas life THE LIFE OF Marcellus MArcus Claudius that was fiue times Consull at ROME was the sonne as they say of an other Marcus and as Posidonius wryteth he was the first of his house surnamed Marcellus as who would say a marshall warlike man by nature For he was cunninge at weapons skilfull in warres stronge and lusty of body hardy and naturally geuen to fight Yet was he no quarreler nor shewed his great corage but in warres against the enemy otherwise he was euer gentle and fayer condicioned He loued learning and delited in the Greeke tongue and much esteemed them that could speake it For he him selfe was so troubled in matters of state that he could not study and follow it as he desired to haue done For it God as Homer sayth did euer make men To vse their youth in vvarres and battells fierce and fell till crooked age came creeping on such feates for to expell They were the noblest and chiefest men of ROME at that time For in their youth they fought with the CARTHAGINIANS in SICILE in their midle age against the GAVLES to kepe them from the winning of all ITALIE againe in their old age against Hanniball the CARTHAGINIANS For their age was no priuiledge for them to be dispenced with in the seruice of their warres as it was else for common citizens but they were bothe for their nobilitie as also for their valliantnes and experience in warres driuen to take charge of the armies deliuered them by the Senate people Now for Marcellus there was no battell could make him giue grounde beinge practised in all fightes but yet he was more valliant in priuate combate man for man then in any other fight Therefore he neuer refused enemie that did chalenge him but slue all those in the fielde that called him to the combat In SICILE he saued his brother Octacilius life being ouerthrowen in a skirmishe for with his shielde he couered his brothers body slue them that came to kill him These valliant partes of him being but a young man were rewarded by the generalles vnder whom he serued with many crownes and warlike honors vsually bestowed apon valliant souldiers Marcellus increasing still his valliantnes and good seruice was by the people chosen AEdilis as of the number of those that were the worthiest men and most honorable and the Priestes did create him Augure which is a kinde of Priesthoode at ROME hauing authority by law to consider and obserue the flying of birds to diuine and prognosticate thinges thereupon But in the yere of his office of AEdile he was forced against his wil to accuse Capitolinus his brother in office with him For he being a rash and dissolute man of life fell in dishonest loue with his colleagues sonne Marcellus that bare his owne name who beinge a goodly younge gentleman and newly come to mans state was as well thought of and taken of euery man for his manhoode and good qualities as any way for his beawty and personage The first time Capitolinus moued this dishonesty to him he did of him selfe repulse his shameles offer without any others priuitie but when he saw he came againe to tempt him the seconde time he straight reuealed it to his father Marcellus his father beinge maruelously offended withall as he had good cause went and accused Capitolinus before
they sawe howe by this diligence Eumenes had in so shorte a time gotten about him such a number as sixe thowsand three hundred horsemen About that time Craterus and Antigonus hauing subdued the GRAECIANS came on with their army into ASIA to ouerthrow Perdiccas greatnes and power and newes also that shortly they would inuade CAPPADOCIA Whereupon Perdiccas being otherwise occupied in warres fighting against Ptolomye made Eumenes his Lieutenaunt generall and gaue him commission and full authoritie ouer all his souldiers that were for him either in CAPPADOCIA or in ARMENIA and wrote letters vnto Neoptolemus and Alcetas commaunding them by the same that they should be obedient vnto Eumenes and suffer him to order all matters according to his discretion Now for Alcetas he flatly aunswered that he would not be at this warre for the MACEDONIANS vnder his charge were ashamed to take armes against Antipater and moreouer they would not fight against Craterus but contrarily were bent to receiue him for their Captaine so much good will they bare him Neoptolemus on thother side was as ready to play the traitor and to doe Eumenes a shrewde turne as Alcetas was For being sent for by Eumenes to come to him where he should haue obeyed him he set his men in battell ray to fight with him There did Eumenes reape the first frute of his wise foresight of the horsemen which he had set vp to make head against the footemen of the MACEDONIANS For when his owne footemen were broken and ouerthrowen he ouercame Neoptolemus and put him to flight with his horsemen and tooke all his cariage Then he made them march in order of battell against the MACEDONIANS who were dispersed euery where following the chase of his footemen whom they had ouerthrowen Thus cōming apon them in this disorder he draue them to throwe away their weapons and to yeelde vnto him and moreouer euerie man to take his othe to serue him faithfully in this warre wheresoeuer he would lead them Now Neoptolemus gathering a few together that fled went with them vnto Craterus and Antipater who sent vnto Eumenes to pray him to take their parte with condition that he should not onely enioy the contries and prouinces still which he had in gouernment but furthermore that they would geue him others vnto them and make him stronger then euer he was besides that by thacceptation of thoffer he should be taken for Antipaters good frend where before he was euer reckoned his enemy Whereunto Eumenes made aunswere that hauing alwayes bene Antipaters enemy he could not of a sodaine become his frend specially seeing him vse his frendes as enemies howebeit otherwise that he was very willing to make Craterus peace with Perdiccas and to restore him againe to his fauor apon reasonable indifferent condicions And furthermore that if he ment to assaile him that then he would aide him so longe as he had any breath in his bodie and would lose his life before he woulde breake his promise This aunswere being brought vnto Antipater they fel to consult at leasure what was to be done In the meane space Neoptolemus that fled apon his ouerthrowe was come vnto them who told them how the battell was fought and besought them both verie instantly but Craterus chiefly to geue him aide if it were possible For the MACEDONIANS were so farre in loue with him that if they did but see his hatte and heare him speake they would all arme them selues and follow him For to speake a troth Craterus was had in great estimation amōg the MACEDONIANS insomuch as after Alexanders death he was more desired of the common souldiers than any other Captaine remembring how often he had for their sakes incurred Alexanders disgrace and displeasure bicuase he went about to perswade him to leaue the king of PERSIAES maner whereunto Alexander by litle and litle gaue him selfe and also for that he maintained and defended the customes of the contry of MACEDON the which euery man through pride and excesse beganne to forsake and contemne At that time therefore Craterus sent Antipater into CILICIA and he him selfe with Neoptolemus went against Eumenes with the best parte of his army hoping to take him tardy and altogether vnprouided supposing he would geue him selfe to pleasure and pastime after so late a victorie But Eumenes like a wise and vigilant Captaine had taken such order that he heard newes time enough of his enemies comming and had thereupon prepared his men in readines to resist him Yet was not this the chiefest point of his skill in warre For he looked so precisely to his doings that he did not only kepe his enemies frō knowledge of any thing that he did but making his men also to kill Craterus in battell before they knew against whom they should fight and to keepe also so dreadfull an enemie from their knowledge that of all others shewed the passing skill of an expert Captaine And to worke this feate the better this was his policie First he made a rumor to be spred in his host how Neoptolemus Pigres were againe comen against him with certaine horsemen of all sortes gathered together CAPPADOCIANS and PAPHLAGONIANS And when he thought to haue remoued in the night a great desire of sleepe came apon him in the which he had a maruelous straunge dreame For it seemed vnto him that he saw two Alexanders preparing to fight one with an other either of them leading a battell of footemen ranged after the MACEDONIAN facion who comming to geue charge th one apon the other came the goddesse Minerus to aide the one and Ceres likewise to ayde the other Then him thought that after they had fought a long time together he whom Minerus aided was ouerthrowen and that Ceres had gathered eares of corne and made a crowne of them to geue him that had wonne the field Hereupon Eumenes perswaded him selfe that this dreame made for him and promised him victorie for that he fought for a fertile contrie of corne where was great plenty of it For all the fields were sowen with corne in euery place that it was a pleasure to behold it showing the benefit of long peace to see all the corne fields how greene they looked But whē he vnderstoode that the enemies had giuen their souldiers for the signall of battell Minerus and Alexander then was his first imagination confirmed more then before Whereuppon he gaue Ceres and Alexander for signall of the battell to his souldiers and commaunded euery man to make them a garlande of wheate eares to weare on their heades and that they should wreath flowers and nose gayes about their pikes He was in a minde many times to make his trustiest Captaines priuie against whome they should fight and not alone to trust him selfe withall to keepe so necessary a thing as that secret yet in fine he kept his first resolution thinking it the safest way not to commit this daunger but to him selfe Now when he came to geue battell
meeting marueled much at Eumenes greatly commended his stowtnes Now whilest they were thus in talke together the MACEDONIANS came out of all partes of the campe to see what maner of man Eumenes was bicause that after the death of Craterus there was no talke among the MACEDONIAN souldiers of any Captaine but of Eumenes Neuerthelesse Antigonus fearing they would do Eumenes some mischiefe commaunded them alowde to geue backe and made stones to be throwen amonge them to keepe them of him All this notwithstandinge he was fayne in the end to put them of with his gard and to take Eumenes in his armes and had much a doe to deliuer him safely into his forte againe After this imparlance Antigonus compassed this forte of Nora round about with a wall and left a sufficient number of men to continewe the siege and so went his way with the rest of his army In the meane time Eumenes remained besieged within this forte where there was plenty of wheate water and salt but of no other thing that was good to eate nor swete of tast to susteine them with their bread Yet with such as he had he kept them in good liking that were in house with him For he made them energy one after an other sit at his bourde with him and withall did facion out that manner of dyet with a certaine life and familiarity of pleasaunt deuises to entertaine them at their meate For besides that he sought to shewe them as pleasaunt a countenaunce as he coulde yet naturally he had a sweete fayer face not looking like a man of warre that all the dayes of his life had bene traine vp in it but like a fresh youth being of such a constitution of bodie that the excellentest workeman that euer was could not better set out all the partes and proportion of a man then were naturally to be seene in him His speeche was not harsh nor churlishe but very mylde and pleasaunt as appeareth by the letters he wrote Now for the siege there was nothing that more annoyed the besieged then the narrownes of the forte wherein they were which was not aboue two furlonges compasse about and their houses so litle and narrowe that they could scant turne them in them and did eate and drinke without any manner of exercise for them selues or their horse Now Eumenes to take away the sluggishnesse that graweth by idlenesse a thing most hurtefull to them that are acquainted with trauell and paines to keepe them in breth and to make them the lighter to flie if occasion were offered put his men into the longest widest hall he had in his house being fourteene cubits long to walke vp and downe in and taught them first of all to march fayer and softly and then by litle litle to hasten their pace For the horses he had them he made to be girt before one after an other then did softly trise them vp with long pulleyes fastned to the beames their hindmost feet standing on the ground their formost being aloft The horses being trised vp in this maner their riders came with lowde cries behinde them some with whippes in their hands to lash them that the horse being mad withall yerked out behind sprang forward with his formost legges to much the ground that they did but euen rase it a litle so as euery vaine and sinew of them were strained by this meanes that they blue and were all of a some withall so good an exercise to thē it was as well to put them in breth as to kepe their legges supple to run After that they had their otes very cleane pickt dressed that they might disgest them the soone Antigonus hauing long continued this siege newes came vnto him that Antipater was dead in MACEDON that the realme was in a great broyle through the factions of Cassander Polyperchon Antigonus whose head was straight full of great imaginations greedily couering with him selfe the whole kingdom of MACEDON thought good to make Eumenes his frende that through his helpe he might attaine his desired purpose Thereupon he sent Hyeronemus vnto him to treate of peace and gaue him the forme of the othe which he would haue him sweare vnto him When Eumenes had seene it he would not be sworne in that maner but corrected it sayd that he did referre him selfe to the iudgement of the MACEDONIANS which kept him besieged to iudge which of those two formes were most meetest that which Antigonus had sent him or the same which he had corrected For in Antigonus forme of othe there was a litle mencion only made at the beginning of the blood royall but in all the rest following he bound Eumenes particularly to him selfe But Eumenes in his forme of othe did first of all put Olympias the mother of kinge Alexander and the kinges his sonnes afterwardes and for the rest he sware he would be frende of the frendes and enemie of the enemies not of Antigonus onely but of the kinges and of Olympias The MACEDONIANS being at the siege before Nora did better like the forme of Eumenes othe than they did that of Antigonus So hauing geuen Eumenes his othe made him sweare according to that forme they raised their siege and sent also vnto Antigonus to take his othe All this accomplished Eumenes redeliuered the CAPPADOCIANS their hostages which he had kept in Nora with him and they that came for them gaue him in their steade horse of warre beastes of cariage tentes and pauillions Thus he beganne to gather his men againe together which were dispersed abroade after his ouerthrowe so that in fewe dayes he was aboue a thowsande horsemen with whom he fled fearing yet Antigonus and he did wisely For Antigonus had not onely commaunded them to shutte him vp againe straighter then he was before but besides that wrote sharpe letters and verie angrily vnto the MACEDONIANS which had accepted the correction of the othe Whilest Eumenes wandered vp downe flying still he receiued letters from certaine in MACEDONIA fearing Antigonus greatnesse and specially from Olympias which sent vnto him to come into MACEDON to take the charge and gouernment of her young sonne Alexander whome they sought to put to death Furthermore he likewise receiued letters from Polyperchon and from king Philippe who commaunded him to make warre with Antigonus with his armie he had in CAPPADOCIA and to put in his purse of the kinges fiue hundred siluer talentes which had bene taken from him before which were in the citie of CYNDES and besides to defraye the charges of the warres as much as he thought meete And therewithall also they wrote vnto Antigenes and Teutamus the two Captaines of the Argyraspides to wit the souldiers with the siluer shieldes or shieldes siluered which were of the olde bandes of Alexanders armie These two Captaines hauinge receiued these letters did vse Eumenes with very good wordes shewed him great countenaunce yet
