Selected quad for the lemma: death_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
death_n	age_n	old_a	year_n	4,796	5	5.3056	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
B04357	The wonders of the world: or, Choice observations and passages, concerning the beginning, continuation, and endings, of kingdomes and commonwealths. With an exact division of the several ages of the world ... the opinions of divers great emperours and kings ... together with the miserable death that befel Pontius Pilate ... a work very profitable and necessary for all. / Written originally in Spanish, translated into French, and now made English, by that pious and learned gentleman Joshua Baildon.; Silva de varia leción. English	Mexía, Pedro, 1496?-1552?; Baildon, Joshua.	1656 (1656)	Wing M1957; ESTC R215366	95,994	143

THE WONDERS Of the World OR Choise Observations and Passages concerning the beginning continuation and endings of Kingdomes and Commonwealths With an exact division of the several Ages of the World and the most remarkable passages and memorable accidents that have come to pass therein Also divers weighty grounds and reasons both from Scripture and natural experience why men lived longer in former Ages then at this present With the seven several ages of men The opinions of divers great Emperours and Kings touching the person of Christ and the life of mankinde with the strange events that have befaln several of them Also a discovery of divers creatures bred in the Sea and other obscure places of the World retaining the similitude and likeness of men and women Together with the miserable death that befel Pontius Pilate after that he had condemned our Lord and Saviour JESUS CHRIST The place of his birth and burial and how he appears once every year in the said place in the shape and likeness of a Judge A Work very profitable and necessary for all Written originally in Spanish translated into French and now made English by that pious and learned Gentleman JOSHUA BAILDON Imprimatur John Downam London Printed for John Andrews at the white Lion in the Old Baily 1656. The WONDERS Of the VVORLD Discovering Many secret Rarities that have been hidden since the Creation CHAP. I. Why men lived longer in former ages than now in these days ALL those that are studious in Divine Writ may read that in the time of the first age and before that for sin a generall Deluge came over the earth mans life then was longer than it is at this present It is certain that Adam lived nine hundred and thirty years Seth nine hundred and twelve Cain nine hundred and ten And descending from the one unto the other the shortest of their lives was seven hundred years and in these times we see few attain to fourscore or ninety years and if some one passe that it is rare and marvellous so that we come not to the tenth of the age of former men The learned either Divines or Philosophers who have discoursed thereupon seeing that nature that brings us forth now is the same that it was in times past and that those first men lived so long by nature and not miracle became astonied thereat and have curiously searched out the causes and reasons as Marcus Varro and an infinite number of others who have found these things so difficult in natures appearance that they have thought the years in ancient times not to be the same with ours in these modern times which opinion and belief is a great and vain errour as will be made appear in this following Chapter The truth is when I see the works of others and descend to that which agrees with my opinion that the principall reason why men live not so long now a days as formerly is that the Ancients had not in their times the causes that engender now in us those diseases whereby comes so soon old age and death Then we must consider that the first Parents of all humane linnage Adam and Eve were created by the immediate hand of God without any other means or help and therfore it is presumed that he created them of a most excellent complexion perfect Sympathie and proportion of humours which caused them to live in health so long and many years By means whereof the children that proceed from Parents so full of health must needs resemble their Progenitors in the same good and healthful complexion as men descended of excellent matter even till the change of ages the property whereof is to change and impair all things all humane kind began to grow weaker and the days of men to grow shorter Now in those times there was one thing that made much toward their long life which in these times is very hurtfull and contrary to us which was their great temperance in drink both in quality and quantitie and the small varietie of meats for they had not of so many sorts as now we have nor with so many inventions of cooking We do nor find that before the Deluge men knew what it was to eat flesh besides some hold it for certain that the fruits and hearbs were of far greater virtue and substance without comparison than now they are because then they proceeded out of new earth and not as it is at this day weak weary and as it were fallow for the Deluge was the cause of taking away its fat leaving it more infertile with a salt savour lesse perfect by the inundation of the Sea which floted for many weeks over it All these reasons are and every one of them sufficient however there are more if they were all put together to prove that this is no strange thing but naturall that men lived longer then than in these times Moreover it is to be noted and we hold it for certain that Adam knew all the virtues of Hearbs Plants and precious Stones and his children learned from him more than any man could learn since This was in part for health and the