found at the day taken and noted in the Ecliptick of the Globe Then let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the Earth of the one place taken and let the Longitude of the day and the night or the stay of the Sun above or beneath the Horizon in that place at the assumed day be found by the sixth Proposition of this Chap. Then let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the other place and let the Longitude of the day and night or stay of the Sun above or beneath the Horizon be found at the same assumed day Let this Longitude so found be compared with the other and the truth of this Proposition will be manifest So that the place more remote hath all the daies of one half year longer than the place more nigh On the contrary it will have all the daies of the other half year shorter Corollary What hath been shewed of all the daies of the year except the Aequinoctials the same is also of force in the quantity of the longest and shortest day And in this it is most observed and noted because here is the greatest difference between the Longitude of the night and day not so great in other daies of the year Therefore of the two places that which is more remote from the Aequator or more near to the Pole hath the longest day greater than the place more Vicine to the Aequator and the shortest day lesser Proposition VIII All places of the Earth scituated in one of the same Parallel have all the days of the year equal and therefore the same quantity of the longest day The Demonstration of this Proposition is easie by the Globe Let any Parallel be taken in the Globe and what places you please The equality of the daies according to their scituation in one of the same Parallel Let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of this Parallel and let any Parallel of the Sun be taken for any part of the year Out of the Degree let the Tropick of Cancer be taken for the longest day let one of the places taken be constituted under the Meridian that so it may possess the Vertex of the Horizon or that the Wooden Horizon may be the Horizon of the place Then let the Arch of the Tropick above the Horizon be noted or the two points of the same which are in the Horizon for the Arch in these denoteth the stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place then let the second place be brought to the Meridian or Vertex that the Wooden Horizon may be the Horizon of it and let the Arch of the Tropick above the Horizon again be marked which if it be compared with the former we shall find that they are equal The same may be shewed also by hours on the Horary Circle Therefore the Sun remaineth an equal time above the Horizons of those places and therefore the daies shall be equal as also the nights Definitions From these aforesaid Propositions the Original of the division of the Earth into Climates is easily to be understood Observations concerning a Climate For a Climate is said to be one part of the Earth of those parts into which the Superficies scituated between the Aequator and the Pole is so cut by drawn Parallels that the longest day in the Parallel more remote from the Aequator exceedeth the longest day of the Parallel more near the Equator in a certain part of an hour or number of hours Viz. Half an hour in places scituated even to the Artick Circle in other places a whole hour or some hours and daies The begining of a Climate is called a Parrallel with which the Climate begineth and is more nigh the Aequator The end of a Climate is called a Parallel terminating the Climate The middle of a Climate is called a Parallel drawn almost through the middle Superficies of a Climate so that in that the longest day exceedeth the longest day of the begining of a Climate by a quarter of an hour or an half difference wherein the longest day of the end of a Climate exceedeth the longest day of the begining of a Climate A Parrallel space is said to be that which the middle Parrallel of a Climate comprehendeth with the begining or end of a Climate Proposition IX If more places of the Earth be taken from the Aequator towards the Pole whose distance from the Aequator equally augmenteth from one degree to 10 20 30 40 degrees The longest days in these places shall not be equally greater or not equally augment but they shall more augment in places more remote and where the place is more near to the Pole Touching the length of daies of Places taken from the Aequator towards the Pole To shew the Verity of this Proposition by the Globe let places be taken remote from the Aequator towards the Pole by an equal encrease of distance viz. for conveniency Parallels of 10 20 30 40 50 60 degrees of Latitude For these Parallels in the Globe let the Pole be Elevated to the Latitude of 10 degrees and the first degree of Cancer being brought to the Oriental Horizon and that being noted let the point of the Tropick be also noted which then is in the Occidental Horizon For the Arch of the Tropick then being above the Horizon sheweth the stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place 10 degrees of Latitude The hours of this his stay may also be known by the Index and Horary Circle Then let the Pole be Elevated according to the Latitude of the second place 20 degrees and the first degree of Cancer being again brought to the Oriental Horizon let the point of the Tropick be noted in the Occidental for the Arch above the Horizon will again note the stay which also may be known by the Index and the Circle in the Hours The same may be used with places whose Latitude is 40 50 60 70 degrees and the like which being done let the Diurual hours of the Suns stay above the the Horizon or the Arch of the Tropick be compared and it will be manifest that the quantity of the longest day doth much more increase in places more remote than in the places more adjacent to the Aequator and therefore the encrease of the longest day doth more augment than the encrease of the distance of the places from the Aequator Note what hath been said and shewed concerning the longest day that is true of all the daies of one half of the year and is demonstrated after the same manner if instead of the Tropick of Cancer the Parallel of the place be taken And therefore although Generals must be delivered generally yet because the Doctrine of Climates especially requireth the Explication of the increase of the longest day therefore we do not observe in this Doctrine that Law 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Proposition X. If so many places or Parallels are so taken between the Aequator and
Parallels Longest days Elevation of the Pole The Interval   hours min. deg min.   The first The begining middle end begining of the 2. 12 0 0 0     12 15 4 15 0 1   12 30 8 25 8 25   12 45 12 30   The second The middle the end 13 0 16 25 8    13 15 20 15   The third The middle the end 13 30 23 50 7 25   13 45 27 40   The fourth The middle the end 14 0 30 20 6 30   14 15 33 40   The fifth The middle the end 14 30 36 28 6 8   14 45 39 2   The sixth The middle the end 15 0 41 22 4 52   15 15 43 32   The seventh The middle the end 15 30 45 29 4 7   15 45 47 20   The eighth The middle the end 16 0 49 1 3 31   16 15 50 33   The ninth The middle the end 16 30 51 58 2 7   16 45 53 17   The tenth The middle the end 17 0 54 27 2 49   17 15 55 34   The eleventh The middle the end 17 30 56 37 2 10   17 45 57 32   The twelfth The middle the end 18 0 58 29     18 15 59 14   The thirteenth The middle the end 18 30 59 58     18 45 60 40   The fourteenth The middle the end 19 0 61 18     19 15 61 55   The fifteenth The middle the end 19 30 62 25     19 45 62 54   The sixteenth The middle the end 20 0 63 22     20 15 64 40   The seventeenth The middle the end 20 30 64 6     20 45 64 30   The eighteenth The middle the end 21 0 65 49     21 15 65 6   The nineteenth The middle the end 21 30 65 21     21 45 65 35   The twentieth The middle the end 22 0 65 47     22 15 66 57   The 21st The middle the end 22 30 66 6     22 45 66 14   The 22d The middle the end 23 0 66 20     23 15 66 25   The 23d The middle the end 23 30 66 28     23 45 66 30   The 24th The middle the end 24 0 66 31   The Climates were wont to be extended no further because that in the following places the Longest day doth not increase by hours but by whole Days or Diurnal revolutions and it is lost labour to compute them Notwithstanding the following Canon will shew the Elevation of the Pole or Latitude of the Places where the Longest days increase by whole Months Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Latitude of the places deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min.  67 20 69 30 73 20 78 20 84 0 90 0 Proposition XIV To explain the method of other Geographers in reckoning of the Climates and making the Table of the Climates The division of the Earth into Climates by the Ancient Geographers The Ancient Geographers especially the Grecians who supposed only a small portion of the Earth to be inhabited because that as well the places Northernly as those of the Torrid Zone they denied as impossible to be inhabited therefore they divided only that portion of the Earth which they knew into Climates and so only numbred seven Climates from the Aequator towards the Pole Artick and named them from some noted place through which the Parallel of the Climates passed viz. The first Climate they called the Climate through Meroe which is an Island and City in Africa encompassed by the Nile The second through Syene a City of Aegypt The third through Alexandria in Aegypt The fourth through the Island of Rhodes The fifth through the Hellespont Others through Rome The sixth through Borysthenes a famous River of the European Sarmatia The seventh through the Riphaean Mountains of Sarmatia The Ancients numbred not the other Climates from the other side of the Aequator towards the South because all those places were unknown to them and many thought that the Sea possessed all the superficies of the Earth Which seeing it seemed somewhat improbable to the latter these also numbred the Climates from the other side of the Aequator and they named them not from any noted places for they had no knowledge of any but by the same appellations with those of the Northern only preposing the Preposition 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as the Climate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as if you should say the Climate opposite to the Climate through Meroe or Syene c. Other Climates added by the Ancients But when through progress of time they discovered many parts of the Earth lying towards the South Pole to be inhabited many more Climates were numbred and constituted Some named the eighth Clime from the Palus Maeotis the ninth from the Baltick Sea the tenth the eleventh and the rest from other places Which denominations although not necessary for the construction of a Table yet they may be added unto our Table in those Areae where we have placed the number of the Climates for so the Climates will stick closer in our memory as also the Places in every Climate and we may be able to make a better comparison between the difference of Cold and Heat But this is better to leave to the Industry of the Reader and to those that are Studious than to add it to it that so we may afford them a greater occasion of contemplating the Terrestrial Globe and by this means may more easily commit them to Memory Where the Ancients began the Climates You must also take notice that the Ancients did not begin the Numeration of the Climates from the Aequator it self as our Table doth but from the Place or Parallel where the Longest day consisteth of 12¾ hours and therefore their first Climate is the second in our Table their second our third and so on for they supposed those places which we ascribe to the first Climate could not possibly be inhabited by men by reason of the excessive heat of the Sun The first Climate of 9 degrees of Latitude that therefore they judged it not meet to reckon those places but seeing that Experience hath demonstrated the contrary we would observe their Mode of naming and constituting of those Climates Ptolomy beginneth the first Climate from the Parallel where the Longest day is 12¼ hours or where the Latitude or distance from the Aequator is four degrees 15 minutes The matter is of no
great concernment yet it is better to begin from the Aequator that all the places may lie in some Climate Proposition XV. To shew the use of the Table of the Climates 1. The Latitude of some place or Elevation of the Pole being given to know the quantity of the Longest day in that place and the Climate in which it lieth Let the given Elevation of the Pole be sought in the Table and on the opposite Region we shall find both the quantity of the Longest day as also the Climate and the Parallel If that the given Elevation cannot be found in the Table then take that Elevation which is less near or the like which is found in the Table From the Longitude of the Longest day of any place to know the Latude of the place and the Parallel and Climate 2. The Longitude of the Longest day of any place being given which any person hath observed or received by relation to know from thence the Latitude of that place the Parallel and the Climate in which that place lieth Enter the Table with the Latitude given and you shall see on the opposite Region both the Latitude and the Place demanded as also the Climate and Parallel 3. A Climate being given to determine the Longitude of the Longest day and the Elevation of the Pole This is facil from the very sight of the Table CHAP. XXVI Of the Light Heat Cold Rains in the diverse parts of the Earth or Zones and other properties of the Zones Proposition I. These Causes are efficacious to generate and procure Light Heat Cold and Rain with other Meteors in the places of the Earth and the vicine Air. Of the causes of Heat 1. THe more or less or no obliquity of the Rays of the Sun coming to or emitted on any place For the Rays falling perpendicular on any place cause great heat and the other Rays sliding obliquely have for that very reason a less power of heating by how much the obliquity of them is the greater that is by how much the more they decline from the perpendicular Ray. 2. The diurnal stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place For the same heat maketh more hot and changeth the Air in a longer time than in a shorter 3. The depression of the Sun beneath the Horizon being more or less in the Night season For this difference of depression causeth that either more or less Light is perceived in the Air also more or less Heat Rain thick Clouds Hitherto belongeth the Twilight 4. The more or less Elevation of the Moon above the Horizon the more or less depression of the same beneath the Horizon the more or less Diurnal stay of the same above the Horizon The Causes are the same with those alledged in the three foregoing Paragraphs The Planets and fixed Stars raise Vapours c. in the Air. 5. The same may be said of fixed Stars especially of those more noted ones and of the five other Planets Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus and Mercury For they generate some light and heat in the Air although it be but little and change the Air divers ways and raise Vapours if that we may credit Astronomers 6. The propriety or species of the Earth of every place For where the Earth is more stony and rocky there for the most part it is more Cold than where it is sulphureous and fat and here again it is more fertilâ— Where there is much Sand and no Rivers there is greater Heat Fumes and Mists proceed from Lakes 7. Lakes or the Sea adjacent From thence also Fumes and Mists are raised more moist and frequent in the Air and the Rays are less powerfully reflected from the Sea than from the Earth 8. The scituation of Places For the Sun acteth otherwise on Mountains and Mountainous places than on Valleys and Plains Moreover Mountains hinder the free access of the Rays of the Sun to the subject places for to them the Vapours of the Air are in some sort attracted See Chap. 20. whence the Mountains change the seasons of the adjacent places as Heat Rain and the like For these would be otherwise in the Subject places if that the Mountains were absent The Winds cause difference in the weather 9. The Winds especially the general So the Etesian winds temperate and allay the Canicular heat A general Wind in the Torrid Zone especially the Subsolan winds in Brasilia render the Heat temperate when in Africa which is Occidental the Heat is vehement because these places feel not so general a Wind. The Northern winds are cold and dry the Southern warm and moist in our places 10. Clouds Rain and Fogs take away and diminish light and heat I suppose that there are not many causes of this variety in light and heat c. which is observed in divers places of the Earth or also in the same places but yet in a different time or season Proposition II. How are the Seasons of the year Spring Summer Autumn and Winter to be defined The four Seasons of the Year Although in Sciences we ought not to contend and dispute concerning Definitions yet because certain Homonymes or Likenesses do here occur without the Explication of which there will arise much confusion in the following Doctrine therefore I will so propose this Question that you may the more cautiously avoid this Homonyme that they may not be deceived and intangled by the same The Question comprehendeth two difficulties first Whether these Seasons ought to be defined from the entrance of the Sun and his stay in certain sings of the Ecliptick and Zodiack According to Astronomers and Astrologers For so Astronomers and Astrologers commonly do saying that that is the Spring whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Aries to the first of Cancer that is Summer whilst the Sun moveth from the first of Cancer to the first of Libra that is Autumn whilst the Sun moveth from the first of Libra to the first of Capricorn and that is Winter whilst the Sun moveth from the first of Capricorn to the first degree of Aries Now it is manifest that these Definitions are not general and agreeable to all places because they are only of force in the Northern places scituated from the Aequator towards the Pole Artick and not in the Southern so that for these Definitions the same persons bring Definitions contrary to the former saying that in these places the Spring beginneth from the first degree of Libra proceeding unto the first of Capricorn the Summer from the first of Capricorn to the first of Aries the Autumn from the first of Aries to the first of Cancer and the Winter from the first of Cancer to the first of Libra But from thence it would follow that those Seasons cannot possibly be defined which is false and Generals ought to be defined by Generals Secondly Definitions so made cannot have place in the places of the Torrid Zone