spede after PoÌ„pey But bycause he had no ships ready he let him go hasted towardes SPAYNE to ioyne Pompeys army there vnto his Now Pompey in the meane space had gotten a maruelous great power together both by sea by land His armie by sea was wonderfull For he had fiue hundred good shippes of warre of gallioâ—s foystes pinnases an infinite nomber By land he had all the flower of the horsemeÌ„ of ROME and of all ITALIE to the nomber of seuen thowsand horse all riche men of great houses and valliant minds But his footemen they were men of all sorts raw souldiers vntrained whom Pompey continually exercised lying at the citie of BERROEE not sitting idely but taking paines as if he had bene in the prime of his youth Which was to great purpose to incorage others seeing Pompey being eight and fifty yeare old fight a foote armed at all peeces then a horsebacke quickly to draw out his sword while his horse was in his full career and easely to p 〈…〉 vp againe and to throw his dart from him not onely with such agillitie to hyt pointe blanke but also with strength to cast it such a way from him that fewe young men could doe the like Thither came diuers kinges princes and great lordes of contries and yeelded them selues vnto him and of ROMANE captaines that had borne office he had of them about him the nomber of a whole Senate Amongst them came vnto him Labienus also who before was Caesars frend had alwayes bene with him in his warres in GAVLE There came vnto him also Brutus the sonne of that Brutus which was slaine in GAVLE a valliant man and which had neâ—er spoken vnto Pompey vntil that day bycause he tooke him for a murderer of his father but then willingly followed him as defendor of the libertie of ROME Cicero him selfe also though he had both written and geuen counsell to the contrarie thought it a shame to him not to be amongest the nomber of them that would hazard their liues for defence of their contry There came vnto him also Tidius Sextius euen into MACEDON notwithstanding that he was an old man and lame of one of his legges whom others laughing to scorne to see him come when Pompey saw him he rose went to meete him iudging it a good token of their goodwills vnto him when such olde men as he chose rather to be with him in daunger then at home with safety Hereupon they sate in counsell and following Catoes opinion decreed that they should put no citizen of ROME to death but in battel and should sacke no citie that was subiect to the Empire of ROME the which made Pompeys part the better liked For they that had nothing to doe with the warres either bycause they dwelt farre of or els for that they were so poore as otherwise they were not regarded did yet both in deede and word fauor Pompeys parte thinking him an enemie both to the goddes and men that wished not Pompey victorie Caesar also shewed him selfe very mercifull curteous where he ouercame For when he had wonne all Pompeys armie that was in SPAYNE he suffred the captaines that were taken to go at libertie onely reserued the souldiers Then comming ouer the ALPES againe he passed through all ITALY came to the citie of BRVNDVSIVM in the winter quarter and there passing ouer the sea he went vnto the citie of ORICVM laÌ„ded there Now Caesar hauing Vibius one of Pompeys famillier frends with him whom he had takeÌ„ prisoner he sent him vnto Pompey to pray againe that they might meete both of them desperse their armies within three dayes and being recoÌ„ciled geuing their faith one to an other so to retorne into ITALY like good frends together Pompey thought againe that these were new deuises to intrappe him Thereupon he sodainely weÌ„t downe to the sea tooke all the places of streÌ„gth by the sea side safly to lodge his campe in all the ports creekes harbars for ships to lie in rode so that what wind so euer blew on the skie it serued his turne to bring him either men vittels or money Caesar on thother side was so distressed both by sea by land that he was driueÌ„ to procuer battel to assaile Pompey euen in his owne forts to make him come out to fight with him of whom most times he euer had the better in all skirmishes sauing once when he was in daunger to haue lost all his army For Pompey had valiantly repulsed his men and made them flie and had slaine two thowsand of them in the field but he durst no enter pelmel with them into their campe as they fled Whereupon Caesar saide to his frendes that his enemie had wonne the victorie that day if he had knowen how to ouercome This victorie put Pompeys men in such courage that they would needes hasard battell And Pompey him selfe also though he wrote letters vnto straunge kinges captaines and cities of his confederacie as if he had already wonne all was yet afrayed to fight an other battell thinking it better by tracte of time and distresse of vittells to ouercome him For Caesars men being olde and expert souldiers and wont euer to haue the victorie when they sought together he knew they would be lothe to be brought to fight any other kinde of way to be driuen to often remouing of their campe from place to place and still to fortifie and intrench them selues and therefore that they would rather put it to aduenture out of hande and fight it out But notwithstanding that Pompey had before perswaded his men to be quiet and not to sturre perceyuing that after this last bickering Caesar being scanted with vittells raised his campe and departed thence to goe into THESSALY through the contrie of the ATHAMANIANâ—â— then he could no more bridle their glorie and corage which cried Caesar is fled let vs follow him And others let vs retorne home againe into ITALY And others also sent their frendes and seruantes before to ROME to hier them houses neere the market place intending when they came thether to sue for offices in the common welth Some there were also that in a iollitie would needes take shippe and faile into the I le of Lâ—â—ROS â— vnto Cornelia whom Pompey had sent thether to cary her that good newes that the warre was ended Thereupon assembling the counsell Afranius thought it best to winne ITALY for that was the chiefest marke to be shot at in this warre for whosoeuer obteyned that had straight all SICILE SAâ—DINIA CORSICA SPAYNE and GAVLE at commaundemment Furthermore that it was a dishonor to Pompey which in reason should touche him aboue all thinges to 〈…〉 their conâ—rie to be in such cruell bondage and subiection vnto slaues and flatterers of tyrantes offering it selfe as it were into their handes But Pompey neither thought it honorable for
booke desired to read much He learned also the Iliades of Homer of Aristotles correction which they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the corrected as hauing passed vnder the rule laid it euery night vnder his beds head with his dagger calling it as Onesicrates writeth the institution of martiall discipline And when he was in the high contries of ASIA where he coulde not readily come by other bookes he wrote vnto Harpalus to send them to him Harpalus sent him the histories of Philistus with diuers tragedies of Euripides Sophocles and AEschylus and certaine hymnes of Telestus and Philoxenus Alexander did reuerence Aristotle at the first as his father and so he tearmed him bicause from his natural father he had life but from him the knowledge to liue But afterwardes he suspected him somewhat yet he did him no hurt neither was he so frendly to him as he had bene whereby men perceiued that he did not beare him the good will he was wont to doe This notwithstanding he left not that zeale and desire he had to the studie of Philosophie which he had learned from his youth and still continued with him For he shewed diuers testimonies thereof As the honor he did vnto Anaxarchus the Philosopher The fiftie talentes which he sent vnto Xenocrates Dandamis and Calanus of whome he made great account When king Philip made warre with the BIZANTINES Alexander being but sixteene yeare olde was left his Lieutenaunt in MACEDON with the custodie and charge of his great seale at what time he also subdued the MEDARIANS which had rebelled against him and hauing wonne their citie by assault he draue out the barbarous people and made a Colonie of it of sundrie nations and called it ALEXANDROPOLIS to say the citie of Alexander He was with his father at the battell of CHAERONEA against the GRAECIANS where it was reported that it was he that gaue charge first of all apon the holie bande of the THEBANS Furthermore there was an old oke seene in my time which the contry men commonly call Alexanders oke bicause his tent or pauillion was fastned to it and not farre from thence is the charnell house where those MACEDONIANS were buried that were slaine at the battell For these causes his father Philip loued him very deerely and was glad to heare the MACEDONIANS call Alexander king him selfe their Captaine Howbeit the troubles that fell out in his court afterwards by reason of Philippes new mariages and loues bred great quarrell and strife amongest the women for the mischiefe of dissention gealozy of women doth separate the harts of kings one from an other whereof was chiefest cause the sharpenes of Olympias who being a gealous woman fretting and of a reuenging minde did incense Alexander against his father But the chiefest cause that prouoked Alexander was Attalus at the mariage of Cleopatra whom Philip maried a maiden falling in fancie with her when him selfe was past mariage This was the matter Attalus being vncle vnto this Cleopatra fell droncke at the mariage and hauing in his cuppes he perswaded the MACEDONIANS that were at the feast to pray to the goddes that they might haue a lawfull heire of Philippe and Cleopatra to succeede him in the kingdome of MACEDON Alexander being in a rage therewith threwe a cuppe at his head and sayd vnto him why traytor what am I dost thou take me for a bastard Philip seeing that rose from the bourd and drew out his sword but by good fortune for them both being troubled with choller and wine he fell downe on the grounde Then Alexander mockinge him loe sayd he to the MACEDONIANS here is the man that prepared to go out of EVROPE into ASIA and stepping onely from one bedde to an other ye see him layed alongest on the ground After this great insolency he tooke his mother Olympias away with him and carying her into his contrie of EPIRVS he left her there and him selfe afterwards went into ILLYRIA In the meane time Demaratus CORINTHIAN a frend of king Philippes and very familliar with him came to see him Philip when he had curteously welcommed him asked him howe the GRAECIANS did agree together Truely O king quod he it importes you much to inquier of the agreement of the GRAECIANS when your owne court is so full of quarrell contencion These words nipped Philip in such sorte caused him to know his fault that through Demaratus meanes whom he sent to perswade Alexander to returne Alexander was made to come backe againe Now whē Pexodorus a Prince of CARIA desiring for necessities sake to enter in league and frendship with Philip offred his eldest daughter in mariage vnto Aridaeus king Philips sonne had sent Aristocritus Ambassador into MACEDON for that purpose the frends of Alexander his mother began againe to inueigle him with new reports and suspicions how Philip by this great mariage would aduaunce Aridaeus to his vtter vndoing and leaue him his heire in the kingdom Alexander being nettled therwith sent one Thessalus a plaier of tragedies into CARIA to Pexodorus to perswade him to leaue Aridaeus that was a bastard a foole rather to make alliāce with Alexander This offer pleased Pexodorus far better to haue Alexander his sonne in law than Aridaeus Philip vnderstanding this went himself into Alexanders chāber taking Philotas with him the sonne of Parmenio one of his familliars bitterly tooke vp Alexander telling him that he had a base mind was vnworthy to be left his heire after his death if he would cast himselfe away marying the daughter of a CARIAN that was a slaue subiect of a barbarous king Therupō he wrote letters vnto CORINTH that they should send Thessalus boūd vnto him And furthermore he banished out of MACEDON Harpalus Nearchus Phrygius Ptolomy his sonnes companions whom Alexander afterwards called home againe placed them in great authority about him Shortly after Pausanias susteining villany by the counsell and commaundement of Attalus Cleopatra crauing Iustice of Philip and finding no amends he conuerted all his anger against him and for spight slue him him selfe Of this murther most men accused Quene Olympias who as it is reported allured this young man hauing iust cause of anger to kill him And Alexander also went not cleare from suspition of this murther For some say that Pausanias after this villanie was done him complained vnto Alexander and told him how he had bene abused who recited these verses to him of Euripides in the tragedie of Medea where she said in anger that she would be reuenged Both of the bridegroome and the bride And of the father in lavve Notwithstanding afterwardes he caused diligent searche to be made and all them to be seuerely punished that were of the conspiracie and was angrie also that his mother Olympias had cruelly slaine Cleopatra So he came to be king of MACEDON at twenty yeares of age and found his
not tell where there came crowes vnto them that did guide them flying before them flying fast when they saw them follow them and stayed for them when they were behind But Callisthenes writeth a greater wonder then this that in the night time with the very noise of the crowes they brought them againe into the right waie which had lost their waie Thus Alexander in th end hauing passed through this wildernes he came vnto the temple he sought for where the prophet or chiefe priest saluted him from the god Hammon as from his father Then Alexander asked him if any of the murtherers that had killed his father were left aliue The priest aunswered him and bad him take heede he did not blaspheme for his father was no mortall man Then Alexander againe rehersing that he had spoken asked him if the murderers that had conspired the death of Philip his father were all punished After that he asked him touching his kingdome if he would graunt him to be king ouer all the world The god aunswered him by the mouth of his prophet he should and that the death of Philip was fully reuenged Then did Alexander offer great presentes vnto the god and gaue money large to the priests ministers of the temple This is that the most parte of writers doe declare touching Alexanders demaund and the oracles geuen him Yet did Alexander him selfe write vnto his mother that he had secret oracles from the god which he would onely impart vnto her at his retorne into MACEDON Others saie also that the prophet meaning to salute him in the Greeke tongue to welcome him the better would haue said vnto him O Paidion as much as deere sonne but that he tripped a litle in his tongue bycause the Greeke was not his naturall tongue and placed an s for an n in the latter ende saying O Pai dios to wit O sonne of Iupiter and that Alexander was glad of that mistaking Whereupon there ranne a rumor straight among his men that Iupiter had called him his sonne It is said also that he heard Psammon the philosopher in EGYPT and that he liked his wordes very well when he saide that god was king of all mortall men For ê™ he he that commaundeth all things must needes be god But Alexander selfe spake better and like philosopher when he said That god generally was father to all mortall men but that particularly he did elect the best sorte for him selfe To conclude he shewed him selfe more arrogant vnto the barbarous people and made as though he certainly beleued that he had bene begotten of some god but vnto the GRAECIANS he spake more modestly of diuine generation Porin a letter he wrote vnto the ATHENIANS touching the citie of SAMOS he said I gaue ye not that noble free citie but it was geuen you at that time by him whom they called my Lord father meaning Philip. Afterwardes also being striken with an arrow and feeling great paine of it My frendes said he This blood which is spilt is mans blood and not as Homer said No such as from the immortall gods doth flovv And one day also in a maruelous great thunder when euery man was afraid Anaxarcbus the Rethoritian being present said vnto him O thou sonne of Iupiter wilt thou doe as much no said he laughing on him I will no be so fearefull to my frends as thou wouldest haue me disdaining the seruice of fishe to my borde bycause thou seest not princes heades serued in And the report goeth also that Alexander vpon a time sending a litle fishe vnto Hephes 〈…〉 Anaxarchus should saye as it were in mockery that they which aboue others seeke for 〈…〉 with great trouble and hazard of life haue either small pleasure in the world or els 〈…〉 as others haue By these proofes and reasons alleaged we maie thinke that Alexander lead no vaine nor presumptuous opinion of him selfe to thinke that he was otherwise begotten of a god but that he did it in policie to kepe other men vnder obedience by the opinion conceiued of his godhead Retorning out of PHOENICIA into EGYPT he made many sacrifices feastes and precessions in honor of the goddes sondry daunces Tragedies and such like pastimes goodly to behold not onely for the sumptuous serring out of them but also for the good will and diligence of the setters forth of them which striued euery one to exceede the other For the kings of the CYPRIANS were the setters of them forth as at ATHENS they dâ—aâ—â— by lot a citizen of euery tribe of the people to defraie the changes of these pastimes These kinges were very earnest who should doe best but specially Nicocreon king of SALAMDAâ—â—â— CYPRVS and Pasicrates Lord of the citie of SOLES For it fell to their lot to fournish run of the excellentest plaiers Pasicrates fournished Athenodorus and Nicocreon Thessalus whom Alexander loued singulerly well though he made no shew of it vntill that Athenodorus was declared victor by the iudges deputed to geue sentence For when he went from the plaies he told them he did like the iudges opinion well notwithstanding he would haue bene extented to haue geuen the one halfe of his realme not to haue seene Thessalus ouercome Athenodorus being condemned vpon a time by the ATHENIANS bycause he was not in ATHENS at the feastes of Bacchus when the Comedies and Tragedies were plaied and a fine set of his head for his absence he besought AlexaÌ„der to write vnto them in his behalfe that they would release his penalty Alexander would not so doe but sent thether his money whereof he was condemned and paide it for him of his owne purse Also when Lycon SCALPHIAN an euedlent stage player had pleased Alexander well and did foiste in a verse in his comedy conteining a petition of tenne talents Alexander laughing at it gaue it him Darius at that time wrote vnto Alexander and vnto certen of his frendes also to pray him take tenne thousand tallentes for the raumson of all those prisoners he had in his handes and for all the contrie landes and signories on this side the riuer of Euphrates and one of his daughters also in mariage that from thence forth he might be his kinsman and frend Alexander imparted this to his counsell Amongest them Parmenio said vnto him if I were Alexander ê™ he surely I would accept this offer So would I in deede ê™ Alexander againe if I were Parmenio In fine he 〈…〉 againe vnto Darius that if he would submit him selfe he would vse him courteously if not that then he would presently marche towardes him But he repented him afterwardes when king Darius wife was dead with childe For without dissimulation it greeued him much that he had lost so noble an occasion to shew his courtesie and clemencie This notwithstanding he gaue her body honorable buriall sparing for no cost Amongest the Eunuches of the queenes chamber there was one Tireus taken prisoner among the
