cure of the muscle of the bladder for that being cut or wounded c. incurable First the humor offending must be removed and then the distemperature corrected the humor offending if it be heate must be removed by opening the liver veine in the right arme or by a gentle purgation of manna cassia tamarindes sirupe of roses solutine diasebesten and diaprunon but all without scammony and rather often to be used then much at once that thereby nature by little and little may be framed to void those humors by stoole which descend to the reines also a vomite stronger for to draw the humors from the reines and a sweat is not inconvenient to draw them to the skin and lastly to correct the distemperature and strengthen the parts use some of these cooling medicines as lettuce endive suckory forrell also decoctions and sirups of the same and besides of purslane roses violets and cooling meats and drinks For strong wines and which have power to provoke urine are not good Also a ceare-cloth applyed to the backe loynes and veines to coole them ceratum refrigerans unguentum rosaceum santalinam mesue But if the cause came of cold a vomit and sweat is likewise good also clysters wherein oyle of cammomill dill and bitter almonds must be used And now and then it is good to use pils of aloes and rheubarbe The diet must be of hote things and wherein some hot spices are put Lastly use of cupping glasses without incision friction of the outward parts and moderate exercise is convenient both because they heate the body as also draw the humor away from the inward parts And thus much briefly of these diseases not intending fully to handle the same FINIS THE TABLE A Ache in the backbone 85. Ache in the reines 22 61 71 90. Adustion of blood 40 56 60. Adustion of choler 39 64 84. Adustion of humors 40 64 87. Adustion of liver 67. Adustion of melancholy 40 64. Agitation of humors 72. Ague 11 13 19 35 36 40 43 51 52 59 62 90 99. Ague beginning 9 28 51. Ague burning 6 13 49 66. Ague continuing 22 66. Ague continuall 22 23. Ague dangerous 23 82. Ague intermitting 23. Ague lingring 28. Ague malignant 23 82. Ague of choler 78. Ague of the heate of the Sun 178. Ague quartane 22 24 43 52 64. Ague quotidian 33 40. Ague rotten 80 37. Ague semitertian 37. Ague sharp 43 47. Ague tertian 24 33 34 37 41 52 64. Agues mortall vide death Ague with a good signe vide signe Anasarca 46. Animall faculty recovered 85. Apoplexy 30 73 66 96. Apoplexy mortall vide death Appetite wanting 43 46. Appetite wanting with death 46. B Backbone pained 85. Bladder altered 40. Bladder exulcerated 15 61 59 65 66 68 69. Bladder too open 15. Bladder weake 66 69. Blood abounding 37 39 55 56 70 86. Blood adust 40 56 60. Blood cloddy 13. Blood good 90. Blood inflamed 96. Blood too thin 68. Blood turned into choler and evacuated 54. Bloody flixe 37. Braine mortified 83. Breast diseased 33. Breath short 40. Bruising 40 55 65 68. Businesse importunate C Canker 43. Carbuncle 43. Cassia eaten 42. Children pissing their beds 96. Choler 19 31 84. Choler abounding 34 37 54 81. Choler adust 39 64 84. Cholericke complexion 10. Cholericke diseases 51. Cholericke meats ibid. Cholicke 38 41 90 96. Cholicke mortall vide death Chronicall diseases 43 47 52. Cold 11 20 40 44 55 90. Cold mortifying 40. Cold of the liver 12 45. Cold of the stomacke ibid. Colliquation of the bladder 59 90. Colliquation of the reines ibid. Colliquation of the solide parts 60. Colliquation of the whole body 59 90. Colour of urines how they may be changed 110. Colour of urine of what it gives best signification 111. Complexion 9. Complexion cholericke 10. Complexion flegmaticke 9 33. Complexion melancholike 10 34. Complexion sanguine 10 68. Conception 72 42 60 63 74 75. Conception of male 72 73 75 76. Conception of female 72 73 75 76. Concoction 19 125 53 80 88 93. Concoction absolute best 25. Concoction beginning 21 32. Concoction exceeding the perfect 26. Concoction second weake 56. Concoction strong 56 57. Confusion 23. Consumption 28 34 37 55 59. Consumption of the lungs 32 41. Consumption of the reines 55. Consumption of the whole body 55 41 47 49. 60. Consumption mortall vide death Contents in urine of what they give best signification 111. Conversion of the humor 14 17 32 51 79 99. Conversion of the humor to the belly 14 49. Conversion of the humor to the braine 14 17 32. Conversion of the humor to the breast 79. Conversion of the humor to the cods 14 49. Conversion of the humor to the emeraudes 49. Conversion of the humor to the fret 49. Conversion of the humor to the guts 14 49. Conversion of the humor to the joynts 14. Conversion of the humor to the liver 14. Conversion of the humor to the lower parts 49. Conversion of the humor to the parts grieved 14 51. Conversion of the humor to the parts inflamed ibid. Conversion of the humor to the parts weakned ibid. Conversion of the