as lowe as wee can see him Also it deuideth the whole Sphere of the world into two equal parts in such sort that halfe of the Sphere is euer aboue the ground and halfe alwayes vnder the earth This Circle hath great vse in the heauenly motions that by it wee iudge the rysings settings of the Sunne and Moone and all other Starres And in this Horizonte you shall finde noted the names of the winds which the Marriners vseth by the 32. poynts of the Compas The next Circle is noted the degrees which euery day in the moneth dooth contayn that is to say the first day one degree the second day two degrees and so forth as they succeed in order to a point like a little starre where the last day of euery moneth endeth The next Circle sheweth what day of the moneth the Sunne entreth into any of the twelue signes telling euery day one degree to thirtie degrees so they succeed through euer one of the twelue signes monethlie This Horizonte is deuided into foure quarters East West South and North euery quarter of the world contayneth 90. degrees and the whole compasse therof is 360. degrees The next Circle is Motus trepedationis a starry firmament whose motion is slowe from the West to the East that euery hundreth yeere by the obseruatioÌ„ of diuers Astronomers moueth but one degree The Zodiacke is a great broade and slope or shoring Circle in the which are depictured the twelue signes and fixed starres in the middest whereof is the Eclipticke lyne from which the Sunne neuer swarueth Then followeth the two Colluers and the Equinoctiall Circle parting the Sphere in the verye middest betwixt the two Poles by reason whereof there are two Latitudes the one is North and the other South The North Latitude is contayned betwixt the Equinoctiall and the North Pole the South Latitude is betwixt the Equinoctiall and the South Pole either of these two spaces contayneth in bredth 90. degrees A Degree is one part of a Circle beeing deuided into 360. parts and 360. degrees is the very Longitude of the Earth and at the furthest Meridian in the West beginning with one degree and so proceede Eastward vnto 180. degrees of the Equinoctiall from thence goe forward to the West where you come againe to 360. degrees which is the last degree of Longitude Next followeth the two tropicall Cyrcles That is to say the North tropâ—ke is Cancer and is the returne of the the Sunne in Sommer declyning backe againe towardes the Equinoctiall the dayes being then at the longest and the nights at the shortest with vs and then beginneth the dayes to shorten againe The Winter Tropicke sayth Proclus is the most Southerliest Circle of all them that the Sunne dooth describe by the reuolution of the world in the which when the Sunne is he maketh his winterlie turne and then is the longest night in all the yeere and shortest day with vs. Paralels The Paralell lynes are described by the wyers in the Globe and a Paralell of the longest day is a space of the Earth by thys is knowne the increase of the day to be a quarter of an hower going from the Equinoctiall towards any of the Pole starres A Clymate contayneth two Paralels in which spaces the day increaseth by halfe an hower Of these Paralels are made 24. Climates betweene the Equinoctiall and the tropicke of Cancer Then followeth the Artick Circle and the Antartick Cyrcle The Artick Circle is the North Circle and the contrary Circle in the South is called the Antartick Circle by the which Greeke composition as you would say contrary or against the Articke Circle it well may bee called the South Circle But now heere how Proclus defineth them The Articke Circle is the greatest of all those Circles which doe alwayes appeare and toucheth the Horizonte in one only poynt and is altogether aboue the Earth and all the starres that be within this Circle neyther rise nor set but are seene to runne round about the Pole all the night The Antarticke Circle is equall equidistant to the Artick Circle toucheth the Horizonte in one onely poynt ' and is all vnder the ground all the starres that be in it are euermore out of our sight Then is there two other smaller Circles called Poller Circles or Pole Circles in this Circle about the Antartick Pole is deuided certayne degrees to take the Altitude of the North starre this starre is in the extremitie or end of the tayle of the lesse Beare being a constellation commonly called the Horne for this North starre of the most notablest starres aboue the Pole is neerest vnto it shall therefore shewe a lesse Circle than any other and so shall his Altitude differ little from the Altitude of the Pole This starre hath declination 85. degrees and 51. minutes and the complement of nintie which are foure degrees and nine minutes is his distance froÌ„ the Pole And although the Marriners hold opinion that it is not distant more than three degrees a halfe yet to the iudgmeÌ„t of those persons that hath knoweledge in Astronomie