In SPAIN to wit In the Firm Land as The Kingdom of ARRAGON where are Ten Cities to wit Caragosa Lerida Huesca Jacca Callatajud Borio Daroca Teruel Albazarin And more than a hundred Walled Towns the chief of which are Anza de Sobrarbe Benavarri de Ribagorsa Monsons Fraga Camfrane Viescas The Principality of CATALOGNE or CATALONIA with the County of ROUSILLON where are In Catalogne eight Cities Barcelona Tartagona Lerida Girona Tortosa Solsona Urgel Vich In Rousillon two Cities Perpignan Elna And about an hundred and fifty Walled Towns the chief of which in Catalogne are Puycerda Balaguer Cardona Cervera Manresa Castillo d'Empurias Roses And in Rousillon Collioure The Kingdom of VALENCIA where are Four Cities Valencia Segorbia Xativa Orihuelha And about 60 Walled Towns the chief of which are Elche Biar Denia Gandia Alzira Morvedre Villa Real St. Mattheo In the Sea as The Kingdom and the Isles of Majorca Majorca Minorca Citadelli Yuisa Yuisva In ITALY to wit In the Firm Land as The Kingdom of NAPLES where are Terra di Lavoro Naples or Napoli Capona Principato citra Amalfi Salerno Principato ultra Benevento Conza Calabria citra Conzenza Calabria ultra Reggio Cotrone Basilicata Cirenza Terra di Otrante Tarante Lecce Otrante Brindici or Bâ—indes Terra di Bari Bari Capitanate Monte St Angelo Manfredonia Comtado di Molife Abruzzo citra or Abruzze citerieure Lanciau or Lancrano Sulmone Civita di Chietti Abruzzo ultra or Abruzze ulterieure Civita di Penna Aquila In the Sea as The Isle and Kingdom of SICILY where are in Val di Demona Messina Taormina Catane Patta Troina Cefaledi Val di Noto Siracuso Noto Motya Termini Val di Mazara Palermo Monreal Trapani Marzalla Mazara Xacca Girgenti The Isle and Kingdom of SARDAIGNE where are in Capo Cagliari Cagliary or Calari Oriftagni Villa di Glesia Capo Lugodori Sassari Algeri Bosa And divers Isles towards Naples Ischia Capri towards Sicily Lipara c. The Estates of the Crown of PORTUGAL are In EUROPE the PORTUGALS or Kingdom of PORTUGAL comprehendeth three Regions six Provinces twenty Almoxarifatz that is Courts of Audience or for the Receipt of the Kings Revenue 18 Cities more than 400 walled Towns 200 Boroughs 4000 Parishes The Regions are Between the Rivers MINHO and DOURO where are the Provinces of Between the Rivers MINHO and DOURO which comprehend the Almoxarifatz of Porto Porto Viana de Foz Caminha Viana de Foz de Lima Barcelos Ponte de Lima Ponte de Lima. Guimaranes Braga Guimaranes TRA-LOS MONTES which comprehendeth the Almoxarifatz of Miranda Miranda Bragansa Torro de Mencorvo Torre de Mencorvo Chiaves Villa Real Villa Real Pinhel Castel Rodrigo Pinhel Between the Rivers DOURO and TAJO where are the Provinces of ESTREMADURA which containeth the Almoxarifatz of Lisbona Lisbona Santarein Santarein Tomar Tomar Alenquez Alenquez Sintra Leiria Leiria Setubal Setubal Cezimbra Almada Palmela Alcazer do Sal. BEIRA which holdeth the Almoxarifatz of Coimbra Coimbra Guarda Guarda Lamego Lamego Viseu Viseu Aveiro Aveiro Castel Branco Castel Branco Salvatierra Indanha ALEN-TAJO or between the Rivers TAJO and GUADIANA where are the Provinces of ALEN-TAJO which holdeth the Almoxarifatz of Evora Evora Beja Beja Serpa St Jago de Câ—cem Mertola Ourique Elvas Elvas Olivensa Mouraon Portalegre Portalegre Crato Estremoz Estremoz and Avis ALGARVE and the Almoxarifatz of Tavila Pharo Tavila Lagos Silves and Lagos Divers Estates Kingdoms Isles Cities c. in the other parts of the one and the other Continent among the which are In AFRICA and On the Coasts of The Kingdom of Fez Centa The Kingdom of Morocco Mazagan The Countrey of Negroes Arguin Sierre Leone Cachieu Guinee St. George de la Mina The Kingdom of Angola St Pol de Loanda Cambambe Caffreria or Cafres Cuama or Sofala Zanguebar Mozambique Malinde Monbaza The Isles of Madera Funghal Azores Angra Cape Verd St. Jago St. Thomas c. Pavoasam In ASIA and On the Coast of Arabia Mascate Persia Ormus Cambay Diu Daman Bazaim Decan Chaul Cuncan Goa Canara Barcelor Malabar Cananor Cranganor Cohin Coulan Choromandel Negapatan Malâ—apour or St. Thomas Pegu Sirian Malacca Malacca China Macao The Isles or part of the Isles of Ceylan Colombo Manar Manar Moluccoes Nostro Seniora del Rozaria Japon Meliapon In AMERICA and In BRAZIL the fourteen Capitanies or Governments of Para Para. Maranhan Maranhan Ciara Ciara Rio Grande Rio Grande or Potengi Parayba Paraba Tamaraca Tamaraca Fennambuco Olinda Seregippa Seregippa Bahia de Todos los Santos St. Salvador los Isleos los Isleos Porto Seguro Porto Seguro Spiritu Santo Spiritu Santo Rio Janiero St. Sebastian St. Vincent Santos To the R t Worshipfull Henry Hunloke of Wingerworth in Derbyshireshire Bar t This Mapp is humbly D.D. by R.B. A General Mapp of the Kingdom of SPAINE By Monsieur Sanson Geographer to the Eranch King SPAIN THE Kingdom of SPAIN is almost quite encompassed with the Ocean and Mediterranean Sea and the Pyrenean Mountains seperate it from France These Mountains are that Isthmus or neck of Land that uniteth Spain to the Continent and serveth as a desence and bound for this Kingdom and France and the Inhabitants that here reside are a sort of rude and Barbarous people Spain taken conjoyntly with Portugal which though a particular Kingdom hath been always taken as a Member thereof extends it self from the 35th degree of Latitude unto almost the 44th and from the 9th degree of Longitude to the 24th It is seated in the most Southernly part of the North Temperate Zone Scituation the longest summers-Summers-day making 15 hours It is a Country not over fertil in Corn or Cattel which doth occasion the People to order their Diet accordingly their chief food being Sallets and Fruits the product of the Earth so that with a small piece of flesh they will make two or three Dishes and above all their Oleums are esteemed as an excellent dish But in recompence of the defect of Corn and Cattel the Country produceth divers rich Commodities as Wines Oils several Mettals Rice Cork Soda Barrellia Shumack Soap Its Commodities Anchoves Hony Wax Woad Coriander Saffron Anniseeds Raisins Almonds Oranges Lemmons Liquorice Wool Lamb-skins raw Silk c. Spain received its first People from Celtes whence came the name of Celtiâ—eri then the Phoenicians and Carthaginians possessed the most Southern parts nearest to Africa The several Inhabitants and endeavoured to make themselves Masters of all the Country The Romans drove them out and possest it wholly and in the declension of their Empire the Goths Vandals Sueves Alains and Silinges fetled here and parted it amongst them The Goths in the end remained sole Masters till such times as the Moors vanquished them and forced them to retire to the Mountains of Leon the Asturias and Gallicia The People now inhabiting in Spain are of a swarthy complexion black hair'd and of a good proportion they are very stately in all their Actions of a Majestick gate in their carriages are very grave and
Kexholm or Barelogorod INGRIA which is not subdivided into Provinces Notteburg or Orescu Juanogorod Caporia Jamagorod LIVONIA in part as The rest belongeth to the Crown of POLAND ESTEN or ESTONIE where are the parts of Esten Febin Vickeland Pernajo Habsel Harneland Revel Wireland Wiesenburg Tolsburg Alantack Nerva Nyslot Jervenland Wittenstein Kikeland Derpt LETTEN with its parts and places as they lie Towards the West Riga Segenwold Wenden Walmer Towards the South Koekenhaus Creutzburg Dunburg Towards the East Maryenburg SCANDINAVIA Wherein are the ESTATES of DENMARK AND SWEDEN The extent bounds c. of Scandinavia SCANDIA or SCANDINAVIA is only a Peninsula which extends it self from the 56th degree of Latitude unto or beyond the 71 which are near 400 Leagues from North to South and from the 26th degree of Longitude unto the 45th on the Baltick Sea and on the Ocean unto the 53 but this Mass of Land cannot have in its greatest breath above 150 Leagues finishing in two points towards South and North. It s scituation c. It is bounded on the North and West by the Northern Ocean and on the South and East by the Baltick Sea a continual Chain of Mountains dividing it into two almost equal parts of which one is on the Baltick Sea and the other on the Ocean this possessed by the King of Denmark the other by the King of Sweden DENMARK Its Commodities THe Estates of DENMARK contain two Kingdoms to wit DENMARK and NORWAY Denmark is between the Ocean and the Baltick Sea composed of a Peninsula contiguous to Germany and of a Coast contiguous to Sweden and of divers Isles which are between the Peninsula and Coast some likewise in the middle of the Baltick Sea and near Livonia It is scituate partly in the Northern Temperate Zone and partly within the Artick Circle extending from the 55th degree of Longitude or the middle Parallel of the 10th Clime where it joyneth to Germany as far as 71 degrees where it is bounded by the Frozen Ocean the longest day in the most Southern parts being 17 ¼ hours but in the most Northern parts they have no Night for almost three Months whereas on the other side when the Sun is in the other Tropick and most remote from them they have no Day for the like time This Country is very cold and consequently not over fertil nor affording good Fruits The Commodities that this Kingdom affords are Fish Hides Tallow Furniture for Shipping as Pitch Tar Cordage Masts c. also Firr Boards Wainscot several sorts of Armour c. VIRTUTE NON VI To the Rt. honble 〈…〉 Lord 〈…〉 〈…〉 of 〈…〉 Dâ—â—â—â—â— Earl of 〈◊〉 and L d of his Maitys most Honourable privy Councell c 1678 of 〈…〉 younger son of one of the Danish Kings that came into England with William the Conquerour This Mapp is Humbly dedicated by R B â—â—PP OF THE KINGDOME OF DENNMARKE WITH ITS SEVERALL DIOECESES OR PROVINCES DESIGNED BY MONSIEUR SANSON GEO Its Inhabitants The Inhabitants for the most part are of a good statute and complexion very healthful ingenious and of a ready wit very punctual in performing their Promises proud and high conceited of their own worth lovers of Learning as may appear by those Famous men it hath bred viz. Tycho Brahe the great Mathematician John Cluverus the renowned Philosopher and Physitian Godfrey Gottricus that stout Warriour who not only setled the Government of this Kingdom but also shook the Realm of France likewise Waldemare Christiern the Second and Fourth Canutus and Sueno which two last were the Conquerors of England They are great punishers of Offenders especially Theft and Piracy their Women are of a comly grace very fair and as fruitful in Children discreet and sober The Peninsula called JVITLAND once Cimbrica Chersonesus Juitland from the Cimbrians its ancient Inhabitants it is divided into North and South Juitland North JVITLAND is severed into the Bishopricks of Ripen Arthusen Albourg and Wibourg Diocess of Ripen RIPEN contains 30 Prefectures or Herets as they term them 7 Cities or walled Towns and 10 Castles It s chief places are 1. Ripen seated near the German Ocean the chief place of the Diocess and dignified with an Episcopal See 2. Kolding seated on a Creek of the Baltick Sea 3. Wee l 4. Warde c. Diocess of Arthusen ARTHVSEN containeth 31 Prefecture 7 Cities or walled Towns and 5 Castles It s chief places are 1. Arthusen seated on the Baltick Sea having a commodious and well frequented Port and dignified with an Episcopal See 2. Kalla a strong place seated in a large Bay reaching two Dutch miles to the high Hill of Elemanberg opposite to which lie the Isles of Hilgones Tuen Samsoe Hiarneo and Hiolm c. 3. Horsens 4. Randersen 5. Ebelto and 6. Hobro Diocess of Albourg ALBOVRG which is divided into four parts viz. Thyland whose chief Town is Albourg seated on the Bay of Limford which opening into the Baltick Sea extendeth it self through the main Land almost to the German Ocean 2. Hanebert on the North-west of Limford Bay containeth 4 Prefectures and hath for its chief place Thystad 3. Morsee lying on the Ocean contains 3 Prefectures the Isle of Ageroe the Town of Nicopin and the Castle of Lunstead and 4. Vensyssel according to Mercator Vandalorum sedes or the Seat of the Vandals contains 6 Prefectures 3 Towns and 1 Castle viz. Selby Cagen and Hirring Diocess of Wibourg WIBOVRG contains 16 Prefectures the Isles of Egholm Hansholm Bodum Idgen Cisland and Ostholm also it hath 3 Castles and as many Cities or walled Towns viz. 1. Wibourg dignified with an Episcopal See and the Courts of Judicature for both the Juitlands The point of Scagen or Scean ends this Peninsula towards the North. 2. Lemwick and 3. Holcker South JVITLAND is divided into the Dukedoms of Sleswick and Holstein SLESWICK a Country for the most part level Sleswick enriched with fertil Fields both for Corn and Pasturage it is very well provided with good Bays on the Baltick which are found commodious for Merchants The chief places in this Dukedom are 1. Sleswick seated on the Slea which falls into the Baltick where it hath a commodious and well frequented Haven it is a fair Town the chief of the Dukedom and honoured with an Episcopal See 2. Hussen seated on the German Ocean 3. Sternberg the ordinary residence of the Governour for the King of Denmark 4. Hadersleben seated on a navigable In-let of the Baltick and fortified with a strong and fair Castle 5. Flensborg seated on the Baltick amongst high Mountains having a Port so commodious and deep that Ships do lade and unlade close to their Houses and 6. Gottrop where there is a strong Fort belonging to the Duke of Sleswick seated at the end of a large Bay of the Baltick of note for the Custom-house or Tole-booth there erected for Cattle sent out of these parts into Germany
place of a Ship in a Voyage p. 361 Lib. 1. c. 2. A Half English foot A Half Dutch and also an old Roman half foot A Half foot of Paris in French And also a half Greek foot A Half foot of Antwerp in Handers A Half Aegyptian foot from Alexandria A Half Babylonian foot mentioned by Historians A Half foot of Venice A Half foot of Toledo in Spaine A Half foot of Vienna in Austria The Proportion of diverse Miles according to theire compaired Length Lib. 1. c. 2. An Indian Mile A Russian Mile A Mile of Cambaja An English Mile A French Mile And allmost an old Arabian League A Holland Mile A Spanish League A German Mile A Swedish Mile THE ABSOLUTE OR COMPLEAT PART OF General Geography BOOK I. SECT I. CHAP. I. Concerning the Precognita's or things known before the handling of the Art it self as the Definition Division Object Properties Principles Order Method Original Excellency and other affections of GEOGRAPHY to be spoken of by way of Preface A Preface to an Art very necessary THE Custom or fashion hath for a long time prevailed that they who compleatly treat of and handle any Art or Science do in the first place declare some things touching the Conditions Method Constitution and other properties of their Doctrine Neither do I think that this is done by them without reason so that it be performed without any Sophistical encroachment seeing that by such like fore-had Instruction the Readers Understanding may before-hand conceive a certain Idea or Platform of the whole Art or Science to be afterwards handled or at least may understand the Argument or Contents thereof and withal may gather thereby how he ought to order himself in the studying the same I therefore shall in this Chapter deliver some few passages concerning the same The Definition of Geography GEOGRAPHY is called a mixt Mathematical Science which teacheth the affections or qualities of the Earth and the parts thereof depending of quantity that is to say the figure place magnitude and other like properties Geography by some but too strictly is taken for the only description and plâ—cing the Countrys of the Earth And on the contrary by others it is extended but too largely to the political description of every Country But these Men are easily excused seeing they do it to retain and stir up the Readers affections who otherwise by a bare account and naked description of those Countrys would be made drowsie and heedless The Division of Geography We will divide Geography into General and Special or Universal and Particular General or Vniversal Geography is that which doth generally consider the Earth and declare its properties without any respect of particular Countrys Special or Particular Geography is that which teacheth the constitution and placing of all single Countrys or every Country by it self And this particular Geography is twofold Particular Geography twofold Chorographical and Topographical General Geography and its parts to wit Chorography and Topography Chorography proposeth the description of any Country having at least a mean magnitude Topography describeth any little tract of Land or place In this Book we will present you with a General Geography which we have distributed into Three parts to wit the Absolute part the Respective part and the Comparative part In the Absolute part we will consider the very Body of the Earth with its parts and proper affections and qualities as figure magnitude motion Lands Seas Rivers c. In the Respective part we will contemplate those properties and accidents which from Celestial causes happen to the Earth And lastly the Comparative part shall contain an explication of those properties which arise from the comparing of divers places of the Earth The Object of Geography The Object of Geography or Subject about which it is employed is the Earth but principally its Superficies and parts The Properties of Geography Those things which deserve to be considered in every Country seem to be of a triple kind to wit Celestial Terrestrial and Human and therefore may be declared in the particular Geography for every Country with the profit of Learners and Readers The Celestial properties of Geography I call those Celestial properties which depend on the apparent motion of the Sun Stars and other Planets and seem to be Eight 1. The elevation of the Pole the distance of the place from the Equator and from the Pole 2. The obliquity or wriness of the daily motion of the Stars above the Horizon of that place 3. The Quantity of the longest and shortest day 4. The Climate and Zone 5. Heat and Cold and the Seasons of the year also Rain Snow Winds and other Meteors for although these things may be referred to Terrestrial properties yet because they have a great affinity with the four Seasons of the Year and motions of the Sun therefore we have marshalled them in the order and rank of Celestials 6. The rising of the Stars their appearance and continuance above the Horizon 7. The Stars passing through the Vertical point of the place 8. The quantity or swiftness of the Motion wherewith according to Copernicus his Hypothesis each one is very hour wheeled about According to Astrologers a Ninth property may be added because they do appoint one of the Twelve Signs of the Zodiack and the peculiar Planet of that Sign to rule and govern every Country But this Doctrine hath ever seemed to me frivolous neither can I perceive any ground for it nevertheless at the end of our Special or Particular Geography we will reckon up this their distribution These may suffice for the Celestial affections or properties I call those Terrestrial properties which are considered in the place of every Country it self of which I shall note Ten. 1. The bounds and circumference of the Country 2 It s Figure 3 It s Magnitude 4 Its Mountains 5 Its Waters as Rivers Springs Bays of the Sea 6 The Woods and Deserts 7 The Fruitfulness and Barrenness as also the kinds of Fruits 8 The Minerals or things dig'd out of the Earth 9 The living Creatures 10 The Longitude of the Place which ought to be added to the first Terrestrial property to wit the Circumference The Humane properties of Geography I make the third kind of Properties which are to be considered in every Country to be Humane which do depend of the Men or Natives and Inhabitants of the Countries of which Humane properties about Ten also may be made 1. The stature of the Natives as to their shape colour length of life Original Meat Drink c. 2 Their Trafficks and Arts in which the Inhabitants are employed 3 Their vertues Vices Learning Wit c. 4 Their Customs in Marriages Christnings Burials c. 5 Their Speech and Language 6 Their State-Government 7 Their Religion and Church-Government 8 Their Cities and most renowned Places 9 Their memorable Histories And10 Their famous Men Artifices and Inventions of the Natives of all Countries
therefore a round spherical figure is to be assigned to the Earth Because all the appearances as well Celestial as the divers elevation of the Pole the divers altitude of the Sun of that day in divers Countries the reason of the Shadows the difference and increase of the Longest days towards the Pole times of the rising and setting of the Stars c. as Terrestrial as the direction of Navigations the appearing and hiding of Towers and Mountains the distances of Places the Ports Coasts Winds c. are most commodiously declared by that round or spherical form or figure neither can another figure be devised which can perform that as it is manifest by the consideration of divers figures and forms of Bodies And our artificial Terrestrial Globe so justly represents all these things as they are really found to be in the Earth which certainly could not be done if the Earth had any form or figure than that of our artificial Globe And what other form soever you shall chuse there will follow innumerable absurdities For it is manifest that it is not plain by the appearances hither alledged and that it neither can be hollow is clear from this that the Sun and Stars ought first then to appear to the western People than to the Eastern if it were of such a figure as we see the Sun rising first to illuminate the Valleys before it can give light to the averse parts of Mountains CHAP. IV. Concerning the Dimension and Magnitude of the Earth The Opinions of divers Writers concerning the Dimension and Magnitude of the Earth THe Dimension or measuring of the Earth comprehends three principal Heads First the Longitude or length of the Diameter or half Diameter that is of a line from the Superficies to the Center as also of a periphery of the Earth or the Circumference Secondly the magnitude of the Superficies of the whole Earth Thirdly the solidness or corporeal Dimension of the Earth But these things are so contrived together that one of them being known the other two come to our knowledge by Geometrical Instruments because the Earth is a certain Sphere as it is shewed in the second Chapter This property is the most noble and hard to know and hath exercised the most excellent Wits for many Ages insomuch that some Men have written whole Books concerning this matter And therefore I have thought that it would not prove ungrateful to the Students of Geometry if I should fully relate here the History of this Dimension Diogenes Laertius praiseth Anaximander the Milesian the Scholar of Thales Anaximander the Milesian the Scholar of Thales that besides other Astronomical Inventions he first of all others described the circuit or perimeter of both Land and Sea But Anaximander lived about the year 550 before the Birth of Christ The Mathematicians of succeeding Ages seem to have followed his Dimension even until Eratosthenes Aristotle because Authors make mention of none other and therefore I judge that to be the Magnitude assigned by Anaximander which Aristotle hath noted in the end of his second Book de Coelo saying The Mathematicians also which endeavour to measure out the Magnitude of the World report that the Earth is bounded in and girt with four hundred Stadiums By this perimeter it is no difficult matter to assign the half diameter of the Earth according to Anaximander But because we can find nothing noted concerning Anaximanders Invention besides that one place of Diogenes Laertius Eratosthenes his and Eratosthenes his diligence is obscured who next after Anaximander undertook this business with great applause of all men he lived about two hundred years before Christ and as he was most conversant in the rest of the Mathematicks and Dimensions so he is esteemed most accurately to have perfected Gâ—eodaesia or Surveying and this glory is principally ascribed to him But he discovered and delivered The circuit of the Earth that the perimeter or circuit of the Earth is two hundred fifty thousand Stadiums or Furlongs but others two hundred fifty two thousand which Pliny reports to make up three hundred fifteen thousand Roman miles every one of which are thought to be a thousand Paces Eratosthenes had written three Books of Geography Eratosthenes which by reason of the injury of time are now not to be found Strabo Strabo the famous Geographer relateth the Contents and Arguments of each Book Cleomedes and Cleomedes hath noted up his manner which Eratosthenes used for the discovery of the Circuit of the Earth in which what can be wanted we will hereafter declare For indeed Eratosthenes his measuring forth the Earth was by many Mathematicians especially Hipparchus a hundred years after Eratosthenes judged to swerve from the truth although there is nothing written touching Eratosthenes his Dimension or measuring forth the Earth but that he added twenty five thousand stadiums to the perimeter Possidonius But Posidonius being not only a most knowing Astronomer and Practioner but also in every part of Philosophy most expert did next after Eratosthenes enter upon this Doctrine a little before the birth of Christ to wit in the time of Cicero and Pompey This man by his Dimensions found the circumference of the Earth to be two hundred forty thousand stadiums Cleomedes as Cleomedes hath noted but 180000 stadiums Strabo as Strabo hath delivered whereby ariseth a great doubt concerning the cause of this difference between Cleomedes and Strabo his allowance seeing this of Strabo is the truer although uttered in a few words But Cleomedes his assignation of the same is far from truth although he read and expounded Posidonius his Geodesie to many Concerning his size or manner we will speak hereafter But the Dimension of Eratosthenes was used as yet of many even to Ptolomy's time the year 144 after Christ who used a Perimeter of 180000 stadiums and affirmed it to be more agreeable to truth insomuch that this very Invention was by Theon ascribed to him Theon It is gathered that Marinus a famous Geographer Marinus and by whose Writings Ptolomy was much aided did attempt something in this business as appeared by his Geographical Writings of the same Ptolomy After these times when as the study and prosecution of the Sciences by little and little vanished away in Greece nothing was done in this business neither did the Romans undertake any thing herein But the Arabians and Sarazons having obtained the Empire or glory of other Arts from the Grecians to themselves so likewise they left not this part of the Mathematicks untouched Forasmuch as Snellius relates out of Abelfedea an Arabian Geographer who flourished about the year of Christ 1300 and whose Writings were printed at Rome about the 800 year of the Christian Account Maimon Ring of Arabia studious in Geography in whose days it flourished Maimon King of the Arabians or the Calife of Babylon being studious in the Mathematicks forasmuch as he