humor to the pores of the skin 14 49. Conversion of the humor to the reines 14 Conversion of the humor to the spleene 32. Conversion of the humor to the short ribs 14 32 79. Conversion of the humor to the stomacke 14 64. Conversion of the humor to the whole body 14 49. Convulsion 42 44 47 96. Corruption 23 51. Cough 39. Cramp 37. Cramp mortall vide death Criticall evacuation 10 22 42 46 68 90 93. Criticall fluxe of bloud at the nose 97. Crudity 11 12 16 18 20 29 51 52 53 58 59 61 86 93. Crudity mortall vide death D Death in agues 90. Death in agues burning 40. Death in agues hote ibid. Death in agues maligne 82. Death in agues sharp 43 47. Death in agues teatian and quotidian 16. Death in agues when urine is suppressed 95. Death in apoplexies 37. Death in appetite wanting 46. Death in children 7 12 29. Death in cholickes 38. Death in consumptions 32 47. Death in cramps 37. Death in diseases beginning 16 88. Death in diseases chronicall 47. Death in diseases sharp 12 60 90. Death in dropsies 37. Death in epilepsies ibid. Death in exulcerations of the lungs 32. Death in flixes 37 46. Death in frensies 32. Death in iliakes 37. Death in laskes 37 46. Death in old men 37 39 81. Death in paulsies 37. Death in the pissing evill 28. Death in the ptisike 37. Death in small pocks 68. Death in springals 7. Death in stranguries 41. Death in suppression of urines in agues 99. Death of cold 40 43 55 84 90. Death of heate 40 44 55. Death of weakenesse in old men 37 39. 81. Disease and heate striving in the veines 97. Disease and nature equall in conflict 82. Diseases beginning 12 28. Diseases declining 29. Diseases continuing 13 16 32 20 36 55 82. Diseases comming again look recidivation Diseases
by sharp quality which lacketh in colde diseases or by great quantity being converted another way and so at length by delay in the body waxeth more coloured and concoct such happeneth in the palsie apoplexy epilepsie phtisicke crampe mortall Haff dropsie mortall or else the liver through debility is not able to separate the blood from the urines as in hepatica passione Salvian 87. Arg. 38. Such also happeneth in the laske bloody flixe Argent 38. mortall Haff cholike iliake mortall Haffurt paine in the reines or else to the place grieved blood and heate are drawne or else choler not descending through the passage betwixt the liver and the guts being obstructed with flegme and winde issueth with the urine Aegid. 11. Agues decaying Fer. Obstructions inflammations scirrous tumors of the gall being the naturall receptacle of choler obstructed the choler issueth at other parts or else that portion of choler which should be voided by stool is here voided by urine Argent 37. as in the jaundise with paine in the necke and short ribs and will colour a linnen cloath put into it Of the spleene and liver as in the dropsie so choler goeth to the urine Relapse or recidivation of the disease if it be made thicke and straight after thin before and after the criticall day because the heate which did at the first expell the disease now is overcome In young men without danger with a good sediment through length of the disease but in old men death not able to detaine the blood Actuar. Chrimson betokeneth great labour and travell in whole men especially in the heate of the Sunne or the fire c. wherby the blood is inflamed and rosted so in an ague Burning ague with thirst watchings cough and other accidents of an ague Actuar. Adustion of choler and turning into melancholy yet not so ill if there bee a good sediment but ill if the contents be ill or none at all and the urine thicke and grosse like a cloud Purple betokeneth the yellow jaundice if it continue long if there be signes of concoction it betokeneth health because the cause of the griefe is voided Affection of the reines onely after Fer. and not of weaknesse of the liver whether the urine be red bloody or crimson and like to the washing of raw flesh which Reus misliketh Abundance of blood sometimes in young men with some heavinesse or weight about the liver and up to the chanell bone or necke bone and here it is not a very evill signe but in old men very evill yea often mortall because they are not able through debility to detaine the blood Blew beating bruising stripes where it is a good signe because the humor is voided But Vasseus was deceived by a woman mixing an oxe gall Reusnerus Extreame cold and mortification extinction of naturall heate if the strength be weake and no signes of concoction besides Great exercise and labour great heate and rosting of the blood Melancholy arising of a dust colour Changing of the bladder from his naturall disposition in old men Strangury at hand in those that have the stone Recovery and health where the patient is mending in declination of the disease or being made on the criticall day Green or rather greenish Argent alone seldome of good hope Mont. Cold extreme mortall if leadish colour and blacke follow successively at divers times pulse feeble in thirst or short breath Cappiv 147. contrary to Reusn. 