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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
death_n	abbey_n	abbot_n	bishop_n	52	3	5.0973	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A57667	Pansebeia, or, A view of all religions in the world with the severall church-governments from the creation, to these times : also, a discovery of all known heresies in all ages and places, and choice observations and reflections throughout the whole / by Alexander Ross.	Ross, Alexander, 1591-1654.; Haestens, Henrick van.; Davies, John, 1625-1693.	1655 (1655)	Wing R1972_pt1; Wing R1944_pt2; ESTC R216906	502,923	690

truly mortified except he be shut up in a Covent Q. 17. How were the Monks and Nunnes of old consecrated A. The Monks after prayers and exhortation made by the Priest is by the same signed with the signe of the Grosse and shaved or polled rather then is his old garment taken off and he is cloathed in a Monastical habit and with other holy men present is made partaker of the Divine mysteries The Nunnes were consecrated either by the Bishop or the Priest and by them covered with a Vaile if the Abbatesse presumed to do this she was excommunicated Twenty five yeares of age was then held a fit time for Virgins to be Vailed but now they may at twelve or before the dayes of the yeare for receiving their Vaile and Consecration were the Epiphany Easter-eve and the festival dayes of the Apostles except in case of death The Virgin to be consecrated was presented to the Bishop in her Nunnes habit then before the Altar with Musick and burning Tapers the Priest before hee puts on her Vaile thus saith Behold Daughter and Forget thy People and thy Fathers House that the King may take pleasure in thy beauty To this the people cryed Amen and so the Vaile is cast over her and all the religious Martons present do kisse her after the Priest hath blessed and prayed for her in this Vaile is placed as much Sanctity as in Baptisme and that such Virgins as depart out of this world without it are in danger of damnation Q. 18. What was the Religious Order of the Benedictines A. Benedict or Be●et in Vmbria a country of Italy being weary of the warres and tumults there retired himselfe into a Desart place after the manner of Autho●y the Theba● to whom did flock multitudes of people from thence he goeth to Cassinum an ancient Town where he setled and prescribed Laws to his Monks after the manner of Saint Basil. He is said to found twelve Monasteries over which he placed twelve Abbots that were his Disciples His chiefe Monastery Cassinum was richly endowed by Tertullus a Roman Patritian who bestowed on it Castles Villages Lands and large possessions Equitius a Senator followed his example and conferred large revenues on it and so did divers others after him This Order did quickly spread through France Germany Sieily Spain England and other places By the meanes of Ma●rus his Disciple who was Sonne to Equitius the Roman Senator neere Orleans the first Monastery of Benedictines is founded consisting of one hundred and fourty Brothers which number was not to be altered By Placidus Sonne to Tertullus the Roman Patrieian Benet set up a Monastery in Sicily By Leobardus he erected a Monastery in Alsatia foure miles from Strasburg he planted also a Monastery at Rome neere the Lateran Church in the time of Pelagius By D●natus a Benedictine Covent is erected in Spain about the yeare of Christ 590. By Austin Arch-Bishop of Canterbury the Benedictines got footing in England Anno 596. and so by degrees they spread through other places chiefly in Germany by Boniface the German Apostle and Bishop of Mentz Anno 545. These Benedictines were afterward divided into divers Sects Namely the Cluniacenses instituted in Burgundy by one Otho an Abbot to whom William Sirnamed the Godly D. of Aquitain gave a Village called Mastick Anno 916. The Carnalduenses were erected by one Romoaldus a Benedictine on the top of the Appenin Hills The Vallisumbrences so called from Vallis Vmbrosa on the side of the Appenins were erected by one Gualbertus a Florentine Anno 1060. the Montelivetenses were set up by one Bernard Ptol●mens at Sienna in Tuscany Anno 1047. The Grandimonte●ses about the same time were instituted by one Steven a Noble man in France The Cistertians so called from Cistertium in Burgundy about the same time were erected by one Robert Abbot of Molismenia Saint Bernard was of this order who about the yeare of Christ 1098. was made Abbot of Claravallis whose Monks were called from his name Bernardines who are all one with the Cistertians saving that the Cistertians wear all white but the Bernardines a black Gowne over a white Coat The Celestini so called from Pope Celestinus the Fifth their founder whose former name was Peter Moroneus This Order was confirmed