of the night as cause of his ouerthrow as he had do 〈…〉 the first conflict imputing his ouerthrowe to the mountaines the straights and the sea For sayd he Darius will neuer leaue to make warres with vs for lacke of men nor munition hauing so large a realme as he hath such a world of people besides but then he will no more hasard battell when his hart is done and all hope taken from him and that he seeth his army at noone dayes ouerthrowen by plaine battell After his Captaines were gone from him he went into his tent and layed him downe to sleepe and slept all that night more foundly then he was wont to doe before insomuch as the Lordes and Princes of his campe comming to waite apon him at his vprising marueled when they found him so sounde a sleepe and therefore of them selues they commaunded the souldiers to eate Afterwards perceiuing that time came fast apon them Parmenio went into Alexanders chamber and comming to his beddâ—â— side called him twise or thrise by his name till at the last he waked him and asked him howâ— chaunced that he slept so long like one that had already ouercome that did not thinke he should fight as great and daungerous a battell as euer he did in his life Why sayd Alexander laughing on him doest thou not thinke we haue already ouercomen being troubled no mâ—â— with running after Darius vp and downe a contrie vtterly destroyed as we should otherwise haue bene compelled to haue done if he would not haue comen to battell and destroyed the contrie before vs Now Alexander did not only shew himselfe before the battell but euen at the very instant of battell a noble man of corage and of great iudgement For Parmenio leading the left wing of his battell the men of armes of the BACTRIANS gaue such a fierce onset vpon the MACEDONIANS that they made them geue backe and Mazeus also king Darius Lieutenant sent certaine troupes of horsemen out of their battell to geue charge vpon them that were left in the campe to garde the cariage Parmenio being amazed with either of both attempts sent immediatly to aduertise Alexander that all their campe and cariage would be lost if he did not send presently to aide the rereward When these newes came to Alexander from Parmenio he had already geuen the signall of battell vnto his men for to geue charge Whereupon he aunswered the messenger that brought him these newes that he should tell Parmenio he was a mad man and out of his wits not remembring that if they wanne the battell they should not only saue their owne cariage but also winne the cariage of their enemies if it were their chaunce to lose it then that they should not neede to care for their cariage not for their slaues but only to thinke to dye honorably valliantly fighting for his life Hauing sent this message vnto Parmenio he put on his helmet The rest of his armor for his body he had put it on before in his tent which was a SICILIAN cassocke and vpon that a brigandine made of many foldes of canuas with oylet holes which was gotten among the spoyles at the battell of ISSVS His head peece was as bright as siluer made by Theophileus the armores his coller sutelike to the same all set full of pretious stones and he had a sword by his side maruelous light and of excellent temper which the king of the CITIâ—IANS had geuen him vsing commonly to fight with his sword at any set battel His coate armor was maruelous rich and of sumptuous workemanshippe farre aboue all the rest he ware It was of the workemanshippe of Hellicon the which the RHODIANS gaue him for a present and this he commonly wore when he went to battell Now when he did set his men in battell ray or made any câ—â—tion vnto them or did ryde alongest the bands to take view of them he alwayes vsed to ryde vpon an other horse to spare Bucephal bicause he was then somewhat olde notwithstanding when he ment in deede to fight then Bucephal was brought vnto him and as soone as he was gotten vp on his backe the trompet sounded he gaue charge Then after he had made long exhortacions to incorage the men of armes of the THESSALIANS and the other GRAECIANS also and when they had all promised him they would sticke to him like men and prayed him to lead them and geue charge vppon the enemies she tooke his launce in his left hande and holding vp his right hande vnto heauen besought the goddes as Callisthenes writeth than if it were true he was begotten of Iupiter that it would please them that day to helpe him and to encourage the GRAECIANS The Soothsayer Aristander was then a horsebacke hard by Alexander apparelled all in white a crowne of gold on his head who shewed Alexander when he made his prayer an Eagle flying ouer his head and pointing directly towards his enemies This maruelously encoraged all the armie that saw it and with this ioy the men of armes of Alexanders side encoraging one an other did set spurres to their horse to charge apon the enemies The battell of the footemen of the PERSIANS beganne a litle to geue way and before the foremest could come to geue them charge the barbarous people turned their backs and fled The chase was great Alexander driuing them that fled vppon the middest of their owne battell where Darius selfe was in person He spied him a farre of ouer the foremest ranckes in the middest of his battel being a goodly tall Prince standing in a charriot of warre compassed in rounde with great troupes of horsemen all set in goodly ordinaunce to receiue the enemy But when they saw Alexander at hand with so grimme a looke chasing them that fled through those that yet kept their rancksithere fell such a feare among them that the most parte dispersed them selues Notwithstanding the best and most valliantest men fought it out to the death before their king and falling dead one apon an other they did let them that the enemies could not so well follow Darius For they lying one by an other on the ground drawing on to the last gaspe did yet take both men and horses by the legges to hinder them Darius then seeing nothing but terror and destruction before his eyes and that the bandes which he had set before him for safegard came backe vpon him so as he could not deuise how to turne his charriot forward nor backward the wheeles were so hindered and stayed with the heapes of dead bodies and that the horse also being set apon and hidde in maner in this conflict fell to leapinge and plunginge for feare so that the charrettiers coulde no lenger guide nor driue them he got vp vpon a mare that lately had fole and so saued him selfe flying apon her And yet had he not thus escaped had not Parmenio once againe sent vnto
cause why it was so well kept came by meanes of the dying of it with â—â—nie in silkes which before had bene dyed redde and with white oyle in white silkes For these are silkes seene of that colour of as long a time that keepe colour as well as the other And writeth furthermore that the kinges of PERSIA made water to be brought from the riuer of Nylus and Ister otherwise called Danubie which they did locke vp with their other treasure for a confirmation of the greatnes of their Empire and to shew that they were Lordes of the world The wayes to enter into PERSIA being very hard of passage and in maner vnpassable both for the illnes of the wayes as also for the gard that kept them which were the choisest men of PERSIA Darius also being fled thither there was one that spake the Greeke and PERSIAN tongue whose father was borne in the contry of LYCIA his mother a PERSIAN that guided Alexander into PERSIA by some compasse fetched about not very long according to the Oracles aunswere of Alexander geuen by the mouth of Nunne Pythias when he was a child that a LYCIAN should guide and lead him against the PERSIANS There was then great slaughter made in PERSIA of the prisoners that were taken For Alexander him selfe wryteth that he commaunded the men should be put to the sword thinking that the best way to serue his turne It is sayd also that there he found a maruelous treasure of gold and siluer in readie money as he had done before in the citie of SVSA the which he caried away with all the rest of the kinges rich wardroppe and with it laded tenne thowsande moyles and fiue thowsande cammells Alexander entring into the castell of the chiefe citie of PERSIA saw by chaunce a great image of Xerxe's lye on the ground the which vnwares was throwen downe by the multitude of the souldiers that came in thronging one apon an other Thereupon he stayed and spake vnto it as if it had bene aliue saying I can not tell whether I should passe by thee and let thee lye for the warre thou madest somtime against the GRAECIANS or whether I should list thee vp respecting the noble minde vertues thou haddest In th end when he had stoode mute a long time considering of it he went his way and meaning to refresh his weary army bicause it was the winter quarter he remained there foure monethes together The reporte goeth that the first time that Alexander sate vnder the cloth of state of king Darius all of rich golde Demarathus CORINTHIAN who first beganne to loue him euen in his father Philippes time burst out in teares for ioy good old man saying that the GRAECIANS long time dead before were depriued of this blessed happe to see Alexander set in king Xerxes princely chaier After that preparing againe to goe against Darius he would needes make mery one day and refresh him selfe with some bancket It chaunced so that he with his companions was bidden to a priuate feast priuately where was assembled some fine curtisans of his familiars who with their frendes taried at the banket Amongest them was that famous Thais borne in the contry of ATTICA then concubine to Ptolomy king of AEGYPT after Alexander death She finely praising Alexander and partely in sporting wife began to vtter matter in affection of her contrie but yet of greater importance than became her mouth saying that that day she founde her selfe fully recompenced to her great good liking for all the paines she had takeÌ„ trauelling through all the contries of ASIA following of his armie now that she had this sauor good happe to be mery and pleasaunt in the prowde and stately pallace of the great kings of PERSIA But yet it would doe her more good for a recreation to burne Xerxes house with the fire of ioy who had burnt the city of ATHENS and her selfe to geue the fire to it before so noble a Prince as Alexander Bicause euer after it might be said that the women following his campe had taken more noble reuenge of the PERSIANS for the wronges and iniuries they had done vnto GRAECE than all the Captaines of GRAECE that euer were had done either by lande or sea When she had sayd Alexanders familiars about him clapped their hands and made great noise for ioy saying that it were as good a deede as could be possible and perswaded Alexander vnto it Alexander yeelding to their perswasions rose vp and putting a garland of flowers apon his head went formest him selfe and all his familliars followed after him crying and dauncing all about the castell The other MACEDONIANS hearing of it also came thither immediatly with torches light and great ioy hoping that this was a good signe that Alexander ment to returne againe into MACEDON and not to dwell in the contrie of the barbarous people sith he did burne and destroy the kings castell Thus and in this sorte it was thought to be burnt Some writers thinke otherwise that it was not burnt with such sport but by determination of the counsell But howsoeuer it was all they graunt that Alexander did presently repent him and commaunded the fire to be quenched straight For his liberality that good will and readines to geue increased with his conquestes and when he did bestowe giftes of any he would besides his gift euer geue them good countenance on whom he bestowed his grace and fauor And here I will recite a few examples thereof Aristo being Collonell of the PAEONIANS hauing slaine one of his enemies he brought him his head and sayd such a present O king by vs is euer rewarded with a cuppe of golde Yea q Alexander smyling apon him with an emptie cuppe But I drinke to thee this cuppe full of good wine and doe geue thee cuppe all An other time he met with a poore MACEDONIAN that led a moyle loden with gold of the kings and when the poore moyle was so weary that she could no lenger cary her burden the moyleter put it apon his owne backe and loded him selfe withall carying it so a good pretie way howbeit in th ende being ouerloden was about to throwe it downe on the ground Alexander perceiuing it asked him what burden he caried When it was tolde him well q he to the moyletter be not weary yet but carie it into the tent for I geue it thee To be short he was angrier with them that would take nothing of him then he was with those that would aske him somewhat He wrote also vnto Phocion that he would take him no more for his frend if he would refuse his giftes It seemed that he had geuen nothing vnto a young boy called Serapion who euer did serue them the ball that played at tenis bicause he asked him nothing Wherefore the king playing on a time this young boy threw the ball to others that played with him and not to him selfe The