136. Quotidian ague melancholy a dust yellow jaundice especially with an ague Heate and adustion of humors a long time if greene hath blacke immediately succeeding and not leadish comming betweene and accompanied with great heate in the body thirst ague short breath and some splendent glistring in the urine Oyly not such wherein fat like spiders webs floate but such whose substance is clammy and thicke as oyle or fat molten and being shaken is clammy and heavy as oyle Fernel Good if it be made only after black urine as better succeeding the worse Made on the criticall day in great quantity for so the matter is voided After paine of the reines without an ague especially appearing suddenly with great quantity Dropsie vehement cholike This urine Galen hath often seene without any great hurt following Cappiv 92. Ill in a consumption of the body remedilesse through great imbecility of the parts of the body rising of great distemperature of heate that they cannot containe nourishment which voiding doth give this colour to the urine Reusner And in consumption of the lungs Tertian ague in fat and soft tender bodies Argent Convulsion of drinesse madnesse vomiting continuall thirst heate the tongue scorched c. going before yet if better colours follow better hope Actua Ash colour leadish good in beating bruisings if it settle to the sediment in blacke jaundice because the cause of the griefe is evacuated Ill extreme and mortall heate in hot agues if green colour was made before at other times Contra Cappivac 145. Especially without sediment and other signes of heate Mortall strangury following in a burning ague Extreme and mortifying cold if the colour before was pale and other signes of cold Cappivac 149. The same judgement is of blew colour but that here all things are greater and augmented Thicke substance with colour blacke of cause either externall or internall Externall eating of Cassia Argent 40. c. as before pag. 4. cap. 1. Fall bruisings beatings purgers of melancholy Internall by mixture of some humor as melancholy blood adust or choler adust Mont. 17. Criticall evacuation with ease of the patient after great diseases Quartane declining or rather burning ague long or sharp diseases with bleeding at the nose and sweat on the criticall day els death Actua Child-birth or with child Cap. 151. Womens flowers heretofore stopped and now voided if white or such like went before Splenetike diseases with a tumor in the spleene Chronicall diseases of the backe and matrix of melancholy Melancholy blacke jaundise Wecker Madnesse fury hemmoraudes Reines and bladder troubled with the stone with stincke by breaking some little veines in the reines Other griefes of grosse humors but if there be great heate paine ague want of appetite a posie some dangerous canker carbuncle or naughty ulcers Sal. 97. Symptomaticall extreame and mortall heate and adustion as in sharp agues if greene urine went before or red with heate leannesse and thirst stinke of the urine and small quantity Cappiv 111. 161. 169. Fern Actuar. which may cause a dangerous cramp or convulsion after great labour except it be made on the criticall day Cold if blew green or ash colour urine made before with cold and without stinch a little sediment and united Cappiv 146. Selv. 94. but in this case the urine is rather darke then blacke indeed Mont. vide mercurial varia lect. lib. 2. cap. 11. Blacke urines are mortall in all ages and persons unlesse they come of some cause externall or criticall
or little because nature as yet hath made no concoction or separation and in the state of the disease commonly contents are very few But in declination nature recovering her selfe and prevailing against the disease the contents cloud swimme and sediment also returne except in cholericke diseases where the cloud is sufficient Cappivac 67. 67. Also in deficient agues beginning the contents want as in a tertian in thicke substance and yellow colour but if ash colour death followeth In a quartane the urine is thin and white In a quotidian thin white and waterish 4. Conversion of the humor another way as in impostumes in cold weather weake bodies and injudicable state of the disease In inflamations which draw the contents and humors to them In parts weake or grieved whether humors fall as before in thin urine Looke there cap. 2 pag. 13. 14. 5. Obstruction in white and thin urines with signes of concoction or without crudity See cap. 2. pag. 13. 14. Lesse to be dispraised if the colour and substance bee good according to which the humor abounding strength of nature and quantity of the disease are to be judged as before in substance and colour Actua 94. But diseases of choler are ended if the cloud onely appeare But in flegmatike and of repletion the sediment present must argue their dissolution Capiv 67. 