by Gregory the tenth in the Council of Lyons All these were branches of Benedictines The Camalduenses Montelivetenses and Cistertians wear white the Monks of the Shaddowy Vally Purple the Celestins Skie colour or blew The Grandimontenses wear a Coat of Mailes and a black Cloak thereon Q. 19. What other Orders proceeded from the Benedictines A. Benet may be called the founder and author of all the Religious Orders that were in the West for 666. years together that is till the times of the Dominicans and Mendicants so that there were of Benedictine Monks reckoned by Trithemius L. 1. c. 4. above Fifteen thousand Abbies out of which proceeded multitudes of Cardinals arch-Arch-Bishops Bishops Abbots and other eminent men besides Popes The Gregorian Order was a branch of the Benedictine Gregory the great afterward Pope was at first a Monk who after his fathers death erected on his own charges Six Monasteries in Sicily and at Rome converted his Fathers house into a Monastery and dedicated it to Saint Andrew to these Monks he prescribed the rule of Saint Bennet and assigned to them a large dark or brown coloured cloak to be worne on which was woven a red crosse in the brest these did not shave their beards The Monks called Gerundinenses were after the Order of Bennet instituted by Iohn Bishop of the Geru●dinenses in Portugal about the year of Christ 610. He was warned in a dream to build a Monastery which he did and had it ratified by the Pope He gave them a white Garment to wear with his own arms on the breast thereof they were ordered to wear four Ribbands to wit two red and two green This order was erected under Pope Boniface the fourth The rule which Bennet prescribed to his Monks was written out by Pope Gregory the great and confirmed by Pope Eugenius the Second Q. 20. What were the rules which St. Bennet prescribed to his Monks A. He first sheweth what the duty of the Abbot is namely to be careful of his charge to be holy just wise and charitable in his deeds and to be powerful in his words to exhort correct reprove to beware of partiality and dissimulation and chiefly of covetousnesse and pride not to do any thing of himself without advice of the Covent he enjoyneth all to be obedient silent humble to be watchful to prayer in the night he prescribes what Psalms they are to sing every day and night and what Psalms in their canonical hours That Haleluia should be said continually between Easter and Pentecost that they should praise God with David seven times a day to wit in the morning at the first third sixth and ninth hours in

this cause these Abclites did marry Wives but not use them as Wives for propagation for ●●ar of Original sin whereof they would not be authors therefore they condemned copulation as a work of the flesh and altogether Satanical But for the conservation of their Sect they used to adopt other mens Children This heresie sprung up under Arcadius the Emperout 370. yeares after Christ in the Terriroties of Hippo where Saint Austin was Bishop This heresie lasted not long Q. 36. What Tenets in Religion held the Pelagians Praedestinati and Timotheans A. The Pelagians were so called from Pelagius a Brittain by birth and a Monk at Rome afterward a Presbyter under Theod●sius the yonger 382. years after Christ. They were named also Caelestiani from Caelestius one of Pelagius his scholars These taught that death was not the wages of sin but that Adam should have died though he had not sinned That Adams sin was hurtful onely to himselfe and not to his posterity that concupiscence was no sin that Infants did not draw original sin from their Parents that infants might be saved without baptisme that they should have life eternal but out of the Kingdom of God that man after the fall had the free will to do good and ascribed no more to grace but that by it we had our nature and that by our good works wee obtaine grace they rejected the Doctrine of predestination perhaps because the Hereticks called Praedestinati made Predestination a cloak for all wickednesse security and desperation for they taught that the Predestinate might sinne securely for he could not be damned and that such as were not predestinate should never be saved though their life were never so holy This heresie was not long before Pelagianisme and is the same with that of the Libertins The Timotheans so called from Timotheus Aelurus that is the Ca● from his bad conditions sprung up under Zeno the Greek Emperour 447. years after Christ. These taught that the two natures of Christ were so mixed in the Virgins Womb that they ceased to be what they were before and became a third substance made up of both as a mixed body is made up of the Elements which lose their names and forms in the mixtion These Hereticks afterward lost the name of Timotheans from