a b c d the distance from the Verticles b g be observed by a Quadrant Let at Alexandria in the day of the Solstice 21 of June g f or G F be observed 1 50 of the Periphery or 7 degrees 12 minutes but in Syene let there be no distance the Sun hangeth perpendicularly over their heads therefore B G shall be the Arch intercepted between those two places And because the distance put is 5000 Stadiums therefore according to the Golden Rule it shall be as 7 degrees 12 parts to one degree or as 1 50 to 1 360 or as 5 to 36 so 5000 to 694 4 9 Stadiums which are requisite for one degree or as 1 50 is to 50 or as 1 to 50 so 5000 to 250000 Stadiums of the whole Periphery A B C D according to this measure Yet seeing there are divers ways to take the Meridian Altitude of the Sun and the distance from the Vertical point g b Eratosthenes wrought it by a hollow Spherical Scioterick or Sundial which they called Scaphe where the Style B x sheweth the Vertex o x z but the Radius or beam of the Sun terminaitng the shadow of the Style or Pin marks out B z how much the distance of the Sun o b from the Vertex 7 degrees 12 firsts at Alexandria But in the City Syene the Style G x makes no shadow that day because o the Sun hangeth perpendicularly over it and therefore there is no distance of the Sun then because therefore the Angle B x z is equal to the Angle b x o whose measure is B o or B z there B o is equal to B z 7 degrees 12 first minutes or 1 50 of the Periphery The other things are performed as it hath been said The third manner of Posidonius Posidonius's manner used about the magnitude c. of the Earth Let two places B G be under the same Meridian Posidonius took B Rhodes and G the City Alexandria in Egypt let the Altitude of some Star in these two places when it cometh into the Meridian above the Horizon and that in the same day or in divers days which matters not at all Posidonius took the shining Star Canobus which is of the first magnitude in Argonavi See Scheme but this Star did not rise above the Horizon of Rhodes h H S but did only touch the Horizon in S yet it was elevated above the Horizon of Alexandria F R t in the Arch t S 1 48 part of the whole Periphery or 7 degrees 30 minutes Therefore the distance of the Arch T s that is B G shall be 7 degrees 30 minutes unto 1 degree or as 1 48 part unto 1 360 that is as 1 to 48 so 5000 to 240000 Stadiums of the whole Perimeter of the Earth according to these Hypotheses of Posidonius The fourth manner or way of Snellius Snellius's way about the dimension and magnitude of the Earth Because in the former ways we have taken two places B G lying under the same Meridian and yet the places fit for this business may lye under divers Meridians therefore we thought it requisite that an example and that of Snellius should be also concerning this case here proposed Let therefore A B C D be the Meridian of Alcmaria B Alcmaria it self the Elevation of the Pole h a 52 degrees 40 ½ minutes the distance from the Pole B A 37 degrees 19 minutes 30 seconds See Scheme Let the other place be P Bergenapsome the Meridian A P V V the distance from the Pole that is the Complement of the Elevation 51 degrees 29 minutes A P is 38 degrees 31 minutes therefore P G a Perpendicular Line being drawn to A B G the difference of the distances from the Pole is B G 71 minutes 30 seconds or 1 degree 11 minutes 30 seconds Moreover Snellius by a laborious Geodesie or Earth-meeting found the distance of Alcmaria from Bergen B P to be 34710 Rhindlandish Perches and the Angle of Position P B G to be 11 degrees 26 minutes 2 seconds Therefore in the Triangle strait angled P B G the Hypotenuse B P and the Angle B P G is given therefore by the Problem of the second Chapter B G is found 34018 for which Snellius takes 33930 for he detracts 88 Perches from the Stations of the Elevations of the Pole But the Arch B G 71 ½ scruples is the difference of the Elevation of the Pole therefore as 71 ½ minutes is to 1 degree or 60 minutes so is 33930 or 34018 to 28473 Perches for one degree or according to the round number 28500 or 19 Holland miles They which understand Spherical Trigonometry from the given A B A P the Angle A B P may find the Arch B P to be 1 degree 14 minutes which when they are equal with 34710 Perches 1 degree shall be equal to the Perches or of 18 miles and ⅘ But the cause that this number differeth from that of Snellius is first that Snellius did not take the very points of the Towers B P by which he obtained the Angle G B P for the knowing the Elevations of the Pole but he took the places a little distant from them See Snellius in page 197. Notwithstanding no man can doubt but the same may be found to be the Altitude of the Pole The other cause is that he taketh the Lines B G B P P G as strait which nevertheless are not strait although this discord may seem to make little or no difference of any moment But let Snellius his quantity of a degree of 28500 Perches be taken mine of 28300 Perches his makes 19 147 150 miles mine 18 ⅘ miles the Perimeter or Circuit according to Snellius shall be 10260000 Perches 123120000 feet or 8640 Holland miles The fifth manner being the first Terrestrial way of measuring the Earth The first Terrestrial way for the finding out the magnitude c. of the Earth The three following manners or ways are Terrestrial performing the work without the Heaven or Meridian Line Let B P be the Altitude of the Tower this is to be sought out in a Land-measuring way then let P s be the distance of the most remote term from whence the Tower may be seen And although P s be not a strait Line yet because it is the least part of the Periphery of the whole Earth therefore it is taken for a strait line and the Triangle strait angled B P s in which by the given B P P s the Angle B s P is found to whom B R s is equal whose measure is the Arch S P. Therefore as this Arch is to one degree so P s the found distance See Scheme is to the quantity of one degree As for Example let B P the Altitude be 480 Paces and let the distance P s of the point s which endeth the Sight be 40000 Paces or 10 German miles therefore let it be wrought according to the Problem of the second Chapter As
which the Moon will be vertical that day viz. one after another See Proposition 13. in Chap. 19. The use of this Problem is great yea very necessary in the Doctrine concerning the flux and reflux of the Sea The mode of performing of the same you shall find in the Nineteenth Chapter and the Thirteenth Proposition For there it is more conveniently explained yet the Explication of that Proposition may be anticipated and demonstrated to the studious in this Chapter Proposition XVI In those places of the Sea to which the Moon is vertical the flux and deflux is greatest except that there be other impediments which we have reckoned up in the XIV Proposition And by how much the parts of the Sea are more remote from the place by so much the flux and deflux is lesser other things being equal For because in that place the pressure is greater and the tumour of the water greater which is more vicine to the Moon pressing and the Celestial matter thence followeth that that the Proposition intimateth the objections concerning some other places in the comparison of which the contrary is found are to be excused by the admixtion of other causes Proposition XVII The quantity of the flux and reflux is unconstant in every place and divers on several daies and by so much the greater or lesser by how much the Moon is more remote or near unto that place The Moon every day changeth her place in the Ecliptick For the Moon every day changeth her place in the Ecliptick and so on other daies is vertical to other places and by consequence is more remote from any place or more near Which being observed we conclude from the preceeding Proposition that there is a divers quantity of the flux and reflux in one and the same place on divers daies whether that the diversity be sensible or insensible Proposition XVIII The greatest intumescency of water in any place and term of the flux ought to be when that the Moon doth occupy the Meridian of the place But in many places it is found to be in another scituation of the Moon For then is the Moon most nigh to any place of the Earth when that it is in the Meridian of that place because that the Hypotenusa of a right angled Triangle is lower than the Cathetus Whence it is inferred by the XVI Proposition that when the Moon is in the Meridian See Proposition 16. there ought to be the greatest intumescency and Altitude of water and immediately a decrease to succeed But when the Moon is in the lowest of the Meridian then the narrowest of the vortex of the Earth opposite to it in the upper Meridian and therefore doth effect the same as if that the body of the Moon were present But here ariseth a great difficulty For there are many places and Coasts of the Earth in which we find that the term of the flux is not when that the Moon cometh to the Meridian as the Philosophers held before this age but sooner or later viz. when that the Moon cometh to a certain quarter not Cardinal and this quarter is not constantly observed but in new and full Moons for the most part the greatest intumescency is and the begining of a detumescency before the Moon cometh to this quarter or vertical Circle So at London the water is at the highest when the Moon cometh to the quarter which is between the South and West or North and East that is to the South West or North East quarter At the Coast of China in the Port of the City Maccau The greatest flux at the Coast of China observed by a Portugal a certain Portugal Mariner observed the time of the greatest intumescency by this mode The Elevation of the Pole is 22 degrees 20 minutes in the Year 1584 on the 19 of September the Moon was at full then the intumescency or Altitude of the highest water was observed in the morning at ½ or ¼ of an hour past 8. therefore then the Moon was removed from the Meridian 3 ¼ hours Whence the quarter or vertical Circle in which the Moon at that moment of time was is found according to the Problem of the 30 Chapter Anno 1585 on the 16 of February in the full Moon the greatest hight of water was observed at half an hour past a eleven a Clock at Noon Certain observations taken by a Dutch Mariner of the flux of the Sea in many places A certain Dutch Mariner on the daies of the new and full Moon noted the hours of divers places for the term or intumescency of the flux from which I have extracted these At the twelfth hour on the daies of the new and full Moon on the Coast of Flanders at Enchusen in Holland at Horn at Embden in East Freezland at the mouth of the Elve at Eider at the Isles of Jutland and at Dover at England At 45 minutes past 12 at Flushing in Zealand half an hour after one a Clock at the Occidental Coast of the Isle of Wight at Calis at the mouth of the River of Thames at the shoar of Zeland in the mouths of Scald in Mosa and at Gored A quarter after two before the mouth of Scald and the mouth of Mosa At three a Clock at Amsterdam Roterdam Dort in Holland at Newcastle in England at Arment in Flanders in the mouth of the River of Burdeaux in the South Coast of Britain Gallocia Gascoyn Biscay Portugal and Spain and on the Western Coast of Ireland even to Hitland A quarter after four in the evening at Roan in France between Mosa and Rochel in the River of Burdeaux in the Bays of the Spanish Portugal and Gallecian Coast in the South Coast of Britany in France Gascoyn and on the Western Coast of Ireland Half an hour past four from the Texel at the South Coast of Ireland A quarter past five in all the Ports of the Southern Coast of Ireland at Plymouth in England and other Southern places of it even to the Coast of Wales At six in the evening and morning before Hamburgh in the Elbe before Bremen the Texel Antwerpe in the Channel between England and Brabant without Sorlis A quarter before seven in the evening between Fawick and Vaelmuya in the Channel even to Bristol before St. Nicholas and Podessembe even to Waymouth and Hartepole At half an hour past seven in the Haven at the Texel at Kilduyna in the middle of the Channel nigh Plymouth and in the Sea even to the Promontory of the Lizard A quarter past eight in the evening nigh the Isle of Wight in the Channel even to Bevesier without the Fly on the Coast of Holland At nine before the mouth of the River Ems in Freezland before the Fly before the Coast of Freezland at the Eastern Coast of the Isle of Wight At half an hour past ten before the mouth of the River Thames on the Coasts of Normandy and Picardy And at a quarter
Channel As for the encrease of Zenega which only hath four hours whether the cause ought to be ascribed to the extension of the Channel from the West to the East or unto the swift deflux of Zenega which may prohibit the influx for two hours or whether to some other cause I question and require a more accurate observation viz. Whether it decreaseth eight hours or only six hours and in the other two do neither encrease nor decrease because the strong flux of the River hindereth the flux That also must be considered that depressed and low places may have the flux in more hours and the deflux in fewer Proposition XX. Whether the flux doth begin when the Moon toucheth the Horizon or in the increment be in the place whose the Horizon is So they commonly say but yet we hold the contrary in those places in which the water is at the highest when that the Moon is in the Meridian For when the Moon declineth from the Aequator towards the South then she arriveth at the Meridian in less than six hours and therefore the flux should begin when that the Moon is yet depressed beneath the Horizon On the contrary when that the Moon declineth from the Aequator towards the North she requireth more than six hours to come from the Horizon to the Meridian and therefore when that the Moon is elevated above the Horizon unto the horary Circle of the sixth hour then at length the flux begineth and so it is observed in most places but the contrary is at London as we have said in the precedent Proposition See Proposition xix And the reason seemeth to require that although the Moon decline from the Aequator towards the North yet that the flux should begin in the place where the Moon cometh to the Horizon for then the place is distant by a quarter from the place unto which the Moon is vertical And therefore the pressure of the Sea cometh or extendeth hither and here more accurate observations are required Proposition XXI The hour being given in which the greatest or least Altitude of the water is on the day of the new or full Moon in the place where the ordinary flux and reflux is viz. of six hours with twelve degrees to determine the hours of the days following after the new Moon in which the greatest or least Altitude shall be See the foregoing Propositions We have said in the foregoing Propositions that the time of the greatest increase and decrease if we have respect to the middle motion of the Moon from the Sun in one day after placeth 48 ¾ horary minutes in half a day 24 â…œ minutes If therefore the greatest increase in any place happen on the day of the new or full Moon on the twelfth hour of the day these hours of encrease shall be on the following daies The age of â—he Moon The hours of the day Scruples 1 12 48 2 1 37 3 2 27 4 3 17 5 4 5 6 4 55 7 5 59 8 6 49 9 7 23 10 8 12 11 8 56 12 9 51 13 10 40 14 11 29 14½ 12 Mid night  15 12 Mid day  Viz. In the end of the first day of the age of the Moon the greatest intumescency falleth out later by 48¼ Horary minutes But in practice it is sufficient to add to the hour of the new Moon for the end of the first day 48 minutes or ¼ of an hour For the end Hours of the second 1½ for the third 2½ for the fourth 3¼ for the fifth 4 for the sixth 5 for the seventh 5¼ for the eighth 6¾ for the ninth 7 for the tenth 8¼ for the eleventh 9 for the twelfth 9¼ for the thirteenth 10â…” for the fourteenth 11½ for the fifteenth 12¼ This Supputation of time supposeth the middle or equal motion of the Moon from the Sun which notwithstanding is unequal so that the Moon in her Perigee departeth more swiftly from the Sun than in her Apogee and therefore then the greatest encrease is longer protracted than six hours and twelve minutes But when the Moon is in the Apogee the encrease is more quick For certain true Lunary Months exceed 30 daies others are less than 29 daies True Lunary Months exceed 30. daies when that the mean of 29 daies twelve hours 44 minutes is assumed But in places where the greatest or least Altitude is made by the appulse of the Moon to a certain vertical place although it be done after the same manner yet for all that the time is not so accurately discovered For neither doth the same time in which the Moon is joyned to the Sun fall out on the hours of the day or the same moments of the same hour in divers new Moons How this is performed by the Terrestrial Globe See Chap. 30. and 37. we shall shew in the XXX Chapter And in the Thirty seventh Chapter we shall treat more of the use of Navigation concerning a more accurat Method We may also use this method for those places where the time of the flux is more or less than in the time of the deflux so that we are certain of the difference The consideration of the thing it self and practice will more easily teach this than our discourse Proposition XXII The winds do oftentimes protract and often diminish the time of the flux or reflux in some places Neither are winds of that place only able to do it but winds blowing in an other place may also effect the same The truth of the Proposition is so manifest that it needeth no demonstration Proposition XXIII Great is the variety of peculiar or proper motions of the Sea viz. in which a certain part of the Ocean is moved either perpetually or in some certain months Peculiar motions of the Sen. The first of those peculiar motions which are most considerable is that motion by which part of the Atlantick or African Ocean about Guinee is moved from Cape Verd towards the bending of Africa which is called Fernando Poo that is from the West to the East which is contrary to the general motion from the East to the West now this motion is vehement so that it violently tosseth the Ships approaching to the shoars unto this Gulph beyond the imagination of the Mariners and supputation of their Voyage Thence it cometh to pass that Ships which have sailed in two daies from the Coasts of Mourrae to Rio de Benin which are one hundred miles scarcely in six or seven weeks can return from Rio de Benin to Mourrie except they launch out into the middle Sea which is not easily to be performed seeing that the Sea is moved with a strong motion to the North-East quarter from the Isle of St. Thomas to the Gulph of Fernando Poo carrying in with it the Ships although they have a fair North East wind and they can hardly get from that Coast except they be forced thence by those sudden winds termed Travados which sometimes
