Under his Administration of Affairs the Prussians were totally reduc'd After 7 Years enjoyment of his Office he Abdicated it and liv'd afterwards at Rhodes where he lies buried The Tenth Great Master was Conrade de Feuchtwangen who was Elected in the time of the Emperour Rodolfe I. and Pope Nicholas IV. Altho' this Order made considerable progress under his Administration yet at length it receiv'd a great check in Syria where the City of Acon which had been the chief Seat of this Order for some time was taken by the Souldan of Aegypt He died at Prague and was buried at Trebnicz The Eleventh Great Master was Godfrey Count of Hohenloh who was Elected Adolphus being Emperour and Celestine V. Pope He was a Venetian born and govern'd this Order 10 Years he retook Riga in Livonia from the Russians and caus'd its Fortifications to be demolished but not long after he restor'd the Inhabitants to their antient Privileges having built a Castle there to awe them He at length resign'd his Office and dy'd in Germany The Twelfth Great Master was Sigfridus de Feuchtwangen in the time of Albert Duke of Austria's being Emperour and Clement Pope He remov'd his Seat from Marpurg to the Castle of Marienburg for this Order had resided there ever since their being oblig'd to leave Syria This Master rul'd only 2 Years and died and was buried at Marienburg The Thirteenth Great Master was Charles Beffart Elected in the Reign of the Emperour Henry and the Pontificate of Pope Clement V. He was a very Wise and Warlike Person and in the Year 1312 founded the Castle of Memula in Courland to hinder the Incursions of the Lithuanians Upon his return from Rome whither he had been cited for and cleared of Male-Administration he died at Vienna where he lies buried The Fourteenth Great Master was Vernerus Urselensis Elected in the time of the Emperour Lewis V. and Pope John He executed his Trust with a great deal of Fidelity and Bravery and was afterwards Murther'd by a Brother of the Order one John Bunsdorfius while he was going out of the Church from Vespers The Fifteenth Great Master was Lewis D. of Brunswick He was a very Prudent and Pious Man but rul'd only four Years The Sixteenth Great Master was Districhus Count Algemburg Elected when he was 80 Years old He was a Person of Great Eloquence Authority and Justice After having built St. Mary's Church at Marienburg he died at Thorn and was buried at St. Anns in Marienburg The Seventeenth Great Master was Rodolfe Duke of Saxony Elected in the time of the Emperour Lewis V. and Pope Benedict XI He gather'd great Forces together and Besieg'd and took Neumarcovia In the Interim the Lithuanians invaded Prussia over-running all with Fire and Sword which this good Master took so much to heart that he first became Mad then was deposed from his Office and afterwards died of Grief at Marienwerder where he was buried The Eighteentth Great Master was Henry de Desmer or Tuchmer Elected in the Pontificate of Clement VI. He had a Famous Battle with the Lithuanians and Russians wherein he kill'd above 10000 of the Enemy He died and was buried at Marienburg The Nineteenth Great Master was Henry de Kniprodien Elected in the time of Pope Clement VI and of the Emperor Charles III. The foregoing War with the Lithuanians and Russians broke out a fresh in his time wherein the Great Duke of Lithuania Keystutus was taken Prisoner and carried to Marienburg whence he afterwards escap'd by means of a Servant In this Great Master's time one of the Sons of the aforesaid Great Duke became a Christian at Koningsberg and afterwards was made a Prince of the Empire by the Emperour Charles IV. During his Administration which was about 31 Years this Order abounded in Learned Men. He died at Marienburg and was there buried The Twentieth Great Master was Conrade Zolner Elected in the time of the Emperour Wenceslaus and of Pope Urban VI. He had several contests with the Lithuanians and Samogitians during the several Reigns of Keystutus Jagello Votoldus and Suidrigielo Great Dukes of Lithuania He died and was buried at Marienburg after 8 Years Administration of the Government of this Order The Twenty first Great Master was Conrade de Valenroden Elected during the Papacy of Pope Boniface He was a Person of a very Warlike Disposition but withal of an odd Temper He hated and refus'd his Ecclesiastical Brothers access to him at the hour of his Death In his time this Order made a Descent upon Lithuania by way of the River Niemen and built three Magazines near the Castle of Cowno by help of which they made great devastations in that Country for a considerable time The Twenty second Great Master was Conrade de Jungingen He was of a very peaceable Temper and therefore not much belov'd by his Order However he rul'd 12 Years and afterwards died at Marienburg and was there buried The Twenty third Great Master was Ulric de Jungingen Brother to the aforesaid Conrade He was Elected in the time of the Emperour Rupert and of Pope Gregory XII He was of a Warlike Temper and to that degree that he deviated not a little from his Order He Persecuted his Brothers and took several of their Possessions from them After several Wars had with the Poles and Lithuanians Jagello King of Poland and Vitoldus Great Duke of Lithuania gave him a total overthrow wherein this Great Master with about 200 Commendadors and 5000 other Knights was kill'd and his General taken Prisoner altho' at the first onset the Lithuanians lost about 7000 Men. The Twenty fourth Great Master was Henry Count of Plaven Elected in the time of the Emperour Sigismund and Pope John This Person was resolv'd to revenge the late overthrow on the Poles but before he could effect any thing considerable he was depos'd thrown into Prison at Engelsburg and thence remov'd to Lecksteg where after 7 years confinement he died in Chains and was buried at Marienburg The Twenty fifth Great Master was Michael de Sterbergen Steward of the Houshold to the Emperour Sigismund In the very first year of his Government Jagello and Vitoldus took from him and destroy'd several Cities but were at length forc'd to retire He govern'd this Order 9 years but afterwards desiring his Quietus he obtain'd it died at Dantzic and was buried at Marienburg The Twenty sixth Great Master was Paul de Rusdorfien Elected in the time of Pope Martin During his Administration several of the Provinces and Cities of Prussia shook off the Teutonic Yoak and revolted to Casimir IV. King of Poland He enjoy'd this Office nine Years also but dying was buried at Marienburg The Twenty seventh Great Master was Conrade ab Herlingshausen Elected in the time of the Emperour Albert III. This Great Master treated Casimir King of Poland at Thorn where at that time there was an inviolable
Starostaships after the Death of those that Enjoy them If the King chance to die before the Queen has this Reformation assign'd her then the Republic gives her a Yearly Pension out of the Crown-Revenues but this no longer than she continues unmarried or stays in the Realm for otherwise in both those Cases the Queen Regent gets it or else it reverts to the State It may be observ'd that the Queen Regent never comes by it without the Consent of the Diet and that is no ordinary Expence to her to procure by Purchasing almost all the Votes of that Mercenary Assembly This may be seen in the Case of the present Queen-Dowager for when the Queen her Predecessor Marry'd the Duke of Lorrain she observing that the Settlement of her Pension was like to be put off to the succeeding Diet which is conven'd only once in three Years thought it better to be at the Charge of gaining their Votes at that Session than to lose three Years Income This Revenue is generally computed at half a Million Polish which amounts to about Thirty Thousand English Pounds As long as the Queen-Dowager enjoys this Pension the Queen-Regent can have none for the Poles say that it would be too much to Pension two Queens at once Tho' the King of Poland has many important Employments to distribute yet his Power is always limited in the Distribution of them for he cannot Name any of his Children no nor so much as the Queen to any Charge either Ecclesiastical or Temporal Sigismund III. having a mind to give his Queen Constantia two Starostaships vacant by the Death of Queen Anne who died in the Year 1625. all the Gentry oppos'd it by a great Uproar in the Diet and maintain'd vigorously That a King of Poland ought not to part with any Office without their Consent Neither can he Purchase any Lands for them in any part of the Kingdom without Consent of the Diet Although the late King bought several vast Territories in other Peoples Names both in Russia Prussia and almost all over the Kingdom and besides purchas'd a Principality of the Emperor in Silesia for Prince James his Eldest Son But the Poles having long since discovered the Secret pretended when I was at Warsaw that all those Lands must come to the Crown after the King's Death Some of the Kings of Poland also have been so kind as to part with their Prerogatives in Ecclesiastical Matters so that now they retain only the Collation of Benefices As for the Foundation of Monasteries whatever Power the King may have left to Erect them they must always be confirm'd by the Three Orders of the States The King of Poland is likewise limited in divers other respects for he can neither encrease nor diminish the Number of Officers either of his Court or the Kingdom nor Name any Stranger that is not Naturaliz'd to any Charge or Government only in the Foot Army and there too such a Person can pretend to no more than to be a Captain or at most a Colonel This may appear