Timotheus their Author Bishop of Alexandria and were called Monothelites and Monophysites from ascribing onely one will and one nature to Christ. Of the Pelagians see Austin and the other Fathers who have written against them Q. 37. What was the Religion of the Nestorians Eutychians and of those Sects which sprung out of them A. The Nestorians were so called from Nestorius Patriarch of Constantinople who broached his Heresie under Theodosius the younger 400 years after Christ. He taught that in Christ were two distinct persons to wit the Son of God and the Son of Mary that the Son of God in Christs baptisme descended into the Son of Mary and dwelt there as a lodger doth in a house therefore he would not call the Virgin Mary 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Mother of God but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Mother of Christ. Besides he made the humanity of Christ equal with his divinity aad so confounded their properties and operations This Heresie was but the spawn of some former Heresies chiefly of Manicheisine and Arrianiame It was condemned in the Councel of Ep●esus under Theodosius the younger in which Cyrill Bishop of Alexandria was President● and the author Nestorius was deposed and banished where his blasphemous tongue was eat out with Wormes and his body with Core and his seditious complices swallowed up by the Earth The Eutychians so named from Eu●yches Archimandrite or Abbot of Constantinopie who lived in the latter end of Theodosius the younger held opinions quite contrary to Nestorius to wit that Christ before the Union had two distinct natures but after the Union only one to wit the Divinity which swallowed up the Humanity and so they confounded the property of the two natures affirming that the Divine nature suffered and died and that God the Word did not take from the Virgin Humane nature This heresie was first condemned in a Provincial Synod at Constantinople then it was set up again by Dioscurus Bishop of Alexandria in the theevish Councel of Ephesus called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and at last condemned by the generall Councel of Chalcedon under Marcian the Emperour From the Eutychians sprung up the Acephal● or headlesse Hereticks so called because they had neither Bishop Priest nor Sac●ament amongst them these held that in Christ were two natures which notwithstanding they confounded as they did also the properties saying that the humanity lost it selfe and properties being swallowed up by the divinity as a drop of Vineger is lost in the Sea Severus Bishop of Alexandria was author of this Sect under Anastasius Emperour 462. yeares after Christ. They were called also Theodosians from Theodosius their chiefe Patron and Bishop of Alexandria 2. The Monophysites were all one with the Eutychians differing onely in name 3. The Agnoetae so called from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ignorance becaus● they held that Christs Divinity which with them onely remained after the Union was ignoranT of the day of judgement and where Lazarus after his death was laied This heresie was revived by Theodosius Bishop of Alexandria under Mauritius the Emperour 572. yeares after Christ. 4. The Iacobites so called from Iacobus the Syrian held the same opinions that the Eutychians and scoffed the Christians with the name of Me●chites because they followed the Emperour in their Faith These under Ph●cas the Emperour drew all Syria into their Heresie 575. yeares after Christ. 5. The Armenians so named from Armenia insected with that Heresie held that Christ took not a humane body from the Virgin but that it was immortall from the first minute of its Conception hence they were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 they againe in s●orn called the Orthodox Christians Manicheans and Phantas●asts these held a Quaternity of Persons and that the Divinity suffered and kept their Easter after the Jewish manner They sprung up under Phocas the Emperour 577. yeares after Christ. 6. The Monothelites in words held there were two natures in Christ but in effect denyed them by giving him one Will onely All these branches of Eutychianisme were condemned by the fifth General Councel held at Constantinople under Iustinian the first who confirmed the councel of Chalcedon to which these 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or doubting Hereticks for so they called themselves would not subscribe At last sprung up Mahumetanisme 589. years after Christ. Of which we have spokeh already Of all these see Isidor Theodoret Evagrius Nicephorus S●erates Sozomen and others The Contents of the Eighth Section Of the opinions in Religion held the seventh Centur● ● The opinions of the eighth Century 3. The Tenets of the ninth and tenth Centuries 4.