164. Contents appearing in the urine are of two sorts for they are either partly naturall partly unnaturall sometimes good and sometimes ill Or else they be altogether unnaturall and alwayes ill In contents which are partly naturall partly unnaturall we consider as in the whole urine before colour substance and quantity Colour of the Contents White duely knit or hanging together equally signifieth good concoction in the liver and veines health rule of all other Not equally knit but thicker in one part then in another signifieth weak digestion crudity windinesse White not duely knitte or hanging together but ragged tattered and broken asunder equally crudity windinesse Not equally but thinner in one place then in another signifieth the falling evill windinesse grosse humors abounding in the body measils or small pockes where the colour waxeth red White as snow signifieth flegmaticke humors and crudities Pale flaxen blood turned into choler and evacuated Light saffron saffron red claret signifie crudities also blood thin and waterish yet wherein concoction is to bee looked for shortly Also choler abounding in sicke persons Reusn. 178. Continuance in tertian and quotidian agues especially bastard A good signe in agues which rise of abundance either of blood or ill humors in which the sediment is necessary before recovery can be looked for But in agues caused through heate of the Sun much labour or hunger the swimme or cloud is sufficient to signifie recovery of health although the sediment doth not appeare For reddish looke substance following Blood like to the washing of raw flesh signifieth abundance of blood Or else flux of blood issuing out as out of some veine broken But yet we must not be hasty in judgement by this colour but rather looke after under the title of pure blood voided Reusn. 181. Also it signifieth imbecility or obstruction of the liver which cannot concoct the blood and so it runneth to the bladder Blew leadish signifieth naturall heate extinguished or mortified and therefore great danger Greene blackish signifieth great exceeding heate or consumption and pining away Blacke signifieth either great cold if leadish colour went before and then the outward parts are cold Salvian 128. or great heate if greene colour went before and then heate thirst and other tokens of heate accompany it Both these are mortall as you may see in thicke substance and blacke colour Or else blacke contents signifie melancholike diseases or melancholy critically evacuated where it is a good sign of health because the humor is voided If signifieth also consumption of the reins with an ague the sediment oyly and fatty Reusn. 188. Lastly it signifieth beating bruising stripes and so come corrupt blacke and rotten blood is voided Substance of the contents is either mean thick or thin Substance meane is a good signe of health because it is according to nature Thicke contents generally signifie grosse and raw humors much abounding or imbecility of the second concoction And in diseases beginning and increasing an ill signe because they signifie abundance and trouble of humors before naturall heate hath concocted and attenuated them But in diseases declining a good signe if the colour and other signes be good nature being now of strength to make separation and expulsion of humors Thicke contents and of colour claret signifie abundance of blood or good and strong operation in digestion Reusner 203. but contents of colour blacke signifie great store of blood and the more blacke the greater adestion of blood Reusner 204. Thin contents which doe not easily arise nor trouble the urine when the urinall is shaken and moved Reusner 186. signifie raw humors or want of heate in the second concoction in whole men But in diseases rising of cold or ill juice thin substance sheweth great danger Because naturall heate is choaked and oppressed that it cannot expell the humour offending Contrariwise in sharp diseases or in diseases which rise of simple and bare distemperature without mixture of humors They are not very ill seeing humors are not the cause of the disease which voiding with the urine should make the contents thicke If the sediment lightly arise the urinall being shaken it argueth more heate Vass 71. If they continue either thicke or thin they signifie weaknesse of nature which should change them Argent 71. Quantity of contents is either much little or meane Much signifieth 1. Lacke of sufficient heate to attenuate and concoct the grosser parts so in winter drunkards sleepers idle persons women and children contents are moe Reusn. 64. 