more credite ought to be giuen to the Astronomer than to the Marriner for asmuch as the Astronomer doth know the place of the starres with their Longitudes Latitudes declinations and right ascentions more perfectly and precisely than dooth the Marriners for they accompt not onely by degrees but also by minutes and seconds therfore whosoeuer wil precisely know it let him take the highest Altitude of the North starre which is his beeing ouer the Pole and the lesse Altitude which is his beeing vnder the Pole then take away the lesse from the more and the halfe of that remayneth shal be the distance of that starre from the Pole of the world And likewise by thys experience may be known the Altitude of the Pole and what all the other starres that goe not downe vnder the Horizonte be distant from it ioyning the greater Altitude with the lesse and that shall amount thereof deuided by the halfe shall bee the Altitude of the Pole and taking awaye this Altitude of the Pole from the greater Altitude of the Starre or the lesse from the Altitude of the Pole the rest that remayneth shal be the distance of the starre from the Pole And as the Pole is inuisible it can not be seene or known when the North starre is higher lower except it be by the meane of some other marke And for this is considered the position of the former Guardes or Watch beeing one of the two starres called the Guardes which are in the mouth of the Horne the Marriners haue noted eyght positions from the former Guard starre to the North starre which aunswereth to the eyght principall windes and as the Guarde is to the North starre according to the placing of these positions so it shall be higher and lower from the Pole Let vs heere put the common Rules which the Marriners vse to compile with
in the depth of the Excentrick in which the Plannet is fixed and neere to hys Center is moued Circulerlie The Auge is a poynt in the circumference of the Excentrick neerest vnto the Firmament or it may bee sayde that the Auge is a poynt farthest distant from the Earth Aux in the Greeke tongue is as much to say as the greatest Longitude or greatest eleuation from the Earth The opposite of the Auge is an other poynt in the circumference of the Excentrick neerest vnto the Earth and farthest distant from the Firmament And you must heere note and vnderstand the Sunne is not mooued Regularly in the Zodiake making so much by his proper motion in one day as in the other because his Reguler motion is in respect of the Center of his own proper Sphere or orbe wherein hee is moued whose Center is distant without the Center of the world towards the parts of Cancer so that the greater part of his orbe Excentrick is toward the septentrionall part where the Sunne passing by the septentrionall signes is more distant from the Earth and hath more to goe of hys orbe Excentricke than beeing in the South signes for passing by the North signes he tarryeth 9. dayes more to describe the halfe of the Zodiake than the other halfe toward the South part And for this cause the Sunne is more swifter in his motion in the Zodiake one tyme than another for his motion in one day in the South signes shall bee greater than it is in one day in the North signes And further it followeth that the sayd vnequall moouing of the Sun obliquite of the Zodiake certayne dayes of winter with their nights are longer than certayne other of Sommer with their nights that is to say that the day naturall in the winter dooth surmount that in the Sommer because the right ascention which aunswereth to one dayes motion of the Sunne beeing in the South is greater than the ascention for one dayes mouing being in the North signes Next followeth the placing of the other sixe Plannets in their true order in the Sphere These six Plannets hauing each of them seuerall Spheres and theyr motions also seuerall and vnlyke in tyme to any other and therefore they are called vvandering starres These are carryed round about the world by the vyolence of the first mouer in 24. howers that is euery day once yet they keepe their places in their Sphere and haue their proper motions from West towards East The Moone with her heauen or Sphere by her proper motion giueth her turne from the West to the East in 27. dayes and 7. howers with 45. minutes Venus Mercury and the Sunne in a yeere which is the space of 365. dayes with 5. howers and 49. minutes Mars in two yeeres Jupiter in 12. yeeres Saturne in 30. yeeres The eyght heauen which is the Firmament or starry heauen by his own proper motion is moued by the ninth heauen vpon the beginning of Aries and Libra and vpon these two poynts accomplisheth hys Reuolution in seauen thousand yeeres This motion is called Motus trepedationis that is to say the trembling motion of Access or recess To rectifie the 6. Plannets to goe in theyr due courses about the Sphere Example Saturne who is the slowest in motion of all the 7. Plannets