also one Philotas the sonne of Parmenio a man of great authority among the MACEDONIANS who next vnto Alexander was the most valliantest man the pacientest to abide paine the liberallest and one that loued his men frends better then any noble man in the campe whatsoeuer Of him it is reported that a frend of his came to him on a time to borrow money and he commaunded straight one of his men to let him haue it His purse bearer aunswered him that he had none Why sayd his master doest thou tell me so Hast thou not plate and apparell to sell or gage to helpe him to some Howbeit otherwise he had such a pride glory to shew his riches to apparell himselfe so sumptuously and to be more fine and princked then became a priuate man that this made him to be hated bicause he tooke vpō him to be a great man to looke bigge on the matter which became him ill fauoredly and therfore euery man through his owne folly fell in misliking with him Insomuch as his owne father said one day vnto him sonne I pray thee be more humble lowly This Philotas had long before bene cōplained vpon vnto Alexander bicause that when the cariage of king Darius armie which was in the citie of DAMAS was taken after the battell of CILICIA among many prisoners that were taken and brought vnto Alexanders campe there was one Antigona a passing fayer young curtisan borne in the citie of PIDNA Philotas founde meanes to gette her and like a young man that was in loue with her making merie with her at the table fondly lette fall braue wordes and boastes of a souldier saying that what notable thinges were done they were done by him selfe and his father and called Alexander at euerie worde young man and sayd that by their meanes he helde his name and kingdome This courtisan tolde one of his frendes what he sayd and that frede tolde an other frende and so went from man to man as commonly it doth till at the length it came to Craterus eares He tooke the courtisan and brought her vnto Alexander vnto whom she told as much as she had sayd before Alexander bad her still make much of Philotas and to tell him euery word what he sayd of him Philotas knowing nothing that he was thus circumuented did euer frequent her companie and would be bold commonly to speake many foolish and vndiscreete words against the king somtime in anger somtime againe in a brauery Alexander this notwithstanding though he had manifest proofe and cause to accuse Philotas yet he dissembled it for that time and would not be knowen of it either for that he knew Parmenio loued him or else for that he was affrayed of their great power and authoritie About that time there was one Limnus Chalaestrian a MACEDONIAN that layed great and secret waite to kill Alexander and being in loue with a young man called Nicomachus entised him to helpe him to doe this deede The young man wisely denied it told the same to his brother called Batinus He went vnto Philotas and prayed him to bring them both before Alexander for they had a matter of great importance to impart vnto him Philotas would not let him speake with the king but why no man could tell telling them that the king had greater matters in hande and was not at leasure Then they went vnto an other and he brought them vnto Alexander vnto whome first they opened the treason of Limnus conspired against him and by the way they tolde also how they had bene twise before with Philotas who would not let them come in nor speake with them That angred Alexander greatly and he was the more offended also when Limnus was slaine by him whome he sent to apprehende him resisting him for that he would not be taken and thought that by his death he had lost a great meanes to come to the light of this treason and conspiracie Then Alexander frowning vppon Philotas brought all his enemies vpon his backe that of long time had hated him For they beganne to speake boldly that it was time for the kinge to looke about him for it was not to be supposed that this Limnus Chalaestrian of him selfe durst haue entred into that treason but rather that he was a minister and a chiefe instrument set on by a greater personage then he and therefore that it stoode Alexander vpon to examine them straightly which had cause to keepe this treason secret After Alexander once gaue eare vnto such wordes and vehement presumptions there was straight brought in a thowsand accusations against Philotas Thereupon he was apprehended and in the presence of diuers Lordes and familliars of the king put to the torter Alexander selfe being behinde a hanginge to heare what he would say It is reported that when he hearde howe faintly and pitiefully he besought Hephaestion to take pitie of him he sayd vnto him selfe alas poore Philotas thou that hast so faint a hart howe durst thou take vppon thee so great matters In fine Philotas was put to death and immediatly after he was executed Alexander sent also with speede vnto the realme of MEDIA to kill Parmenio who was his Lieutenaunt there and one that had serued king Philippe his father in his greatest affayers and who onely of all other the olde seruauntes of his father had procured Alexander to take in hande the conquest of ASIA and who also of three sonnes which he brought out with him had seene two of them dye before him and afterwardes was slaine him selfe with the third This crueltie of Alexander made his frendes affrayed of him and specially Antipater who secretly sent Ambassadors vnto the AETOLIANS to make league with them bicause they them selues also were affrayed of Alexander for that they had put the Orniades to death Alexander hearing that sayd that he him selfe and not the sonnes of the Orniades would be reuenged of the AETOLIANS Not long after that followed the murther of Clitus the which to heare is simplie tolde would seeme much more cruell than the death of Philotas But reportinge the cause and the time together in which it chaunced it will be founde that it was not of sette purpose but by chaunce and vnfortunately that Alexander being ouercome with wine did vnluckely wreake his anger vpon Clitus The manner of his misfortune was this There came certaine men of the lowe contries from the sea side that brought apples of GRAECE 〈…〉 nto Alexander Alexander wondering to see them so greene and fayer sent for Clitus to shewe him them and to geue him some of them Clitus by chaunce did sacrifice at that time vnto the goddes and left his sacrifice to goe vnto Alexander howebeit there were three weathers that followed him on whome the accustomed sprincklinges had bene done alreadie to haue sacrificed them Alexander vnderstandinge that tolde it to his Soothsayers Aristander and Cleomantis LACONIAN who both did aunswere
king Alexanders borde touching the seasons of the yeare temperatenes of the ayer and that Callisthenes was of their opinion which mainteined that the contry they were in at that time was much colder and the winter also sharper then in GRAECE Anaxarchus held the contrary opinion and stifly mainteined it in so much as Callisthenes said vnto him and yet must thou graunt that it is colder here then there For there all the winter time thou couldest goe with a single cloke on thy backe onely and here thou must haue three or foure garments vpon thee when thou art at thy borde This galled Anaxarchus to the quicke and made him more angry then before and for the other rethoritians and flatterers they did also hate him bicause they saw him followed of young men for his eloquence and beloued also of olde men for his honest life the which was very graue modest and contented with his owne desiring no mans els Whereby men found that the reason he alleaged for following of Alexander in this voyage was true for he said that he came to be an humble suter to the king to restore his banished citizens into their contrie againe and to replenish their citie with inhabitantes Now though his estimation made him chiefly to be enuyed yet did he him selfe geue his enemies occasion to accuse him For oftentimes being inuited by the king to supper either he would not come or if he came he would be mute and say nothing showing by his grauery and silence that nothing pleased him that was either said or done Whereupon Alexander selfe said on a time vnto him I can not thinke that person vvise That in his ovvne case hath no eyes It is reported of him also that being at supper on a time with the king diuers requesting him to make an oration on the suddein in commendation of the MACEDONIANS he made such an eloquent oration vpon that matter that all they that heard him rose from the borde and clapping their handes for ioy cast nosegayes and flowers vpon him But yet Alexander at that time said vnto him that which the Poet Euripides said It is no maystry to be eloquent In handling of a plentuous argument Nay but vtter then thy eloquence in reprouing of the MACEDONIANS that hearing their faultes they may learne to amend Then Callisthenes chaunging coppy spake boldly many thinges against the MACEDONIANS Declaring that the dissention amongest the GRAECIANS did increase king Philips power alleaging these verses VVhere discord reignes in Realm or tovvne Euen vvicked folke doe vvin renovvne But by this occasioÌ„ he purchased him selfe great ill will of the MACEDONIANS in somuch as Alexander selfe said at that time that he had not so much shewed his eloquence as the malice he bare vnto the MACEDONIANS Hermippus the historiographer writeth that one Strebus a clearke of Callisthenes did afterwardes tell it vnto Aristotle in this sorte and that Callisthenes seeing king Alexander offended with him did recite these verses of Homer three or foure times as he went. Patroclus vvho farre passed thee VVas slaine as thou art like to be And therefore very wisely said Aristotle that Callisthenes was eloquent but not wise For like a philosopher he stowtely stood against kneeling to the king and said that openly which the noblest auncientest men among the MACEDONIANS durst but whisper one in an other eare though they did all vtterly mislike it whereby he did yet deliuer GRAECE from open shame Alexander from a greater bringing him from that maner of adoration of his person This notwithstanding he vndid him selfe bicause he would seeme rather by presumptiones bringe him to it then by reason to perswade him Chares MITYLENIAN hath written that Alexander hauing dronke at a certain feast where he hapned to be reached his cuppe vnto one of his frendes who after he had taken it of him rose vp first on his feete and dranke also turning him towardes the goddes and first making solemne reuerence he went and kissed Alexander and then sate him downe againe All the rest that were at the feast did the like one after an other and Callisthenes also who tooke the cuppe when it came to his turne the king not looking on him but talking with HephaestioÌ„ after he had dronke came to the king to kisse him as others had done Howbeit one Demetrius called PhidoÌ„ said vnto the king kisse him not I pray your grace for he of all men hath done you no reuerence Alexander turned his head a side and would not kisse him Then cryed Callisthenes out alowde well ê™ he then I will goe my waie with lesse then others by a kisse And thus beganne Alexanders grudge first against Callisthenes by meanes whereof Hephaestion was credited the better when he said that Callisthenes had promised him to reuerence Alexander although that he had broken promise After him also Lysimachus Agnon and diuers others beganne to plaie their partes against him saying that this Sophister went bragging vp and downe as if he had destroyed a whole tyrannie and that all the young men followed him to honor him as if among so many thowsand souldiers neuer a man of them had so noble a harte as he And therefore when the treason of Hermolaus against Alexanders person was discouered they found the accusation probable the which some false detracters had informed against Callisthenes who had aunswered Hermolaus that asked him how he could come to be famous aboue all men thus in killing the famousest person And to animate him to goe forward with this treason he had told him suither that he should not be affraid of a golden bedde but remember that he had to doe with a man which was somtime sicke and hurte as other men were This notwithstanding there was neuer a one of Hermolaus confederates that would once name Callisthenes what tormentes soeuer they abidde to bewray who were their companions And Alexander selfe also writing of this treason immediatly after vnto Craterus Attalus and Alcetas said that their seruauntes which had bene racked and put to the torter did constantly affirme that they onely had conspired his death and no man els was priuie vnto it But afterwardes he sent an other letter vnto Antipater wherein he directly accused Callisthenes and said that his seruauntes had already bene stoned to death by the MACEDONIANS howbeith that he him selfe would afterwardes also punish the master and those that had sent vnto him and that had receiued the murtherers into their cities who came of purpose to kill him And therein he plainly shewed the ill will he bare vnto Aristotle for that Callisthenes had bene brought vp with him being his kinsman and the sonne of Hero Aristotles neece Some saie that Alexander trussed Callisthenes vp Others againe report that he died of sickenes in prison Neuertheles Chares writeth that Callisthenes was kept prisoner seuen moneths together bicause he should haue had his iudgement in open counsaill euen
in the presence of Aristotle him selfe howbeit being very farre he was eaten in the ende by lice and so died about the time that Alexander was hurt fighting against the MALDIANS OXYDRACIANS in the conquest of INDIA but these thinges chaunced a good while after Demaratus CORINTHIAN being very old had a great desire to goe see Alexander and when he had seene him he said that the GRAECIANS which were dead long before were depriued of that blisse and happynes that they could not see Alexander sitte in the royall seate of king Darius Howbeit he did not long enioy the kinges goodwill vnto him for he died of a sicknes soone after he came vnto his campe Alexander did honor his funeralls for all the armie in their armor did cast vp a mounte of earth facioned like a tombe which was a great compasse about foure score cubittes high His ashes afterwardes were brought with an honorable conuoye vnto the sea side in a charriot with foure horses richely set out Alexander being ready to take his iorney to goe conquer INDIA perceyuing that his armie was very heauy vnwildsom to remoue for the wonderfull cariage and spoiles they had with them the cartes one morning being loden he first burnt his owne cariage next his frendes then commaunded that they should also set the cariage of the MACEDONIANS a fire which counsell seemed more daungerous to be resolued of then the proofe of the execution fell out difficulte For there are very few of them that were angry therewith the most part of them as if they had bene secretly moued by some god with lowde cryes of ioy one of them gaue vnto an other such necessary things as they had neede of and afterwardes of them selues did burne and spoile all the rest This made Alexander much more rigorous then he was before besides that he was already become cruell enough and without mercy or perdon did sharpely punish euery man that offended For hauing commaunded Menander one of his frendes to kepe him a strong holde he put him to death bicause he would not remaine there Furthermore he him selfe slue Orsodates a captaine of the barbarous people with a darte for that he rebelled against him About that time there was an eawe that had eaned a lambe which had apon her head the forme and purple culler of the kinges hatte after the PERSIAN maner called Tiara hauing two stones hanging on ech side of it Alexander abhorred this monsterous signe insomuch as he pourged him selfe by certain BABYLONIAN priestes which he alwayes caried about with him for that purpose and said vnto his frendes that this monster did not so much moue him for respect of him selfe as it did for them fearing that the goddes after his death had predestined the force and power of his kingdom to fall into the handes of some base cowardly person This notwithstanding an other signe and token which chaunced in the necke of that did take away this feare and discoragement he had For a MACEDONIAN called Proxenus that had charge of the kinges cariage as he digged in a certain place by the riuer of Oxus to set vp the kinges tent and his lodging he found a certain fatte and oylie vaine which after they had drawen out the first there came out also an other cleerer which differed nothing neither in smell taste nor sauor from naturall oyle hauing the glosse and fattnes so like as there could be discerned no difference betwene them the which was so much more to be wondred at bicause that in al that contry there were no olyues They say also that the water of the riuer selfe of Oxus is very soft maketh their skinnes fatte which wash or bathe them selues therein And yet it appeareth by that which Alexander selfe wrote vnto Antipater that he was very glad of it putting that amongest the greatest signes which the goddes had sent vnto him The Soothesayers did interprete this wonder that it was a signe that he should haue a noble but yet a painefull voyage for the goddes said they haue geuen oyle vnto men to refresh their wearynes And truly so did he susteine many daungers in those warres and was oftentimes hurt in fight But the greatest losse he had of his men was for lacke of vittells and by the infection of the ayer For he striuing to ouercome fortune by valiantnes and her force by vertue thought nothing impossible for a valiant man neither any thing able to withstand a noble harte It is reported that when he went to besiege a strong holde which Sisimethres kept being thought vnsaltable and that his souldiers were in dispeire of it he asked one Oxyarthes what hart Sisimethres had Oxyarthes aunswered him that he was the veriest coward in the world O that is well ê™ Alexander then it is to be wonne if that be true thou saiest sithence the captaine of the peece is but a coward So he tooke it of a sodaine by putting Sisimethres in a great feare After that also he did besiege an other peece of as great strength and difficultie to assault as the other and making the young souldiers of the MACEDONIANS to go to thassault he called one of them vnto him whose name also was Alexander vnto whom he said thus Alexander this daie thou must fight like a man and it be but for thy name sake The yong man did not forget his words for he sought so valliantly that he was slaine for whom Alexander was very sory An other time when his men were affraid durst not come neere vnto the citie of NISA to assault it bicause there ranne a very deepe riuer hard by the walles he came to the riuers side and said oh what a coward am I that neuer learned to swimme and so prepared him selfe to swimme ouer apon his shielde After he had caused them to retire from the assault there came ambassadors vnto him from the cities besieged to craue pardon of him They wondered at him at the first when they saw him armed without any pompe or other ceremonie about him but much more when a chaier was brought him to sit downe on that he commaunded the oldest man amongest them called Acuphis to take it to him and sit him downe Acuphis marueling at Alexanders great curtesie asked him what they should doe for him thenceforth to be his good frendes I will said Alexander that they from whom thou comest as ambassador vnto vs doe make thee their king and withall that they doe send me a hundred of their best men for ostages Acuphis smiling aunswered him againe but I shall rule them better O king if I send you the worst and not the best There was a king called Taxiles a very wise man who had a great contrie in INDIA no lesse in biggenes and circuit then all AEGYPT and as full of good pasture and frutes as any country in the world could be who came on a