may be heard and seen But they must do nothing without the leave of the Abbatesse and some witnesses except in time of confession Priests must not enter the Nunnery except to give the Sacrament in the agony of death and that with some witnesses all the Priests and Brothers may enter to perform Funerall obsequies The Bishop of the Diocesse must be the Father and Visitor of the Monasteries and Nunneries the Prince of the Territory shall be the Protector and the Pope the faithful Guardian without whose will no Covent shall be made Let there be a hole like a grave still open in the Covent that the sisters may pray every day there with the Abbatesse taking up a little dust between her fingers that God who preserved Christs body from the corruption of the grave would also preserve both their bodies and souls from the corruption of sin Let there be a Beer or Coffin at the Church-door with some earth that all commers in may remember they are dust and to dust shall return to the observers of this rule Christ promiseth his aid who revealed himself to Saint Briget and counsels her to convey it to the Pope to be confirmed So goeth the story as it is set down by Hospinian who translated it out of the German into the Latin tongue this order came into England An. 1414. and was placed at Richmond There be few of these elsewhere except in Sweden Q. 21. What was the Order of S. Katherine and of S. Iustina A. Katherine born at Senae in Tuscany in her Childhood vowed Virginity and in a dream saw Dominick with a Lilly in his hand and other religion-founders wishing her to professe some of their orders she embraced that of Dominick in which she was so strict that she abhorred the smell of flesh drunk onely water and used no other cheer but bread and raw herbs She lay upon boards in her cloathes She girt her self so close with an Iron Chain that it cut her skin she used to watch whole nights together and scarce slept half an hour in two days in imitation of S. Domimick She used to chastise her self three times every day with that Iron Chain for an hour and half at a time so that the blood run from her shoulders to her feet One chastisement was for her self the other for the dead and the third for those that were alive in the world Many strange stories are recorded of her as that Christ appeared and married himself to her with a Ring that he opened her side took out her old heart and put a new one instead of the former that he cloathed her with a bloody coloured garment drawn out of the wound in his side so that she never felt any cold afterwards and divers other tales to this purpose Some say this order began Anno 1372. others Anno 1455. The Nuns of this order wear a white garment and over it a black Vaile with a head-covering of the same colour The order of Saint Iustina was instituted by Ludevicus Barbus a Venetian Anno 1409. after the ancient discipline of Benedict This rule was enlarged by Eugenius the fourth and confirmed by Iohn 24. The Monks of this order are carefull not to eat out of the Covent with seculars and to wash the feet of strangers Q. 22. What were the Eremites of Saint Hierom of Saint Saviour the Albati Fratricelli Turlupini and Montolivetenses A. Saint Hieroms Eremites in Spain under Saint Austins rule was instituted about the year 1366. in Vibinum a City of Vmbria in Italy in the time of Pope Gregory the nineth and was confirmed by Gregory the twelfth Of this order there are in Italy five and twenty Covents They differ in their habit and other things little or nothing from the other Monks of Saint Hierom. The Canons of Saint Saviour were instituted also in Italy neer Senae in a place called Scopetum whence they are named Scopeti●i They follow Saint Austins rule Their Author was one Franch of Bononia Anno 1366. in the time of Pope Vrban the the fifth and were confirmed by his successor Gregory the eleventh Anno 1370. They wear a white cloak with a white hood above a white linnen gowne Albati were so called from the white linnen they wore these in the time of Pope Boniface the nineth Anno 1399. came down from the Alpes into Luc● Flaminia Hetruria Fisa and other places of Italy having for their guide a Priest cloathed in white and carrying in his hand the Crucifix he pretended so much zeal and religion that he was held a Saint These people increased to such a vast body that Boniface the nineth grew jealous their Priest aimed at the Popedom therefore sent out some armed men against them