by the Example of Stephen Batori who having had considerable Services done him by the Hungarians in the War against the Moscovites he thought it but reasonable to Prefer some of them for Recompence which extreamly incens'd the Poles and particularly the Grand General so much that he immediately thereupon resign'd his Staff 'T is also out of the Kings Power to advance some Natives for all Citizens Merchants Tradesmen and their Sons Country-Men Labourers and generally all Artificers are not only by the Constitutions of the Kingdom excluded from Preferments which the King has the Nomination of but also have not Liberty either of Buying or Enjoying Lands or Estates 'T is then the Nobility alone or Freeborn of the Kingdom of Poland the Great Dutchy of Lithuania or of the other Provinces Incorporated into that Monarchy that can pretend to any Preferment in the Republic Wherefore the aforesaid King Batori thinking to Advance his Nephews by reason he had no Children design'd to get them Naturalized in the Diet held the Thirteenth of December 1586 but was prevented by Death It must withal be understood that 't is not every one of these that can Aspire or lay Claim to every Preferment but only such as have Lands or Estates in the Kingdom the Great Dutchy or any other Incorporated Province where the Preferment lies For a Free-born Native of the Kingdom though he has an Estate in it yet cannot be a Governor of a City in Lithuania nor have any kind of Employment there without a setled Estate in that Country But the Advantage that all Freeborn Natives have is that they can Buy an Estate throughout the whole Extent of the Dominions of Poland There is another Inconvenience which very much Prejudices and Limits the King's Power and the public Interest of the whole Commonwealth for where-ever a Noble Pole is once named to a Preferment and is in actual possession of it let him commit never so many Crimes against the Crown or State he can never be depriv'd of his Employ or turn'd out of it without the Unanimous Consent of the Diet but shall continue in the same for Life even against a the Will of the Diet if he has but one Member on his Side who will protest against the Proceedings For the Negative Voice of a Member of the Diet of Poland has the same Force with a Negative of a King of England in Parliament This pernicious Constitution occasions many Troubles and Animosities for it encourages Unruly and Mutinous People to disturb the Commonwealth Officers never serve the Republic faithfully Treasurers arè thereby emboldened to give no Account of the Public Revenues the Generals of the Army and Governors of Provinces and Towns do as they think fit and most commonly mind their own private Affairs more than the Interest of the Republic In a word though the Poles term this Constitution the greatest Mark of their Liberty it inevitably Ruins the Foundation of the whole State and every one sees what bad Consequences must and do necessarily follow from this excessive Liberty or rather Libertinism of every Private Officer of the Kingdom My Lord This great Privilege of the Ofcers makes them pay more than ordinary Respect to the King before they are Dignify'd and court him to give them a Charge which he can never afterwards take away Moreover this Power of the King 's to Name such of the qualify'd Nobility as best pleases him to these important Employments keeps all the Gentry in a great Dependance on him for the design of the Republic in lodging the Nomination of Officers in the King's Hands was that he should take care to confer them on those that had best deserv'd them by their Services either in Peace or War and exclude such from them as had been Stubborn Mutinous and Unserviceable to the State Another Reason that makes the King respected is the natural Ambition
Frederic Augustus the Present King of POLAND The History of POLAND IN Several LETTERS to Persons of Quality Giving an Account of the Present State of that Kingdom VIZ. Historical Political Physical and Ecclesiastical The Form of Government The King's Power Court and Revenues The Senate Senators and other Officers The Religion Diet and little Diets with other Assemblies and Courts of Justice The Inter-regnum Election and Coronation of a King and Queen with all the Ceremonies The present Condition of the Gentry and Commonalty as likewise The Genius Characters Languages Customs Manners Military Affairs Trade and Riches of the Poles Together with an Account of the City of Dantzic The Origin Progress and Present State of the Teutonic Order and the Successions of all its Great Masters Likewise The Present State of Learning Natural Knowledge Practice of Physick and Diseales in Poland And lastly A Succinct Description of the Dutchy of Curland and the Livonian Order with a Series of the several Dukes and Provincial Masters To this is also added A Table for each Volume And a Sculpture of the Diet in Session With some Memoirs from Baron Blomberg VOL. II. By BERNARD CONNOR M. D. Fellow of the Royal Society and Member of the College of Physicians who in his Travels in that Country Collected these Memoirs from the best Authors and his own Observations Compos'd and Publish'd by â—ir SAVAGE LONDON Printed for Daâ— Brown without Templ-Bar ' and A. Roper and T. Leigh both in Il et-street 1698. D R. CONNOR ' S PREFACE IN my PREFACE to the First Volume of this Historical Relation of POLAND I have mention'd my Incapacity for Matters of this Nature both because I was only Twelve Months in that Kingdom and because I have no Talent or Genius for History I thought Writing it by way of LETTERS in Imitation of some of our Neighbours would be more easie to my self and more acceptable to the Publick I am proud to have this happy Occasion of giving the Honourable Persons I write to so publick a Testimony of my Respects I am sorry in the same time I cannot have Leisure to honour my self in writing to the Noble Persons mention'd in the Second Volume as I have had in the First I follow a Profession so remote from HISTORY particularly a Polish one that it neither allows me Time nor leaves me any Inclination to attend any other Business I hope notwithstanding the Persons I promis'd to write to will be pleas'd to excuse me for not being able to keep my Word to them as I flatter'd my self I could since the ingenious Gentleman I desir'd to undertake this Work will give them the same Satisfaction he having already assisted me in my First Volume and having had all my Memoirs for this Second THE Antient and Present STATE OF POLAND PART II. The Present State LETTER I. To His Grace THOMAS Lord Archbishop of Canterbury Of the Form of the Government in Poland and of the King's Power Court and Revenues My LORD THAT high Station wherewith the King has Recompenc'd Your Merits and the great Trust His Majesty has reposed in Your GRACE during his Absence shews his Confidence in Your Ability as well to Govern the State as the Church Since therefore being lately Invested with a share of the Regal Authority you had occasion to know more intimately Our King's Power and Prerogatives I thought my self oblig'd to give Your GRACE an Account of those of the King of Poland to the end that comparing both together you might more sensibly perceive the Excellency of our Own Constitution which makes the Greatness of the King inseparable from the Interest of the People For when the Executive Power is as vigilant to see our Laws obey'd as the Legislative has been provident in making them England can justly boast of a much greater Happiness than either Poland or any other Kingdom of Europe Having My LORD not been a full Twelve Month at the late King of Poland's Court I cannot pretend to be throughly acquainted with that Kingdom yet I find that like most other Countries it has undergone several Changes in its Constitution since the middle of the VIth Century at which time it began to be a distinct Nation during the Reigns of the two great Houses of Piastus and Jagello Ever since the time of Lechus its Founder the Kings thereof have been Elected to the Crown after an Hereditary manner tho' not by an Hereditary Title They have really been Absolute and their Will went for a Law for then they made Peace and War when they pleas'd Levied as many Troops as they thought fit Punish'd or Pardon'd at Pleasure and Rewarded where they saw Convenient And all the Administration either of Public or Private Affairs was so wholly lodg'd in the King's Hands that I have heard the Poles themselves say That Sigismund II. the last King of the Jagellonic Family was to the full as Absolute as either the King of France or Denmark is now Whilst the Kings of Poland thus maintained a Supream Power over their Subjects they exceedingly enlarged their Dominions were both fear'd Abroad and belov'd at Home Commanded Potent and Numerous Armies into the Field Executed most Enterprizes speedily and were almost always sure of Success and this because they did not then as now depend upon the lingering Determination and tedious Conclusions of a Turbulent Diet. But the Family of Jagello being once Extinct by the Death of Sigismund II. who had resign'd his Kingdom to the Senate and Polish Gentry and given them full Power and Authority to dispose thereof as they thought fit the Crown of Poland was anew declared Elective to the end that all the Princes of Christendom who had due Merits and Qualifications might have a Right to Aspire thereunto This gave occasion to most of the Princes of Europe ever since to Court the Polish Nobility after their King's Death And that either to get the succeeding Election determined in their own Favour or else to have some of their Friends Advanced to that great Dignity but this most commonly rather with regard to their own private Interests than out of any Respect to the Person they desired to Promote as the Houses of Austria and Bourbon have always practis'd The Gentry of Poland therefore observing that several Princes at a time always Aspir'd to their Crown and considering that not one of them had more Right than the rest as likewise that it lay altogether in their Power to choose whom they pleased resolved Unanimously to Elect none but such as should Condescend nay Swear to observe the Terms and Conditions they proposed Hereby the Poles by degrees have clip'd and limited the Antient Power of their Kings and have reduc'd them to the Bounds we now find them to have that is barely to a third Part of the Grand Diet For the Poles knew very well that no Prince would be so Imprudent as to scruple Submitting to