support of life and to cure diseases if peradventure any should happen by using such remedies as were simple and perfect and leaving out venemous compositions used in these present times the which instead of purging and cleansing weaken and kill those that take them and which is more in those former times the life and health of man was more supported and helped by the course of the heavens and influence of the Stars more benevolent in those times than they are now because they had not passed so many aspects conjunctions eclipses and other celestiall impressions from whence are proceeded these alterations variations and changes upon the earth and amongst the elements principall occasions of life and health in those former times and on the contrary infirmities and death in these But above all that that we have said and founded upon naturall reason I maintain that the cause of the long life of men in those days proceeded from the providence of God who would have their lives such and that the occasions aforesaid might help one the other to the end that onely of two might be bred many that the earth might be filled and human kind multiplied So we see that men not living so long after the Deluge as before God suffered them to go into the ark and so saved more men and women then he did create at the first to the end that the world might be replenished more easily St. Augustine speaking of these things sayeth That our fore-Fathers had the advantage of us not onely in health and long life but also in stature of body as it is evident in many Sepulchres and bones which have been found under great Mountains so that one may verily believe they were the bones of men living before the Deluge The same St. Augustine affirms that being in Vtica a Town in

woman ought rather to have two husbands and that the next day it would be resolved on Which when the mother heard she believed and was mightily moved thereat which caused her to advertise the rest of the Roman Dames that they might provide to hinder that men should not have two wives but rather women might have two husbands Hereupon the day following a great number of the Matrons of Rome came to the door of the Senate praying and requesting the Senators effectually not to make so unjust a law as that one man might marry two wives and that it would be better to make the contrary The Senators which knew nothing were abashed in such sort that entring one after another into the Senate house enquired of one another from whence proceeded that dishonest incivillity of their wives but no one of them could give a reason At the last little Papyrius put them out of their pain declaring in full councel what had hapned to him with his mother and for fear that she put him into he was constrained to use this deceipt towards her This being heard by the Senators they greatly commended the constancy of this little child Neverthelesse they ordered that they should bring their children no more to the Senate onely this Papyrius who was admitted to enter Certainly the old men in these times may take example by this discreet youth and consider that if a private secret ought to be kept much more a publick and especially among people of age and judgement Brutus Caessius and all those that conspired the death of Caesar because they saw it expedient for the profit and the liberty of their Country fully determined it but would not let Cicero know of it one of their great friends and one that desired more than any in Rome the abolition of that Tyrannie not for any distrust they had in him but because he was not reputed a good counsel keeper a secret worthy admiration seeing there were so many conspirators and neverthelesse they concealed it so long from him their singular friend Fulvius declares a great secret to his wife which had been communicated to him by the Emperour Octavian which being discovered by the wife and came to the ears of the Prince the Senator was sharply reprehended for his lightnesse by his Lord whereby growing in dispair determined to kill himself wherefore upbraiding his wife of the wrong which she had done him she answered him he had no reason to be angry with her seeing that during so long time as they had lived together he could not take notice of her light temper or having known it would abuse it in trusting her with such a secret Wherefore though her husband was the cause of her fault yet she determined to suffer first and indeed presently killed her self and so did her husband after her We read in the life of Nero that when his death was plotted in Rome a thing very necessary to the Romans because of his strange cruelties he which had the charge to give him the blow meeting by chance one who was led prisoner by the Ordinance of the Tyrant and considering with himself that the perverse nature of the Emperour was such that whosoever he caused to be apprehended never scaped death and therefore this poor prisoner which shed tears in abundance could not escape it came to him and not considering of what importance it was to him to keep counsel said unto him I pray God keep thee till to morrow for if thou scape this day I assnre thee Nero cannot put thee to death Which the prisoner understanding suspected the cause to be as indeed it was and so found out the means to save his life by declaring it to Nero bidding him have a care of himself Who sent presently to apprehend him that comforted the prisoner and by extream torments made him to confess the Plot and so he lost his life and their design was lost Plinie reports the quite contrary of Anaxarchus for being taken for such a like thing he bit off his tongue with his teeth because he would not declare a secret and spit it in