termed Arms which proceed from a River divaricated into two Channels 7. A Fountain or Spring is water bubling and flowing forwards from a certain place of the Earth 8. A Well is when the water bubleth up but floweth not forwards Proposition II. Torrents and Rivulets may sometimes proceed from a quantity of rain and dissolved Snow From whence Torrents and Rivulets do proceed For in the Mountainous or more elevated parts of the Earth are found many Cavities small Lakes and standing Pools Now if that so great a quantity of water flow into these from the falls of Rain or Snow that they cannot well contain them they overflow and run down on the more depressed places and because that on every year this happeneth it maketh a Channel for it self but sometimes Torrents do flow without any Channel From this cause viz. Rains and the dissolution of Snow many Rivulets are made also Torrents and moderate or indifferent Rivers in those places which have ridges of Mountains in a long tract as the Procurrent of Africa India Peru Sumatra and the like And these Rivulets flow neither in the Summer nor in the night but only in the day Proposition III. Most Rivulets proceed from Fountains But Rivers of a great magnitude have their Original either from the congress of many Rivulets and indifferent Rivers or flow from Lakes and Marshes For no Rivers of any considerable magnitude as the Albis the Rhine do flow from one Fountain but exist from many small Springs or Lakes Rivulets proceed from Fountains But these proceeding from Lakes are augmented by the accession of other Rivers The River Volga or Rha receiveth two hundred and more partly Rivulets and partly indifferent Rivers before that it dischargeth it self into the Caspian Sea and the Danube as many before she flow into the Pontus And although that Pliny and Cardan write that no Rivers flow into the Nile yet experience testifieth the contrary to them that have travelled in Abyssine The Proposition is easily proved by an enumeration of Examples Springs proceed commonly from Hills Mountains The Springs of some Rivulets and Rivers are in Mountains and elevated places and some on a Plane As for the Springs of those Rivers that proceed from Lakes we have said in the former Chapter that those Springs are in the bottom or Channel of the Lakes and that such Lakes are as it were Conduits and effusions about the Spring before that the water floweth in a Channel or in a greater quantity For some Springs are covered with Earth or water others open The Springs on a Plane are of those Rivers from which Tanais and Albis exist in their first tract unto which others do accede It were easie to collect other Examples Cardanus deny â—â—h these Fountains to be generated in these plane places but to be derived from the vicine Mountains by some subterraneous passage But I suppose that such Springs first make a standing Pool or Marsh For Tanais seemeth not to flow from a Spring but from a Marsh or some less profound Lake Many are the Mountainous Springs of Rivulets as of those of the Rhine Po Danube Borysthenes c. The Nile Wolga and the great River of St. Laurence in Canada flow from a Lake Yet there is one mode by which from one Fountain a great River may proceed viz. if that the Fountain be on an Elevated place but the Channel of the River must be a little higher than the Altitude of the inlet So the flowing water first in a more swift Current then in a more slow is collected in the Channel and in course of time may be a very great River by reason that so much did not flow out in the first generation Proposition IV. Rivers are very much augmented by frequent Rains and dissolved Snow and that in divers seasons and months of the year Rivers are much encreased by rain and snow So in the Region of Peru and Chili some Rivers are so small that they flow not in the night time but only in the day because that then the water floweth from Snow dissolved on the Mountainâ— of the Andes through the heat of the Sun So the Rivers both in the Oriental and Occidental Coast of the procurrent of Africa as in congo Angola and the like are bigger in the day than in the night So it is also in the shoars of Malabar and Chormandel in India Yea in those four Regions in Summer time the Rivers are almost dried up and in the Winter or wet season are overflowing So Wolga in the Months of May and June aboundeth with water so that the Lands and Islands are then covered with water in the other Months the Sands will hardly admit a passage over them for Ships that are laden The reason is because that then the Snow is dissolved on the Mountains whence those Rivulets proceed which being more than one hundred do exonerate themselves into the Volga So the Nile Ganges Indus c. are augmented from rains or Snow so that they overflow the Lands But these augments happen in a different season because that they arise from divers causes and divers places for by reason that rains are more frequent in the Winter therefore Rivers are more high at the season except another cause intervene from the dissolution of Snow which sometimes happeneth in some places and Mountains in the Spring in others in the Summer and in others in the intermedial time by reason that the Snow is then dissolved on the Mountains that are adjacent to the Rivulets of these Rivers Moreover some Rivers especially the greater proceed from remote places where it is then Summer when it is Winter in the place through which they flow and those variations cause the swelling of Rivers in divers seasons But most Rivers do so in the Spring because that then Snow is dissolved in most places The variety of these causes must be shewed in the particular description of every River Concerning that peculiar Spring of Japan which floweth every day only for two hours we shall speak in the following Chapter Proposition V. What may be the Original of that water which floweth from Springs Or whence are Rivers generated The cause of water flowing from Springs We have before our eyes the great River Rhine Albis and others the generation of which by reason of their abundance of waters seemeth more admirable than that of Rivulets but we have shewed in the precedent and third Proposition that the water of Rivers partly proceeds from 〈…〉 and the dissolution of Snow partly from Lakes and partly from the meeting of Rivulets and Rivers Therefore the question is not so much concerning the Rise and Springs of Rivers as the Original and perpetuity of Fountains and Springs The Opinion of Philosophers and Geographers are various The Opinions of Philosophers and Geographers concerning it are various 1. Some think that all the water of Springs of Rivers proceed from Rain or
calculation and make a trial of the matter whether that the Altitude be the same every where and at every time I will give them here Examples from the Observations of Tycho who hath observed the refractions of the Sun and Moon at every degree of their Altitude And because that the Observations of Lansbergius because that he observed them in a different Air if that he observed them at all differ from those of Tycho's I will also add them The TABLE of Refractions The degrees of Altitude The Refraction of the Sun according to Tycho The Refraction of the Moon according to Tycho The Refraction of the Sun and Moon according to Lansbergius Degrees Minute 1. Minute 1. Minute 1. 1. 0 34 33 34  1 26 25 26  2 20 20 21  3 17 17 18  4 15 15 15 45 5 14 14 14 0 6 13 14 12 30 7 12 13 11 15 8 11 12 10 5 9 10 11 9 5 10 10 11 8 15 11 9 10 7 35 12 9 10 7 5 13 8 9 6 40 14 8 8 6 19 15 7 8 6 0 16 7 7 5 42 17 6 7 5 24 18 6 6 5 7 19 5 6 4 50 20 4 5 4 33 21 4 4 4 16 22 3 3 4 0 23 3 3 3 44 24 3 3 3 28 25 2 2 3 12 26 2 2 2 56 27 2 2 2 40 28 2 2 2 24 29 2 2 2 9 30 1 1 1 54 31 1 1 1 39 32 1 1 1 24 33 1 1 1 9 34 1 1 0 55 35 1 1 0 41 36 1 1 0 27 37 0 1 0 13 38 0 1 0 0 The refractions of the Sun and Moon according to Lansbergius and Tycho Lansbergius placeth both the same refractions of the Sun and Moon but Tycho maketh them somewhat divers viz. about the Horizon he maketh the refractions of the Sun greater than those of the Moon then the fifth degree of Altitude he maketh them equal from this then at length he maketh the refractions of the Moon a little bigger than those of the Sun Indeed I confess my self ignorant of the cause of this except it be to be ascribed to the weakness of the light of the Moon Moreover Tycho omitted the second Minutes which yet should not be omitted if that they come near to 60 because that there is use of them in the calculation of the altitude of the Air. Now you must know that the refractions of all the Stars are the same or else that the difference is insensible viz. in one Air But if that the Air be thick the refractions will be greater An Example of it is this whereof a cause hath not yet been rendred sufficiently hitherto by any The Dutch Wintering in Nova Zembla beheld the Sun after the night of some Months when that as yet the Limbus or edge of the Sun was yet beneath the Horizon four degrees at least therefore the refraction n f L is 4 deg 30 min. Then at length when that it was depressed beneath the Horizon 3 degrees 40 minutes they saw him elevated above the Horizon 30 degrees viz. his upper Limbus therefore the refraction m r L we conceive m r S to fall beneath the Horizon and r L g to be 30 min. shall be 4 deg 11 min. and L L T 90 deg 30 min. From hence shall be found the altitude of the Air L f and the reason of the density of that Air at Nova Zembla which yet was serene at the time of the Observation Now the Altitude is found much greater than the other refractions admit of viz. of almost two miles neither is it corrected by the position of a greater thickness of Air as shall be shewed in the following Proposition by reason that the Angle T f L cannot be greater than 85 deg 30 min. if that n f L is 4 deg 30 min. it becometh greater if that d f be placed less than 2 miles Therefore we do not undeservedly doubt of the truth of the observation of the Mariners seeing that no like Example hath been observed yea the contrary hath been observed in the same place See Chap. 26. Proposit uit Moreover no reason can be rendred that in those places after so long an absence of the Sun the Air should be higher than at the time wherein after so long a stay the Sun departed seeing that rather the contrary doth follow viz. the Air becoming more thick and lower by reason of contraction if that any one will urge the altitude of the Air to be inconstant Yet when I more accurately weigh all the matters three things fall in with me by which that apparancy and great refraction may be salved for seeing that the Master or Pilot was skilful in Astronomy and also that they saw the Sun elevated above the Horizon in which he was yet depressed therefore we ought not to deny the Observation neither ought we to be suspicious concerning an Errour in the numeration of the days by reason of that long night for when that they returned to their own Countrey they reckoned the same day of the year that their Country-men reckoned which they could not have done if that before they had made a false reckoning of the days For if that we will admit so great an altitude of the Air such as the refractions of the temperate and torrid Zones do not admit of we must say that the Air is every where the same both in the torrid and temperate Zone as it is in the frigid but the supream Region of the Air both in the torrid and temperate Zone is so subtile that it maketh no refraction but only the middle Region Whence it is no wonder if that the refractions in the torrid and temperate Zone be lesser for although the Air be lower that causeth them for which cause the refraction ought to be greater yet it s far more rare than the other Air. But yet an Objection may be made against this viz. that the observation of the Mariners was made in a serene Air as they themselves testifie Unto this I answer That yet it seemeth not so probable that the Air should be so subtile as in the torrid and temperate Zone when that the Sky is most serene Secondly it may be said That that Air of the frigid Zone when that the Sun after a long absence returneth unto it is first attenuated in the superior Region and the middle is yet somewhat more thick and therefore the Sun was seen through two refractions as the Stars through the Air and a Glass Now a double refraction doth far more depress the Star beneath the Horizon than a simple and so the altitude of the Air the space of one mile or ¾ Neither may you here object why the same doth not happen at that time when that the Sun departeth from the Air and maketh the beginning of the â—ong Night For then it is probable that there is less difference in the thickness of the Air by reason of the long
stay of the Sun or shall we say that a thicker exhalation consisteth in the Morning times in that Zone after that long absence Thirdly If that you are not pleased to admit that double refraction neither are you willing to grant that the supream part of the Air in the torrid and frigid Zone maketh any refraction I say if that the two premised Responses or Explications please not then you must confess that the Air in that place of the torrid Zone at that time was much higher than in our temperate Zone and likewise more thick â—or only the altitude diminisheth the refraction but if that there be a great thickness refraction is much more augmented by this than it is diminished by the altitude decreasing But I am most taken with the first of these three Causes which maketh the altitude of the Air two miles for we may not in the Horizontal refraction of 4 degrees 30 minutes make a less in Nova Zembla the other two are perplexed with many difficulties Now why they beheld not the Sun for so many days the same altitude remaining after he ceased to rise the third day of November I say that the cause was the thickness of the Air. The same answer must also be given why the same Dutch Mariners in the year 1596 on the 30th of May beheld not the Sun at Midnight under the elevation of 69 deg 24 minutes when that yet it was not under the Horizon 1 degree Why here it made no refraction the cause may be the same But we have been too large concerning this matter which prolixity the Reader must ascribe to the difficulty of the Doctrine For to accurate knowledge of this matter most accurate Observations are required neither yet may we if that the Observations made at divers elevations of the same Star on one place make not the same altitude assert that therefore the altitudes of it are diverse for the cause may be the diversity of the rarity of the Air viz. by how much it is nigher the Horizon by so much it is less rare If that this be so the Observations will in no wise produce the same altitude although it be the same because that we suppose in the Calculation that the same rarity of the Air is in both parts of the Air and therefore the same rule of Refraction Proposition XXXI The depression of the Star beneath the Horizon being given when that it first beginneth to appear that is the Horizontal refraction of the Star being given to find out the least altitude of that Air as may be the thickness of that Air for such are fraction and the greatest excess of density as may be of that Air above the density of the Aether that is the greatest Rule that can be of Refraction Also more generally the refraction of a Star being given unto the given apparent altitude of it above the Horizon to find the greatest Altitude that may be Of the depression of the Star beneath the Horizon So let the given Horizontal refraction n f L or the depression of the Star beneath the Horizon g f S or g L S when that it first beginneth to appear such as it was in Nova Zembla 4 deg 30 min. It is manifest therefore from the Opticks that if the radius S f touch the Air in f that is if that the Angle N f T be strait See Scheme then indeed that ray is not refracted but if that no Star be beneath the Tangent i n then no ray can immediately come near to f. Therefore it is required that the Star should be about the Tangent and the Angle n f T should be lesser than the right Angle or than 90. Let it therefore be supposed that 89 deg 59 min. or 90 degrees although very great yet not greater than 90. Moreover let n f T the Angle given or the Horizontal refraction 4 deg 30 min. the Angle T f L 85 deg 29 min. is left the greatest which may be whence if that it cometh to pass that as the sign T f L is to the sign f L T so is L T to T f And the found out T f shall be the least altitude of the Air that may be the fourth proportional T f shall be the least that may be if so be that the middle bounds or terms viz. the whole signs T L f and T L remain the same if that the refraction T f be not given to the apparent Horizontal ray but to the altitude of the Star x L g. We shall act after the same mode in â–³ T L r T. Also the reason of the sign of the Angle n f L 89 deg 59 min to the sign T f L 85 deg 29 min. shall be the greatest reason which may be of the density of the Air to the density of the Aether Proposition XXXII The altitude of the Air and one refraction of a Star in it being given to a certain altitude of it to find out from it the rule of refraction or proportion of the signs of the Angles of Incidency to the Angles refracted or to the thickness of that Air for the given refraction at the given Altitude Now the given altitude of the Air ought to be greater than that which according to the precedent Proposition is found to be the least See Scheme For if that it be not greater it is a sign that the refraction is not observed and that the Problem is impossible Let therefore the T r given be greater for Example let x L g act the apparent altitude let the known refraction be m r L therefore in the Triangle T L r is given T r T L and the Angle T L r. From these is found out T r f the refracted Angle unto which if that you add mr L you have the Angle of Incidency m r T and the reason or account of the sign m r T to the sign L r T shall be found This shall be the rule of Refraction in this Air or the reason of the thickness of it to the density of the Air. Proposition XXXIII The altitude of the Air and Refraction being given to the one altitude of a Star to find out the Refraction in another altitude of a Star See Scheme For Example Let the altitude of the Air T f or T r and the refraction n f L at the apparent altitude o be given viz. the Horizontal ray f L is that refracted Then let the altitude of the apparent altitude of the Star r L g or x L g be given Let the rule of Refraction or the reason of the sign n f T T f L or the sign n f T T f L be found by the precedent Proposition Then on the Triangle T r L from the notes T r T L and on the Angle r L T let the Angle T r L be found And as the sign T f L is to the sign T f n so is T r L to the other
Sun Theorem The Meridian of every place passeth through both the Poles of the Earth The Meridians are drawn through every ten degrees of the Aequator which are the Meridians of all those places through which they pass But instead of the Meridians of all other places that doth supply the place which is made of Brass and in which the Globe doth hang. For Instance If that any place in the Superficies of the Globe be brought unto the Brazen Meridian that shall be the Meridian of the place In Maps of Strait lines the Meridians are Strait lines drawn from the top or uppermost part unto the bottom In Maps of Crooked lines they are those Crooked lines which joyn in the Pole The Norizou Fightly The Horizon of any place in the Superficies of the Earth is the greatest imaginary Circle in the Heavens which terminateth the visible part of the Heaven in that place It is also termed the Rational Horizon that it may be distinguished from the Visible Horizon which is improperly so called It hath no place in the Artificial Globe but a Wooden Circle in which the Globe is sustained with its Brazen Meridian and serveth instead of the Horizon of any place as shall be shewed in the next Chapter and therefore it is termed the Wooden Horizon and simply the Horizon These are the Definitions whose knowledge is necessary for the attaining the following Doctrine besides which it behoveth us to borrow from Astronomy the mode of the Motion of the Sun and Stars The Motion of the Sun Moon and Stars The first and common Motion is that by which the Sun Moon and all the Stars seem to be carried round about the Earth to arise to us to make the Meridian and to set and that in the space of twenty four hours Every one of the Stars and the Sun every day by this their common Motion seem to deseribe Parallel Circles unto the Aequator because that this motion is performed upon the Axis of the Earth and the Poles of the same and therefore the Aequator is the greatest Circle of this Motion and the Rule and Square by which we measure the Motion of the other Parallels In every hour they pass fifteen degrees through the Meridian both of the Aequator and every other Parallel for 360 degrees divided by 24 the hours gives unto every hour fifteen and therefore one hour and fifteen degrees of the Aequator make an equal proportion The Horary Circle sheweth the hours which Circle being affixed unto the Artificial Globe is seen in the Brazen Meridian where the Pin or Hand adhereth to the extremity of the Axis of the Earth and it is turned about in the Horary Circle to shew the hours The second motion of the Sun Secondly The proper and second Motion of the Sun which is also Annual is that in which the Sun or rather the Earth is moved from West to East or contrary to its first motion The time or number of the days in which the Sun returneth unto the same point from whence it departed or in which it performeth its whole Period or Circle is termed a Year Now such a Year is 361 days and one fourth part of a day or thereabouts The Way of this second Solary motion is termed the Ecliptick as we have said before which is divided into twelve parts which are called Signs For Astronomers have observed these Constellations of the Heaven through which this Way of the Sun doth lye and from these Constellations denominated the twelve parts of the Ecliptick And because that all Constellations represent the forms of Animals therefore the Ancients termed that Way or Ecliptick The Zodiack Zone or Girdle in the Weaven the Zodiack Yet those which spake more distinctly call the Zodiack a Zone or Girdle in the Heaven whose middle is the very Ecliptick it self or Path of the Sun but the extream parts from both sides of the Ecliptick are distant from it eight degrees by reason that the rest of the Planets have a certain peculiar motion from East to West In which motion they do not describe the Ecliptick it self but paths declining somewhat from the Ecliptick which declination by reason that it exceedeth not 8 degrees therefore they do attribute 16 degrees of Latitude unto the Zodiack viz. Eight from both parts of the Ecliptick so that the Zodiack is that space of the Heaven in which the Planets are always moving neither do they ever move out of it and the Ecliptick is the middle Line of the Zodiack which the Sun passeth through by an Annual motion in which it always keeps its fixed course Moreover the Signs or Constellations of the Heaven through which the Ecliptick and the Zodiack passeth are these March 21.   The Signs of the Zodiack ♈ ♉ ♊ Aries Taurus Gemini June 21.   ♋ ♌ ♠Cancer Leo Virgo September 21.   ♎ ♠♠Libra Scorpius Sagitarius December 21.   ♑ ♒ ♓ Capricorn Aquarius Pisces Moreover the Ecliptick obliquely cutteth the Aequator Ecliptick so that its greatest distance is twenty three degrees and about thirty minutes Where therefore the Ecliptick cutteth the Aequator which he doth in two points in one of these is placed the beginning of the Ecliptick and also the beginning of the accounting of the Sigus In those points the Sun then being in causeth the equality of the days and nights in all places as also the beginning of the Vernal and Autumnal quarters We begin to number from that point in which the Sun makes the beginning of the Spring to us that is we being scituate from the Aequator towards the Pole Artick the first Sign or first twelfth part of the Ecliptick is termed Aries the second Taurus the third Gemini and so forth as aforesaid because about twenty Ages past those Signs of the Heaven were in these very parts of the Ecliptick Every one of these twelve Signs are divided into thirty Degrees for the whole Ecliptick hath three hundred and sixty Degrees which being divided by 12 makes 30. Moreover seeing that the Sun passeth over the whole Ecliptick that is 360 Degrees in 365 days and one fourth part of a day hence we collect that in every day he passeth 59 Minutes and 8 Seconds which is something less than a Degree The Motion of the Sun Now as the Sun in a years time or 12 Months runneth over the whole Ecliptick or 12 Signs of the Zodiack so also in every Month he passeth about one Sign but his entrance into the Sign is not at the beginning of the Months but on the 21th day of every Month and this is according to the Gregorian Kalender and on the 11th day of every Month according to the old Julian Account viz. on the 21th of March he entreth the Sign of Aries or the very Section of the Ecliptick with the Aequator then on the 21th of April he entreth Taurus and so on Now