same either by himself or his Generals can Regulate his Troops and see his Army duly paid out of the Treasury of the Republic He has a great deal of reason to hope for Success in his Expeditions because that not having undertaken them on his own account those that engag'd him to them will infallibly support him in them and the rather by reason that what was done was altogether with their Consent This has prov'd the Cause of almost neverfailing Success to the Polish Arms till of late Days the King and his Subjects not having been in so good Intelligence with each other as formerly When the King is in the Army in Person he has the Supreme Authority there gives Battle when he pleases and Besieges Towns as often as he thinks fit And likewise Commands absolutely all the Gentry to follow him into the Field on Horseback at ever so little warning At Home he has the free Nomination of all Ecclesiastical Benefices and of all Secular Employments as well Military as Civil throughout the whole Extent of his Dominions without speaking of a great number of Royal Demesnes which together with the State-Dignities he confers on those that have deserv'd them He can bestow as considerable Preferments as any Prince in Europe and oblige and raise the Fortune of whom he pleases He has his Vote in Naming Cardinals as well as other Roman Catholic Kings have He can send and receive Ambassadors privately in Matters relating only to himself but as to what concerns the Republic the Senate must have their Share in it He can Call Prorogue and Dissolve the Diet at Pleasure In a word the Poles term him The Protector of their Laws and Privileges The Distributor of Honours The Supream Head of their Republic and Supream General of their Forces The Poles attend his Person Uncover'd The Chief Senators generally Serve him at Table first tasting of the Cup before they present him with it His Subjects never sit before him nor cover their Heads any where but in the Diet and there too the Senators are only allow'd that Liberty for the Deputies stand behind with their Furr'd Caps in their Hands The late King John Sobieski din'd always in Public and I never saw any sit down with him at Table when he eat at Court except the Queen his Children and foreign Ministers Yet when he either Hunted or Travell'd I have known some private Gentlemen to have had that Honour Nay even his own Servants that waited on him were then admitted to eat with him This his Majesty knew was absolutely necessary for him to allow of since by refusing any this Favour he might incur the Displeasure and Hatred of the whole Noblesse This was verified in the Case of Sigismund of Luxembourg who for having refused the Polish Gentry to eat with him was utterly excluded from the Crown that had been design'd him by Lewis King of Hungary and Poland his Father in Law The Poles when they speak to their King call him Mosci Krullo or Milociwy Krullo which is as much as to say Great or Merciful King The Titles Ambassadors give him or which are commonly made use of in Acts of Parliament or other Instruments sign'd by him and made in his Name are these Frederic Augustus II. King of Poland Great Duke of Lithuania Duke of Russia Prussia Masovia Samogitia Kiovia Volhynia Podolia Podlachia Livonia Smolensko Severia and Czernikovia All sorts of Gold Silver or Brass Coins are Stamp'd with his Image and Name All Justice is Administred in his Name and at Church they always Pray for the King and Royal Family When he is Crown'd the Diet allows him a Pension of about 140000 l. per Annum which together with his Patrimonial Estate maintains him a very splendid Court He has his Polish German and Hungarian Guards and has the same Officers of his Houshold as other Kings have While the Queen-Dowager lives the Queen-Consort maintains her Court at the King's Charge but after either the Queen-Dowagers Death or Marriage or the King's Death she has a Revenue Assign'd for that purpose as will appear hereafter Over and above the Pension which the Diet settles upon the King and Queen which in that cheap Country serves to maintain them as high as our Kings live here The King of Poland has great Incomes of his own for the Poles never care to Elect a Poor Prince for fear his Children may come to be a Charge to them after his Death He gets besides vast Sums of Money for Nominations Employments of which the late King did not scruple to sell though 't was directly contrary to the Constitutions of the Kingdom Nay the Ecclesiastical Benefices which are so very considerable have been put under Contribution by some cunning Artifice or other as happen'd some Years since about the Naming of a Bishop of Cracow whose Bishoprick is worth Eight Thousand Pounds Sterling per Annum which will go further than Twenty Thousand Pounds in England There were several that Aspir'd a long while to this Vacant Dignity and every one solicited what Friends he had at Court for the obtaining of it but most applied themselves to the Queen and begg'd of her though she has no Authority of her own to Intercede to the King in their Behalf After a long Debate the Queen call'd the Abbot Malakowski aside who was one of the Competitors and a rich Man and told him That tho' there were several that aimed at that Bishoprick yet she would Wager Fifty Thousand Crowns that he was prefer'd to them all Whereupon the good Abbot thinking to venture nothing being sure that either he should be Bishop or should gain a considerable Sum readily lays down the Money and by way of an accidental Bargain bought very dear his Bishoprick It has been Calculated that the late King what by his Own Incomes Pensions allow'd him from the Crown and other Casualties was worth about Three hundred thousand Pounds Sterling a Year of which he did not spend much above one Hundred thousand having had no Soldiers nor Army to Pay or Maintain but only his Guards and his Court. He hoarded up the greatest part of the Money in the Kingdom and was reputed to have had as much ready Cash by him as any Prince in Europe all which nevertheless the Poles Vow'd they would have back again when his Sons bought their Votes to be King The Kings Crown-Revenues are Imposts upon Merchandizes and upon the Jews part of the Customs of Dantzick and the Revenues of the Salt Mines of Cracow and other Places The Queen's Revenue consists either in a Gift from the King her Husband out of the Royal Revenues with Consent of the States or in an Annual Pension allow'd her by the Republick The Gift from her Husband serves also for her Dower and is called by the Poles what amounts to the Sense of the word Reformation being the Reversion only of a certain number of
a Town in the Palatinate of Kalisch The seventy eighth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Srzdo or Sremsk a Town in the Palatinate of Posnania The seventy ninth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Zarnow a Town in the Palatinate of Sendomir The eightieth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Malagost or Malogsch a Town in the same The eighty first Lay Senator is The Castellan of Vielunia a Territory in the Palatinate of Siradia The eighty second Lay Senator is The Castellan of Praemislaw a District in the Palatinate of Russia The eighty third Lay Senator is The Castellan of Halicz a District in the same Palatinate The eighty fourth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Sanoch a District in the same Palatinate The eighty fifth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Chelm The eighty sixth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Drohiczin a District of the Province of Podlachia The eighty seventh Lay Senator is The Castellan of Poloviec a Town in the Palatinate of Sendomir The eighty eighth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Premecz or Primen a Town in the Palatinate of Posnania The eighty ninth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Kriven a Town in the same Palatinate The ninetieth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Czekow a Town in the Palatinate of Sendomir The ninety first Lay Senator is The Castellan of Nakel or Naklo a Town in the Palatinate of Kalisch The ninety second Lay Senator is The Castellan of Rosprza a Town in the Palatinate of Siradia The ninety third Lay Senator is The Castellan of Biechovia a Town in the Palatinate of Lanschet The ninety fourth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Bidgotz a District and Town in the Palatinate of Inowlocz The ninety fifth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Brezini a District and Town in the Palatinate of Lanschet The ninety sixth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Kruswick a District and City in the Palatinate of Bresty The ninety seventh Lay Senator is The