2. Much nourishment good and strong digestion 3. Other evacuations suppressed as ordure sweat c. and especially in flegmatike bodies which are grieved with some disease which will end well Little or few contents 1. Want of matter as in hunger great heate summer lusty age great exercise quartane and quotidian agues beginning for want of heate Argent 72. but afterwards much Contrary in tertians 2. Obstructions and stoppings of the emulgent veines water conduits reines bladder c. Salvia 120. As in thin urine see there 3. Crudity and slow concoction 4. All causes which doe attenuate and make thinner any matters in the body that so the thinner part may evaporate out and the grosser stay within and make obstruction also all causes which do wast and consume the body Meane contents of good signification because they are according to nature CHAP. VIII Of contents in speciall OF deformed contents altogether unnaturall and alwayes ill which appeare either in the sediment or lowest region or in the swim or middle region or lastly in the cloud or upper
cannot be at leisure or else forget and so for a space their urine is wholly suppressed but in processe of time must needs have issue neither is it in mans free choyce alwaies to suppresse his urine though for a time he may For it is not simply a voluntary action as speaking and walking is c. but mixt partly voluntary partly naturall as cough neesing vomit belching sighing respiration c. whereto we refer evacuation by stool and urine c. but seeing this suppression of urine doth neither give signification of sicknesse nor health we leave further to speake of it Suppression of urine in sicke men is either because the 1. Vessels of urine are weake and not able either to draw the matter of urine or to expell it being made 2. Watery humor the materiall cause of urine is wanting as in want of drinke or moist meats 2. Or else is converted another way as in the dropsie Argenter laskes c. But in these cases the urine is rather little then none at all See little quantity of urine before cap. 6. 3. Or is obstructed and stopped that it cannot haue issue either by some tumor or inflamation accompanied with swelling paine an ague c. or of schirrous swelling without paine or ague or impostume with paine or an ague or lastly some fleshly substance descending from some ulcer with some blood and small fragments of flesh voiding with the urine and a syringe put up at the yard into the necke of the bladder and removing the fleshy fragments away the urine presently issueth or with the stone and then gravell was voided before or by clods of blood remaining after some issue of blood or by some purulent matter proceeding from an ulcer or lastly by some thicke and grosse humors or filth and corruption descending from the veines liver or other superiour members which suppression of urines in agues especially continuall signifieth death more certainly then any other signe in the urine In this case Argenterius scarcely ever knew any escape death unlesse the fault be in the reines or bladder Arg. 89. 4. Or when the bladder is so distended by too great quantity of urine too long kept that it cannot unburden it selfe thereof Wecker in Ischuria and therefore it is convenient to pisse as often as need requireth and not to keep it too long for thereof ariseth suppression of urine that we speake of and somtime the stone or difficulty in pissing and sometime the dropsie neither on the other side do I commend their practise who like dogs are still pissing for besides many other inconveniences they bring their vessels of urine to such an ill custome that in old age when the retentive faculty through want of heate decaying they can scarcely hold their urine but it will issue from them against their will But I wish all men to void their excrements both by stoole for being too long kept in the body they annoy the head by their stinking fume ascending breed ventosities wringing in the guts cholike c. and by urine that they may follow their ordinary course of life for therefore nature hath appointed muscles to the neck of the bladder and seat that men may at their pleasure detaine their excrements for some space Placotomus de tuenda valitudine 2. Sometime the greater guts are so obstructed through tough and viscous flegme that the meat and drink concocted in the stomacke cannot come to the liver to receive further concoction and separation of urine Holl. lib. 1. cap. 47. de morbis internis 4. Sometime the backebone is bruised broken or hath some dislocation in the joynts that thereby the vessels of urine cannot performe their duty Wecker CHAP. XII Of what parts of the body urine giveth signification VRine giveth signification of diseases of such parts of the body 1. Whence it receiveth matter wherof it is made colour substance contents darknesse perspecuity smell as the stomacke guts mesaraicall veines and all other parts of the body for the materiall cause of urine is drinke or other liquor which