Zones In the Cold Northern Zone lieth part of Izland the Utmost part of Norway and Lapland Finmarch Samojeda Nova Zembla Groenland Spitsberga and some part of America Septentrionalis not yet discovered In the Cold Southern Zone what it is whether Land or Water is unknown What we have spoken on hitherto are shewed by the Globe and by the Maps but they are proved by the Tables of the Latitude of Places which are made by Observations Proposition IV. In the Places which lye in the Tropicks the Sun once in every year is only vertical in the Meridies or Noonstead but in places lying under the Torrid Zone he is vertical twice a year viz. two days which are equally distant from the Longest day But in Places without the Torrid Zone and scituated without the Tropicks the Sun never in any day of the year is vertical The Sun how oft and in what places Vertical For when the Sun is in the first degree of Cancer which is about the one and twentieth of June then he describeth the Tropick of Cancer in the Heaven and by how long a space this Tropick is distant from the Celestial Aequator by so much the Terrestrial Tropick of Cancer is distant from the Terrestrial Aequator and so the Terrestrial Tropick is subject to the Celestial and the Sun therefore becometh vertical to the Places seated in the Tropick of Cancer In the places of the Tropick of Capricorn it happeneth after the same manner about the twentieth of December the Sun then entring the Sign of Capricorn These are manifest from the Globe and from Maps But for further Explanation to shew the Sun to be vertical twice a year in a place Take a place lying in the Torrid Zone Explanation and let the place taken be brought to the Meridian and a pointed Chalk being applied let the Globe be turned round that the Parallel of that place may be described that will cut the Ecliptick in two points which will be equally distant from the first degree of Cancer or Capricorn And the Sun being in these points of the Ecliptick will be vertical in the place taken for the Parallel which the Sun in those days describeth will directly hang over the Parallel of the place described Wherefore the Sun will pass through the Vertex of that place and therefore will be vertical to it in the Meridies of these two days but not so in other days Now that it is only vertical in the Meridies unto places is perspicuous from his diurnal revolution Now that in places scituate without the Torrid Zone and the Tropicks the Sun is never vertical is manifest by reason that no Parallel of the Sun is imminent over the Parallel of those places for the Sun is never vertical in the Temperate and Cold Zones Proposition V. To places seated in either of the Frigid Zones the Sun every year some day or other setteth not and so many days riseth not and that so many days the more by how much those days are nigh the Poles so that in a whole place of the Pole for six Months space it setteth not and ariseth not to another But in places in the Artick or Antartick Circle the Sun setteth not one only day in the year and one day ariseth not but other days it setteth and riseth The rising and setting of the Sun in places seated in the Frigid Zones Take any place you please of the Frigid Zone in the Globe and let the Pole be so elevated as the Latitude of the place requireth or that the Wooden Horizon may become the Horizon of the place as in the preceding Chapter Then let a pointed Chalk be applied to the Crena of the Horizon which is more nigh the Pole elevated and let the Globe be turned round so that the Chalk may mark some Parallel of the Aequator This Parallel shall cut the Ecliptick in two points which shall be equally distant from the first degree of Cancer and the Sun being in any of these points of the Ecliptick and in all Intermedial points shall not set which hence is manifest because the Parallels of the Sun existing in these points remain above the Horizon in the whole Circumrotation On the contrary If that the Chalk so pointed be applied unto the other Crena of the Horizon and the Parallel be described we shall find those points of the Ecliptick or the Arch about the beginning of Capricorn in which whilst the Sun is he doth not arise to that place of the Frigid Zone but remaineth beneath the Horizon The contrary appeareth if the place be taken in the cold Antartick Zone What we have said of the places lying under the Artick or Antartick Circle is shewed after the same manner viz. the Pole must be elevated to 66 degrees 30 minutes so the Wooden Horizon shall be the Horizon of any place lying under the Artick Circle And it will be manifest that the Tropick of Cancer setteth not and the Tropick of Capricorn ariseth not but that they touch the Horizon therefore the Sun in the first degree of Cancer setteth not and in the first degree of Capricorn ariseth not but on both days radiateth the Horizon But in other degrees of the Ecliptick it will arise and set which may be discerned by the Oriental and Occidental points of the Ecliptick Proposition VI. In places seated without the Frigid Zone that is in the Temperate or Torrid Zones the Sun every day riseth and setteth In places without the Frigid Zones the Sun riseth and seteth every day Take any place in the Globe lying without the Frigid Zones and Polary Circles and let the Poles be elevated according to its Latitude so that the Wooden Horizon doth become the Horizon of that place If that now you turn the Globe it will be apparent that all the points of the Ecliptick do rise and set that is to say sometimes they are depressed beneath and sometimes elevated above the Horizon The Sun then being in those points doth the same Proposition VII A place being given that is seated in the Torrid Zone to find those two days in the which the Sun is vertical to that place Let the place given be brought to the Brazen Meridian and let the degree of Latitude be marked with Chalk then move the Globe until one point or other of the Ecliptick to pass through this noted point of the Meridian Let these two points be noted for they are those in which when the Sun is he is vertical to the place given let also the days of the Year be found in which the Sun occupieth those points of the Ecliptick which may be done either in the Wooden Horizon or from a Table or by the method of the 22th Chapter those will be the sought for days whereof one will be before the Solstice the other after it in which the Sun is vertical to that place when he cometh to the Meridian This Problem is also easily resolved in Universal
of both the Planispheres are those demanded The places of the second demand shall be found in the same degrees in the Parallel distant from the other Pole In the Tables of the Declination let the Latitude be found for the place demanded Proposition XI To compute the Latitude and Magnitude of all the Zones in Miles or some other famous Measures The computation of the Latitude and Magnitude of the Zones in Miles c. The Latitude of the Torrid Zone is 47 degrees viz. 23 ½ from both parts of the Aequator the Latitude of both the Temperate is 43 degrees The Latitude of both the Temperate is 43 degrees The Latitude of both the Frigid 47 degrees These Degrees if changed into Miles one degree being estimated at 15 German miles the Latitude of the Torrid Zone will be 705 miles one of the Temperate 645 and one of the Frigid 705. The place requireth that we should now treat of the Seasons in the divers Zones and places but because some of them do appertain unto the following Chapter I have omitted them here CHAP. XXV Of the Longitude of the Days in divers Places of the Earth And of the division of the Earth into Climates which proceed from them Proposition I. In two Days of the year are the Aequinoxes or the Night equal to the Day in all places of the Earth The Days and Nights in all places are equal in two days of the year THe Days are those in which the Sun entreth the Aequator whether he describes the same by Motion or Diurnal circumvolution which is when that he entreth the first degree of Aries and the first degree of Libra viz. on the 21th of March and the 21th of September according to the Gregorian Kalendar Now we shall shew that on these days the Night is equal to the Day consisting of twelve hours in all places of the Earth Now this Day noteth the stay of the Sun above the Horizon and the Night the stay beneath the Horizon Take any place in the Globe and let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of that place so that the Wooden Horizon may become the Horizon of that place Then let the first degree of Aries or Libra be placed in the Oriental Horizon the Index at the twelfth hour of the Horary Circle then turn the Globe until the first degree of Aries come to the Occidental Horizon you shall see that the Index in the Horary Circle hath passed twelve hours The same method may be used to manifest the Night consisting of twelve hours In Places scituated in the Poles of the Earth which are only two the Sun neither riseth nor setteth in these two days of the year but his Center shall be wheeled round in the Horizon which is the same with the Aequator so that they shall have at one time both Day and Night Seeing therefore that in other places the term of the Days and Nights is a moment there on the contrary the intire revolution or Natural day is the term or medium of the perpetual appearancy or disappearancy of the Sun And in these two days of the Aequinoctials the 21th of March and 21th of September the half Sun shall be above the Horizon in those two places and half beneath it And on the 21th of March in the Pole Artick it shall make the beginning of a long day of six Months and on the 21th of September shall be the beginning of a long night of six Months as we shall shew anon therefore it is no absurdity that some places for twenty four hours should neither have night or day Here I shall mention many things peculiar to the Poles above other places of the Earth viz. Several things here noted peculiar to the Poles above other places of the Earth 1. The Sun in a whole year only once riseth and once setteth that is to say it riseth in one Aequinox and setteth in the other 2. They have no Meridies or Midnight at a certain time but at all hours they have a perpetual Meridies for six Months or perpetual Night for six Months 3. No Fixed Stars arise nor set but some remain perpetually above the Horizon and some always beneath it 4. The Stars keep the same Altitude above the Horizon and distance from the Vertex as the Sun also doth in his whole Diurnal circumvolution 5. No Winds there can be called Northern for they are all Southern in the Artick Polé and contrariwise in the Antartick Pole all Northern and none Southern Western or Eastern 6. If the Stars and Sun do not move but the Earth according to Copernicus his Hypothesis then if the Eye were a point that it could be seated in the Pole all the Stars Sun and Moon would appear immovable in the same Plaga All these are easily shewed by the Globe Proposition II. In places scituated in the Aequator the days and nights are always equal In the places of the Poles there is only one day and one night in the whole year Now the day is longer than the night in the North Pole but in the South the day is shorter than the night The days and nights alwaies equal in places seated in the Aequator Take any place you please in the Globe you must shew that in every day in the year the night is equal to the day that is that the Sun for so long time remaineth beneath the Horizon as he doth above it Take the day of the year as you please and let the place of the Sun be enquired after to it which is noted in the Ecliptick then let the place taken be placed in the Vertex that the Poles may hang over the Horizon for so the Wooden Horizon shall be the Horizon of the places of the Aequator Let the place of the Sun be brought to the Meridian and the Parallel described which the Sun perfecteth that day Then let the two Points of this Parallel in the Horizon be noted and it will be manifest that the Arch of this Parallel above the Horizon will be equal to the Arch which is beneath the Horizon And because the Motion of the Sun Diurnal is equal as that of all the Stars therefore in an equal time it will pass through the equal Arches of the Parallels So that the first part of the Proposition concerning every day is shewed Now for the shewing of the other part of the places of the Poles either of the Poles must be placed in the Vertex of the Wooden Horizon so shall this be the Horizon of the Pole And the Globe being turned round we shall see that one half of the Ecliptick remaineth above the Horizon and the other beneath it Therefore whilst the Sun is in this he setteth not whilst in that he riseth not And he is more daies in the Northern Semicircle of the Ecliptick than in the Southern by nine daies Therefore his perpetual stay above the Horizon shall be longer than beneath it
of the Pole Arctick But it is otherwise in the Antarctick Pole Proposition III. In places lying beneath the Aequator and the Pole no days are equal to the nights except the two days of the Aequinoctials but all the rest are either greater or lesser than the nights The days not equal to the nights in places lying under the Aequator Let any place in the Globe be taken beneath the Aequator and the Pole and let the Pole be Elevated according to the Latitude of the place and any day of the year being taken except the daies of the Aequinoxes Let the place of the Sun for that day be found and so be noted in the Ecliptick and being brought to the Meridian let the Parallel be described which the Sun maketh by his Diurnal Circumrotation Let the two Points of this Parallel in the Horizon be noted and it will be manifest that the Arch of the Parallel above the Horizon is greater or lesser than the Arch of the Parallels lying hid beneath the Horizon and so the day or stay of the Sun above the Horizon will be greater or lesser than beneath it Or in the place of the Sun brought to the Oriental Horizon let the Index be placed above the 12th hour of the Horary Circle and let the Globe be turned round until the place of the Sun doth come to the Occidental Horizon The Index in the Circle will shew the number of the hours of the day Then let the Index be brought back to 12 and the Globe turned round until the place of the Sun passing beneath the Horizon returns to the East The Index again will shew the number of the hours of the night and the inequality will be manifest Proposition IV. A place being given in the Globe or the Latitude of a place being given and the day of the year also given to find how many hours the Sun in that day remaineth above the Horizon of that place and how many beneath it that is to find the Longitude of the day and night for that place at the day given Let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick at the day given be found And let it be noted in the Ecliptick of the Globe Let the Pole be Elevated according to the Latitude of the place given Latitude of places Let the place of the Sun be brought to the Oriental Horizon and the Index of the Circle to 12 let the Globe be turned round until the place of the Sun come to the Occidental Horizon the Index will shew the number of the hours of the day the other at 24 will shew the hours of the night Proposition V. In all places seated between the Aequator and the Pole Arctick the longest day and shortest night is when the Sun enters the first degree of Cancer and the shortest day and longest night is when the Sun entreth the first degree of Capricorn But in the places seated between the Aequator and the Antarctick Pole it is just contrary Of places seated between the Aequator and the Pole Arctick The daies longest and nights shortest when the Sun entreth into Cancer and daies shortest and nights longest when into Capricora To shew this on the Globe take what place you please and let the Pole be Elevated according to its Latitude Then according to the preceeding Proposition find out the number of the hours when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer then any other point of the Ecliptick being taken for any day of the year let the number of the hours again be found for that day And it will be manifest that the number of the hours of the day when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer is greater than the number of the hours of another day And because this other day is taken at pleasure and in every day the same Demonstration is in force therefore the day when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer is the longest of all daies and consequently the shortest night After the same way we may shew that the day is the shortest when the Sun is in the first Degree of Capricorn and the nights the longest The same Method of Demonstration shall be observed for places scituated on the other side of the Aequator towards the Antarctick Pole Proposition VI. In the Northern places of the Earth whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Capricorn to the first of Cancer the days continually encrease and whilst he moveth from the first of Cancer unto the first of Capricorn they continually decrease But it is contrary in the places Southernly for they encrease from the first of Cancer to the first of Capricorn and decrease from the first of Capricorn to the first of Cancer Of the encreasing and decreasing of the daies in the Northern places of the Earth Take any Northern place you please in the Globe which lyeth between the Aequator and the Pole Arctick and let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of that place Then taking two or more of the Points of the Ecliptick which he between the first of Capricorn and the first of Cancer he quantity of the day may be found for these Points or for the Sun then in those points And it will be manifest that the day from the day of the first of Capricorn being more remote will be greater than that day which was more near to the same day of the first of Capricorn The same way we must use in the daies scituated between the first of Cancer and the first of Capricorn And in places seated Southernly we shall shew the Proposition by such like Method The Demonstration will be more perspicuous if that it be done through the Parallel Arches which are above and under the Horizon Proposition VII If the place of the Earth be more remote from the Aequator or more propincate to the Pole than another place According to the scituation of the places of Earth to the Aequator and the Pole the daies and nights are longer and shorter the difference is greater between the daies and the nights and the longest day is greater and the shortest night is less Contrariwise if the place be more nigh the Aequator the difference between the quantity of the daies and nights is lesser and the longest day besser and the shortest night greater so that the places near the Aequator or scituate in the Torrid Zone have almost all the days equal to the nights as the places of the Aequator it self and the excess of the longest day above that of the Aequinoctial about one hour Take in the Globe two places one more remote from the Aequator the other more nigh and take what day of the year you please except the Aequinoxes you may shew that in the place more remote the day more differeth from the quantity of the night than in a place more near the Aequator Let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick be