Castellan of Oswieczin a Dutchy and City in the Palatinate of Cracovia The ninety eighth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Kamin a Town in the Palatinate of Kalisch The ninety ninth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Spicimiria or Rizepice a District and Town in the Palatinate of Siradia The hundredth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Inowlocz The hundred and first Lay Senator is The Castellan of Kowalow a Town in the Palatinate of Bresty The hundred and second Lay Senator is The Castellan of Zandoc a Town in the Palatinate of Posnania The hundred and third Lay Senator is The Castellan of Sochazovia a District and Town in the Palatinate of Rava The hundred and fourth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Warsaw a District and famous City in the Province of Masovia The hundred and fifth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Gostinin a District and capital City in the Palatinate of Rava The hundred and sixth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Wisna a District and Town in the Palatinate of Masovia The hundred and seventh Lay Senator is The Castellan of Radzanow a Town in the Palatinate of Plosko The hundred and eighth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Sieprcz or Siepez a Town in the same Palatinate The hundred and ninth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Wissegrod a District and Town in the Palatinate of Masovia The hundred and tenth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Ripin a District and Town in the Palatinate of Dobrina The hundred and eleventh Lay Senator is The Castellan of Zacrol a District and Town in the Palatinate of Masovia The hundred and twelfth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Cickanow a District and Town in the same Palatinate The hundred and thirteenth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Liw or Liwo a District and Town in the same Palatinate The hundred and fourteenth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Slonsk a District and Town in the Palatinate of Dobrina The hundred and fifteenth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Lubazow a Town in Royal Prussia The hundred and sixteenth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Konarzew a Town in the Palatinate of Siradia The hundred and seventeenth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Konarzew in the Palatinate of Lanschet The hundred and eighteenth Lay Senator is The Castellan of Konarzew in the Territory of Cujavia Having thus gone thro' the several Precedencies of the Bishops Palatins and Castellans in the Senate Your GRACE may please to observe that a Palatin cannot be a Castellan of the same Place whereof he is Palatin Nor can either of them two be a Starosta or any other Officer in the same Palatinate or Castellany except some few and all those of Lithuania and Prussia where the Palatins govern wholly by Martial Law Neither can a Palatin Castellan or Starosta have two Commands either of the same Kind or any other at the same time It is likewise to be observ'd that no Castellan can be Burgrave of the Castle of Cracow or any other Castle whilst he is Castellan In the Polish Tongue the Castellans are call'd Lords of a Place by adding only the Termination of Ki or Ski to it as Pan Poznanski Lord of Posnan c. Last of all the Lay Senators come the ten Crown-Officers who stand about the Throne on each Side of the King Their Degrees are as follow viz. The great Marshal or great Steward of Poland The great Marshal or great Steward of Lithuania The great Chancellor of the Kingdom The great Chancellor of the Dutchy The Vice-Chancellor of the Kingdom The Vice-Chancellor of the Dutchy The great Treasurer of the Crown The great Treasurer of the Dutchy The little Marshal or Court-Marshal of the Kingdom The little Marshal or Court-Marshal of the Dutchy Here it is to be observ'd that the five Senator-Officers of Lithuania have the same Dignity and Power with those of the Kingdom except that they give place to the Former But first for The hundred and nineteenth Lay-Senator who is The great Marshal or great Steward of Poland His Office is to prepare every thing for the general Diet either by Command of the King or the Primate to assign Stations for the several Members to exclude such as are none and to provide Lodgings for foreign Ministers and moreover to take care that all be safe where that general Assembly of the States is to convene Likewise to set Prizes upon all Vendibles and to moderate publick Shows He may punish Offenders and seditious Persons even with Death without being subject to an Appeal unless it be in a Matter of very great Consequence He has the Authority to impose Silence and to give Liberty to speak He has a Power to admonish a Senator or Deputy if he exceeds the Bounds of Modesty in his Harangue His Business is to promulgate the Acts of the Senate and to put in Execution the King's Decrees either in Cases of Infamy or Death His Duty is also to carry a Staff erected
the Church and the Civil Magistrates are oblig'd to be Assisting to them in the Execution of their Sentences as often as they shall be so requir'd To the Ecclesiastical Courts belongs the Court of Nunciature held by the Popes Nuncio for that purpose always residing in Poland However before he can have any Jurisdiction he must have presented the King and the Principal Ministers of State with the Apostolic Brief of his Nunciature The Civil Jurisdiction is divided among divers sorts of Judges and belongs to the Commonalty as well as Gentry Some of these determine Causes exempt from Appeals and others cannot Those from whom there lies no Appeal are the three High-Tribunals instituted by Stephen Batori the Judges whereof are all Gentry Two of these Tribunals are for the Kingdom and one for the Great Dutchy Those for the Kingdom keep their Session Six Months at Petricovia in Low Poland and the other Six at Lublin in High Poland That for the Great Dutchy is alternatively one year at Vilna and another either at Novogrodec or Minski They all consist of so many Judges both Ecclesiastical and Civil chosen out of every Palatinate the former once in four years and the latter once in two Judgment is pronounced here by Plurality of Voices but where Matters are purely Ecclesiastical there ought to be as many of the Clergy as the Laity The Causes here are heard in Order for three days are allow'd to enter all that come and whatever are not enter'd within that time cannot be adjudg'd that sitting A Man that has a Trial in these Courts may be said to have all the Nation for his Judges Deputies both Ecclesiastical and Temporal being sent thither for that purpose from all Parts of the Kingdom The Senate also Judges of Civil or Criminal Matters without Appeal As do likewise the Great Marshals in all Cases relating to the King's Officers And the Great Chancellors in matters of Appeal to the Court which they have only Cognisance of But the Marshal's Jurisdiction extends over all Merchants and Strangers both who find but little Justice done them in Poland when they have occasion for it Also there are two Exchequer Courts for the Revenue one held at Radom in High Poland and the other at Vilna These Courts seldom sit above a Fortnight or Three Weeks Those that are not exempt from Appeals are the Courts of the Gentry and Commonalty in every Palatinate which are by no means to have any of the Clergy for Judges Those for the Gentry are either the Courts of Land-Judicature or those of the Starostas and are more or fewer in number according to the Extent of the Palatinate where they are held The Courts of Land-Judicature have one Judge an Associate and a Natory or Head-Clerk to Try Causes and Administer all Civil Justice in some Places four in others six times a year and in others once a Month. The Courseof these Courts can only be interrupted by the Death of any of their Judges by the Diet or by the general Meeting of the Palatines and Magistrates which last is every Autumn to hear Appeals from Inferiour Courts The Towns where the Gentry sit are in great number and it must be observ'd that none who have Lands or Goods within each Jurisdiction can be made to Appear at a Court where they have none The immediate Appeal from these Courts is to the Vice-Chamberlain of the Palatinate who either by himself or his Deputy the Chamberlain of that District restores all that have been Dispossess'd and ascertains all Bounds and Limits of Lands This is as it were his whole Jurisdiction But where there is any Contest between the King and any of the Gentry in this Kind then at their request Commissioners are appointed out of the Senate to inspect the matter disputed and to do Justice therein Likewise where the Difference is between the King and a Clergy-man Commissioners are order'd but there the Bishop of the Diocess Claims the Nomination of one or more of them When any of the Officers of the Courts of Land-Judicature die the King cannot Name others till the District to which they belong'd have chosen Four out of the House-keepers but then he may pitch upon One for each Election This Office being once obtain'd it cannot be forfeited but by a Higher Promotion or Male Administration The other Courts for the Gentry are those that take cognizance of Criminal Cases whereof there is one only in every Starostaship call'd Sudy Grodskie Where either the Starosta himself or his Lieutenant-Criminal Administers Justice in his Castle or some other publick Place at least every Six Weeks He likewise has Cognisance of Civil Causes between such as have no Lands and such Forreigners as come to