the 30. day of Iune 1592. he is found by the Ephemerides at noone in his middle motion to occupie the 16. degree 36. minutes of Cancer then I turne the Sphere of Saturne that the body or middle part of his starre or Caracter be iust vnder the same degree in the signe noted in the Zodiake then mouing or turning the whole Globe about from East to the West sheweth not onely the howers of his rysing and setting with his Longitudes Latitudes but also what part of the heauens he occupyeth euery hower of the day night as by the Diall it appeareth in the Globe if it bee set according to the true place of the Sunne Lykewise Iupiter is to be sought out what degree of the signe hee occupyeth the same day at noone obserue his Sphere in the same order Mars the lyke The Sunne I haue shewed you the order before Then Venus followeth and Mercury to be ordered and set each of them in theyr seuerall Spheres then shall appeare euery one of them in theyr seuerall courses euerie moment of the day as by the example of Saturne before is shewed Nowe to the Sphere of the Moone whose motion in her Sphere is neerest to the Earth the obseruation of her followeth The Moone swifter in course than any of the other Plannets maketh her reuolution through the twelue signes twelue times in a yeere oftner than the Sunne And she is to be placed in lyke wise according to the former Rules in the signe shee is in at noone that day and hower which you will obserue the Globe or Sphere for and for euery hower after adde to her 30. minutes and without any great errour shee noteth vnto you her rysing and setting the hower and place of the heauen euery day and hower where she is the chaunge quarters and full Moone the ebbes and floods euery hower throughout all the whole day and moneth and so consequently throughout the whole yeere without any great error Also the depriuing of her lyght by the Earth in time of her Eclipses To find out by the Instrument in the Dyall the age of the Moone with her chaunge quarters and full her aspects with the Sunne the ebbes floods and other necessary Rules appertayning to the Arte of Nauigation c. Marke at the Coniunction of the Sunne and Moone it is sayde the chaunge of the Moone is whē the Sunne and shee meeteth together and then the Moone taketh her lyght of the Sunne and when she is runne in her course 24. howers after the change it is sayde that she is a day olde then turne the index of the Moone to the figure of 1. And when she is two dayes old turne the index of the Moone to the figure of 2. and so proceede till she come to the figure of 7. and then it is sayd to be in the first quarter of the Moone then at the figure of 15. shee is in opposition with the Sunne then it is said to be a full Moone then shee gathereth euery day in her decrease towards the Sunne And when she is 7. dayes past the full then she hath lost half her roundnes of her light and is sayd to be last quarter and so gathereth euery day neerer and neerer the Sunne till she be depryued quite from her light and then it is sayd to be at chaunge agayne and a newe Moone and after her chaunge then her lyght begins to increase agayne euery 24. howers 48. minutes which yeeldeth in 15. dayes 12 howers And so much she is iust of the Sunne at the time of the full Moone And if you will marke the distances betwixt the index of the Sunne which poynts the
other and when it is Spring-tyme with vs it is Sommer in another Countrey and when it is Haruest with vs other people haue Sommer so whē it is winter with vs some Nations haue Sommer yea when Spring time beginneth with vs it is Haruest in some Countryes and in other Countryes it is Midsommer at the same time but when it is Midsommer with vs it is Haruest no where in the world but middle Winter it is then in two dyuers parts of the world And those people whose Zenith is within 23. degrees and a halfe of any of the Poles haue their shaddowes running round about them and the neerer they dwell vnder the Pole the longer is their day and therefore dooth their shaddowes run the oftner about them for where the day is but 24. howers long there the shaddowes runneth but once about and where it is halfe a yeere long there it runneth about 103. tymes and in all other meane places accordingly so that those people that haue these shaddowes thus running about them vnder the North Pole Then they that dwell vnder the South Pole haue no shaddowes at all for it is continuall darknes with them and yet doe they not want lyght although they lacke the Sunne but only halfe a moneth together when the Moone is in that halfe of the Zodiake which is out of their Horizont And though the Sunne and Moone be out of theyr sight ye see with vs that we haue a light before Sunne rysing and after the Sunne setting so haue they such a light by the beames of the Sunne 50. dayes continually after they haue lost the sight of the Sunne and so haue they like light 50. dayes