the Pole that the longest day of one place exceedeth the longest day of the Vicine place which is more nigh the Aequator every where equal in excess or that the longest day equally may encrease Of Parallels between the Aequator and the Pole these Parallels shall not equally be distant one from another viz every vicine Couple but these which are more remote from the Aequator shall have a less distance than those more near the Aequator The truth of this Proposition is shewed from the precedent for if these Parallels should be equally distant from one another viz. every two Vicine the quantity of the longest day in these Parallels would not Augment by an equal encrease as we have here shewed And it is now laid down that the places or Parallels so taken equally encrease that the longest day may equally increase in them wherefore every two Vicine or near Parallels shall not so equally be distant one from another but many Parallels being taken from the Aequator towards the Pole on this condition that the longest day may equally encrease These Parallels shall not be equally distant from one another but the distance of the third from the second shall be lesser than the second from the first that of the fourth less from the third that of the fifth lesser from the fourth and so forwards Corollary and because that many of the Climates are so taken that the longest day in the final Parallel of the Climate exceedeth the longest day of the begining at the Climate by half an hour it followeth from this Proposition that the Climates more remote from the Aequator are less broad or more narrow then these more near the Aequator and therefore the Latitude and Magnitude of the Climates decreaseth towards the Pole Hence it cometh to pass seeing that the Climates at length would become very narrow towards the Pole if that the same excess should be kept viz. the excess of half an hour so that Geographers define the bounds of the Northern Climates not by half an hour but first by whole hours and then by whole daies Proposition XI The number of the hours of the longest day being given in any place or Parallel of the Earth to find the Latitude of the place or Elevation of the Pole of this Parallel and to exhibit the Parallel it self in the Globe or to exhibit those places where the longest day is so great For the finding the Latitude of a place c. The longest day in all Northern places is when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer Let the place of the Sun of the longest day be brought to the Meridian Let the Index be brought to the 12th hour of the Horary Cycle let the Globe be turned until the Index shew that hour of the Cycle from which the given number of the longest day is denominated and then let the point of the Tropick in the Meridian be noted Then let the first degree of Cancer be brought to the Oriental Horizon and the Meridian in the Crena be so moved to the Pole Elevated or depressed until the other noted point of the Tropick be in the Occidental Horizon but so that the first degree of Cancer be yet in the East which being done number the Degrees of the Elevation of the Pole For that is the sought for Elevation or Latitude of the Parallel which you shall find in the very Globe it self if you number so many Degrees in the Meridian from the Aequator towards the Pole and a Chalk being applyed you may turn round the Globe to the term of the Numeration For the described Parallel is that which is sought The Probation of the Method is easie Proposition XII The number of some days being given to find out the Latitude of the places or Parallels and to exhibit the place of the Frigid Zone on the Earth when the Sun for so many days setteth not and for so many more ariseth not Further concerning the Latitudes of places Let the number of the daies be divided in half and let so many Degrees be numbred in the Ecliptick from the first Degree of Cancer as that divided or half number is or as many Unites as this hath the Numeration may be made from both parts of this begining Let the term be be noted with Chalk if the daies be more than thirty the number of the Degrees must be taken lesser than an Unite Then let this noted point be brought to the Meridian and let the Degrees interrupted between that and the Pole be numbred For these are the sought for Elevation of the Pole or Latitude of the places wherein so many daies as are given the Sun setteth not and in so many daies riseth not You shall find the very places and Parallels in the Globe if that you number the found out Latitude from the Aequator towards the Pole in the Meridian and design the Parallel by Chaulk applyed to the Term. For this is that sought for and it containeth all the places sought for For the Demonstration of this Solution let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the places found out and it will be manifest that the noted Degrees of the Ecliptick about the first Degree of Cancer set not beneath the Horizon but remain above it The Sun therefore passing over these points of the Ecliptick setteth not now he passeth through these points in so many days as are given as is apparent by the connstruction After the same manner we shall shew the truth of this Solution concernig the daies in which the Sun doth not arise at all in the places Parallel found Corollary It is easie therefore to find the Elevation of the Pole of those places or Climates which lie in the Frigid Zone where the longest day encreaseth not by hours but by a number of whole daies Proposition XIII To frame or compose a Table of the Climates Of the making a Table of the Climates This is called a Table of Climates in which at the beginning middle and end of every Climate the Elevation of the Pole or Là titude of the Parallel and the very quantity of the longest day is found noted as also the interval of the Climates or distance of the Parallels The Construction is easie for from the order of the Climates the quantity for the longest day for the beginning middle or end of every Climate is found by adding ¼ of an hour to twelve hours by a continual Succession Then from the quantity of the longest day of every Parallel is found out the Elevation or Latitude of the Pole of every one of them according to the XI Proposition Lastly you have the interval or Latitude of the Climates if you take the Latitude of the beginning Parallel from the Latitude of the ending Parallel All these being noted in the Table we shall have a Table of the Climates which I have hereunto annexed A Table of the Climates and Parallels Climates
place assumed and makes the beginning of a new Summer which continueth until the Sun cometh to the five and twentieth of Libra For then again he obtaineth a middle distance and tendeth to the point of the greatest distance viz. the first of Capricorn therefore then he shall make the beginning of Autumn and in the first of Capricorn the beginning of Winter So then we have shewed how such a place which lieth between the Aequator and the eighth degree of Northern Latitude in the Torrid Zone may have two Summers two Springs one Autumn and one Winter which by the same Mode may be shewn concerning the places lying between eight degrees of Latitude from the other side of the Aequator But in places scituate eight degrees beyond towards the Tropicks this holdeth nor because those points of the first degree of Cancer or the first of Capricorn have not a middle distance from them but lesser than a middle For the greatest distance of the Sun from the place of the ninth degree of Latitude that is possible is 32 degrees 30 minutes Therefore the middle is 16 degrees 45 minutes and therefore if the place be in the ninth degree of Northern Latitude the Sun being in the first of Cancer shall have a less distance from it than the middle distance is for that is only 14 degrees 30 minutes but this is 16 degrees Therefore in that place the Summer which beginneth with the first access of the Sun to the Vertex in the four and twentieth of Aries the fifteenth of April is not finished before the Tropick of Caner but shall be continued in the whole course of the Sun through Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo and Libra in the four and twentieth degree of which viz. about the fifteenth of October it endeth But here seem to arise two new difficulties 1. That these Months must not be ascribed to Summer because the Sun doth not recede by a direct course from the Vertex but first he acceedeth to another distance again and again whilst he receedeth from the Vertex of the place to the Tropick of Cancer but the Summer must be defined only by the time of his recess or departing back But I answer to this that the Summer ought to be defined by a departure but not by a departure to every distance but by a recess to a moderate or middle distance Neither by this is a mixt access excluded from a recess so that the recess be not greater than a middle distance 2. For the places lying between the Aequator and the eighth degree of Latitude seeing that before the first degree of Cancer or if the Latitude be Southernly before the first of Capricorn the Sun acquireth a moderate distance from those places where we said the end of the first Summer is it appeareth not that we should place the entrance of the Spring because the Sun is not directly moved from that point again towards the place but first it more departs viz. from the first of Cancer and from thence it returneth to the place But we must know that the departure is so small that we ought little to regard the same because it scarce maketh one or another degree and that time of a greater recess cannot be ascribed to another season except we will feign some new fifth and sixth Season Also it may otherwise seem concerning these places to some one viz. that an intermedial Spring should not be placed between two Summers but one continued Summer and that time of an intermedial Spring should be attributed to this Summer making no account of it that the Sun is removed to a middle distance from the place seeing that he remaineth so near the place and so little receedeth beyond his middle distance that he can hardly diminish the heat of the Air but by reason of his continuity rather augment at that time I shall contest with none about this but I think it more advantageous to insist on the explained Method but here is overmuch concerning this Subject Proposition IV. A place being given in the Torrid Zone to find out the daies of the year in which the Summer Autumn Spring and the Winter begin and end in that place The finding out of the days of the year in which the Seasons begin and end in places of the Torrid Zone 1. If the place be scituated in the Aequator we have shewed in the preceeding Theorem of the Proposition in what degrees these Seasons of the year begin and end which are there double 2. If the place be without the Aequator and removed from it beyond the eighth degree of Latitude or Distance let it be brought to the Meridian and let the imminent point of the Meridian be noted with Chalk then let the Globe be turned round until some point of the Ecliptick seated between the first degree of Aries and the first of Cancer come to the same point of the Meridian if the place given be in the Northern Torrid Zone but if in the Southern Torrid Zone then the point ought to pass between the first degree of Libra and the first of Capricorn this shall be the point which when the Sun entereth he makes the beginning of the Summer in the proposed place Then let the intercepted degrees between the noted point of the Meridian and the Tropick of Capricorn of Cancer if the place given be South be cut into two equal parts and let the middle point in the Meridian be noted and let the Globe be moved until the point of the Ecliptick seated between the first degree of Capricorn and the first of Aries between the first degree of Cancer and the first of Libra if the place be Southern pass through the last noted point of the Meridian Again let it be moved until another point between the first degree of Capricorn and the first of Libra the first of Cancer and the first of Aries if the place be Southern pass through the same point of the Meridian the first point will note the day for the entrance of the Spring the lâ—tter for the beginning of Autumn But the beginning of Winter is in the first of Capricorn if the place given be Northern but in the first of Cancer if Southernly They may also be resolved by Maps but most accurately from the Tables of Declination viz. with the Latitude of the place enter the Table of the Solary Declination in which seek that Latitude to which you see the four days of the year apposed from those take that which is between the 21 of March and the 21 of June if the place given or the Latitude of it given be Northern but if it be Southern take that day which happeneth between the 21 of September and the 21 of December this day shall be the beginning of the Summer Then take away half of the given Latitude of the plain from 11 degrees 45 minutes and seek the remaining Number in the Table of the Declination you shall see
distance from the place assumed the Spring when he goeth from a point of moderate distance towards the very Vertex of the Pole or to the point of the Ecliptick which is Vertical to the place or to the Parallel of the place the Summer where the Sun goeth from this other point of middle distance to a point of greatest distance that is the first degree of Capricorn or Cancer 2. In the places of the Aequator it self the Sun no day of the year remaineth above the Horizon more or less hours than twelve and so many beneath the Horizon In other places of the Torrid Zone one hour or an hour and an half at the most viz. in the extream places of this Zone about the Tropicks of Cancer and Capricorn when the day is at the longest the Sun remaineth above the Horizon twelve hours and in the shortest day about eleven hours and in the intermedial days that time of the stay of the Sum above and beneath the Horizon doth not much differ from twelve hours And therefore this is the cause that the nights are not without cold and the heat of the day continueth not long about the eveningtide 3. In the night time the Sun is profoundly depressed beneath the Horizon for that he illustrateth the Air with none of his rayes nay not reflex This is the cause that most dark nights are there and the cold of the night is augmented the Air is condensed and contracteth it self and being cold it descends towards the earth by its own ponderosity Moreover in a very short time about the space of half an hour before the rising of the Sun and after his setting those places have the light and heat of the Twilight 4 The Moon almost after the same manner as the Sun ascends directly from the Horizon towards the Meridian of those places yet a little more obliquely because it departeth from the Ecliptick and therefore towards the Torrid Zone about five degrees and it remaineth after the same manner as the Sun a little above twelve hours above the Horizon and is depressed beneath it almost so many hours and that profoundly as we have spoken of the Sun Therefore with her direct rayes or those near to the perpendicular she will augment the warmness of the night especially when she is Vertical to any place and diminish it by her recess but by reason of her short stay above the Horizon the effect of it is little discerned in any place except when it is Vertical to it 5. All the Stars arise and set in places nigh the Aequator but those Stars which are near the Pole in places more remote from the Aequator do not arise and those are but very few and therefore they can cause little heat and light and that also insensible in the Air. 6. In many places of the Torrid Zone as in India and its Isles in the Tongue of Africa and in Mexico the earth is Sulphureous which sendeth forth more calid vapours whence it communicateth a certain heat to the Air and a peculiar property In some places it is sandy as in the North part of Africa lying in the Torrid Zone in part of Lybia and the Land of the Negroes in many places of Arabia in Peru and in the places between Peru and Brazilia whence in these places a very great heat is raised by the Sun because the particles of the Sand do very long retain the heat received from the Sun and soon communicate the same to the vicine Air. In other places the Rivers are many and in those Sandy ones few there are many in Abyssine in Guiney Congo India and in Brazilia hence humid vapours are raised which do very much blunt the force of the Suns rayes and render his heat more tolerable 7. The most places of the Torrid Zone have the Sea adjacent as India and its Isles the Tongue of Africa Guiney Brazilia Peru Mexico some places of the Torrid Zone are Mediterranean as the more inward Africa the Regions between Peru and Brazilia whence it cometh to pass that in those places the heat and drought is greater and in some or most of them the Air is more moist and less fervent then can be caused by the Sun except other causes happen 8. Most of the Regions of the Torrid Zone seeing that they are almost encompassed by the Sea have in the middle places more or lesser ridges of exceeding high Mountains as India and its Isles the Tongue of Africa and Peru These rows of Mountains do very much vary the light heat and rayes of those places somewhere they hinder the Oriental rayes of the Sun otherwhere the Occidental Moreover the humid vapours condensed in the Air are moved to the Vertices of these Mountains as we have shewed in the twentieth Chapter whence rains and clouds proceed by which the heat and light of the Sun is very much obstructed and the Celestial cause of the Seasons is disturbed There are few of the places of the Torrid Zone which want those ridges as the inward Africa Mexico and the like 9. The effects of the Winds in the Torrid Zone are various and notable for a general wind blowing from the side Plagas of the East or from the East continually towards the West refrigerateth the Maritim places which regard the East as Brazilia the Oriental Coast of Africa but not so to those towards the West as Guiney Congo Angola and the Coasts of Peru. Some winds are appropriated as the South in Peru which winds dispel vapours towards the Plaga in which they blow Some are fixed winds of which we have largely treated in the one and twentieth Chapter Now these winds do very much disturb the Celestial cause of the Seasons for they are almost as equally constant and observe order as the motions of the Heaven it self They bring down the Air compel the vapours towards the tops of the Mountains and by other Modes alter the Seasons Ten Anniversary rains are in many places of the Torrid Zone and take away the Celestial cause seeing that they are as equally constant as the motion of the Sun it self For those err who suppose that this our Sublunary Orb observeth all with inconstancy and without order and that the Celestial only have a constant motion Seeing that the causes hitherto spoken of are so various to be able to cause the heat and the properties of the Seasons and in one place some are from other causes in another others are of force or concur in divers Seasons of the year or mutually impede one another hence we discover why the cause and condition of the Seasons of the Torrid Zone is so various Proposition XI How the Spring Summer Autumn and Winter Terrestrial do behave themselves and in what Months of the year they commence in the divers places of the Torrid Zone Of the beginning of the Seasons in places in the Torrid Zone We have said before and especially in the second Proposition that