Bucephal dyed at this battell not in the fielde but afterwardes whilest he was in cure for the woundes he had on his body but as Onesicritus sayth he dyed euen worne for very age Alexander was as sory for his death as if he had lost any of his familiar friendes and for proofe thereof he built a great citie in the place where his horse was buryed apon the riuer of Hydaspes the which he called after his name Bucephalia It is reported also that hauing lost a dogge of his called Peritas which he had brought vppe of a whelpe and loued very dearely he built also a citie and called it after his name Sotion writeth that he hearde it reported thus of Potamon LESBIAN This last battell against king Porus killed the MACEDONIANS hartes and made them that they had no desire to goe any further to conquer INDIA For finding that they had such a doe to ouercome them though they were but twenty thowsand footemen and two thowsand horse they spake yll of Alexander when he went about to compell them to passe ouer the ryuer of Ganges vnderstanding by the contry men that it was two and thirty furlong ouer and a hundred fadam deepe and howe that the banke of the ryuer was full of souldiers horsemen and Elephants For it was reported that the kings of the GANGARIDES the PRAESIANS were on thother side with foure score thowsand horsemen two hundred thowsand footemen eight thowsand charrets or carts of warre wel armed and six thowsand Elephants of warre This was no fable nor fryuolous tale For a king called Androcottus who raigned not long after gaue vnto Seleucus fiue hundred Elephants at one time conquered all INDIA with sixe hundred thowsand fighting men Alexander then offended with his mens refusall kept close in his tent for certeine daies and lay vpon the ground saying that he did not thanke them for all that they had done thithervnto vnles they passed ouer the ryuer of Ganges also And that to returne backe againe it was as much as to confesse that he had bene ouercome At the length when he sawe and considered that there was great reason in his friendes perswasions which labored to comfort him and that his souldiers came to the dore of his tent crying and lamenting humbly beseeching him to leade them backe againe in th ende he tooke pitie of them and was contented to returne This notwithstanding before he departed from those parties he put forth many vaine and false deuises to make his name immortall amonge that people He made armors of greater proportion then his owne and mangers for horses higher then the common sort moreouer he made bytts also farre heauier then the common sort and made them to be throwen and scattered abroad in euery place He built great aultars also in honor of the godds the which the kings of the PRAESIANS haue in great veneration at his day and passing ouer the riuer doe make sacrifices there after the manner of the GRAECIANS Androcottus at that time was a very young man and sawe Alexander him selfe and sayd afterwards that Alexander had well neare taken and wonne all the contry the king which then raigned was so hated of all his subiectes for his wicked life and base parentage he came of Departing thence he went to see the great sea Oceanum and made diuers botes with ores in the which he easily went downe the riuers at his pleasure Howbeit this his pleasant going by water was not without warre for he would land oftentymes and did assaile cities and conquered all as he went Yet in assailing the citie of the MALLIANS which they say are the warlikest men of all the INDIANS he was almost slaine there For hauing with darts repulsed the ennemies from the wall he him selfe was the first man that sette foote on a ladder to gett vp the which brake assoone as euer he was gotten vpon the ramper Then the barbarous people comming together against the wall did throwe at him from beneathe and many tymes lighted vpon him Alexander hauing fewe of his men about him made no more a doe but leaped downe from the wall in the middest of his ennemies and by good happe lighted on his feete His harnes making a great noyse with the fall the barbarous people were afraid thinking they had seene some light or spirite goe before him so that at the first they all betooke them to their legges and ranne scatteringly here and there But after that when they came againe to them selues and sawe that he had but two gentlemen onely about him they came and sette apon him of all handes and fought with him at the sworde or pushe of the pyke and so hurt him very sore through his armor but one amonge the rest being somewhat further of gaue him such a terrible blowe with an arrowe that he strake him through his curats and shot him in at the side vnder his brest The blow entred so into his body that he fell downe on one of his knees Whereuppon he that had striken him with his arrow ranne sodainly to him with a cimiter drawen in his hand Howbeit Peucestas Limnaus stepped before him and were both hurt Limnaus was slaine presently and Peucestas fought it out till at the length Alexander selfe slew the barbarous man with his owne hand after he had many greeuous woundes vpon his body At the length he had a blow with a dart on his necke that so astonied him that he leaned against the wall looking apon his enemies In the meane time the MACEDONIANS compassing him round about tooke him and caried him into his tent halfe in a sownde and was past knowledge Whereupon there ranne a rumor straight in the campe that Alexander was dead They had much a doe to cut the arrow asonder that was of wodde so his curats being plucked of with great paine yet were they to plucke the arrow head out of his body which stucke in one of his bones the which as it is reported was foure fingers long and three fingers broad So that when they plucked it out he sownded so oft that he was almost dead This notwithstanding he ouercame the daunger and escaped Being very weake he kept diet a long time to recouer him selfe and neuer came out of his tent vntill he heard the MACEDONIANS cry and make great noyse about his tent desirous to see him Then he put on a night gowne and came out amongest them all and after he had done sacrifice vnto the godds for recouery of his health he went on his iorney againe and in the same did conquer many great contreyes and tooke diuers goodly cities He did also take tenne of the wise men of the contry which men doe all go naked and therefore are called GYMNOSOPHISTE to wit Philosophers of INDIA who had procured Sabbas to rebell against him and had done great hurt vnto the MACEDONIANS And bicause they were taken
PERINTHE which king Philip did beseege at that present time they would haue pluckt the arrow out of his eye but he neuer fainted for it neither would suffer thē to pul it out before he had first driuē his enemies within the wals of their citie He toke this infamy very inwardly he was so sory for it that euery mā might see he was like to die for sorow Thē Alexander fearing he should die did pardō him bad him besides kepe the money which was giuē him Now the 30000. young boyes which Alexander had left to the gouernment of Capteines to trayne exercise them in the discipline of warre they being growen stronge men lusty youthes excellently well trained ready in armes Alexander reioyced when he saw them This notwithstanding did much discorage the MACEDONIANS made them greatly affraid bicause they thought that from thenceforth the king would make lesse accompt of thē For when Alexander would haue sent the sicke and impotent persons which had bene maimed in the warres into the low contry to the sea side they aunswered him that so doing he should do them great wronge to send these poore men frō him in that sort after they had done him all the seruice they could home to their contry frends in worse case then he tooke them from thence And therefore they said if he would send away some let him send them all away as men vnseruiceable specially sithence he had now such goodly yong daunsers about him with whom he might go conquer the world Alexander was maruelously offended with their prowd words insomuch that in his anger he reuiled them all put away his ordinary gard tooke other PERSIANS in their place making some the gard about his owne person others his vsshers heraulds ministers to execute his will and commaundement The poore MACEDONIANS seeing Alexander thus waited on them selues so shamefully reiected they let fall their stoutnes and after they had cōmoned of the matter together they were ready to teare thēselues for spite malice In fine whē they had laid their heads together they cōsented to go vnto his tent without weapōs naked in their shirts to yeld thēselues vnto him weping howling beseching him to do with thē what pleased him so vse thē like wretched vnthankful creatures But Alexander though his anger was now somwhat pacified did not receiue thē the first time neither did they also go their waies but remained there 2. daies nights together in this pitiful state before the dore of his tent lamenting vnto him calling him their soueraine king vntill that he came him self out of his tent the third day seing the poore wretches in this greeuous pitiful state he him self fel a weeping a long time So after he had a litle rebuked thē he called thē curteously gaue the impotēt sick persons leaue to depart home rewarding thē very honorably Furthermore he wrote vnto Antipater his Lieutenant that he should alwaies giue thē the highest place in al cōmon sports assemblies that they should be crowned with garlands of flowers Moreouer he cōmaūded that the orphans whose parents were slaine in the warrs should receiue the pay of their fathers After Alexander was come vnto the citie of ECBATANA in the kingdō of MEDEA that he had dispatched his waightiest causes he gaue him self again vnto publike sportes feasts pastimes for that there were newly come vnto him out of GRAECE 3. thowsand excellent masters deuisers of such sports About that time it chaūced that Hephastion fell sicke of an agew But he beeing a young man of warre did not regard his mouth as he should haue done but hauing spyed oportunitie that his Phisitian Glaucus was gone vnto the Theater to see the sports pastimes He went to dinner and eate a roasted Capon whole and dranke a great pot full of wine which he had caused to be set in water whereuppon his feuer tooke him so sorely that he liued not long after Alexander vnwisely tooke the chaunce of his death cōmaūded all the heares of his horse mules to be presently shorn in tokē of mourning that al the battlemēts of the wals of cities should also be ouerthrown hong vp pore Glaucus his Phisitian vpon a crosse cōmaūded that no minstrel should be heard play of any kind of instrument within his campe vntil that there was brought him an oracle from Iupiter Hammon cōmaūding that Hephaestion should be worshipped sacrificed vnto as a demy god In th end to passe ouer his mourning and sorow he went vnto the warres as vnto a hunting of men and there subdued the people of the COSSAEIANS whom he pluckt vp by the rootes and slue man woman and childe And this was called the sacrifice of Hephaestions funeralls Alexander furthermore beeing desirous to bestowe tenne thowsand talents coste vppon his obsequies and funeralls and also to exceede the charge by the rarenes and excellencie of workemanshippe amongest all other excellent workemasters he desired one Stasicrates for he had euer passing inuention and his worke was alwayes stately and sumptuous in any newe thinges he tooke in hande For he talking one daye with Alexander tolde him that of all the Mountaynes he knewe in the worlde he thought there was none more excellent to resemble the statue or image of a man then was Mount Atho in THRACIA and that if it were his pleasure he would make him the noblest and most durable image that should bee in the world which in his left hand should hold a citie to conteine ten thowsand persons and out of his right hand there should ronne a great riuer into the sea Yet Alexander would not harken to him but then was talking with other workemen of more straunge inuentions farre greater cost Now as he was ready to take his iorney to go vnto BABYLON Nearchus his Admirall came againe vnto him from the great sea Oceanum by the riuer of Euphrates and tolde him how certaine CHALDEAN Soothsayers came vnto him who did warne him that he should not goe into BABYLON Howbeit Alexander made no reckoning of it but went on But when he came hard to the walls of BABYLON he saw a great number of crowes fighting killing one of another some of them fell downe deade hard by him Afterwards being told him that Apollodorus the gouernor of the citie of BABYLON hauing sacrificed vnto the goddes to knowe what should happen to him he sent for the Soothsayer Pithagoras to knowe of him if it were true The Soothsayer denied it not Then Alexander asked him what signes he had in the sacrifice He aunswered that the lyuer of the beast had no head O gods said Alexander then this is an ill signe notwithstanding he did Pithagoras no hurt but yet he repented him that he did not beleue Nearchus words For this respect therefore Alexander lay much abroade
in the contry from BABYLON did take his pleasure rowing vp downe the riuer of Euphrates Yet had he many other ill signes tokēs one vpō another that made him afraid For there was a tame asse that killed one of the greatest goodliest Lions in all BABYLON with one of his feete Another time when Alexander had put of his clothes to be nointed to play at tennis When he should put on his apparel again the yong gentlemen that plaied with him found a man set in his chaier of estate hauing the kings diademe on his head his gowne on his back said neuer a word Then they asked him what he was It was long before he made them aunswer but at the length comming to him self he said his name was Dionysius borne in MESSINA being accused for certein crimes committed he was sent from the sea thether where he had bene a long time prisoner also that the god Serapis had appeared vnto him vndone his irons that he commaunded him to take the kings gowne his diademe and to sit him downe in his chaier of estate say neuer a word When Alexander heard it he put him to death according to the counsail of his Soothsayers but then his mind was troubled feared that the gods had forsaken him also grew to suspect his frends But first of al Alexander feared Antipater his sonnes aboue all other For one of them called Iolas was his first cupbearer his brother called Cassander was newly come out of GRAECE vnto him The first time that Cassander saw some of the barbarous people reuerencing Alexander he hauing bene brought vp with the libertie of GRAECE had neuer seene the like before fel into a lowd laughing very vnreuerētly Therwith king Alexander was so offended that he tooke him by the heare of his head with both his hands knocked his head the wal together Another time also when Cassander did aunswer some that accused his father Antipater king Alexander tooke him vp sharply said vnto him What saiest thou said he Doost thou thinke that these men would haue gon so long a iorney as this falsly to accuse thy father if he had not done them wrong Cassander again replyed vnto Alexander said that that was a manifest proofe of their false accusatiō for that they did now accuse him being so farre of bicause they thought they could not sodainly be disproued Alexander thereat fel a laughing a good said lo these are Aristotles quiddities to argue pro cōtra but this wil not saue you from punishment if I find that you haue done these men wronge In fine they report that Cassander tooke such an inward feare conceit vpon it that long time after when he was king of MACEDON and had all GRAECE at his commaundement going vp and downe the citie of DELPHES and beholding the monuments and images that are there he found one of Alexander which put him into such a sodaine feare that the heares of his head stoode vpright and his body quaked in such sort that it was a great time before he could come to him selfe againe Nowe after that Alexander had left his trust and confidence in the goddes his minde was so troubled and affraide that no straunge thinge happened vnto him how litle so euer it was but he tooke it straight for a signe and prediction from the godds so that his tent was alwayes full of Priestes and Soothsayers that did nothing but sacrifice and purifie and tende vnto diuinements So horrible a thing is the mistrust and contempt of the godds when it is begotten in the harts of men and supersticion also so dreadfull that it filleth the gilty consciences and fearefull hartes like water distilling from aboue as at that time it filled Alexander with all folly after that feare had once possessed him This notwithstāding after that he had receiued some aunswers touching Hephaestion from the oracle of Iupiter Hammon he left his sorow and returned again to his bankets and feasting