in the stomacke is accurately mixed and incorporated together with the meat and made one substance and white juice called of the physitians Chylas which descending into the winding capacity of the guts is separated partly into excrement and partly nourishment For the purer part thereof is sucked of the mesaraicall veines and conveyed thence to vena porta and at length to the liver where being converted into blood and the excrementitions parts thereof sequestred and sent to their proper receptacles as choler to the gall melancholy to the spleene and the watry thin part to the reines but not all for some part thereof together with the blood which it maketh thinner for more easie conveyance is distributed into every member of the body From whence so much as is not spent in the body or evaporated out by sweat or insensible perspiration returneth backe againe the same way to the liver whence it is drawn of the emulgent veines and descendeth to the reines and bladder Therefore urine is not onely made of that watery substance which is drawne from the liver but also from the greater and lesse veines and from the whole body As hee may easily and plainly perceive by experience who will for three or foure dayes together either receive no drinke at all or but little The urine therefore that is neither too thin by much quaffing nor otherwise polluted by mixture of other impurities doth manifestly shew the state and constitution of the humors which are in the liver and greater veines And also though not so manifestly in the smaller veines and all other parts of the body Fernel 2. Where it is made as the liver and the hollow veine 3. By which it passeth as the emulgent veines reines and water conduits 4. Wherein it stayeth as the bladder with his muscles and sinewes 5. By which it is expelled as the yard 6. Which doe deprive it of any colour substance perspecuity darkenesse quantity contents or smell as when it is not made or being made is not attracted or not expelled or obstructed and stopped in the vessels that it cannot have passage to be voided as by rumors grosse humors stone gravell inflammations ulcers impostumes flesh growing winde or through weaknesse distemperature fractures ruptures dislocations wounds of the vessels of urine either primary in themselves or by consent of others c. Or being made is converted another way as to the head in phrensies to the stomacke in vomitings to the belly in dropsies to the guts in lasks to the mother in fluxe of tearmes to the cods in ruptures to the joynts in sciatica gout to the parts weak grieved inflamed apostomated c. 7. Which doe exonerate themselves by urine as the head in rhewmes phrensies c. The throat in the squinsie the lungs in inflammations the solid parts in a consumption the spleene in melancholike diseases the veines or arteries broken in pissing of blood
the spermatike vessels in fluxe of seed the mother in tearmes suppressed and voided by urine the hemorrhoidall veins in the emeraudes the joynts in the sciatica or gout and diverse other parts of the body in evacuation criticall symptomaticall or artificiall Of all these you may finde severall examples in this treatise precedent CHAP. XIII Of crude concoct and dangerous urines BEcause mention is often made heretofore of crude concoct and dangerous urines as also that they be very needfull to be known perfectly alwayes had in memory seeing they comprehend in few words the sum of all that hath heretofore bin spoken I thought good in the end to adde the description thereof Concoct urine such as men onely make who are in some latitude of health is in colour palew light saffron substance meane contents equall white light smell not stinking pissing in due time without paine heate cold Crude urines onely Such as men make inclining to sicknes or recovering after sicknesse is in colour white pale saffron claret substance thicker thinner contents whitish pale somewhat unequall smell not much stinking pissing not in due time Vrines meane betwixt crude and concoct are of two sorts 1. For either they encline more to concoct Such as have a good colour but thin substance Also a white and light sediment but not equall 2. Or else they encline more to crude Such as have reddish colour like to water wherein raw flesh hath been washed which are made of blood not perfectly concoct Vrine Crude and dangerous such as men make who are grievously sicke and in danger not to recover is in colour greene ash colour blacke substance very thin very thicke oyly contents greene ash colour oyly blacke very unequall deformed smell very stinging pissing altogether out of due time Or not at all B. Holler 270. Cappivaâ— 195. CHAP. XIV Of methodicall practise in iudgement of Vrines BEfore you give judgement of the urine it is needfull that you meditate with your selfe on these precepts following in order 1. Remember the generall considerations in the first chapter both concerning the urinall and the urine As also which be the best urines simply and in respect of age sexe complexion time of the yeare kinde of life c. which you may have so perfectly in memory that you can presently tell how farre that urine which is brought unto you differeth from a good urine in colour substance contents c. 2. Whether the urine be altered by some externall cause mentioned in the first chapter and throughout the booke or else through default of the reines and bladder by which the urine passeth For these two impediments either severall or concurring hinder the judgement of the inner parts Fernel 443. 