the Tyrants face The Athenians caused the Statue of a Lyon made in brasse to be set up in the honour of a woman whose name was Lion in memory of her constancy in keeping secret a conspiracy and this Statue had no tongue to denote secresie The servants and slaves of Planeus are also much commended in that there was not torments sufficient to make them confesse to the enemies of their Master who sought to kill him in what place he was hid The servant of Cato having seen his Master commit some fault was put to great torment to make him speak and yet they could never make him bear such testimony against his Master Quintus Curtius recounts that the Persians held it inviolable to punish grievously and more than for any other offence he that revealed any secret for confirmation whereof he says that King Darius being overcome by Alexander and not knowing whither to flie hid himself but there was no torture that could be inflicted upon them that knew it nor any hope of recompence could make them reveal it to any person And sayth that the Persian held an opinion that none ought to be trusted with any thing of consequence that cannot keep a secret Secrecy then is necessary in all matters principally in War which the valiant Captains of old observed very well Philip son to Antigonus successour to Alexander asked his father in the presence of some when the army should move to whom the King replied in anger Art thou so deaf that thou fearest thou shalt not hear the Trumpets with the rest willing to make him understand thereby that he had made a fault in asking that question which must not be answered in the presence of witnesses There was one Mettellus a Tribune of Cicily in the army a Roman Captain came to him and asked him what he had determined concerning the war to whom Mettellus answered if I thought my shirt knew I would take it of and burn it presently Horace amongst the laws of festivals wils that every one keep secret the things that are there done and spoken To this purpose the Athenians had a custome when they met at a feast the ancientest in the company shewed all the rest the door at which they came in bidding them take heed that by any means not a word of any thing that should be there done or spoken should go out beyond that door The first thing that Pythagorus taught his Schollars was to be silent wherefore he kept them a certain time without speaking to the end that he might teach them to keep counsel and not to speak but in fit time which shewed that the virtue of secresie was the rarest When Aristotle was demanded what seemed to him the most difficult thing of all he answered to keep silence To this purpose St. Ambrose in his offices puts among the

is true that Iulius Caesar since named it Scivil and greatly enobled it and made it a Collonie and the Romans dwelt in it nevertheles it was greatly enobled before But to return to our first purpose in succession of time Moses was born under whose conduct the Hebrews came out of Egypt In this time also was Iob the just Then afterwards came the Deluge of Thessalie and many Kingdomes began to encrease in divers Provinces In Ethiopia first reigned Ethiop In Sicily Siculus In Boecia Boecim And so the Countries received their names of their Princes Then flourished the Town of Troy Iaeson made a conquest of the Golden Fleece from whence proceeded the history of Medea The Amazons were then in their force And the beginning of the raign of the Latines in Italy In this very age Paris ravished Helena which was the cause of the war destruction of Troy of the coming of Aeneas into Italy of divers other things which wil not admit of brevity Then failed the third Age which gave way to the fourth And began at the raign of David the 2 K. of the Hebrews which fourth age dured even to the Transmigration and Perigrination of the Jews in Babylon and lasted four hundred four-score five years Beda saith 474 years This age may be called the youth of the world during which happened an infinite many things whereof histories are full in it was the original of the victories of good King David he conquered the Philistines he avenged himself of the Amonites for the injury which they did to his Ambastadours and killed the Captain of the Assyrians After him succeeded in the Kingdom the wise King Solomon who built the rich Temple in Jerusalem he dead the Kingdome was divided Jeroboam succeeded to ten families and Roboam his son to two After the Empire of the Assyrians which had lasted more than twelve hundred years it was ruined by the death of Sardanaepalus who was Lord thereof and the most puissant King in the world who was killed by Arbact And then the Empire fell to the Medes In ths very Age began the reigns of the most puissant Kings of Macedoma And the Greeks began to count their years by Olimpiades which were feasts that they made from five years to five years with certain prizes for them that deserved best Also was that puissant City of Carthage built by Dido And a little while after Rome by Romulus and his brother Remus where the Kings began to reign The great Town of Bizance was also built in this time which is since called Constantinople Again there hapned great wars and mutation of Signiories in many parts of the world whereof histories are full And principally towards the end of this age Nabucadonozor King of the Medes and of Babylon fell upon Jerusalem which he destroyed and the Temple also Then led the people of Judea prisoners along with them and from that it is called the Transmigration in Babylon At which began the fifth Age of the world Age. 5 which lasted even to the birth of Jesus Christ God and Man our Saviour and Redeemer And this shall last five hundred eighty