Trade here Process in Criminal Cases is to be serv'd here a Fortnight and in Civil a Week before the Court sits He is also the Executive Minister of all Sentences pronounc'd and likewise a sole Conservator of the Peace within his Territories He is oblig'd by himself or his Officers to see all Publick Executions perform'd The Courts of the Commonalty are either in Cities or Villages In Cities Justice is Administred by the Scabins Town-Hall or Judg-Advocate The Scabins have cognisance of all Capital Offences and Criminal Matters the Town-Hall of all Civil Cases to which likewise the Gentry are subject and the Judg-Advocate of Offences committed by Soldiers Civil Matters of small Moment are determin'd solely by the Governour of the City but which are subject to Appeal to the Town-Hall and thence to the King In Villages the Commonalty are subject to Scabins being the Kings Officers and to Scultets or Peculiar Lords from which last lies no Appeal Here Justice is almost Arbitrary except in Criminal Cases The Scultets are Hereditary Judges The Execution of all Sentences in Cities and Towns is in the hands of its own Magistrates though in some cases they are forc'd to beg Assistance from the Starostas The Officers and Magistrates of the Plebeian Courts are some nam'd by their Peculiar Lords and some Elected by their Fellow Citizens except in Cracow only where the Palatine has a Right of Choosing the Magistrates though he has not the same Power to dis-place them after they are once chosen for they are to continue their Office for Life unless they forfeit it by Infamy or Inability Out of the XXIV composing the Council or Senate of Cracow the Palatine every year deputes Eight with the Title and Power of Presidents He also Names the Judge and Scabins by the Magdeburg Laws though these in other Cities are chosen by the Council The Scultets or Hereditary Judges cannot be remov'd but in extraordinary Cases The Profits of all Offices are but very small and scarce any certain the Poles esteeming the Honour of enjoying them sufficient Recompence Nevertheless they have all Salaries and Perquisites though inconsiderable The Military
the Clergy first by obliging the Bishops because they bear great Sway in the Diet and next the Priests and Fryars they having no less Influence and Authority over the People But however Presents are not to be made them in gross but by little and little lest they fly off when they expect no farther Recompence for the Poles generally think themselves oblig'd to serve you not for what they have already receiv'd but because they are still in Hopes of receiving more They are all likewise apt to neglect your Interest and will sometimes take Money from another Prince or his Embassador to vote against you The late King is accus'd of taking Money of the Emperor the Duke of Lorrain and of the Duke of Newbourg to employ it in their several Interests in the Election but however he did more wisely to make use of it himself to get to be elected in which we find he had good Success After the Embassadors have thus had Audience and that all other Matters are settled in the Republick they proceed to the Election of a King but first they implore the Assistance of the Holy Ghost by singing the Veni Creator Then they proceed to give their Votes and communicate them to each other when if they are unanimous for one Candidate the Archbishop of Gnesna or Bishop that presides in his Place demands thrice if the Grievances and Exorbitancies are redress'd which being answer'd in the Affirmative he immediately proclaims the King Elect which is likewise done at the same Time by the Marshals of the Crown and the Great Dutchy and then they all joyn in the singing of Te Deum Here it may not be amiss to give your Lordship farther Particulars of the manner of Election which is this Assoon as the Anthem is ended the Senators and Deputies remove from their Places and divide themselves into their several Palatinates making so many peculiar Rota's the Archbishop of Gnesna only still keeping his Seat The Orders being thus divided the first Senator of every Palatinate numbers their Votes which afterwards are transmitted into a Roll and delivered under their several Hands to the Nuncio-Marshal All these Suffrages are then reckon'd together by the Senate in the Szopa where if there be a Majority for any one Candidate they labour what they can partly by Perswasion and partly by Promises to bring the Electors to be unanimous for till then no King can be lawfully Proclaim'd yet when there is a Division in the Diet as most commonly it happens the strongest Party still carries it as it appear'd in Stephen Batori's Cafe and that of Sigismund III. which last coming soonest into Poland was Crown'd King at Cracow notwithstanding that Maximilian was proclaim'd at Warsaw by Cardinal Radzvil It may be observ'd that the House of Austria has been put by the Crown of Poland no less than thrice First in the Person of Ernest by the Election of Henry of Valois and Secondly and Thirdly by the Exclusion of this Maximilian And this because the Poles have a Maxim never to Elect any Powerful Neighbouring Prince for fear of being subdu'd and brought under an Arbitrary Power The Day after the Election all the Senators and Deputies meet either in the Rota Equestris or the Castle of Warsaw and draw up the Decree of Election subscribing it with their several Hands which is immediately afterwards sent to the Press to be Printed To the Election of a King of Poland not only all the Gentry of the Kingdom and Great Dutchy but likewise a great Number of Strangers from all adjacent Countries come yet notwithstanding that People come from all Parts of Poland the Senators and Deputies only have a lawful Vote in the Election Nevertheless the other Gentry Interest themselves either in favouring the Senators or the Factions of the Deputies and sometimes fall out among themselves about it so that it is the absolute Interest of the Candidate to treat and present not only the individual Members of the Diet but also these Nobles altho they have no actual Voices in the Election for their great Number can easily favour and carry on a Faction by threatning the Senators and Deputies in Case they do not elect such a Prince as they propose This was confirm'd in the Election of Michael Wiesnowiski where none of the Electors thought of choosing a Piasto and much less such a weak poor unexperienc'd Prince as this Duke was yet the turbulent Mob of Polish Gentry soon forc'd them to elect and proclaim him King notwithstanding this being no free Election they never paid him any great Deference but undervalu'd and were so displeas'd with him that some say after four Years Reign he was poison'd by the Contrivance of the Great Men. Thus it is palpably more safe and creditable for a Candidate to purchase himself a strong Party in the Diet and to support and back them by procuring the Affection and good Will of the rest of the Gentry than to rely barely on the inconstant and tumultuous Suffrage of a senseless turbulent Mob as the late King sufficiently experienc'd before his Election There are several Conditions requir'd in a Candidate that aspires to the Crown of Poland which are now past as Constitutions of the Kingdom for he must not be a Native which Hartknoch says he may and which he proves by a great many Persons nor marry'd nor present at the Election but must be rich and no absolute or neighbouring Prince And as for his Religion he must either actually be or promise to become a Roman Catholick before he can be crown'd All this after the Death of King Michael the late Elector of Brandenburg and Duke Ernest of Brunswick promis'd being not willing it seems to lose a Crown for an exteriour Show of a Piece of Religious Ceremony The Gentry of Poland think themselves so great and so equal in Respect to each other that they do not willingly consent to elect a Piasto or Native to a Crown which their Birth gave them a parallel Right to They besides think it a great Advantage to their Nation to choose a forreign and rich Prince that they may make more Alliances abroad and oblige such Kings to bring all their Effects with them to enrich the Kingdom They are for an unmarry'd Prince that they may have the Opportunity of matching him and so to strengthen their Alliances that Way They care not to elect a neighbouring Prince for fear he should become absolute by his adjoyning Force But however these like their other Constitutions have not been always observ'd for the only Maxim they have hitherto kept inviolable is not to elect any Prince but a Roman Catholick for the late King was both a Piasto and marry'd before he was elected 'T is true they would have had his Queen divorc'd from him that they might have marry'd him to King Michael's Queen Dowager Eleonora at present Dutchess Dowager of Lorrain but the Affection