For he did sumptuously feast Nearchus and one day when he came out of his bathe according to his manner beeing ready to goe to bed Medius one of his Capteines besought him to come to a banket to him at his lodging Alexander went thither and dranke there all that night and the next day so that he got an agew by it But that came not as some write by drinking vppe Hercules cuppe all at a drawght neither for the sodaine paine he felt betweene his showlders as if he had beene thrust into the backe with a speare For all these were thought to be written by some for lyes and fables bicause they would haue made the ende of this great tragedie lamentable and pitifull But Aristobulus writeth that he had such an extreame feuer and thirst withall that he dranke wine after that fel a rauing at the lēgth dyed the thirtie day of the month of Iune In his houshold booke of things passed dayly it is written that his feuer beeing apon him he slept in his hottehouse on the eyghtenth day of Iune The next morning after he was come out of his hottehouse he went into his chamber and passed away all that daye with Medius playing at dyce and at nyght very late after he had bathed him selfe and sacrificed vnto the goddes he fell to meate and had his feuer that nyght And the twenty daye also bathing him selfe againe and making his ordinary sacrifice to the goddes he did sitte downe to eate within his stooue harkening vnto Nearobus that tolde him straunge thinges he had seene in the great sea Oceanum The one and twenty day also hauing done the like as before he was much more inflamed then he had bene felt him selfe very ill all night and the next day following in a great feuer and on that day he made his bed to be remoued and to be set vppe by the fish pondes where he commoned with his capteines touching certaine roomes that were void in his armie and commaunded them not to place any men that were not of good experience The three and twenty day hauing an extreame feuer vpon him he was caried vnto the sacrifices and commaunded that his chiefest Capteines onely should remaine in his lodging and that the other meaner sort as centiniers or Lieuetenants of bands that they should watch ward without The foure and twenty day he was caried vnto the other pallace of the kings which is on thother side of the lake where he slept a litle but the feuer neuer left him when his Capteines noble men came to doe him humble reuerence to see him he lay speechles So did he the fiue and twenty day also insomuch as the MACEDONIANS thought he was dead Then they came knocked at the pallace gate cried out vnto his friendes and familiers and threatned them so that they were compelled to open them
the gate Thereuppon the gates were opened they comming in their gownes went vnto his bed side to see him That selfe day Python Seleucus were appointed by the kings friends to go to the temple of the god Serapis to knowe if they should bringe king Alexander thither The god aunswered them that they should not remoue him from thence The eight and twenty day at night Alexander dyed Thus it is written word for word in manner in the houshold booke of remembrance At that present tyme there was no suspition that he was poysoned Yet they say that six yeares after there appeared some proofe that he was poisoned Whereupon his mother Olympias put many men to death and cast the ashes of Iolas into the wind that was dead before for that it was said he gaue him poyson in his drinke They that thinke it was Aristotle that counselled Antipater to do it by whose meane the poyson was brought they say that Agnothemis reporred it hauing heard it of king Antigonus owne mouth The poyson as some say was cold as Ise and falleth from a rocke in the territory of the citie of NONACRIS it is gathered as they would gather a deawe into the horne of the foote of an asse for there is no other kinde of thinge that wil keepe it it is so extreme cold percing Others defend it say that the report of his poysoning is vntrue for proofe therof they alleage this reason which is of no smal importance that is That the chiefest Capteines fel at great variance after his death so that the corps of Alexander remained many dayes naked without buriall in a whot dry contry yet there neuer appeared any signe or token apon his body that he was poysoned but was still a cleane and faire corps as could be Alexander left Roxane great with childe for the which the MACEDONIANS did her great honor but she did malice Statira extreamely did finely deceiue her by a counterfeat letter she sent as if it had comen from Alexander willing her to come vnto him But when she was come Roxane killed her and her sister and then threw their bodies into a well and filled it vp with earth by Perdiccas helpe and consent Perdiccas came to be king immediatly after Alexanders death by meanes of Aridaeus whom he kept about him for his gard and safety This Aridaeus beeing borne of a common strumpet and common woman called Philinna was halfe lunaticke not by nature nor by chaunce but as it is reported put out of his wits when he was a young towardly boy by drinkes which Olympias caused to be geuen him and thereby continued franticke The end of Alexanders life THE LIFE OF Iulius Caesar. AT what time Sylla was made Lord of all he would haue had Caesar put away his wife Cornelia the daughter of Cinna Dictator but when he saw he could neither with any promise nor threate bring him to it he tooke her ioynter away from him The cause of Caesars ill will vnto Sylla was by meanes of mariage for Marius thelder maried his fathers own sister by whom he had Marius the younger whereby Caesar he were cosin germaines Sylla being troubled in waightie matters putting to death so many of his enemies when he came to be cōqueror he made no reckoning of Caesar but he was not contented to be hidden in safety but came and made sute vnto the people for the Priesthoodshippe that was voyde when he had scant any heare on his face Howbeit he was repulsed by Syllaes meanes that secretly was against him Who when he was determined to haue killed him some of his frendes told him that it was to no purpose to put so young a boy as he to death But Sylla told them againe that they did not consider that there were many Marians in that young boy Caesar vnderstanding that stale out of ROME and hidde him selfe a long time in the contrie of the SABINES wandring still from place to place But one day being caried from house to house he fell into the handes of Syllaes souldiers who searched all those places and tooke them whom they found hidden Caesar bribed the Captaine whose name was Cornelius with two talentes which he gaue him After he had escaped them thus he went vnto the sea side and tooke shippe and sailed into BITHYNIA to goe vnto king Nicomedes When he had bene with him a while he tooke sea againe and was taken by pyrates about the I le of PHARMACVSA for those pyrates kept all vppon that sea coast with a great fleete of shippes and botes They asking him at the first twentie talentes for his ransome Caesar laughed them to scorne as though they knew not what a man they had taken of him selfe promised them fiftie talents Then he sent his men vp and downe to get him this money so that he was left in maner alone among these theeues of the CILICIANS which are the cruellest butchers in the world with one of his frends and two of his slaues only and yet he made so litle reckoning of them that when he was desirous to sleepe he sent vnto them to commaunde them to make no noyse Thus was he eight and thirtie dayes among them not kept as prisoner but rather waited vppon by them as a Prince All this time he woulde boldly exercise him selfe in any sporte or pastime they would goe to And other while also he woulde wryte verses and make orations and call them together to say them before them and if any of them seemed as though they had not vnderstoode him or passed not for them he called them blockeheades and brute beastes and laughing threatned them that he would hang them vp But they were as merie with the matter as could be and tooke all in good parte thinking that this his bold speach came through the simplicity of his youth So when his raunsome was come from the citie of MILETVM they being payed their money and he againe set at libertie he then presently armed and manned out certaine ships out of the hauen of MILETVM to follow those theeues whom he found yet riding at ancker in the same Iland So he tooke the most of them had the spoile of their goods but for their bodies he brought them into the city of PERGAMVM there committed thē to prison whilest he him selfe went to speake with Iunius who had the gouernment of ASIA as vnto whom the execution of these pirats did belong for that he was Praetor of that contrie But this Praetor hauing a great fancie to be fingering of the money bicause there was good store of it answered that he would consider of these prisoners at better leasure Caesar leauing Iunius there returned againe vnto PERGAMVM and there hung vp all these theeues openly vpon a crosse as he had oftentimes promised them in the I le he would doe when they thought he did but ieast
make him repent it if he corrupted the citie of ATHENS in that manner So Harpalus beeing amated therewith left him at that tyme and went vnto them that had taken money of him But shortly after when the ATHENIANS sate in counsell about him he perceiued that those which had taken his money were shronke from him and that they did accuse him where they should haue excused him to bleere the world that men should not suspecte them they had beene corrupted and that Phocion on thother side which had refused his money hauing respect to the common wealth had also some regarde to saue his life he once more attempted all the wayes he could to wynne him Howbeit he found him so constant that no money could cary the man Then Harpalus falling in friendshippe with Charicles Phocions sonne in lawe he made him to be ill spoken of and greatly suspected bicause men sawe that he trusted him in all thinges and employed him in all his affayres As in committing to his trust the making of a sumptuous tombe for Pythonicé the famous Curtisan that was deade whom he loued and by whome he had a Daughter the taking apon him whereof was no lesse shame vnto Charicles then the finishing thereof was disgrace vnto him This tombe is seene vnto this daye in a place called Hermium in the bie waye from ATHENS to ELEVSIN the workemanshippe thereof being nothing like neare the charge of thirtie talents which was reported to bee giuen by Harpalus vnto Charicles for the finishing of the same Furthermore after Harpalus death Charicles and Phocion tooke his Daughter and carefully brought her vppe Afterwardes also Charicles beeing accused for the money he had taken of Harpalus he besought his father in lawe Phocion to helpe to ease him in his iudgement But Phocion flatly denyed him and sayde Charicles I tooke thee for my sonne in lawe in all honest and iust causes onely Furthermore when Asclepiades the sonne of Hipparchus brought the first newes of the deathe of Kinge Alexander Demades the Orator woulde not beleeue him forsayde he if it were true all the earthe woulde smell of the sauour of his corse Phocion then perceyuing the people beganne to bee highe minded and sought innouacion he went about to brydle and pacifie them But when many of the Orators gotte vppe to the pulpitte for orations and cryed out that Asclepiades newes were true of Alexanders deathe well then q Phocion if it bee true to daye it shall be true also to morrowe and the next day after And therefore my Maisters bee not too hasty but thinke of it at better leysure and sette your affayres at a sure staye When Leosthenes also by his practise had brought the citie of ATHENS into the warre called the GREEKES warre and in skorne asked Phocion that was offended at it what good he had done to the common wealth so many yeares together as he had beene Generall ouer the ATHENIANS Phocion aunswered him no small good sayde he for all my contrye men haue beene buryed at home in their owne graues Another tyme Leosthenes speaking prowdely and insolently to the people Phocion one daye sayde vnto him younge man my friende thy wordes are lyke to a Cypres tree which is highe and greate but beareth no frute Then Hyperides rising vppe asked Phocion when wilt thou then counsell the ATHENIANS to make warre when I shall see younge men sayde he not forsake their rancks riche men liberall and Orators leaue to robbe the common wealth When the ATHENIANS wondred to see suche a goodly greate armie as Leosthenes had leauied and that they asked Phocion howe he lyked it A goodly armie q he for a furlonge but I feare their returne and the continuance of this warre for I doe not see the citie able to make any more money mor moe shippes neyther yet any moe souldiers than these The which proued true as it fell out afterwardes For at the first Leosthenes did notable exployts He ouercame the BOEOTIANS in battell and draue Antipater into the citie of LAMIA the which did put the ATHENIANS in suche a hope and iolitie that they made continuall feastes and sacrifices through the citie to thanke the gods for these good newes And there were some amonge them that to take Phocion in a trippe asked him if he did not wish that he had done all those things yes in deede aunswered he I would I had done them but yet I would not haue giuen the counsel to haue done them Another ryme also when letters came dayly one after an other bringing good newes good gods sayde he when shall we leaue to ouercome When Leosthenes was deade in this voyage they that feared Phocion shoulde bee appoynted Captayne in his place and that he woulde pacifie the warre did thrust in a man of meane hauior and vnknowen that sayde in the assemblie he was Phocions friende and schoolefellowe and therefore besought the people that they woulde spare Phocion bicause they had not suche another man as he and that they woulde make Antiphilus Generall of their armie The people were contented withall But then Phocion stoode vppe and sayde that this man was neuer scholler with him neyther did he euer knowe him before that tyme but nowe sayde he from henceforth I will take thee for my friende for thou hast giuen the people the best counsell for me The people notwithstanding determining to make warre with the BOEOTIANS Phocion spake agaynst it all he coulde Thereuppon his friendes bidding him beware of suche speeches howe he did offende the people least they killed him he aunswered them they shall wrongefully put me to death q he speaking for the benefitte of my contrye but otherwise they shall haue reason to doe it if I speake to the contrarye But when he sawe nothing woulde pacifie them and that they went on still with their intent then he commaunded the Herawlde to proclayme by sownde of trompet that all Citizens from fourteene yeares to three score able to cary weapon should presently vppon breaking vp of thassembly arme them selues and followe him with fiue dayes prouision for vittells Then was there greate sturre amonge them in the citie and the olde men came and complayned vnto him for his ouerstraight commaundement He tolde them agayne I doe you no wronge for I am soure shore my selfe and yet will goe with you By this meanes he pacified them at that tyme and quenched their fond desire of warre But when all the sea coast was full of souldiers both of the MACEDONIANS and other straungers which were ledde by Macion their Captaine that landed in the territorie of the village RHAMNVS and spoyled the contry thereaboutes then Phocion ledde the ATHENIANS thither But when he was there diuers taking vpon them the office of a Lieuetenant and going about to counsell him some to lodge his campe vpon such a hill and others to send his horsemen to such a place and others to campe here O Hercules q he how many