apprehended their Priest and put him to death upon which the whole multitude fled every man returning to his house These made profession of sorrow weeping for the sins and calamities of those times they eat together in the High-ways and slept all promiscuously together like beasts they are by most reckoned among the Hereticks and not religious orders and so are the Fratricells or Beghardi who would be counted the third order of Franciscans they were called Fratricella Brothers of the Cells and Caves where they dwelt Their Women were named Beghinae and Beguttae These sprung up Anno 1298. they went with their faces covered and their heads hanging down their lives were ●●agirious and their opinions heretical as we have already shewed among the Heresies therefore they are condemned by Boniface the eight Clemens the fifth and Iohn the twenty second yet Gregory the eleventh and Eugenius the forth defended such of them against whose life and faith no just exceptions could be taken Gregory about the year 1378. Eugenius Anno 1431. The Turlupini also though they would have been thought a religious order were heretical in their Teners and therefore condemned and burned Anno 1372. Montolivetenses or Monks of Mount Olivet began Anno 1407. when the Church was divided between three Popes In this distracted time many of Sene betook themselves to the next Hill which they called Mount Olivet and cloathed themselves in white professing St. Bennets rule They were confirmed by Pope Gregory the twelfth There were others of the same name loug before these but Boniface the eighth Anno 1300. put them down and executed their Author at Viterbium he only wore a linnen cloth about his wast the rest of his body naked Q. 23. What were the Canons of Saint George the Mendicants of Saint Hierom the Canons of Lateran Order of the Holy Ghost of Saint Ambrese ad Nemus and of the Minims of Jesu Maria A. The Canons Regular of Saint George called also Apostolici were instituted by Laurence Iustinian Patriarch of Venice Anno 1407. they were confirmed by Gregory the twelfth They wear a linnen surplesse over their garments and a black hood but out

August he preached in India and then in Albania of Armenia where he was first ●leaed and then beheaded therefore some keep the Feast of his Excoriation others of his Decollation S. Iohn Baptists Decollation is kept the 29 of August his head hath been removed from divers places the Nativity of S. Mary is celebrated the 8 of September it was kept in heaven by the Angels so goeth the story long before it was observed by men here on earth the Romane Church celebrates no Nativities except that of Christs of his Mother and of his Forerunner The Exaltation of the Crosse is kept the 14 of September in memory of the Crosse recovered from Cosroes King of Persia by the Emperor Heraclius and by him carried in triumph into Ierusalem the Feast of S. Matthew the Apostle and Evangelist is on the 21 of September in remembrance of his suffering for Christ in Ethiopia where having planted the Gospel he was beheaded there S. Lukes day is on the 18 of October he was a Painter Physitian and Evangelist and the Disciple of Saint Paul the Feast of Simon and Iude is kept on the 28 of October these were brothers and sons to Mary Cleophas who married to Alpheus they had two brothers more to wit Iames the lesser and Ioseph called Barsa●as and sirnamed Iustus Simon was called Zelotes and Cananaeus from Cana of Galilee Iude was named 〈◊〉 and Lebeus Simon preacht in Egypt afterward he succeded Iames in the See of Ierusalem where he was crucified Iude preached to the Medes and Persians and suffered at Persis the first of November is dedicated to all the Saints because there be more then can have particular dayes assigned them The old Romans worshipped all their gods together in one Temple called Fantheon Christians held it fitter to worship all the Saints and Martyrs in the same Temple under the name of Saint Mary this Feast is ushered in with fasting the day before and backed with prayers for all souls in Purgatory the day after Saint Martin Bishop and Confessor is honoured the eleventh of November for his charity to the poor in parting with his own Garments to cloath them and for his humility in that he would dye on no other bed but on a heap of ashes this Feast hath its Vigil and Octave They thought that he should be thus honoured by men who had been honoured by Angels The thirtieth of November is Saint Andrew● day he