are under the 52 degree of South Latitude yet they have no very hot Summer So that the Hollanders in the month of January when there should be an hot Summer found a great glade of Ice in the Creek of one of their Seas In the Mountains of the adjacent Coasts Snow is discovered all the Summer long and it is observed that in almost all the Regions of the South Temperate Zone they have a Cold far more intense in Winter and a violency of Rain and a less heat in Summer than the parts of our Northern Temperate Zone Whether this be the cause that the Sun makes a longer stay and the slower progress in the Semicircle of the Northern Zodiac than in the Southern is to be questioned In the Neighbouring Province of Peru which they call La Valla Imperial in the Province of Potosi they find so great a Cold that for four miles circumference there groweth nothing The season of Chili In the Kingdom of Chili which extendeth it self from 30 degrees of South Latitude to 50 degrees the Spring beginneth in the months of August sooner than the Celestial Account admitteth and endeth in the middle of November And from the middle of November Summer beginneth even to the middle of February from whence Autumn leadeth on to the middle of May which the Winter succedeth which is very violent and dispoileth the Trees of their Blossoms and scattereth a deep Snow with a vehement Frost which yet is discovered by the Sun except which is very seldom that the Sun appeareth not but the Snow rarely falleth in the Vallies for although it falls in great abundance and is heaped up so high that it ascends the tops of Mountains and is heaped together in the vacuity of the Mountains as in so many wells and indure almost the whole year yet being there dissolved they flow into the Rivers and Torrents which run through the Vallies with a great force even to the Sea to the great enrichment of the Grounds But although here it Snow not except rarely in the Plains yet it maketh so excessive a Frost that the like is scarcely felt in many parts of Europe which happeneth partly from the Altitude of the Pole partly from the propinquity of the Mountains from which descend so subtile and penetrating Winds that sometimes they are unsufferable whence it cometh to pass that the Maritim parts are more temperate He that is Studious may collect other differences of Region under the same Climate or in the vicine Climates from Writers for example that in England the Air is not so cold as in Holland so that they pen not up their Heards in the Winter Betwen Siberia and Tartaria in a place seated not far from the Frigid Zone in the end of our Temperate are said to be plesant Fields and rich Pastures almost no cold seeing that they scarce feel Winter where by the command of the Duke of Moscovia the City Tooru is built which is at this day so much encreased that it is able to repell the Assaults of the Tartars The Island of Japan In Japan the Winter is Cold Snowy Ruiny when yet other Regions of Europe and Asia lying under the same Climate have far lesser Winter the cause is because that Japan consists of many Islands disjoyned by a small Euripus and that it also lyeth in the middle of the Ocean America very hot in the Summer In Armenia and the adjoyning places there is great heat in Summer because it lieth amongst Mountains here and there mixed with Fields hence the more rich in some places in Summer remove to the tops of the Mountains and remain there for some months but the meaner sort in the day time defend themselves in the Mountains from the near and about eventide do descend to the lower ground Proposition XIII To declare how in places in the Frigid Zone the four Seasons of the year have themselves with the light Of the places in the Frigid Zone The cause of those Seasons with the light proposed in the entrance of this Chapter thus stands in the Frigid Zone 1. The Center of the Sun for some days or months as the place is either nearer or remote from the Pole doth not arise above the Horizon and for so many days setteth not 2. In those days when he is above the Horizon he only illustrateth those places with his oblique raies because he is not much elevated above the Horizon but moveth round it because those places are over much removed from the way of the Sun 3. The Sun is not deeply depressed beneath the Horizon yea in places near the Polary Circle or Artick Pole although the Center of the Sun doth not arise yet part of his Skirt ariseth and is beheld for some days above the Horizon before the Center it self ariseth by reason that the half Sun possesseth 15 minutes in the Heaven For example let us take those places whose distance is from the Aequator 67 degrees towards the Pole Artick let the Pole be elevated according to this Latitude and in the Meridian Crena of the Horizon you shall see that the degrees of the Ecliptick do not arise from the 19th degree of Sagittarius to the 11 of Capricorn that is the Center of the Sun being in that Arch doth not arise for 24 days viz. from the 10th of December to the 4th of January and yet part of the Skirt of the Sun for that whole time shall be above the Horizon to wit on the 21 of December the Limbus glittereth the Horizon but on the 10 of December as also on the first of January half the Sun shall be above the Horizon and half beneath because the Center is then in the Horizon But the whole Sun shall be elevated above the Horizon when the Center of the Sun shall hold the 14 degree of Capricorn that is about the 4 day of January also the whole shall afterwards appear when his Center shall possess the 16 degree of Sagittarius that is about the 7 of December But in places where the elevation of the Pole is 70 or 75 degrees there this difference between the Oriental Limbus and the Oriental Center is very little so that the Limbus or Skirt scarcely anticipateth the rise of the Center of the Sun one day or half a day From this smallest of depression it followeth also that they enjoy the light of the Crepusculum many hours before the rising and after the setting of the Sun and although the Sun ariseth not yet in all or many of the hours of the day they have light in the Air. There is also another cause See Chap. 19. which maketh the Sun first to be seen before that he is elevated above the Horizon For thence it cometh to pass that not only the Sun is seen before he is elevated above the Horizon and before the Raies can directly come from him to the Eye but also that the light of the Twilight sooner illustrateth
who live under the Aequator Those who live under the very Aequator if they turn their faces towards the Northern Pole they then have the East on their right hand and the West on their left but if they turn their faces towards the Southern Pole it is contrariwise Those who live in the Northern Hemisphere to them their faces being turned to the Aequator the Sun going in the Northern Semicircle of the Zodiack will seem to rise and set behind them but perambulating the other Semicircle he will seem before them The contrary hapneth in the Northern Hemisphere and the contrary will also be observed if you turn your faces towards the Poles These are manifest from the consideration of his circumvolution and may be illustrated on the Globe but Mariners and others unskilful of the Celestial motions are wont to wonder at it when they sayl from our Hemisphere into the Southern Hemisphere Proposition IV. The Celestial Affections of the Antoeci compared amongst themselves are thus 1. They have the same Meridies See Propos 1. the same Midnight and reckon all their hours together as is manifest from the first Proposition of this Chapter 2. They have contrary Seasons of the year at the same time for when it is Spring in one place it is Autumn in another when that hath Summer this hath Winter Proposition 2. as is manifest from the second Proposition of this Chapter 3. The days of one place are equal to the nights of the other and the days of this to the nights of the former 4. When the days of one place increase to the longest day in the mean while the days of the other decrease even to the shortest for they have opposite equal days in their Kalendar For Example the day of one place at the twentieth of April is equal to the twentieth of October in the other place 5. On the days of the Aequinoctial the Sun riseth and setteth together to them but on other days sooner to the one than the other also in those two days the Sun hath the same altitude above the Horizon of the Antoeci at every moment of time but on other days a different Altitude 6. To those that turn their faces one towards another or those who regard the Aequator to one the Sun shall seem to rise on the right hand and set on the left and to the other to rise and set contrary After the same Mode all the Stars shall rise to one on the right hand and to the other on the left 7. When the Sun riseth and setteth behind to the one he riseth and setteth before to the other contrariwise to this on the left hand when to that on the right 8. They have the divers Poles elevated by an equal Elevation 9. The Stars appearing perpetually to one place or not setting never arise to the other place but always remain depressed beneath the Horizon contrariwise those which never set to this place never rise to that These are all manifest from the Globe Proposition V. Those which inhabit in the Aequator have no Antoeci but the Perioeci of those are the same with the Antipodes of these The Poles of the Earth have no Perioeci for they are mutually one to the other Antoeci and Antipodes The truth of this Proposition is evident from the Definitions of the Antoeci Perioeci and Antipodes and therefore needs no probation Proposition VI. A place being given in the Globe to exhibit the place of the Antoeci Perioeci and Antipodes of the same Let the place be brought to the Brazen Meridian and as many degrees as are intercepted between this and the Aequator let so many be numbred from one part of the Aequator the term of the Numeration shall be the place of the Antoeci Then let the Index be applied to the 12th hour of the Cycle and let the point of the Meridian be noted which hangeth over the place given also that which hangeth over the place of the Antoeci this being done let the Globe be turned round until the Index shall shew the other 12 hours so the point of the Globe which is subjected to the noted point of the Meridian of the place given shall be the place of the Perioeci and the point of the Globe subjected to the other noted point of the Meridian shall be the place of the Antipodes Proposition VII Those who live in the same Parallel of the Earth have every day and every night equal every one of the Stars also remaineth an equal time above their Horizons the same Stars never set the same Stars never rise the Sun every day and all the Stars also rise and set to them in the same quarter and in the same hour also the Stars are equally elevavated above the Horizon or depressed beneath it They have the same Pole equally elevated their faces being turned to the Aequator or the same Pole the Stars rise to them from the same side and set on the same side they have the same seasons of the year Spring Summer Autumn Winter together and at the same time excepting the singular properties of some places These are manifest from the very consideration of the motions of the Stars and scituation of the Places of the Earth In the Globe if that one certain Parallel be taken and the Pole be elevated near its Latitude or distance from the Aequator the Wooden Horizon of all places shall be the Horizon of that Parallel viz. if that every place be brought to the Meridian and then will be manifest what this Proposition containeth Proposition VIII The Celestial Affections of the Perioeci compared one with another are thus The Celestial Affections of the Perioeci compared together 1. They have all those things common which we have related in the preceding Proposition concerning the Inhabitants of one and the same Parallel 2. They reckon contrary hours of the day in reality but yet the same in name viz. when in one place it is Noon and the 12th Meridian hour then in the other it is Midnight and the 12th hour of Midnight and the Inhabitants of this number 1 2 3 from Midnight whilst they number 1 2 3 from Midnoon 3. On the days of the Aequinoxes the Sun setteth to one place whilst it riseth to another and therefore the time of the day of one place is the night of another but on other days of the year viz. on the half year in which the Sun runneth through the vicine Semicircle of those places of the Zodiack that is in the Spring and Summer it first riseth to one place before he setteth to another and therefore in some hours or some parts of an hour they have both the day and the night conspicuous together viz. whilst the Sun tendeth towards the setting to one place he beginneth to ascend towards the Meridian to the other having now emerged above the Horizon But in the other half of the year Autumn and Winter in which the Sun runneth the
more remote Semicircle of the Zodiack he first setteth to one place before he riseth to another viz. the Perioeci and therefore they have no part of the day but some part of the night common and the Sun for some hours or for some parts of the hours depressed beneath the Horizon so that to one place it is the end of the night to the other the beginning 4. After the same Mode those Stars which decline from the Aequator towards the Pole elevated to the Perioeci may be seen for some hours or for some parts of hours at once viz. before they are set to one place they are risen to another and on the contrary before they are risen to that they are not set to this and in this for so much the longer time by how much the Star is more remote from the Aequator towards the Pole elevated On the contrary they never see those Stars together which decline from the Aequator towards the Pole depressed to the Perioeci but they first set to one place before they arise to another and therefore for some time or for some hours or parts of the hours of the day they are conspicuous to neither of the Perioeci and for so much the longer time by how much the Star is more near the Pole and those Stars which remain continually to the Antoeci above the Horizon are perpetually obscured to the Perioeci 5. What place of the Earth one of the Perioeci hath in the setting Aequinoctial or to the West the same the other of the Perioeci being about to shew directs the digit to the Oriental quarter whereof one part is common to the Antoeci the rest to the Perioeci Proposition IX The Celestial Affections of the Antipodes compared one with another are thus The Celestial Affections of the Antipodes 1. In all the days of the year the Sun and the Stars rise to one place whilst they set to another for they have the same Horizon although a different face 2. The day of one is the night of another 3. They have opposite equal days of the year as also nights so that the longest day of the one place is the shortest of the other 4. They have contrary seasons of the year at the same time and the same seasons in an opposite time viz. some have Spring whilst the other hath Autumn the one Summer whilst the other hath Winter and contrariwise 5. They have the different Poles elevated by an equal Elevation they are equally distant from the Aequator but that from the diverse quarters of it they are seated in the same Meridian but that is in its different Semicircles 6. They reckon indeed the contrary hours of the day but the same in name viz. it is Noon to one place whilst it is Midnight to the other 7. What Stars continually appear to one place or do remain above the Horizon they perpetually remain beneath the Horizon of the other place Also what Stars remain a long space above the Horizon of one place they remain but a short time above the Horizon of the other place 8. The Sun and Stars seem to rise to the Inhabitants of one place on the right hand to the Inhabitants of the other on the left if that both shall turn their faces to the Aequator Proposition X. The Perioeci of one place are the Antipodes of the Antoeci of that place and the Antoeci of the Antipodes of that place So the Antipodes of one place are the Perioeci of the Antoeci of that place and the Antoeci of the Perioeci These are plain from the Definitions neither do they need probation Proposition XI A place in the Globe being given to find those places which have the same Hours and Meridies with the place given also those places which reckon contrary hours and Midnight when it is Midday in the place given Sundry Questions wrought and performed by the Glâ—be Let the place given be brought to the Brazen Meridian so all the places which are subject to the same Semicircle of the Meridian of this or those places which number at once all the same hours then let the Index be placed at the 12th hour of the Cycle and let the Globe be turned round until the Index shew the other 12th hour so the places which are subject to the same Semicircle of the Brazen Meridian are those reckon'd hours contrary to the hours of the place given Proposition XII A place being given in the Globe to fiad those places in which all the days of the year are equal to the nights of the former place Let the place given be brought to the Meridian and let the Parallel of its Antoeci be found All the places scituated in this Parallel satisfie the demand But if that a place be required whose days are equal to the nights of the place given and all the hours of the same then the place of the Antoeci is only that sought for But if all the hours be contrary the place of the Antipodes only satisfieth the demand Proposition XIII A place in the Globe and the day of the year being given to find the hours in which the Inhabitants of that place and its Antoeci both together may see the Sun or in what hour the Sun is above the Horizon of both places also the hour in which he is sooner seen in one place than in another Let the Longitude or time of the stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place given See Propos 4. Chap. 25. at the day given according to the fourth Proposition of the 25th Chapter be found the hours in which this time is deficient from 24 hours are the hours of the day in the place of the Antoeci For these two places have the Sun elevated together so many hours as the day of the place given consisteth of hours or the day of the Antoeci viz. of that day which hath no more than 12 hours as he is in the days of the Aequinoxes but lesser than other days Or that I may speak more plainly if the day of the place given is less than 12 hours then the Antoeci shall see the Sun on the same hours but yet in more to wit before and after that time But if the day of the place given be more than 12 hours the number of the hours of the night must be taken for so many hours together the Antoeci shall see the Sun and no more and these hours are to be reckoned about the Meridies because they have their Meridies together Then half of the difference of the days or the difference between the day and night of the same place will shew the hours in which the Sun ariseth sooner above the Horizon of one place and also setteth later than to the other place of the Antoeci Proposition XIV A place being given in the Globe and the day of the year to find the hours in which the Inhabitants of that place together see the Sun with their
Division of Turkey This part of the Estate of the Turks which we call TVRKEY in EVROPE may be divided into two principal Regions viz. Sclavonia or Esclavonia and Greece ESC LAVONIA which shall be along the Danube from Germany unto the Black Sea and is bounded on one side with the Danube and on the other with the Mountain Marinai and under the name of Esclavonia may be understood Hungaria especially so much as the Turk is Master of the particular Esclavonia with the Provinces of Croacia Esclavia and Dalmatia of which parts the Grand Signior holds but one part then the Kingdom of Dacia The other Region which I call GREECE shall reach from the Mountain Marinai a great way into the Mediterranean Sea and advancing towards the South in which are several Provinces which we shall treat of HVNGARIA Kingdom of Hungaria described The Kingdom of HVNGARIA taken entirely is bounded on the East with Transilvania and Walachia on the South with Sclavonia on the West with Austria and on the North with Poland It is part possessed by the Christians and in part by the Turks It s fertility This Kingdom is of an exceeding fertil Soyl yielding Corn thrice a year and feeding such abundance of Cattle that it supplied Germany Sclavonia and other adjacent parts with about 100000 Oxen yearly they have Deer Pullain Phesants Partridges and all sorts of Fowl in such plenty that they are free for any one that will take them and their Rivers are found to afford excellent Fish It also aboundeth in several good Commodities as Hides Its Commodities Butter Cheese Copper Hony Wax Fish c. Its Inhabitants The People are of a rude behaviour not addicting themselves to Literature nor Mechanical Trades They use the Scythian Language they are well proportionate strong and very valiant The Females are denied the Estates of their Parents neither have they any thing in Marriage and until Men and Women are marryed they are not allowed the use of Beds to lye upon It s division This Kingdom now stands divided between the Grand Signior and the Hungarians The Turks have here four Beglerbies to wit of Buda of Canisa of Agrica and of Temiswar the chief Cities which they possess are Buda seated on the Danube once the Metropolis of the Kingdom and Royal Seat of the Kings of Hungaria it was taken by Solyman in 1536. Next Guyula a strong Town on the Confines of Transilvania which was betrayed by the Governour to Solyman in hopes of a great Reward which proved insuccessful unto him to the loss of his life then Alba Regalis which by the Germans is called Wisenburgh also Quinque Ecclesiae taken in the same year with Alba Regalis And these are the strong places and of good account with them The chief places in the Emperours or Hungarians possessions are Presburg seated on the edge of Austria and since the Turks became Masters of Buda this hath been the Metropolis of Hungaria next Strigonium or Gran once taken by the Turks but regained also Zegith taken by Solyman the Magnificent in Anno 1566 who there ended his days then Newhausel which hath several times withstood the fury of the Turks The other Towns in the Hungarians possession were if not are Komara in the Isle of Schut then Bars Novigrad Vizzegrad Papa Sarwar and Owar The chief Order of Knighthood in this Kingdom is that of the Dragon instituted by Sigismund King of Hungaria and Emperour ESCLAVONIA Bounds of Esclavonia ESCLAVONIA hath for its Eastern bounds the River Drinus and a line drawn thence to the Sea for its Southern bounds the Adriatick Sea for its Western part of Italy and for its Northern Hungaria The whole length of this Country is about 480 miles and its breadth about 120 it is scituate under the 6th and 7th Climats the longest day making 15 hours and a half It s division This Country is divided into the Provinces of Croacia Dalmatia and the particular Esclavonia and are partly possessed by the Venetians and partly by the Turks It s fertility The Country is observed to be more fit for grazing and feeding of Cattle than for Tillage for the Sheep and other Cattle bring forth their young twice a year and their Sheep are shorn four times a year likewise their chief Commodities are Horses for Service Cattle which yields them abundance of Hides Tallow Butter Cheese and Wool of which they make Cloth Here are also some Mines of Gold and Silver which are in the Turks possession In Esclavonia the chief places in the Turks possession are Posega a place of good account and Barra and in the Venetians possession is Copranitz a fair strong and good City Province of Croacia The Province of CROACIA is in a manner wholly possessed by the Venetians the Turks only possessing the strong Town of Withitz the chief places possessed by the Venetians are 1. Sisseg or Sissaken famous for its resisting the Turks in 1592 a fair and strong City 2. Gardiskia seated on the Savus 3. Novigrod also seated on the Savus and 4. Bruman Province of Dalmatia The Province of DALMATIA whose Southern parts are washed with the Adriatick Sea is divided betwixt the Venetians who hold the greatest part and the Turks whose chief places are 1. Marenza seated on the Sea-shoar 2. Mostar an Inland Town towards Bosnia 3. Stagno and 4. Sibioncello both Maritim Towns and nigh unto which is the Isle of MELEDA which also belongs to the Grand Signior The chief Towns in the possession of the Venetians are 1. Rhagusa seated on the Adriatick Sea a City of great Traffick and Riches being a Commonwealth of it self 2. Spalato a Maritim Town on the Adriatick and in a most pleasant Valley on the South side of great Mountains and in the Wall towards the Sea is to be seen a great remainder of a Gallery in Dioclesians Palace This Town is kept by the Venetians as their only Emporium plyed successively with two Gallies which carry between this place and Venice such Merchandize as are Transported into Turkey or from thence brought in 3. Zara a strong Fortress feated on the Adriatick within the Gulph which by reason of its commodions scituation is most apt to command the whole Adriatick and is strongly fortified and well Mann'd In this City is a Temple of St. John di Malvatia which was built by a company of Sea-men who being in a great and dangerous Tempest made a Vow that if they escaped they would consecrate a Temple to the said St. John and being saved they Landed here and performed their Vows 4. Sebenico seated on the Sea-shoar having large Territories 5. Nona and 6. Traw DACIA Its Bounds The Kingdom of DACIA is bounded on the East with the Euxine Seas on the West with Hungaria and on the North with the Carpathian Mountains The Country throughout is very fertil affording for Merchandize Oxen Butter Cheese Tallow Hides Hony