amongest such a heape of euills hauing but one onely ioy to haue a vertuous sonne he put him to death for spyte and malice that he saw the ROMANES honor him left his other sonne Persaeus successor of his realme who as it is reported was not his lawfull begotten sonne but taken for his sonne and borne of a taylors wife called Gnatheniuâ—â— It is that Persaeus whom Paulus AEmylius ouercame and led in triumphe in Rome and at him the race of the kings discended from Antigonus failed Where the issue and ofspring of Aratus cominueth yet vntill our time in the cities of SICYONE and PALLENA THE LIFE OF Galba IPhicrates the ATHENIAN Captaine sayd that a mercenarie souldier should be couetous a louer and voluptuous that to get wherewith to maintaine his pleasure he should be the vallianter and readier to put him selfe into any daunger But most men thinke that souldiers should be as one entere strong body that sturreth not of it selfe without the mouing of the general And to approue this opinion it is said that Paulus AEmylius ariuing in MACEDON and finding the souldiers full of words and curiositie euerie man meddling with the affaires of the General he made open proclamacion no man so hardy to medle with his office and affaires but euery man only to keepe his sword sharpe and to be quicke of hand against the enemy and for the rest to referre all to him who would take sufficient order for things of his charge and gouernment Therefore Plato that saith it litle preuaileth to haue a good and wise Captaine if the souldiers also be not wise and obedient thinking it as requisite for the vertue of obedience to haue men of a noble minde and good education as otherwise it is meere for a Captaine to know how to direct and commaunde well considering it is that which with lenity mildnes doth mitigate all fury and choller he hath diuers other examples and sufficient proofes to proue his words true and namely the great miseries and calamities which came to the ROMANES after the death of Nero do plainly shew that nothing is more daungerous nor dreadfull in an Empire then a great armie liuing licentiouslie and disorderly For Demades after the death of Alexander the great compared Alexanders armie vnto Cyclops Polyphemus after his eye was put out considering howe blindly and looselie they were gouerned Howebeit the Empire of ROME being deuided into sundrie factions at one selfe time and rising against it selfe in many places it fell into the like misfortunes and calamities sained of the Poets by the TITANS not so much through the ambiciousnes of the Emperours as by meanes of the couetousnes insolency of the souldiers who draue the Emperours out of their Imperiall seares one after an other as one naile driueth out an other And Dionysius also the tyranne of SYCILTA was wont to call Phetaus who had bene onely tyran of THESSALY tenne monethes space a tyran in a play deriding his so sodaine chaunge of state But the Imperiall house of the Caesars at ROME receiued foure Emperours in lesse then tenne monethes space the souldiers now putting in one and then taking out an other as if they had bene in a play on a scaffolde So that the ROMANES being thus grieuouslie oppressed had yet this comfort that they needed not to seeke to be reuenged of them that did oppresse them For they sawe one of them murther an other and him first and most iustlie of all other murthered that had first of all corrupted the souldiers in teaching them to make gaine of the chaunge of Emperours and so deprauing a worthie deede of it selfe which was their forsaking of Nero and mingling it with briberie made it plaine treason For Nymphidius Sabinus being Captaine of the Emperours gard which are called the Praetorian souldiers together with Tigellinus when he saw Nero in dispaire of him selfe of his estate that he was readie to flie into AEGYPT he perswaded the gard they shoulde call Galba Emperour as if Nero had not bene at ROME but fled and gone and promised euerie one seuen thowsande fiue hundred Drachmas a peece And to the rest of the souldiers that were dispersed vp and downe in garrison vpon the prouinces twelue hundred fifty Drachmas a man For the leauying of which summe they could not possiblie doe it but they must needes commit tenne thowsand times more extorcion to euery bodie then Nero had done This large promise made them presently put Nero to death and shortly after him Galba him selfe also For the souldiers forsooke Nero for the hope they had to receiue this promised gift and shortlie after they slewe the second which was Galba bicause they receiued not their gifts in time to their contentment Afterwards also in seeking who should still feede them with like gifts before could obtaine their wished hope one of them destroyed an other by treason and rebellion But nowe to set downe all thinges particularlie which hapned at that time it were to wryte one whole entere historie and therefore I will content my selfe not to passe ouer wih silence the notablest deedes and lamentable calamities which happened at that time vnto the Caesars It is manifestly knowen to all men that Sulpitius Galba of a priuate man was the richest and wealthiest that came to be in the number of the Caesars who though he came of a verie noble house deriuing him selfe from the race and family of the Seruij yet he was honored the more bicause he was a kinne vnto Quintus Catulus who for vertue and estimacion was one of the chiefest men of his time albeit that otherwise he willingly rezined his authoritie and power vnto others So Galba thereby was somwhat a kinne vnto Linia the wife of Augustus Caesar and therefore for her sake he came out of the Emperours pallace when he went to take possession of his Consulshippe Moreouer it is reported that when he had charge of the armie in GERMANIE he did valliantlie behaue him selfe And in the gouernment of LIBYA also where he was Viceconsul he did as honorablie behaue him selfe as any man whatsoeuer Howbeit his meane and simple ordinary of dyet voyde of all excesse was imputed misary niggardlines in him when he was proclaimed Emperour bicause the praise of sober temperate died which he would haue brought in vse was then so raw a thing that it was taken for a new straunge deuise He was sent Gouernor also into SPAYNE by Nero before he had learned to be astrayed of the citizens of great authority howbeit besides that he was of a curteous gentle nature his age moreouer increased the opinion they had of him that he was timerous and fearefull For when the wretched officers of Nero did cruelly vexe torment the prouinces and that it lay not in Galba any way to help them yet was it some comfort to them which were iudged sold as slaues
tombe built in the market place The coÌ„parison of Timoleon and Paulus AEmylius for the vvarres The woÌ„derful continencie of AEmylius from bribes Not to take giftes commended for a singular vertue AEmylius Constancie for exceeded Timoleons To be so bold veÌ„turous is not good The aunswere of a souldierâ— to king Antigonus Diuers opinions of life death why the Greecians do punish him that casteth away his target Iphicrates comparison of an armie of men A lieutenant of an armie must be careful to saue him selfe Timotheus saying Pelopidas Marcellus lost both their liues by to much venturing Pelopidas stock liberalitie Aristotles saying of rich men Pelopidas saying for the necessitie of monie The persit frendshippe betwixt Pelopidas Epaminondas The true cause of frendshippe Agesipolis king of the Lacedaemonians Cadmea the castel of Thebes taken by Phebidas captaine of the Lacedaemonians Ismenias death Pelopidas Pherenicus and Androclidas banished from Thebes Archias and Leontidas gouerners of Thebes vnder the Lacedaemonians Androclidas slayne The thanckfulnes of the Athenians vnto the Thebans Pelopidas counsel for the libertie of the Thebans Conspiracie against the Lacedaemonians for the libertie of Thebes Charon kept promise with daunger of life Pelopidas coÌ„meth into Thebes disgised in cloynes apparel Philidas secretary to the tyrans Pelopidas daunger Archias Bishop of AtheÌ„s bewraieth the treason to Archias in a letter VVeighty matters to morrow Prou. Pelopidas killeth the tyrans The Liberty of the Thebans restored Pelopidas receiueth the Castell of Cadmea by Composition Pelopidas ouerthrewe the seigniorie of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas policy to make the Athenians fall out againe with the Lacedaemonians The Thebans exercise in armes Antalcidas saying to king Agesilaus The victory of Thebans against the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas victory of the Lacedaemonians at the battlle of Tegyra Melas ft. Latona brought to bed betwene two springes called the Palme and the Oliue Pelopidas victorie What enemies are moste terrible to be feared The first institution of the holie bande Men louing together fight desperately against their enemies Hercules Iolaus loue Platoes saying of a louer The Goddesse Harmonia Cleombrotus king of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas princely aunsweare Se what plagues folowe where iustice is denied Pelopidas dreame vision in the fieldes of Leuetrea Agesileus dreame Godly sayings concerning God. Gods prouidence and sodaine ayde The filly slaine sacrificed The battell at Leuctres The cause of the ouerthrow of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas and Epaminondas victorie at the battaile of Leuctres Pelopidas Epaminondas iorney into Peloponesus being both gouernors of Boeotia Apenall lawe at Thebes for resigning vp of offices at the yeers end Pelopidas Epaminondas went ouer the riuer of Eurotas with 70. thousand meÌ„ The ingratitude of the Thebans toward Pelopidas and Epaminondas The Lawe Boucation Epaminondas patience Pelopidas coÌ„demneth Meneclidas a seditious orator and accuser The practise of spitefull men Our forefathers did paint and set forth their battailes Alexander the tyran of Pheres Larissa a city Philip of Macedon deliuered for ostage vnto Pelopidas Pelopidas taken prisonner by the tyran Alexander at Pharsale Pelopidas stoutnes Thebe the wife of Alexander the tyran Epaminondas sent into Thessalie with an army The brutishe cruelty of Alexander the tyran Epaminondas deliuered Pelopidas out of prison Artaxerxes king of Persia Pelopidas sent Ambassador to the king of Persia Pelopidas greatly honored of the king of Persia. Pelopidas refused the great giftes of the kinge Artaxerxes Timagoras Ambassador for the Athenians put to death for taking great giftes of the kinge of Persia Pelopidas second iourney against the tyran AlexaÌ„der of Pheres The eclipse of the sunne made the Thebans afraid Battaâ—ll geuen by the temple of Thetis vnto the tyran Alexander Pelopidas slaine The great lamentacion mourning for Pelopidas death The oration of the ThessaliaÌ„s to the Thebans The strange manner of sorowe of Alexander the great for the death of Ephestion Pelopidas happines Esops sayinge of the happines of the dead Death a blessed thing The Thebans reuenged Pelopidas death Alexander the tyran of Pheres slaine by his wife Alexander the tyran of Pheres was the first tyran that was slaine by his wife Marcellus kinred Marcellus condicions The Romaines troubled with warres Marcellus saved his brother Octacilius Marcellus chosen AEdilis and Augure Marcellus accuseth Capitolinus The Romaines had warres with the Carthaginians two twenty yeres together The warre of the Gaules Gessates mercenary Gaules A lawe to exempt ecclesiasticall persone froÌ„ the warr The Romaines did feare the warre of the Gaules Men and women buried aliue Flaminius P. Furius Consulls Newes brought to Rome of strange things seene in Romania Flaminius ouercome the Gaules in battayle The great religion of the Romaines An ordinance for publike sacrifice Marcellus Cneus Cornelius Consulls The Gaules Gessates make warres with Rome and come ouer the Alpes Acerres a city apon the riuer of Po. Clastidium a village or this side the mountaines The maner of the Romaines when they worship The combat a horsebacke betwixt Britomarus king of the Gaules and Marcellus Marcellus slue king Britomaerus as Clastidium Marcellus prayer vnto Iupiter Feretrian The Gaule ouercome by Marcellus Marcellus wanne the city of Millaine Marcellus triumphe Marcellus offeringe up of his rich spoiles The three persones that offered vp Spolia opima in Rome Romulus Cossus Marceâ—us Iupiter Feretrian why so called Spolia opima what they be Marcellus sent into Sicile with an army Posidonius wordes of Fabius Marcellus Lucius Bandius of Nola a valliant man. Marcellus gentlenes Reward made Bandius a true subiect Marcellus victorie of Hanniball at Nola. Marcellus proconsull Certaine Spanyards and Numidians are reuolted from Hannibal Marcellus the third time Consull sent into Sicile The seuerity of the Romaines to cowardly souldiers Cowardes detested of the Romaines Hippocrates generall of the Syracusans Marcellus wanne the city of the Leontines Marcellus besiegeth Syracusa Archimedes a notable mathematician Architas and Eudoxus famous Mathematicians VVhy Plato reproued Eudoxus and Architas Archimedes with an engine drew one of the greatest hackes Hieron the king had a shore The woÌ„derful force of Archimedes engines as Marcellus siege of Syrcusa Marcellus Sambuca Marcellus wondred as Archimedes engynes Archimedes profowndely learned Archimedes Siren. Archimedes demonstracion of the Cylinder Marcellus victories in Sicile Danippus a LacedaemoniaÌ„ Captaine taken prisoner Marcellus winneth Syracusa Acradina Marcellus gentlenes Rich spoyled at Syracusa Archimedes mathematiciaÌ„ slaine in his study Marcellus clemency Engyivm a city in Sicile Nicias craft Marcellus the first that brought in finenes curious tables and pictures into Rome of the spoyles of Syracusa Marcellus entreth into Rome with Ouation triumphe VVhos the Ouation triumphe is Ouation whereof it is called The sacrifices of the quiet triumphe The sacrifices of the litle triumphe Ouation The differeÌ„ces betwixt the Spartans and Romaines in their sacrifices for victorie The Syracusans accuse Marcellus Marcellus being Consull aunswered the Syracusans accusations as a
priuate man. Marcellus constancy Marcellus curtesie to the Syracusans Marcellus actes against Hanniball in his fourth Consullship Cneus Fuluius viceconsull slaine in Apulia by Hanniball Marcellus fought a battell with Hanniball at Numistron in Apulia The Dictator chosen by the Consull or Praetor not by the people nor Senate VVhereof Dictator commeth Quintus Fuluius chosen Dictator by the people Marcellus Proconsull Hannibals oration to his souldiers Marcellus stratageame Marcellus ouercome in battell by Hanniball Marcellus had wordes vnto his souldiers Hannibals wordes of Marcellus Battell betwixt Hanniball and Marcellus The worthy act of Flauius Tribunus milium Marcellus victory of Hannibal Hanniball lay in garrison in the city of Sinuesse in Campania P. Bibulus Tribune of the people accuseth Marcellus Circus Flaminius Marcellus chosen Consul the fift time The temples of honor and vertue built by Marcellus VVonderfull signes were seene in Rome vnfortunate to Marcellus Marcellus three score yeare olde beinge chosen Consull the fift time Q. Crispinus Consull Hanniball lay betwixt the cities of Bancia and Venousa Mons Petelium An ambush layd by Hanniball Ill signes to Marcellus Quintus Crispinus fellowe Consull with Marcellus Marcellus slaine in an ambush at the hill of Pâ—â—elie The Consull Crispinus slaine Marcellus funerall honored by Hanniball Marcellus monuments Marcellus posterity Pelopidas Marcellus actes in wars Marcellus actes preferred before Pelopidas The maner of Marcellus Pelopidas deedes Marcellus made the Romaines coragious Rashneâ— in a Captaine deserueth blame The valliantnes and obedience of Chrysantas a souldier Plutarch excuseth his free speech and Iudgement of these famous men Pelopidas Marcellus funeralls vnlike Aristides wealth Good men may take giftes but after a sorie Damon banished bicause he was to wise Socrates was not poore Aristocratia what it signifieth Aristides and Themistocles enemies in the common wealth Themistocles disposition Aristides nature Themistocles saying for partiality Aristides maner of dealing in the common wealth Barathrum a prison or dungeon Aristides constancy Aristides iustice Aristides wise saying Aristides chosen treasorer Themistocles couetously geuen Aristides accused condemned for abusing his office Aristides fine released and he made treasorer againe Aristides openly reproueth close theeues in the coÌ„mon wealth and detesteth their praise Miltiades chiefe of the ten Captaines that went against Dathis the king of Persiaes Lieutenant Miltiades victory of the Parsians The wicked parte of Callias the torche bearer Aristides chosen prouost of Athens Aristides called the Iust. The praise of iustice Authority would be with out corruptioÌ„ Themistocles enuieth Aristides iustice Aristides banished with the Ostracismon The nature of the Ostracismon Hyperbolus the last man banished with the Ostracismon The cause of Hyperbolus banishment A description of the Ostracismon A tale of a plaine man that came to Aristides with his shell to pray him to write Aristides name in it Aristides called from exile Aristides acts and councells against kinge Xerxes Aristides wordes of Themistocles Aristides victory as Psyttalea Aristides wise counsell for Xerxes flying out of Greece A stratageame of Themistocles Xerxes left Mardonius his Lieutenant in Greece with 300000. men The noble minde of the Athenians Aristides Lieutenant generall of the AtheniaÌ„s against Mardonius Pausanias king of Lacedaemon generall of all Greece Asopus flu Oracles of the victory of Plateas The Nymphes Sphragitides Arymnestus dreame The magnanimity of the Plataeians Alexander the great doth honor the Plateians for their noble mindes Strife betwene the Athenians Tegeates Aristides wisely pacifieth the mutinie The conspiracy of the rich noble men of Athens Mount Cithaeron Masistius generall of the horsemen of the Persians Masistius slaine by the Athenians Alexander kinge of Macedon reuealeth the Persian secrete counsell vnto Aristides The treason of the Thebans The stubbornnes of Amompharetus Captaine of the Lacedaemonians The battell of the GreeciaÌ„s with the Persians at the city of Plataees Callicrates slaine without fighting Note the obedience of the Spartan souldiers vnto death Barteâ—â—l betwixt the Greecians Persians The Greecian victorie of the Persians as Platees Mardonius slaine of Arimnestus a Spartan with a blow of a stone Two hundred and three score thousand Persians slain A thowsande three hundred three score Greecians slaine Strife betwixt the AtheniaÌ„s and Lacedaemonians for honor of the victory Corinthe the third city of estimacion in Greece Sparta Athens