bigness that it had not only fill'd all his Mouth but also hung about an Inch out of it insomuch that he could neither speak one word nor breath through his Lips but had that benefit only by his Nose This Disease the Dr. says he at first judg'd to be incurable and so in effect it prov'd for he died soon after This Person it seems had purchas'd a plentiful Estate by the Law wherefore the People could not be perswaded but that the cause of his Death was a Judgment upon him believing it Just I suppose that that Tongue which had been the occasion of wronging so many People should nevertheless do Justice on its Master As for Physicians in Poland there are no great number there and those few that are for the most part are either French Italians or Germans scarce any of the Natives caring to addict themselves to that Profession for having little conveniency to improve themselves in it in their own Country none but the richer sort of Gentry can bear the expence of going to learn it in Foreign Countries and then such of the Nobility as do Travel are generally either too Lazy or too Proud to apply themselves to what requires so much fatigue to study and so much judgment afterwards to put in Practise This Sir is the reason why the Poles have hardly any Person throughly learn'd in this Profession Dr. Connor tells me that he met with a young Physician at Rome that came thither from Poland to pick up Experience Some of his Country-men that were then in that City told the Doctor that he was Son to a rich Peasant in their Nation and that his Father was Vassal as they term'd him or Slave to one Starosta Cowalski moreover that his Father for the consideration of 100 Rixdollars had bought his Freedom and afterwards sent him to the University and from thence to Travel for without having first bought his Liberty he could not have sent him out of the Service of his Lord his Service being as much the Lord's Inheritance as his Land was By all this Sir you may perceive what discouragement Learning meets with in Poland for the Common People there who make about nine parts in ten of the whole Nation are either thro' Poverty or Slavery render'd incapable of addicting themselves to it and it is certain that in all Ages Persons of the meanest Birth have ever made the greatest progress in Sciences and this by reason that their Bodies are apter for fatigue and that they have no other ways to subsist than by their Merit Natural Observables and Rarities in POLAND SIR BEfore I proceed to give you an Account of the Diseases and Practice of Physick in Poland I must here desire leave to entertain you with some Observables and Natural Rarities of this Country extracted as well from Dr. Connor's Memoirs taken there as out of the best Modern Authors that have written of this Kingdom In Russia all along the River San there have been several Trees found buried having no Roots and being as black as Ebony The Country People say that they have lain there ever since the Deluge but it is probable they might have been washed down by the course of that River a great while since and preserved from rotting by the Sand. There are several places both in Poland and Lithuania where petrefi'd Wood is to be found likewise several Beds of Earth lying one upon another whose substance is not unlike that of the Unicorn's Horn. Also Argentum Capillare or Vegetans being Silver hanging from Rocks in the nature of Hair Near Javorisvia in the District of Leopol in the Palatinate of Russia there is a Lake call'd by the Poles Skla Glass where formerly there was a little Town but which is now sunk into the Ground The Water of this Lake has a strong sulphurous and stinking Smell but withal clear like Chrystal and of an insipid Taste The Doctors of this Kingdom have recommended it to sick Persons to Drink for recovery of their Healths and one Sixtus Leo a famous Physician of those parts has written a Learned Treatise concerning it It is much frequented and does a great deal of good There are likewise several natural Baths in this Kingdom which cure all kinds of Scrofulous Diseases and Ulcers both in Men and Beasts In the County of Scepuz in Lesser Poland there is a sort of Spring that flows from the Rocks which makes perfect Gutters of Stone as it runs from thence thro' the Meadows to the Mills The Lake Biala in Polish white so call'd by Antiphrasis in the Months of April and May makes the Fish that are in it Brown tho' they afterwards return to their Natural Colours I must not omit what Cromerus says of the Lake Crinice in the Palatinate of Belsko in Red-Russia which is that every second or third Year it becomes wonderfully Tempestuous and in a little time discharges all its Waters thro' unknown Caverns insomuch that tho' before it were very deep it of a sudden almost grows fordable but then in a little time afterwards its Water returns with the same roaring noise it went out Dr. Conner in his Memoirs says that it was reported when he was in Poland that the Year before he came thither a Barbel Fish was found in the River San at Velasco an Estate of the late Queens which was above 4 Polish Ells long which is better than 8 Foot of our measure and near 3 Foot broad and weighed at least 200 weight He says that the same Species of Fish of this largeness are very common in that River and one was reported to have had an entire Skeleton of a Man suppos'd to have been drown'd some time before found in his Belly together with a Knife and Sheath This Fish has no Scales He says likewise that there are Fish in Lithuania which are made use of to shew the change of Weather For this purpose they are to be put into a Bottle where they will make a sort of squeeking noise when the weather is to alter As to odd kinds of Fowl there are a sort of Birds near Lowitz in the Palatinate of Rava in Lower Poland about the bigness of Sparrows that appear and disappear with the Snow and from thence have the Name given them of Snow-Birds These are scarce to be seen any where else throughout the whole Kingdom There are also a sort of Quails in the Plains of Russia and Podolia with Green Legs and which being eaten cause the Cramp There are moreover a kind of Swallows and Martlets that gathering up their Legs and folding close their Wings will dive into the Water at the latter end of Autumn and live there all the Winter but as soon as the Spring returns they come out and fly away If they chance to be taken by Fisher-Nets in the Winter tho' they will revive upon being laid near the Fire yet do they seldom survive long the
about the good of the Publick Next the four Supreme Counsellors or Ministers of State meet twice every Year that is on the Epipbany and Trinity Monday at Mittaw and sit at least five Weeks to exercise and do Justice The First Week is usually spent in State-Counsels where the Princes Presence and Authority is likewise requir'd The second is taken up in judging Appeals from inferiour Courts The Third in determining Criminals Cases The Fourth in settling Ecclesiastical Affairs And the Fifth in hearing Complaints of and receiving Petitions from the Subjects The degrees of demanding Justice in Cities in all extraordinay matters are these First The Gentry apply themselves to the Supreme Starosta for it must be observ'd that the inferiour Starostas have little jurisdiction but in small matters Secondly In Case of Appeals they have recourse to the supreme Councellors Court In Criminal Cases where the life of any Nobleman is concerned immediate Application is made to this Court and the four Supreme Starostas are oblig'd to assist there If any of these Starostas happen to be absent one that is inferiour may be deputed in his room Thirdly Appeals may be made both in Criminal and Civil Cases to the Court of Poland which the Curlanders term Judicia Post-Curialia Ecclesiastical Courts are held by the four Supreme Councellors before mention'd in conjunction with a Sur-intendant and four Provosts The Inferiour City Courts belong to the City Magistracy or to the Neighbouring Starostas within whose Jurisdiction the Offender lives Appeals in these trivial Courts can be made no farther than to the Supreme Starostas whose Sentence is Final The Executors of Justice in Curland are term'd die Man-Richters who in Civil Cases after a third Summons to satisfy the Plantiff and upon Non-performance or Non-Plea levy the Debt or Demand by way of Distress The Trade of Curland consists in much the same Commodities as in Poland The Corn of Curland and Livonia is fought after by the Dutch more than that of Poland by reason that it is better prepar'd and cur'd here than in other Countries for they are accustom'd to dry their Corn in the Straw as we do Malt and afterwards to thrash both together But this consumes a great deal of Wood and therefore the King of Sweden has forbid it to be practis'd any where within his Dominions I had almost forgot to acquaint you Sir that this Dutchy of Curland in case the Duke thereof wants Heirs-Males is to revert to the Crown of Poland in like manner as Ducal-Prussia is to do from the Elector of Branden burg Thus Sir I have endeavour'd to make what use I could of my short time and imperfect helps to entertain you but which I have a great deal of reason to despair of accomplishing unless I could have produc'd something more Accurate in its kind nevertheless I hope you will dispense with my Inabilities and accept the Good Will of SIR Your very Humble and Obedient Servant J. S. FINIS THE TABLE VOL. I. A ALexander King When Crown'd and how long Reigned Page 67. His Wars and Death 68. His Character Ibid. Alexander Prince His Character 189. Affected by the Queen ibid. B BOleslaus I. His Wars 26. Institutes XII Senators his Assistants Ibid. His Character and Death ibid. II. How long Reign'd 29. His Wars Marriages and Vices ibid. Flight out of the Kingdom and Death 30. III. His Sir-name and Wars 31. c. His Marriage 32. Valour and Success 33. Death Issue and Character ibid. IV. When Elected and how long Reign'd 35. His Wars ibid. His Death 36. V. His Sir-name and Guardians 43. When Elected and how long Reign'd ibid. His Marriage ibid. His Troubles 44. Retires into Hungary ibid. Returns 45. Farther Troubles and Wars ibid. His Death ibid. Batori vide Stephen Bishop Of Cracow Lord over 13 Cities 223. His Chapter ibid. Bresty City It s Description 234. Braclaw Pal. Chief Cities and Towns 277. Descriptions ibid. Braclaw City It s Description 277. Belsko Pal. Description 