3. Consider what diseases are incident to the countrey where the patient dwelleth or what common disease is their stirrings as for example if the patient be an old man and in winter rainy weather and in a moist and fennish countrey it can hardly be otherwise but that he is troubled with a cough rhewme pose and lacke of digestion and the rather if he be given to surfetting much drinking and bee of a flegmatike complexion and heretofore troubled with rhewmatike diseases But contrariwise if hee be a young man and cholerike in the middle of summer hote weather hote climate after hote diet and immoderate exercise it is very likely that he is troubled with a burning ague tertian flixe or pluresie to which of these he is most subject or which at that time is most stirring in that countrey After this sort you may judge of other diseases without helpe of the urine 4. If the urine be faulty and yet neither through externall cause nor of the reines then it must needs shew some distemperature of the inward parts heart liver spleene lungs veines or other part of the body Which distemperature is either simple without mixture of humors which colour of the urine in thin substance will shew or with mixture of humors in a thicke and troubled substance or else putrefaction in a confused urine Which three be the internall causes almost of all diseases whereby you have already attained no small knowledge what to doe or what evacuation is convenient for the cure of the disease although you cannot as yet particularly understand the same Fernel 5. Of all differences of urines colour is most mutable and uncertaine of signification as being subject to many alterations of light cause As by much drinking thin drinke as water white wine or by eating of hote spices sena cassia c. yea in one day every urine that a man maketh is unlike an other in colour so that here especially the infamy that urine is a lying strumpet hath some appearance of truth Contrariwise the contents of urine are of most certaine and true signification of all other and least subject to alteration for that they are either fragments of the parts of the body or contained in the parts Of these Hippocrates and Galen especially make mention not greatly regarding the rest The other differences of urine substance perspecuity darknesse quantity smell c. are of meane signification betwixt colour and contents And yet every difference hath speciall signification above the rest in some diseases for stinking smell of urines giveth more perfit signification of putrefaction ulcers or impostumes then either colour substance or contents Suppression of urine in agues especially continuall giveth more certaine signification of death then thin substance ill colour or want of contents for these shew one crudity which in time is curable but the other happeneth through great obstructions of the reines liver or other superiour member which at that time are incurable Colours of urine collected in due time from an orderly patient giveth better signification of the humor loffending in the body then any other Lastâ—y contents issuing with the urine doe especially signifie strength of nature which in time will prevaile against the disease For when the digestive faculty is weake the matter whereof contents arise cannot be overcome and prepared to be voided So that every difference of urine hath some speciall signification above the rest Arg. 89. 6. Also you must often see the patients urine on divers daies and divers times of his sicknes and diligently marke the perseverance or alteration of the urine from time to time and whether it change from worse to better or otherwise For as the patient recovereth nature proceedeth orderly and by degrees from unperfect to perfect from sicknesse to health and so by little and little changeth the urine first the colour which is easiest secondly it waxeth cleerer thirdly the substance waxeth meane betwixt thin and thicke fourthly when concoction is stronger contents appeare And therefore if contents appeare first before colour cleernesse or substance there is the lesse security of health because this is not the orderly course of nature but some symptomaticall