nine years by the computation of all During this time there was puissant Kings and great Republicks in the world such as it is marvellous to read and contemplate of the great things that happened in this Age The Changes The ruine of Estates The ordering of great Armies In brief it is better to be silent than to abreviate them Almost at the beginning of this Age began the Monarchy of the Persians whose Kingdomes were then the greatest by means of the victories of that great Cyrus which reigned thirty years during which time he conquered and discomfited the rich King Cresus of Lydia Then was discomfited himself and put to death by Tomoris Queen of the Scythians Seventy years of this Age being accomplished The Hebrews came out of their Captivity And the Temple that had been destroyed was re-edified by Solomon at Jerusalem In Europe the Romans chased their Kings and were governed by Consuls of which L. I. Brut was the first and the L. Collatine In Greece flourished Arms and letters which brought forth many excellent Philosophers and Captains Xerxes came thither with an innumerable army but he was constrained to retire with great losse and disgrace Then came to flourish in Macedonia King Philip who subdued all Greece the Mother of learning and of arms and which in this time brought forth Demosthenes Thomistocles Epaminondas Agifilaus Teno Plato Aristotle and others the like After the death of Philip his son Alexander went out of Greece and entred Asia which he conquered destroying the Empire of Persia And by the Victories which he gained against King Darius he lived the remainer of his life Monarch of all the world But he dead the Captains divided among themselves the Signiories and Lordships which being so mingled bred a discord which raised wars through all Asia and a great part of Europe In like manner the power of the Romans and Carthagenians encreased beyond measure for all of them strove to command the whole world and to attribute to themselves the Empire These two forces fought divers times against one another so that each of these two Towns brought forth Captains excellent skilfull in arms Carthage put forward Asdrubal Hano Hanibal Rome Fabius Scipio Marcellus Emillus and others Finally after a great quantity of bloudshed Rome became victorious and Carthage desolate destroyed and all Affrica tributary This Victory obteined the Romans proud and envious of the Greeks prosperity found out an occasion of war with them in which Greece was taken and made Tributary Not contented with this Their covetousnesse made them passe into Asia where they overcame Antiochus and then Mithridates making themselves Lords of Asia the lesse as also of Syria and Palestina and Egypt and all the coast on this side of France Spain England and the greatest part of Germany Of all which Conquests the chief Ministers were Sylla Marius Lucullus Pompeius Caesar and many others it happened that their envious ambition swelled their hearts whereof bred civill wars amongst them that every one would be a Commander one over another but at the last the Empire fell to Caesar whom after many fortunes had happened unto him his Nephew or adopted son Octavian succeeded who after having overcome all his enemies he rested peaceably in such sort that seeing himself in peace and concord with all the Kings and Common-wealths in the world he made them lock up the doors of his God Janus which were never shut in time of war Then the accomplishment of time being come the Fifth age of the World ended And our Saviour and Redeemer Jesus Christ was born very God and very Man in the year of the Creation of the World according to the Hebrews Three thousand nine hundred fifty and two years And according to the seventy Interpretours Eusebius and the greatest part of Historians Five

all men are subject once to die and in that all men are alike Neverthelesse there is difference in the terms of life for one liveth longer and another a shorter time and yet according to Job the time of our life is measured and it is not possible for man to passe the bounds which God hath set and determined for our life Things standing so as indeed they are it will not be amisse to understand that which causes in the life of man why one liveth longer than another and what complexions makes best for a long life and lastly how we shall understand that where it is said that our daies are numbred and determined and that it is not possible to go beyond that which are obscure and difficult points and understood but of few people To understand therefore that which concerns the length of our life We must presuppose in the first place that the life of man and the maintenance of the humane body consists in the accord and harmony of the four elements or elementary qualities whereof it is composed That is to say hot cold moist and dry And expressely in the proportionable harmony of heat and moisture which Aristotle well demonstrates who makes onely mention of the agreement of these two qualities for the continuance of man So we see by experience that man fails not so long as he hath naturall heat for this heat is the principall instrument that maintains the vegetative spirit And indeed the life of man consists in no other thing than in maintaining the Instruments and Organs of the Soul amongst which naturall heat holds by good right the first rank For this heat is so necessary for th● maintenance of a humane body that it failing the soul is constrained to forsake the body and put an end to the life of that man And because this naturall heat holds of fire which consumes of its own nature all that it meets withall it is convenient to oppose it by an other contrary quality for the preservation of