280. Division into Districts ibid. Chief Cities and Towns 281. Their Descriptions ibid. Belsko City It s Description 281. Byelsko Cap. of Podlachia It s Description 297. Broscia Pal. One district 330. Chief Cities and Towns ibid. Descriptions 331. Its Arms 332. Brescia City It s Description 331. Bears Nourish Children 342. Story of one ibid. Assertion confirm'd by the King 343. Another account from the Dutch Embassador ibid c. A third Account from Hartknock 348. C. City The First 6. The Second ibid. Cracus His Death 13. His Issue ibid. Cracow When and by whom built 12. University by whom Founded 59. Taken by Stratagem 132. Where Situate and how distant from other Places 238. Whence its Name ibid. Its Division Castle and Cathedral 238 c. When first made a Metropolitan See 240. How many Churches ibid. Its University and Professors ibid. c. Its Colleges 241. Vice-Chancellor ibid. Monasteries and Mendicants 242. Its Houses ib. Mayor of Cracow 248. Government of the Castle 249. Chrobry vi Boleslaus I. Casimir I. Queen Regent during Minority ibid. He becomes Monk ibid. Recall'd upon Agreement with the Pope ibid. His Marriage Wars Death and Issue 28. II. When Elected and how long Reign'd 37. Surnam'd the Just and an Example ibid. c. Eases his Subjects of Taxes 38. Conspiracy against him ibid. Disappointed 39. His Wars ibid. Death and Issue ibid. III. Surnam'd the Great 50. When Elected and how long Reign'd ibid. Makes Peace with Teutonic Knights ibid. His Conquests ibid. Good Deeds ibid. Character other Wars and Death 55. IV. When Elected and how long Reign'd 63. His Marriage ibid. Assists the Prussians 64. Routs Teutonic Order ibid. Obtains advantageous Peace ibid. His Issue 65. His Death and Age. Curland and Semigallia First Duke 77. Enjoy'd by his Posterity ever since ibid. Common Wealth Jocular of Babina 79. Candidates for the Crown After the death of Sigismundus Augustus 85. After the Abdication of Henry of Valois 87. After the death of Stephen Batori 104. Two of these come into Poland 108. After Uladislaus VII 125. After John Casimir 140. After Michael Wiesnowiski 155. After John Sobieski 235. Courts of Justice none 90. Batori erects two call'd Tribunals ibid. Were to determine Civil Causes without Appeal ibid. Cosacks How so term'd 94. Us'd to make Inroads ibid. To whom compar'd ibid. Reduc'd to a Discipline ibid. Whence their Name ibid. Extent of their first Dominions 95. A Conjecture about this Country ibid. It s present Extent 96. Their Buildings ibid. Character ibid. Religion 97. Fasts ibid. Language 98. Customs and Manners ibid. Abundance of Flies and Locusts ibid. Their Customs and Manners in Peace and War 99. Their Rebellion 146. Are favour'd by the Turks ibid. Produces a bad Peace ibid. Conti Prince of Pretends to the Crown of Poland 205. Proclaim'd King by the Primate 206. Sent for into Poland 207. Favour'd by Prince Sapieha ibid. Comes to Dantzic ibid. Gives
over his Pretâ—nsions 208. c. Cujavia Territory Division into Palatinates 234. Chief Cities and Towns ibid. Cracovia Palatinate It s division into Districts 237. Cities and Towns ibid. Their several Descriptions 238 c. Castellan's Power 248. Czentochova a Town Famous for a Convent 244. Cruswick City It s Description 235. Culm Pal. Join'd by the Territory of Michalovia 260. Chief Cities and Towns ibid. Their several Descriptions ibid. c. Culm City It s Description 260. Caminiec City It s description 275. Built 320. Chelm Pal. Division into Districts 282. Chief Cities and Towns ibid. Their descriptions ibid. c. Chelm City It s description 282. Crasnistaw Town It s description 282. D. Denmark It s King taken Prisoner II. Dantzic Made a City 39. Dantzickers reduc'd 89 c. First allow'd a Vote 120. Deputies first admitted to the Diet 65. Diet. Conven'd 85 101 119 124 140 154 205. Dobrina Pal. In what abounds 289. Division into Districts ibid. Chief Cities and Towns 290. Their Descriptions ibid. c. Dobrina City It s description 290. E. Election By Horse-race 15. Peaceable 118. Of Sigisimund de Vasa 106. Of Uladislaus VII 119. Of John Casimir 124. Of Michael Wiesnowiski 144. Of John Sobieski 155. Embassadors Admitted to Audience 105 120 141 159. Elbing Town It s description 263. F. Family of Lechus 11 c. Cracus from 12 to 14. Leschus II. from 15 to 17. Piastus from 21 to 57. Jagello from 58 to 82. Factions Lutheran and Catholick 102. Not to be United 103. The former Mutiny ibid. Suppressed ibid. Three Factions 103. Lutheran's Policy 105. Frederic August King Elected 207. Takes possession of Cracow ibid. Crown d ibid. Reasons why he is likely to restore Poland 209. First German Prince that has been King ibid. G. Great Poland Province It s Division 220. Palatinates 221. Their several Cities and Towns ibid. c. Their Arms 226 c. Gnesna City It s description 223. Great Dukes of Lithuania Their several Lives from 310 to 324. Grodno City It s description 329. H. Henry I. Elected and Dethron'd 48. Appoints a Successor in vain ibid. Hedwigis Queen comes into Poland 58 Is Crown'd and how long Reign'd ibid. Has several Suitors ibid. Marries Jagello 59. Dies ibid. Henry of Valois King Sent for by the Diet 85. Agrees to Articles and takes an Oath ibid. c. Is Crown'd 86. Abdicates Poland 87. Embassies sent after him in vain ibid. House of Austria Jealous of Sigismund I's greatness 71. Raises Enemies against him ibid. How came by Hungary Bohemia and Silesia ibid. Habit of the Poles 177. Heilsberg City It s description 263. Halicz Town It s description 271. I. Jagello Great Duke of Lithuania Becomes Christian 59. Crown'd King of Poland and how long Reign'd ibid. Converts the Lithuanians ibid. Founds the University of Cracow ibid. His Wars ibid. Death and Issue 60. John Albert King His Character 66. Policy and Army defeated ibid Makes Peace with the Valachians and Turks 67. His Death ibid. John Casimir King Led a Religious Life and made Cardinal 124. His Character and Travels 126. Like to be excluded ibid. c. Elected 128. His Marriage ibid. His Wars ibid. c. Suedish King invades Poland 139. Wherefore 131. Motives and means of Casimir's Abdication 134. His Death 135. His Epitaph 136. John Basilowitz Czar of Muscovy Is a great Tyrant and his variety of Tortures 78. John III. Sobieski Elected in the Year 1674 163. His Father and Mother ibid His Travels 164. His Marriage ibid. His Generosity 165. Zeal to Arms discourag'd 166. War with the Turks and Tartars 167 c. A Battle 169. His Coronation 172. He relieves Vienna 173. Defeats the Turks 174. His entry thro' the Breach 175. Pursues the Enemy ibid Takes Zytehin in Hungary 176. Enters into a League against the Turks 177. Is immoderately covetous ibid. His Person and Dress ibid. His Character 179. Engages Dr. Connor in a Dispute ibid. His Buildings 184. Care of his Children 185. His great Riches ibid. Fortune formerly and gradual Promotion 150 His Sister 198 What Issue she left 200. Account of the King's Distemper from the Bishop of Plosko 201 c. The King's Death 204. Reflections on his Disease ibid. Inter Regnum before the present King's Election 205. Inowlocz Pal. Division into Districts 235. Chief Cities and Towns ibid. K. King Of Poland his Policy 8. The first 9 25. Four classes of Kings 10. Title ceases 30. Restor'd 48. King of Sueden enters into a League with the Elector of Brandenburg 132. Koningsberg in Regal Prussia built 45. It s description 264. Kalisch City It s description 226. Kalisch Pal. Its Arms 227. Kiovia Pal. How bounded 277. Chief Cities and Towns 278. Their descriptions ib. c. Kiow City It s Description 278. L. Laws What formerly in Poland 5. Lechus I. 10. Founds Poland 5. Builds Posnan and Gnesna 6. Occasions Poland the Name of Lechia ib. His Posterity how long Reign'd 11 12. II. His Banishment and Death 13. Lescus I. 14. Elected by a Stratagem ib. Reign and Death uncertain 15. II. How Elected 14. His Death 15. III. His death uncertain 16. IV. His Character and Death 23. V. Surnam'd the White 39. Under Guardians ib. His Wars 40. Is dethron'd ib. Restor'd ib. Dethron'd again 41 Put by an Election ib. c. Re-establish'd 42. Murther'd in a Bath ib. VI. When Elected and how long Reign'd 46. His Wars ib. Insurrection against him ib. Retires into Hungary 47. Returns with success ib. His death ib. Leaves his Kingdom in distraction ib. Lasconâ—gus Vide Uladislaus III. Locticus vide Uladislaus IV. Lewis King of Hungary When Crown'd and how long Reign'd 56. Oblig'd to take an Oath ib Returns into Hungary ib. His Wars Death and Issue 57. Commendable Example of his ib. Leopol City whence so call'd 46. It s description 267. Luther's Doctrine when first known here 70. Very much propagated 78. The occasion ib. First Person of Note that embrac'd it ib. Lutherans Contend for share in the Government 101. Obtain perpetual Liberty of Conscience ib c. Lutheran party Dissents 107. Elects and Proclaims Maximilian of Austria 〈◊〉 2 Pronounc'd Traytors by the Diet 108. Lithuanid Tends towards a Civil War 160. How call'd by the Inhabitants 302. Present Bounds ib. Antient Extent ib. Soil and Products ib. c Union with Poland and Privileges 303. Division ib. Its Arms ib. Different Opinions about its Name 304. Its Dukes from 305 to 310. Division into Palatinates 324. Lithuanid Proper Province 325. Lesser-Poland Province Its Bounds 236. It s Division into Pal. ib. c. Their several Arms 249 254 257. Lowitz City It s description 231. Lanschet Pal. It s division into Districts 232 Chief Cities and Towns ib. Lanschet City It s Description 232. Lublin Pal. Join'd by the Territory of Lukovia 254. Chief Cities and Towns 255. Their several Descriptions ib. c. Lublin City It s Description 255. Lutzk City It s Description 295. M.