Corinthe The Greecians graâ—â—nt the honor of the victory vnto the Plataeians The wonderfull speede of Euchidas the Plataeian a foâ—â—e Diana Euclia Euchidas death A generall counsell holden at the city of Plataees Solemne sacrifices and funeralls kepe by the Plataeians yerely for the Greecians that were slaine as the battaill of Plataees Aristides preferreth the popular state A wicked deuise of Themistocles Aristides sentence apon Themistocles deuise The iustice of the AtheniaÌ„s Aristides and Cimon generalls of the Athenians against the barbarous people Aristides iustice and vertue tooke from the Lacedaemonians all their rule and authority in Greece Pausanias proude and couetous Pausanias cruell punishing of his souldiers Aristides fine triall of traytors The rebellious act of Vliades and Antagoras against Pausanias The temperance of the Lacedaemonians Aristides did sesse the cities of GREECE Aristides a true cesser Tauntes betwixt Themistocles and Aristides Aristides preferred necessity of time before law reason Aristides gloried in his pouerty A hard thing to away with pouerty VVho may be ashamed of pouerty Aristides coÌ„mended of Plato Aristides temperance vnto Themistocles Aristides death Aristides coÌ„demned for extorcion Aristides tombe The Athenians thankefulnes vnto Aristides children Myrto Aristides daughters daughter maried vnto Socrates The Athenians commended for their liberality Cato called an vpstare The definition of this worde Cato Catoes maners and life Cato an excellent orator Cato a souldier at 17. yeares of age A grimme looke geueth terror to the enemy This Manius Curius ouerthrew kinge Pyrrus being generall of the Tarâ—â—inas Cato the elder wondered as the thrifâ—nes of Manius Curius The moderacion of Manius Curius Nearchus the Pythagorian Philosopher Caenes scholemaister Platâ—â—s opinion of pleasure Cato learned the Greeke tongue in his olde age Cato profited most by Demosthenes eloquence Valerius Flaccus a great wise man. Catoes strauÌ„ge life Cato goeth to Rome by Valerius Flaccus perswasion Cato chosen Tribunus militum Catoes offices in the Senate Cato followed Fabius Maximus Catoes emulacion with Scipio the great Cato beinge treasorer vnder Scipio Afrikan reproued him for his wastfull expences Cato accuseth Scipio of riot Catoes eloquence his continent life and extreame paynes Catoes wonderfull thrift Catoes sharpnes Gentlenesse goeth further then iustice Gentlenesse to be vsed vnto brute beastes A gentle lawe made by the Athenians in fauer of their laboringe moyles Xanthippus buried his dogge that swame by his gallyes side from Athens to Salamina and dyed wheÌ„ he landed Catoes straight life Cato Praetor in Sardinia Catoes neerenes in his circuite Catoes seuerity Catoes speech and writing Catoes sayinges Themistocles saying Honor nourisheth â—â—ie Cato
Tenterides people of Germany Caesars horsemen put to flight The Ipes and Tenterides slaine by Caesar Sicambri a people of the Germaines Caesar made a bridge ouer the riuer of Rheyn Caesars iorney into England The death of Iulia Caesars Daughter The rebellion of the Gaules Cotta and Titurius with their armie slaine Caesar slue the Gaules led by Ambiorix The second rebellion of the Gaules against Caesar. Vercingentorix Captaine of the rebells against Caesar. * Some say that in this place is to be redde in the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is the riuer Saone The Hedul rebell against the Romanes * Sequani Vercingentorix ouerthrowen by Caesar. The seege of Alexia Caesars daunger and wise policie Caesars great victorie at Alexie Alexia yelded vp to Caesar The discord betwixt Caesar and Pompey and the cause of the ciuill warres Caesars crassines The peoples voices bought at Rome for money Pompey gouerned Spain and Africk Caesar sueth the second time to be coÌ„sul and to haue his gouernment proroged Caesar bribeth the Magistrates at Rome Pompey abused by slauerers Caesars requests vnto the Senate Antonius Curio Tribunes of the people fly from Rome to Caesar Caesars doubtfull thoughts at the riuer of Rubicon The Greeke vseth this phrase of speech cast the dye Caesar tooke the citie of Arminum Caesars damnable dreame Rome in vprore with Caesars comming Pompey flyeth from Rome Labienus forsooke Caesar and fled to Pompey Domitius escaped from Caesar fled to Pompey Pompey flyeth into Epirus Silent leges inter arma Caesar taketh money out of the temple of Saturne Caesars iorney into Spayne against Pompeys Lieuetenants Caesar Dictator Caesar and Isauricus Consulls Caesar goeth into the kingdom of Epirus Complaints of the olde souldiers against Caesar. A great aduenture of Caesar. Anius â—â— Caesars daungers troubles in the Realme of Epirus Caesars armie fled from Pompey Caesars wordes of Pompeys victory Caesar troubled in mind after his losse Pompeys determination for the warre Pompey called Agamemnon and king of kings The citie of Gomphes in Thessaly Pompeys dreame in Pharsalia The securitie of the Pompeians Pompeys armie at great againe as Caesars A wonder seene in the element before the battell in Pharsalia Caesars armie and his order of battell in the fieldes of Pharsalia Pompeys army and his order of battell An ill counsel and fowle fault of Pompey The battell in the fieldes of Pharsalia Caesars strategeme Caesar ouercommeth Pompey Pompeys flight Brutus that slue Caesar taken prisoner at the battell of Pharsalia Signes tokens of Caesars victory A straunge tale of Cornelius an excellent Prognosticatos Caesars clemeÌ„cy in victory The cause of Caesars warre in Alexandria Pothinus the Euenuke caused Pompey to be slayne Cleopatra came to Caesar Cleopatra trussed vp in a mattresse and so brought to Caesar vpon Apollodorus backe The great library of Alexandria burnt Caesars swimming with bookes in his hand Caesar made Cleopatra Queene of AEgypt Caesarion Caesars sonne begotteÌ„ of Cleopatra Caesars victorie of king Pharnaces Caesar wyteth three wordes to certifie his victory Caesars iorney into Africke against Cato and Scipio Caesars troubles in Africke Alga and dogges tooth geuen to the horse to eate Caesars daungers in Africke Caesars great victorie and small losse Caesar trobled with the falling sickenes Caesar was sory for the death of Cato Caesar wrote against Cato being dead Cicero wrote a booke in praise of Cato being dead Iuba the sonne of king Iuba a famous historiographer Caesars feasting of the Romanes The muster taken of the Romanes Caesar Consull the fourth time Battell fought betwext Caesar and the young Pompeyes by the city of Mvnda Caesars victory of the sonnes of Pompey Caesar triumphe of Pompeis sonnes Caesar Dictator perpetuall The temple of clemency dedicated vnto Caesar for his curtesie Cassius and Brutus Praetors Caesars saying of death Good will of subiectes the best gard and safety for Palaces Caninius Rebilius Consull for one day Anienes Tiber flu Caesar reformed the inequality of the yeare * Mercedonius mensis intercularis VVhy Caesar was hated The feast Lipercalia Antonius being Consull was one of the Lupercalians Antonius presented the Diadeame to Caesar. Caesar saued Marcus Brutus life after the battell of Pharsalia Brutus conspireth against Caesar. Cassius stâ—roeth vp Brutus against Caesar. Predictions foreshewes of Caesars death Caesars day of his death prognosticased by a Soothsayeth The dreame of Calpurnia Caesars wife Decius Brutus Albinus perswasion to Caesar. Decius Brutus brought Caesar into the Senate house The tokens of the conspiracy against Caesar. The place where Caesar was slaine Antonius Caesars faithfull frend Casca the first that strake at Caesar. Caesar slaine and had 23. wounds apon him The murtherers of Caesar doe goe to the Capitall Caesars funeralls Cinnaes dreame of Caesar. The murther of Cinna Caesar 56. yere olde at his death The reuenge of Caesars death Cassius being ouerthrowen at the battell of Philippes slue himselfe with the selfe same sword wherewith he strake Caesar. VVonders seene in the element after Caesars death A great Comet Brutus vision A spirit appeared vnto Brutus The second appearing of the spirit vnto Brutus Demades arrogaÌ„t saying The power of vertue and fortune Aduersitie maketh men hasty Ciceroes saying of Cato the common wealth at Rome Catoes plaine maner became not the corrupt and suretie time The parâ—â—age of Phocion Phocion neuer wept nor laughed Phocions maners VVherein excellencie of speech consifieth Phocions first souldier saâ—e The victory of Chabrias and Phocion in the I le of Naxos Phocions notable sayings Aristogiton a Sycophant coward Phocion called by surname goâ—â— Phocions iorney into Euboâ—a Phocion perswadeth his Captaines to suffer the musinous souldiers cowards to depart the campe Phocions victory in Eubâ—â—a Phocion saued the citie of Byzantium PhocioÌ„ draws Philip out of Hellespont Phocion ioyned Megara vnto Athens To reioyce at any mans hurt sheweth a base mind vile nature Alexander pacified with the Athenians by Phocions meanes Phocions vertue and integrity refusing of Alexanders money Phocions house and wiues Phocus Phocions sonne what he was Phocion despiseth Harpalus money Phocion refused to defend his sonne in law in an ill cause Phocions victory of the Macedonians The Graecians ouercomeÌ„ by Antipater Phocion Ambassador vnto Antipater Xenocrates authoritie Xenocrates despised of Antipater Presages of the miseries of the Athenians The crueltie of Antipater Phocion refuseth Menyllus giftes Phocion loued pouertie The insolencie of Demades the Orator Cassander king Antipaters sonne The 〈…〉 end of Demades Polyperchon Generall of the armie of the Macedonians Polyperchon conspiracie against Phocion Nicanor to receiue then to offer an iniury Alexander the sonne of Polyperchon practiseth treason against the Athenians Phocion accused of treason Polyperchon did put Dinarchus to death Phocion sent prisoner to Athens to be condemned The furie of the Athenians against Phocion The crueltie of the Athenians vnto Phocion Phocion condemned to death The constancy and corage of Phocion being condemned
suerer gard to a Prince then the loue of the subiects The miserable life of Aristippus the tyrant of Argos Aratus gouernment obtayned by vertue Chares fl Aratus gaue Aristippus the victorie Aratus straâ—agâ—â—â— to intrappe the tyrant Aristippus Aratus victory of the tyrant Aristippus Aristippus the tyrant slayne A philosophicall question whether trembling and chaunging of culler in daunger be a signe of cowardlines Lysiadas tyran of Megalipolis Lysiadas tyran of Megalipolis leaueth the tyrannie and yelded him selfe and his dominion vnto the Achaians Dissention betwixt Aratus and Lysiadas One of Isopes tales of the Cuckowes question to litle birdes Aratus noble counsell against the AEtolians Geraniamous Aratus setteth vpon his lascinious enemies A womaÌ„ with a Burganet of her head seemed a monstrous thing The signe of Diana with the Pallenians Aratus bringeth the AEtolians in league with the Achaians Aratus atteÌ„pteth to set Athens at libertie Aratus ouerthrowen by the Macedonians Aratus by perswasion deliuered Argos from tyrannie The loue and faith of the Achaians vnto Aratus Aratus ouerthrowen in battel by king Cleomenes hard by the mountaine Lycaeum Aratus tooke the citie of Mantinea The death of Lysiadas Aratus once againe ouerthrowen by king Cleomenes Aratus reproch A Gouernor of a common weale ought no more to forsake his contry in time of daunger then the maister of a shippe his shippe at storme and tempest The meanest man of Sparta was to be preferred before the greatest Prince of Macedon Esopes hunter Polybius Historiographer Philarchus the Historiographer not greatly to be credited Cleomenes winneth the citie of Megalipolis from the AchaiaÌ„s The spitefull letters that passed betwext Cleomenes and Aratus Aratus pâ—â—seth the rebells of Sicyone to death Aratus constancie in daunger Aratus sureletie when he fled out of Corinthe The citie of Corinth yeelded vp vnto Cleomenes Aratus in great daunger for his contrie King Cleomenes curtesie vnto Aratus The AchaiaÌ„s do send for king Antigonus Gouernors obey necessitie Antigonus honorable enterteinment to Aratus A woÌ„der shewed to Aratus Antigonus and Aratus sworne brethren The citie of Argos reuolted from Cleomenes Aristomachus drowned in the sea Aratus infamie for Aristomachus Mantinea called Antigonia by Aratus decree Aratus ouerthrowen in battell by the citie of Caphyes The AchaiaÌ„s sent for king Philip Antigonus sonne Aratus a wise counseller Enuy the coÌ„panion of vertue The beginning of displeasures betwext Aratus and Philip. The deepe dissimulacion and double dealing of king Philip. Aratus the sonnes wordes vnto Philip. The wise answere of Aratus vnto king Philip touching the safetie of a Prince Aratus the father forsooke Phillippe Philip of a curteous Prince became a cruell tyran Aratus poysoned by king Philippes meanes A kinges frendshippe daungerous The death of Aratus A law for buriall among the Sicyonians The Oracle for Aratus buriall Arativm Yearely sacrifices appointed to bones Aratus memorie The miserable death of Aratus the sonne Straunge kindes of poisoning King Philip punished for his wickednes Persaeus king Philippes sonne when Paulus AEmylius triumphed for in Rome Iphicrates saying what maner of man a Mercenarie souldier should be AEmylius saying of souldiers Platoes saying of an armie Demades saying of Alexanders armie after his death The Empire of Rome whereas likened Nymphidius Sabyne and Tigellinius betrayed Nero The hope of gifts destroies the Empire of Rome The wealth and nobility of Galba Galbaâ—s maners Galbaâ—s curtesie Iunius Vindex revelled against Nero In this place the Greeke is corruptly red pâ—â—bâ—â—â—s for peaâ—â—â—â—et Sulpitius Galba saluted by the souldiers an Emperour Galba iudged an enemie by the Senate of Rome and his goods sold by the â—rier Clodius Macer Gouernor of Africke Verginius Rufus Gouernor of Gaule Verginius Rufus called Emperour * Others read Clonia Colonia Citie of Spayne Nymphidius Sabine taketh vpon him to be Emperor Honors done to Nymphidius by the Senate made him grow no bold and insolent Neroes frieÌ„ds slayne at Rome by Nymphidius commaundemens The parentage of Nymphidius Verginius a famous Captaine The â—â—â—ditiâ—â—â— of Titus Iunius Nymphidius practises The oration of Antonius Honoratus Tribune of the souldiers vnto his mutinous souldiers Nymphidius aspireth to be Emperor Nymphidius Sabine slaine The crueltie of Galba Cornelius Tatanus calleth him Turpilianus Galba thired Rome with murder The vileueâ— of Galba Hesiodus saying Galba killeth Nereos seruaunts and officers The noble saying of the Emperour Galba Galba offended the souldiers Tumult amongest the souldiers and legione of the Romanes in Germany Othoes maners Poppea Othoes wife Otho sent Propraetor into Lusitania Othoes credit about Galba Othoes practise aspiring to the Emperor The legions in Germanie doe rebell against Galba The souldiers doe rebell against Galba Vitellius accepted the name of Germanicus but not of Caesar. Vitellius named Emperor by the souldiers Galba adopteth Piso his successor Euill signes appeared vnto Galba Ptoloâ—ers prediction of Othoes Empire Optio and Tesserarius why so called by the Romanes Otho bribed the Praetorian souldiers The presage of Ombricius the Soothsayer touching the treason practised against Galba Otho called Emperour Otho receiued of the Praetorian souldiers A shamefull lye of a souldiers Tamuls for Galba * Tachus doth call him Virgilio * Cornelius Tacitus doth call him Densus The velliansnes and sidelitie of Sempronius in discharge of his othe to the Emperour Galba The death of Sempronius The death of Galba his wordes at his death * Others doe read Marcus. The murther of Piso and T. Iunius The Senate sware by the name of Otho Citizens beades sold at Rome Othoes moderation at the beginning of his raigne Tigellinus killeth him selfe Otho at the beginning of his raigne tooke vpon him the name of Nero. Tumulâ— amongest the Praetorian souldiers The death of Crispinus Othoes liberalitie to the souldiers Vitellius rebellion Small difference betwext Otho and Vitellius maners of life VVonders seene at Rome The wonderfull ouerflowing of the riuer of Tiber. The srewâ—â—dnes of Otho and Vitellius souldiers PlaceÌ„tia the fertilest town of all Italie The praise of Othoes Captaines and dispraise of Vitellius Captaines Fabius Valens Cremona a goodly citie Paulinus Othoes Captaine accused for a coward Bebriacum a towne by Cremona Othoes consultacion of geuing battell Freshwater souldiers lamens their pleasaunt life at Rome fealing the paines and smart of a souldier Secundus the Orator secretarie vnto Otho the Emperour Vitellius a dronkard and glutton Otho a wanton and licentious liner The towne of Bresselles in hard by the riuer of Po. Battell bewixt the Othonians and Vitellians Legions called by prety names Denowrer Helper The valliantnes of the Battanâ—j in warres Note the â—riâ—â— seruice of Fensers and what souldiers they he The Othonians ouercomen in battell by the Vitellians The cowardlines of the fresh water souldiers Marius Celsus orationes Othoes souldiers perswading them to goe to Vatellius Othoes Captaines doe yeld them selues vnto Vitallius Me that fight a battell know not all thing that are done at the battell The great fidelitie of the souldiers vnto the Emperor