inferiour bodies For this cause God placed the Radicall or naturall moisture with this naturall heat to nourish and maintain it even as the fire is nourished and maintained with oil And because this Radicall moisture consumes and diminishes daily to maintain the same all living creatures must drink and eat that so by that means the moisture caused by that digestion may supply the default of nature But seeing that as Aristotle saith the moisture caused of that digestion is never so perfect as the Radicall and naturall although it serve much to maintain it of necessity this Radicall moisture diminisheth daily for the accidentall moisture caused by digestion is never so perfect as the Radicall which is vanished and by this means vanishing totally the naturall heat is lost and the body finisheth its end for if the Radicall moisture caused of this digestion were as perfect as the naturall moisture which is vanished man would live endlesly as Divines say who maintain that the nature of the Tree of life which God placed in the earthly Paradice consisted principally in this that eating of its fruit it restored the Radical moisture which would have been lost and vanished From thence it came that this Tree was prohibited to Adam and Eve after they were driven out of Paradice But if our first Parents had continued in their originall righteousness they and their Posterity eating of the fruit of that Tree would have lived eternally in flourishing youth without tasting corruption or old age untill God had glorified their bodies without passing through the gate of death But seeing that humane Race lost this Prerogative by sin which hath brought in death into the world it is no marvell if this offence be stamped upon us Now to return to our discourse I say the life lasts longer or shorter according as heat and Radicall moisture are concordant and proportionable For those in whom these qualities meet most tempered and best proportioned live longest And not those in whom the said qualities most abound From thence it comes that we see many smal creatures who have but little heat and moisture live longer than those that are greater and abound more in the said qualities which happens as well to Trees as men So that we may say long life consists in the temperature and just proportion of heat and moisture which failing the company that is to say life is dissolved and lost For when heat surpasseth moisture it consumes in a short time the whole body as we may see in chollerick men On the contrary when by excessive moisture the heat is extinguished as we see in phlegmatick persons the like happens By this neuerthelesse we must not understand that there ought to be as much moisture as heat But it is meet that the proportion be observed that is to say that the heat surpasse the moisture proportionably For a thing active hath no great power to work upon an other if it exceed not the thing passive which Aristotle covertly demonstrates when he saith that amongst the two qualities before spoken of there ought to be some litle coldnesse mingled to moderate the heat of the Radicall fire that it may not wholly consume the naturall moisture And that drought is also requisite to drie up the Radicall moisture that it may not quench the naturall fire as we see it often happens to little children who die of too much moisture Yet amongst these four qualities the hot and the moist are held for the principals as being vitall complexions and causing life As for the cold and the dry although they serve greatly for the preservation of life yet nevertheless we hold these two qualities to be the entrance to and beginning of death For cold is an enemy to heat in which principally consists the point of life And drought is opposite and contrary to moisture which nourisheth nevertheless the naturall heat So we may see in old folks which become dry and cold when they approach near unto death nay even in all dead bodies which ordinarily are dry and cold Man then Heaven working this good temperature ought to season his complexion amongst these four qualities in such sort that he maintain the heat in the first place and after that the moisture making the cold and the dry to serve according to their function and quarter Even so those that find themselves not thus proportionably temperate are naturally short lived See here then the causes of long and short life It rests now to speak of which is the best complexion to shew long life In the first place then we must note that of the four complexions in man to wit cholerick sanguine phlegmatick and melancholy the sanguine is the best to cause a man to live long For the bloud is hot and moist which qualities are proper to maintain life Also its moisture is not waterish but airy being hot and moist and sorts with the sanguine complexion And so this Sanguine Complexion

have writ hereof is true or very likely Plinie and Varro speaking of the time of mans life affirm that the learned Egyptians knew by experience that man according to the order of nature could not live above a hundred years and if any one happen to live longer it is by some particular influence and force of the stars and a thing marvellous in nature Of this they took their ground from the heart of man in which by an Anotomy they have found experimentally marvellous secrets For they say at the age of one year the heart of man weighs two of their draghms at the age of two year four and so many years as he lives so many two draghms the heart encreases so that attaining to fifty years the heart weighs a hundred draghms And from that time afterwards it diminisheth its weight every year two draghms as before it did increase So that in a hundred years the heart