Miâ—ceslaus I. 24. His Christian Wife ib. His Wars 25. II. His Wars 26. Character and Death 27. III. When Elected and how long Reign'd 36. Whence surnam'd the Old ibid. Is Dethron'd 37. Endeavours to get restor'd 38. Is restor'd 40. Dethron'd again ibid. Reinthron'd 41. His Death ibid. Michael Wiesnowiski Refuses the Crown 144. Accepts it ibid. Proclaim'd Crown'd and how long Reign'd 145. His Marriage ibid. His Death 149. Leaves no Issue ibid. Buried 171. Marienburg City built 51. It s Description 262. Maximilian the Emperor King Elect Acquainted that he was chosen 87. Prevented invading Poland by Death 88. Maximilian of Austria Routed by the Polish General 109. Beaten again and made Prisoner 110. Offer'd Liberty on honourable terms 111. Dissents ib. Consents ib. Mines 245. Of Cracaw 246. Description of them ib. c. Manna Particular sort and eaten for Sauce 248. Michalevia Territory It s Description 262. Marienburg Pal. It s chief Cities and Towns 262. Their several Descriptions ib. c. Masovia Province Its Bounds 283. Inhabitants 284. Division into Palatinates ib. Their several Arms 288. 289. 290. Masovia Pal. Division into Districts 284. Chief Cities and Towns 285. Their Descriptions ib. c. Mindog Duke of Lithuania Acknowledg'd King 308. Murther'd 309. Mscislaw Pal. Description 333 Division into Districts ib. c. Chief Cities and Towns 334. Descriptions ib. c. Its Arms 335. Mscislaw City It s Description 334. Minski Pal. Division into Districts 337. Chief Cities and Towns ib. Descriptions ib. c. Its Arms 338. Minski City It s description 337. N. Number of Polish Princes 9. Of Towns and Villages in Poland 217 c. Novogrodec Pal. Division into Districts 332. Chief Cities and Towns ib. Their descriptions ib. c. Its Arms 333. Novogrodec City It s description 332. O. Oliva Treaty there 133. P. Poland Its Origin 3. Whence so call'd 5. What by the Inhabitants ib. By whom Founded ib. Its Policy 7. Made a Figure in the IXth Century 20. It s Antient Extent 213. Encrease by Conquests ib. By Policy 214. Present Extent 225. Its Bounds and Soil 216. Its Products 217. Cilmate 218. Rivers ib. Their several Courses ib. c. Its Lakes 220. Poles when first Christians 24. March to recover Podolia 148. Conquer but fail in their design ib. c. Popiel I. 16. His Vices and Death ib. II. ib. Judgment upon him 17. Piastus 21. Cause of his Election ib. His Vertues and Death 22. How long his Family Reign'd ib. Gives the Name of Piasto 23. Patron of Poland 30. Premislus when Crown'd 48. Murther'd ib. Prophecy Comical 108. Posts when first setled in Poland 123. Peace concluded with the Turks 173. How long lasted ib. Prince James his Character 188. Intended Marriage disappointed ib. Marry'd to another 189. Weak and Sickly ib. Officiates as Embassador 192. Resigns his Interests to the Elector of Saxony 206. Princess John III's Daughter Her Character 190. Her Marriage ib. Portion 191. Ceremony of her Marriage ib. Equipage for her Journy to Brussels 193. Reception at Berlin 195. Is met by the Elector 196. Proceeds on her Journey 197. Arrival at Brussels 198. Physicians A Consultation of them 199. Posnan City It s Description 221. Posnania Palatinate Its Arms 226. Prussia Province Its Bounds 257. Products ib. Rivers 258. Lakes ib. Division 259. Officers that belong to the Great Council ib. Its Arms 265. Prussia Royal Division into Palatinates 259. Prussia Dueal It s Chief Cities and Towns 264. Pomerania Pal. 260. Premislaw City It s Description 269. Podolia Pal Wherefore famous 274. Division into Districts ib. Chief Cities and Towns ib. Their several Descriptions 175 c. Plosko Pal. Division into Districts 288. Chief Cities and Towns ib. Their Descriptions ib. c. Plosko City It s Description 288. Podlachia Province Its Bounds 296. Division into Districts ib. Chief Cities and Towns 〈◊〉 Their Descriptions 297 c. Arms of the Proâ—ovince 298. Pinsko City It s Description 331. Polocz Pal. Division into Districts 338. Chief Cities and Towns ib. Descriptions ib. c. Its Arms 339. Polocz City It s Description 338. Q. Queen-Dowager's Zeal 156. King Michael Assign'd a Jointure 166. Queen's John III's first Coming into Poland 186. Her first Marriage ib. Age and Qualifications ib. c. Her Address in disposing of Employments 187. R. Rochester Lord His Embassy into Poland 172. Had Audience of the Queen at Dantzick ib. Made a Present to the Princess ib. Receiv'd by the King in his Camp 173. Had Publick Audience at Zolkiew ib. Manner thereof ib. His Return home ib. Respect Little paid to the King's Children 189. Rava Pal. Division into Districts 230. Its Cities and Towns ib. c. Rava City It s Description 230 c. Russia Province Division and Description 266. Division into Palatinates ib. Arms 276 280 281 283. Russia Pal. Division into Districts 267. Their several Arms 269 271. Chief Cities and Towns ib. Rosienia Capital of Samogitia It s Description 293. Religion Antient and Present of Lithuania 339 c. S Stratagem Succeeds 14. Defeated 15. Sigismund I. When Elected and how long Reign'd 69. Defeats a Conspiracy and Army ib. Other Wars ib. c. His Marriage 70. War with the Teutonic Order ib. Grants Liberty of Conscience to Dantzickers ib. War with Knights ended by Mediation 71. Forces other Invaders to retire ib. His Death and Age 72. His Character Marriages and Issue ib. II. Surnam'd Augustus When Crown'd and how long Reign'd 75. His Marriage displeases the Diet 76. Unites Livonia to Poland 77. His Wars with the Moscovites ib. Forces the Czar to a Peace 78. Sends an Army to support Bogdan in Valachia ib. Oblig'd to return home ib. Rather favour'd than disturb'd the Lutherans 79. Hears several of their Preachers ib. Enclines most Bishops to that Perswasion ib. A great Escape he had ib. His Death and Issue ib. Stephen Batori King Receiv'd and Crown'd 88. Primate submits ib. Who greatly Assisting to him in his Election ib. His Rise 89. His Marriage ib. More severe in Punishments than Laws allow'd 90. Encourag'd Speaking Latin 91. A Wonder to the French ib. His Wars ib. Is refus'd to name a Successor 100. His Character ib. His Death and Epitaph ib. c. Sigismund de Vasa King Ambassadors sent to acquaint him 107. Is Crown'd in Poland 109. His Marriage 111. Crown'd King of Sweden 112. Depos'd there ib. Cause of his War with the Moscovites 113. His War with the Turks 115. Invasion by Gustavus Adolthus 116. Sigismund's Death ib. His Character ib. Speech of the Bishop of Premislaw 119. Another Appeases Heats 143. Another by the Palatin of Russia 160. Byasses Poland and part of Lithuania 161. Senators of Great Poland 225 227 229 232 233 236. Of Lesser Poland 248 254 256. Of Prussia 265. Of Russia 274 276 277 280 281 283. Of Masovia 287 289 290. Of Samogitia 294. Of Volhynia 296. Of Podlachia 298. Of Lithuania-Proper 328 330 331. Of Lithuanic-Russia 333 335 336 338 339.