preached in Scythia Achaia and other places thereabout and suffered death on a crosse his bones with those of Saint Luke were translated to Constantinople in the time of Constantine the second The sixth of December is for Saint Nicholas the Bishop famous for his charity boldnesse and constancy in the maintenance of Christianity They write that being an Infant he would never suck his Mothers brests but once on Wedensdays and Fridays The 21 of December is for Saint Thomas who preached to the Indians by their Idolatrous Priests was first shot with arrows and then thrust through with a lance as he was at his prayers Saint Stephen is celebrated the six and twentieth of December as he was the first Martyr so he deserved to be the first in the Kalendar the first Martyr is placed next to Christs Nativity to shew Christ was born that we might suffer and Christs Nativity here on earth was the cause of Stephens Nativity in Heaven Saint Iohn the beloved Disciple is honoured on the seven and twentieth of December He escaped miraculously first poyson and then burning oyle The eight and twentieth of December is for the Innocents who suffered in their Infancy by Herod for the Infant King of the Iewes Christ Jesus there are multitudes of Saints more who are placed in the Kalendar as Ambrose Bishop on December 7. Anselme Bishop April 21. Augustine Bishop August 21. Babylas Bishop Ianuary 24. Barbara the Virgin December 4. Barnabas the Apostle Iune 11. Basil Bishop April 26. Basil the Great Ianuary 1. Bernard Abbot August 20. Bonav●ntura the Cardinal Iuly 14. Three Bonifaces and three Katharines on several days Christopher Martyr Iuly 25. Clemens Pope and Martyr November 23. Saint Paul's conversion April 25. Saint Austins conversion May 5. Cyprian Martyr September 26. Dionyflus the Areopagi●e October 9. Epiphanius Bishop May 12. George Martyr April 24. Gregory the Great Pope March 12. Gregory Nazianzen Bishop May 9. Gregorius Thaumaturgu● November 17. William Confessor February 10. Hierom September 30. Ignatius Bishop and Martyr Feburary 1. Ignafius Loyo●a Iuly 31. Iohannes Chrysostom Bishop Ianuary 27. Iohn Damascen May 〈◊〉 Ioseph Maries husband March 19. Irenaeus Martyr August 26. Iulianus Martyr Ianuary 9. Iustinus Martyr April 13. Landfrancus Bishop Iuly 3. Laurence Martyr August 10. Lewis King August 25. Mary Magdalen Iuly 22. Matthias Apostle February 24 Michael Arch-angel September 29. Narcissus Bishop October 29. Olaus King Iuly 29. Patrick Bishop March 17. Polycarpus Bishop Ianuary 26. Severinus Boethius October 23. Thomas Bishop December 29. Tomas Aquin●s March 7. Vigilius Bishop Iune 26. There are multitudes more in the Roman Ka●endar but these are the chiefe which I have culled out They have also holy days for some eminent Iewes as Daniel the Prophet c. For Angels also and for dedication of Churches which the Greeks call E●coenia a custom borrowed from the Jews Q. 27. What Ornaments and Vtensils doe they use in their Churches dedicate to Christ and the Saints A. They have in them their reliques pictures images crosses also and crucifixes the images also of Angels which they paint with wings to signifie their swiftnesse and sublimity of their nature with white garments also to shew their purity The images of Christ and of the Saints are painted with the sunne beams about their heads to represent the glory they are in God the Father is represented like an old man because he is described by Daniel like the ancient of daies The Holy Ghost is painted like a Dove because in that form he appeared on Christ. They have Chalices not of Glasse because subject to breaking not of wood because that is porous and drinks in the liquor not of brasse nor copper because of the bad smell thereof and rust or canker but of silver or gold They have also candlesticks tapers and lamps which they burn to the Saints by day to shew they are not in darknesse but in light Their censers and incense represent Christ and the prayers of the Saints which like incense ascend before God these odors are burnt in their Churches both to expel bad vapors and to refresh the sences They have also their flaps or fans to drive away flies from the Chalice after the example of Abraham who drove away the birds from his sacrifice and to teach us that we should drive away all wandring thoughts when we pray Their Patin● and other vessels shining bright put us in mind how we should shine in out conversation The Corporal is the linnen cloath in