annihilates it self and the body dies if by some other accident it be not advanced sooner for there are so many accidental causes which may and commonly cause death that there are few men arrive half the way to make this experience If this thing seem strange to some of us yet the Egyptians hold it for certain according to divers Authors and some as Lewis Caelius alledging Diescorides to have spoken much of this amongst other notable things as also Peter Crinit in his book of honest discipline and Cornelius Agrippa I scite all these Authors because it is a thing hard to be believed Let every one then give what credit to it seems good to himself And now we are treating of the heart of man and of so many excellencies that are in it we will not speak of one alone we must understand according to Aristo●le that man onely hath the heart placed on the left side and that all other creatures have it in the middest of the breast which he affirms in the first book of the nature of beasts Also this is the common opinion of all naturall Philosophers That the first part which is formed in man is the heart as the root of all the members in a humane body fountain of all naturall heat and the last member that dies in man and looses its motion It is so noble and delicate a member that it cannot be touched but it is present death Plinie recites an other wonder which happens some times saying that men have been fonnd to have the heart hairy and he that hath it so is very valiant and strong of disposition which was experimented in Aristomines who killed with his own hand in battell three hundred Lacedemonians who afterwards having escaped many dangers by his great valour at last died and being opened his heart was found hairy Suetonus in the life of Caligula and Plinie also saith that if a man die of poison his heart cannot burn although you throw it in the fire which was verified by the heart of Germanicus father of Caligula So it fareth with them that die of the disease called the Cardiague or griping at the heart And we must know that among the pellicles of the heart is the seat of laughter and to this purpose the ancient Historians write that the Roman-Gladiators having by any blow the caul or pellicles of the heart strook died laughing But even as laughter and joy proceeds from the heart so melancholy proceeds from thence and likewise good and evill thoughts Speech is procreated there and divers are of opinion that it is the principall seat and residence of the soul which seems to be confirmed by Christ himself when he says that wicked and evill thoughts proceed from the heart And that which enters in at the mouth soils not for those are indifferent things So venerable Bede in his Commentaries upon Saint Mark saith The chiefest place of the soul is not in the Brain as Plato maintains but in the hearr as our Saviour Christ saith CHAP. VII Of two Women the one of which in the habit of a man was made Pope the other Empresse I Beleeve many have heard of a woman Pope But because peradventure all know not by what means and that it was one of the strangest things that could happen amongst men I will here speak of it as it is extracted out of very true Histories She was born in England and in her youth grew acquainted with a learned man of whom perceiving her self to be beloved and she loved him no lesse took the habit of a man and named her self Iohn and forsaking her Countrey went along to dwell with him in the Town of Athens where then flourished the Schools with all manner of Learning and there lived some time where by her industry she attained to so much Learning that afterwards retiring her self to Rome she read publickly in the Schools in the habit of a Doctor By which readings and publick disputes she so gained the opinion of the Auditors that she was reputed one of the most Learnedst men of all her time and obtained such favour and authority among all that in the vacancie of the Apostolick Chair by the death of Leo the fourteenth of that name in the year of our Lord Eight hundred fifty two being taken for a man she was chosen Great Bishop of Rome and Universal Pope in the Church of God and kept that Chair two years and thirty odde days But being in this estate as happens always to such ill enterprises not having care of the preservation of her Chastitie had the company of one of her Favourite Serviteurs in whom she trusted most in so much that Madam the Pope proved with Child Nevertheless she hid her great belly with such care that none but her Minion could know any thing of it Howsoever God would not suffer such wickedness to last long nor go unpunished for as she went along according to the common solemnity to visit Saint Iean de Lateran her time of bearing being come she had publick correction for her secret sin for comming near to a certain place which is between the Church of Saint Clement and the Theatre improperly called Colliseus she was delivered with great pain of a humane creature which died incontinently with the Mother so both of them together without any Pomp or mourning were put into the ground and buried And for that cause the common opinion is that all the Soveraign Bishops that have been ever since come short of that place and when they come near it turn down another street in detestation of so horrible an offence And when they choose a Pope they set him upon a thing like a Close-stool pierced through that they may secretly know whether him that the choose be a male Many Authors write of this but I find not one that assures it Platinus onely writes of the Election of Popes ever since as is before recited Of all the Authors there is Martin and Platin in the Life of Popes and Sabollicus and St. Anthony