together before the Sunne dooth rise to them And when the Sunne is at the highest with vs it is at the lowest with diuers other Nations namely to all them that dwell vnder the Equinoctiall directly or South from it And therefore all those Nations haue Mid-winter when we haue Midsommer Nowe followeth how to erect the Sphere First for the vse of the same you must place and set your Sphere leuill that it may stand vpright and by the needle in the compas in the foote thereof let it be placed due North and South then shall the Articke Circle stand North and the Antarticke South The next Rule is to find out the eleuation of the Pole of the heauē in that place wher you mind to obserue the Sphere for this being knowne then turne your Meridian Circle and rectifie the Pole of the Sphere so many degrees aboue his Horizont as the Pole of the heauen is eleuated in the place where you will obserue the same Then marke the degree of any signe that the Sunne is in that day whose quantitie you desire to know set that degree iust in the Horizonte towards the East and marke what degree of the Equinoctiall is in the Horizonte at the same time then turne the Sphere West-ward till the degree of the Sunne bee iust in the Horizonte againe in the West part and marke then what degree of the Equinoctiall dooth lyght on the Horizont in the East part accompting truely howe many degrees bee betwixt those two degrees which you haue marked and that Arke of the Equinoctiall is called the Arke of that day which you may easily turne into howers accompting 15. degrees to an hower and for euery degree lesse than 15. accompting 4. minutes of an hower Example I set the Globe to the eleuation of 52. degrees and consider the place of the Sunne the 14. day of August and find it to be by the Ephemerides in the first beginning of Virgo therefore doe I set the beginning of Virgo in the very Horizonte and then doe I see with it the 137. degree of Equinoctiall in the same Horizonte which I doe mark afterward I turne the Sphere til the place of the Sunne be in the Horizont on the West part thē in the East part I mark the place of the Equinoctiall which is 347. degrees now abating 137. out of 347. there resteth the whole day Arke which is 210. degrees which maketh 14. howers wherefore I conclude that the night is but 10. howers and both those times maketh iust 24. howers An other way to find the same more easier Example For London the Pole of heauen being raysed there 51. degrees and 34. minutes Turne your Meridian Circle 51. degrees 34. minutes thē the Pole of your Sphere is eleuated to the Latitude of London thus being finished The next Rule to knowe the day of the month you will practise on That is to be found out in the Horizonte Circle of the Sphere where you shall find also what degree the Sunne occupieth in the signe that day Then turne the Circle of the Sunne that the middle body of the Sunne be brought right against the said degree in the Zodiake then turne the whole Globe about West-ward till the body of the Sunne bee right vnder the Meridian Circle and there let him stay till you haue remoued the index of the howerly Circle or Diall precisely on 12. of the clocke at noone then turne bring the Globe backe agayne to the East part of the Horizonte where you first found out what degree of the signe the Sunne was in that day Then looke vpon the Dyall on the North parte of the Sphere or Globe ye shal find what hower the Sunne ryseth thys being done bring him back again West-ward toward the Meridian Circle it noteth the place of the eleuation of the Sunne euery hower till hee be at his full height vnder the Meridian Circle then it is sayd to bee in the very noone steede for that place where you vse the Sphere for then turn the Globe or Sphere frō the Meridian Circle westward and it sheweth the nūber of howers which he falleth from the Meridian height till the tyme that he setteth vnder the Horizonte and the index in the Dyall will tell you the hower that hee setteth vnder the Horizonte that day So thus hauing regard to the former instructions will tell you the tyme of the length of the dayes nights in all places of the world throughout the whole yeere Prouided alwayes that ye erect and set the degrees of the Meridian Circle to the Latitude of the sayde place where you meane to make your obseruation Yet by the way I will giue you a Rule touching the Sunnes motion in his Excentrick Circle The Excentrick Circle in the Sphere or Globe beeing narrower on the one side than on the other and hath his Center distant or deuided frō the Center of the world and is described in the heauen of the Sunne imagining a lyne from the Center of the Excentricke to the Center of the Sunne making a complet reuolution at the proper motion of the Sunne In the other heauens imagining a lyne from the Center of hys Excentrick to the Center of the Epicicle The Epicicle is a Circle or little Roundle fixt