Wax Commodities and excellent Warlike Horses whose Manes are said to hang down to their feet their Fruits are good and in great plenty and the Earth is inriched with Mines of several Metals It is seated in the Northern Temperate Zone between the 7th and 10th Climates which makes the longest day to be 17 hours It s People The People are well made and proportionate they are head-strong resolute in their Opinions and of no ready wit they use the Sclavonian Language they are Christians and follow the Greek Church The Kingdom at present is divided into several Provinces as in the Geographical Table of Turkey in Europe is set down all which are subject to the Grand Signior Province of Transilvania The Province of TRANSILVANIA hath for its chief places 1. Waranine far engaged towards the West and it is a frontier Town to Hungaria and of some account and strength 2. Hermensted more towards Moldavia 3. Weisenburg 4. Burges 5. and Hanyad Province of Bosnia The Province of BOSNIA hath for its chief place 1. Saraih the Metropolitan City seated in a fruitful Valley which on the North and South sides are immured with ridges of pleasant Hills of an easie ascent This City is said to contain about 80 Mescheetoes and about 20000 Houses which for the most part are but meanly built 2. Bagnialuch once the residence of the Bosnian Kings and 3. Jayeza the usual Sepulchre of those Kings Province of Servia The Province of SERVIA whose chief Cities are 1. Belgrade once the Bulwark of Christendom valiantly resisting the power of Amurath the 6th and Mahomet the Great but yielded to Solyman Anno 1520 when this whole Country became a Turkish Province 2. Stonebourgh once the Seat of its Despot and 3. Samandria Province of Bulgaria The Province of BVLGARIA hath for its chief places 1. Sofia the Seat of the Beglerbeg of Greece under whom are 21 Sangiacs seated almost in the midst of a long and fruitful Valley beautified with many fair Hanes and Baths the chief of which hath hot Fountains It s Colledge is magnificent and its Mescheetoes are many and beautiful especially that in the midst of the City which is the largest and here the doors of the houses of the Christians and Jews are not above 3 foot high which is so made to keep out the Turkish Horses who would else in their Travels make them serve instead of Stables so great is the slavery that they live under 2. Oesco 3. Novi 4. Durostoro and 5. Destor all which are seated on the Danube 6. Proslavia seated at the mouth of one of the branches of the Danube at its fall into the Euxine Sea 7. Calutra and 8. Varna both seated on the Euxine or Black Sea Province of Moldavia The Province of MOLDAVIA whose chief places are 1. Zuccania once the Seat of the Vaivod 2. Sotzowa and 3. Lazy both good Cities Country of Bessarabia To the Province of Moldavia doth belong the small Country of BESSARABIA which lieth between Podolia and Bulgaria and is commodiously seated on the Black Sea It s chief places are Kherman or Moncastro the Seat of the Turkish Sargiack seated on the River Tyras not far from its influx into the Sea and 2. Kilia also seated on the Euxine Sea Province of Walachia The Province of WALACHIA being divided from Bulgaria by the Danube and is esteemed the richest Province in all Dacia It s chief places are 1. Targovisco the Seat of the Vajuods 2. Domboviza and 3. Brailonum GREECE The Parts of Greece The rest of Turkey in Europe may be comprehended under the name of GREECE which is divided into several parts to wit Romania which answers to the ancient Thrace Macedonia whose divers parts have received divers names as that of Jamboli of Camenolitaria of Migdonia or particular Macedonia Albania and Thessaly which is now called Junna Epirus now Canina Achaia and Aetolla now Livadia and Peloponnesus now the Morea Its Bounds GREECE esteemed the Mother of Arts and Sciences hath for its Eastern bounds the Egean Sea the Hellespont Propontis and Thracian Bosphorus and for its Western the Adriatick Sea and Italy It is seated in the Northern Temperate Zone under the 5th and 6th Climates the longest day being 15 hours It s sertllity and Commoties The Soil without doubt is very rich and fruitful and would be very prositable to the Husbandman if pains were taken in tilling it but the Great Turk seizing on their Estates when and as often as he pleaseth makes them careless to cultivate it yet here are found several good Commodities which are transported to other places as Wines Oils Silk both raw and wrought into severai Manufactures as Velvets Damasks c. also Gragrams Brimstone Copper Vitriol Cottons Sopes Carpets Cute Currants Cuminseed Anniseeds c. The Ancient and present Greeks The Grecians though a scattered People since the Turks became Masters of their Country vet still retain their Name Religion Customs and Language as indeed they do in all other places where they live They were once a Nation so excellent that their Precepts and Examples do yet remain as approved Canons to direct the mind to Vertue they were Lovers of freedom every way noble in matters of Government famous in Arms glorious in Arts admirable and to whom the rest of the World were held Barbarians but since they became under the Turkish yoke for the generaliay their Spirits are so low that their knowledge is turned into ignorance their liberty into contented slavery their Vertues into Vices and their industry in Arts and Sciences into idleness They are much addicted to drink and dancing for which they had the name of Merry Greeks they are of a good proportion and of a swarthy complexion their Women are well favoured brown and excessively amorous in matters of Habit they differ little from those amongst whom they live The Christian Faith was here established by Timothy to whom St. Paul wrote two Epistles The Fathers which this Church most adhereth unto are Chrysostom Basil and the two Gregories and the Church is governed by Patriarchs one of Constantinople another of Alexandria another of Jerusalem and another of Antioch freely exercising their Religion which differeth much from the Church of Rome as I shall in place elsewhere take notice oâ— and have every where their Temples and Monasteries If a Patriarch die another is elected by the Synod of Bishops Famous Men here bred This Country hath bred several famous Men as Alexander the Subverter of the Persian Monarchy Xenophon Plutarch Herodotus and Thucydides famous Historiographers Epaminondas Pyrrhus Miltiades and Aristides Captains Plato Aristotle Socrates and Theophrastus Divine Philosophers Demosthenes Aeschines and Isocrates eloquent Oratours with several others too tedious to name but to proceed to the Provinces Province of Romania ROMANIA particularly so called a Country of it self neither of a rich Soyl nor pleasant Air more
wast-ground it is watered by the Rivers Scheld and Ley which run through the City and make 26 Islands which are conjoyned by 98 Bridges This place is particularly famous for being the Birth-place of John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster 2. Bruges seated on a large and deep Channel of the Sea from which it is distant about three Leagues once a famous Mart Town but now of small account as to matters of Traffick 3. Ipres seated on a River so called a Town of great strength 4. Graveling or Gravelines feated on the Sea-shoar a place of good strength and 5. Lisle of some account The four principal Ports in Flanders are 1. Dunkirk now in the possession of the French a place of good strength especially of late when the English were Masters of it nigh to which is the impregnable Fort of Mardike also so made by the English The Inhabitants of this Town are found very troublesom on the Seas to those that are their Enemies 2. Ostend an exceeding strong place as is manifest by its holding out a Siege of three years three months three weeks and odd days against the Arch-Duke nigh to which was fought that bloody Battel in 1660 between the Arch-Duke Albertus and the States where by the valour of the English the Victory was gained and 3. Sluce seated at the Mouth of the Channel of Bruges where it enjoys a fair and commodious Haven capable to receive about 500 Sail of good Ships now subject to the States of Holland Throughout all Flanders are a great many Religious-houses and Nunneries which are filled with vertuous Gentlewomen for the most part Maidens who live a Religious life and at spare times makes curious Works which are disposed of by the Lady Abbess Earldom of Artois The Earldom of ARTOIS North of Flanders is divided into Wallone and Flamingat and said to contain about 750 Villages and 12 walled Towns the chief among which are 1. Arras where the Tapestry Hangings and Cloths of Arras were first invented and made 2. Hesdinfert a very strong Frontier Town towards Picardy 3. Bappaumes 4. St. Omer and 5. Aire Earldom of Haynault The Earldom of HAYNAVLT West of Flanders is said to number about 900 Villages and 24 Towns the chief amongst which are 1. Mons an ancient and strong Town 2. Valenciennes so seated on the Scheld that it cannot be besieged except with three Armies at one time 3. Maubeugel 4. Avesnes about which are digged excellent white Stones for building 5. Landrechies and 6. Philippeville Earldom of Namur The Earldom of NAMVR North of Brabant hath about 180 Villages and 4 walled Yowns viz. Namur Charlemont Bovines and Valencourt This Country is very fertil in Grains hath store of Mines of Jasper all sorts of Marble and abundance of Iron Under the subdivision of the Provinces upon the Rhine may be comprehended Alsatia the Palatinate of the Rhine the Archbishopricks and Electorates on the Rhine the Estates of the Succession of Cleves and Julier and the Vnited Provinces of the Low Countries c. Province of Alsatia ALSATIA Westwards of Lorrain hath for its chief places 1. Strasbourg formerly Argentina because here the Romans received the Tribute of the Conquered Nations seated in Lower Alsatia near the Rhine from which here is a Channel cut for the conveyance of Commodities This City is about 7 miles in circuit is a good place of strength and famous for its many Rareties as its admirable Clock a description of which I shall here set down which was given me by an Ingenious person who took this particular account thereof FOR the curiousness of the Work it self I cannot set it forth neither can any man take pleasure of the Workmanship but such as see it In the whole work there are Nine things to be considered which ascend up one above another as the description sheweth whereof eight are in the Wall the ninth and that the most wonderful standeth on the ground three foot or such a matter from the Ground and Wall and that is a great Globe of the Heavens perfectly described in which are three Motions one of the whole Globe which betokeneth the whole Heavens and moveth about from the East to the West in four and twenty hours the second is of the Sun which runneth through the Signs there described by that Artificial motion it hath once every year the third is of the Moon which runneth her course in 28 days So that in this Globe you may view as if you had the Heavens in your hand the Motions of the whole Heavens the motion of the Sun and Moon every Minute of an hour the rising and falling of every Star among which Stars are the Makers of this work Dassipodius and Wolkinstenius described yea better than in the true Heavens because here the Sun darkneth them not by day nor the Moon by night The Instruments of these Motions are hid in the Body of a Pelican which is portraied under the Globe The Pole lifted up to the Elevation of Strasburgh and noted by a fair Star made in Brass the Zenith is declared by an Angel placed in the midst of the Meridian The second thing to be observed which is the first on the Wall are two great Circles one within another the one eight foot the other nine foot broad the uttermost moveth from the North to the South once in a year and hath two Angels the one on the North-side which pointeth every day in the Week the other on the South-side which pointeth what day shall be one half year after The Inner circle moveth from South to North once in a hundred years and hath many things described about it as the Year of the World the Year of our Lord the circle of the Sun the processions of the Aequinoctials with the change of the Solstitial points which things fall out by the motion which is called Trepidationis the Leap-year the Movable Feasts and the Dominical Letter or Golden Number as it turneth every year There is an immovable Index which incloseth for every year all these things within it the lower part of which Index is joyned to another round Circle which is immovable wherein the Province of Alsatia is fairly described and the City of Strasburgh On both sides of these Circles on the Wall the Eclipses of the Sun and Moon are which are to come for many years even so many years as the Wall might orderly contain The third thing which is to be seen a little above this is a weekly motion of the Planets as they name the day as on Sunday the Sun is drawn about in his Charriot accordingly as the day is spent and so drawn into another place so that before he be full in you shall have Monday that is the Moon clean forth and the Horses of Mars's Charriot putting forth their heads and so it is for every day in the week On this side there are nothing but dumb Pictures to garnish the Wall
for Woolen-Cloth In this City there hath been observed to be 777 Brewers 40 Bakers one Lawyer and one Physitian the reason of this great disproportion as one wittily observed was that a Cup of Nimis is the best Vomiting potion and their Controversies were sooner composed over a Pot of Drink than by order of Law 3. Stoad commodiously seated for Traffick on the Elve about five miles distance from Hambourg once a place of a better Trade than now it is These Cities are called Free from their great Prerogatives in coyning Money and ruling by their own Laws and Imperial as knowing no Lord or Protector but the Emperour to whom they pay two Thirds of such Contributions as are assessed in the Assemblies Germany is a spacious Country and very populous the People are of a strong Constitution and good Complexion are very ingenious and stout much given to drink but of a generous disposition the Poorer sort great Pains-takers and the Nobles which are many for the Title of the Father descends to all their Children are either good Scholars or stout Souldiers so that a Son of a Duke is a Duke a thing which the Italians hold so vain and foolish that in derision they say That the Dukes and Earls of Germany the Dons of Spain the Nobility of Hungaria the Bishops of Italy the Lairds of Scotland the Monsieurs of France and the younger Brethren of England make a poor Company There are so many inferiour yet free Princes in this Country that in a days Journey a Traveller may meet with many Laws and as many sorts of Coin every Prince making use of his own Laws and Coins whose Laws the Emperours are sworn to keep which made one say that the Emperour is King of Kings the King of Spain King of Men and the King of France King of Asses as bearing his heavy Taxes The fertility and Commoditles of Germany The Country is generally fertil and temperate being scituate under the Temperate Zone Here are many Mines of Silver and other Inferiour Mettals it hath store of Corn and Wine which they transport to forreign Countries as likewise Linnen Laces Woollen and divers Manufactures also Quicksilver Alom Arms of all sorts and other Iron-works and its Ponds Lakes and Rivers are well stored with Fish It s chief Rivers The chief Rivers of Germany are the Rhine the Weser the Elbe and the Oder for the Danube having but a small course in this Country shall be elsewhere spoken of The Commodities and Trade of Belgium That part which we call BELGIVM or the Low Countries is of a large extent seated in the North Temperate Zone under the 8 and 9th Climates the longest day being 17 hours the Air by reason of the industry of the Inhabitants in draining the Marishes and turning the standing-Waters into running-Streams is now very healthful as being purged from those gross Vapours which did thence arise the Country lieth exceeding low and therefore subject to Inundations The Commodities that these Countries yield are Linnens Yarn Thread Sayes Silks Velvets Tapestries Pictures Prints Blades Sope Butter Cheese Fish Pots Bottles Ropes Cables Armour several Manufactures c. besides the Commodities of India Persia China Turkey and other parts which are here had in great plenty by reason of the vast Trade they drive in all parts The Estates of the Crown of POLAND are POLAND under the name of which is comprized The Kingdom of POLAND as it is divided into the Higher or Little POLAND where are the Palatinates of Cracou with its Castlewicks of Cracou Vounicz Sandecz Biecz Sandomirie with its Castlewicks of Sandomitz Vislicz Radom Zawichost Zaroâ—w Malogocz Czeschow Lublin with its Castle Lublin Lower or Great POLAND where are the Palatinates of Posna where are the Castlewicks of Posna Meseritz Ragozno Sremck Brzesti Crimn Sandock Kalisch with its Castlewicks of Kalisch Kamin Gnesna Landa Nackel Biechow Sirad with its Castlewicks of Sirad Wielâ—n Rozpirz Lencini with its Castlewicks of Lencici Bressini Inowlocz Dobrzin with its Castlewicks of Dobizin Rippin Stouck Ploczk with its Castlewicks of Ploczk Rasuntz Sceps Rava with its Castlewicks of Rava Sochaczow Gostiny Cowal Divers Dutchies with their Castlewicks to wit RUSSIA NOIRE which is esteemed in the Higher Poland where are the Palatinates of Leowenborg or Leopolis with its Castlewicks of Leowenborg Halicz Drzemist Zamoscie Belz with its Castlewicks of Beln Chelm CUJAVIA which is esteemed in the Lower Poland where are the Palatinates of Brzesti with its Castlewicks of Brzesti Krusnick Cowal Uladislau with its Castlewicks of Uladislau Bidgost MAZOVIA also esteemed in the Lower Poland where are the Palatinates of Czersk with its Castlewicks of Warzaw Liw Czersk Wissegrod Zakrotzim Ciechanow Wilna PRUSSIA or PRUSSE as it is divided in POLAQUIE PRUSSIA ROYALE where are the Palatinates of Dantzick with its Castlewicks of Dantzick Elbing with its Castlewicks of Elbing Marienburg with its Castlewicks of Marienburg Culm with its Castlewicks of Culm PRUSSIA DUCALE with its Palatinate and Castlewick of Koningsberg with its Palatinate of Bielsk with its Castlewick of Bielsk And divers other Estates Dutchies c. united or subject to the Crown of POLAND viz. Dutchy of LITHUANIA under the name of which are comprised LITHUANIA where are the Palatinates of Wilna with its Castlewicks of Wilna Osmiana Wilkomirs Braslaw with its Castlewicks Braslaw Misdzial Troki with its Castlewicks Troki Kowno Grodno Lida Minsk with its Castlewicks of Minsk Borissow Robaczow Rzeczica Mary Minsk with its Castlewicks of Mscislnw Mohilow Orssa Novogrodeck with its Castlewicks of Novogrodeck Slonim Woskowiska Polosczk with its Castlew of Polosczk Vitepsk with its Castlew of Vitepsk POLESIE where is Breâ—siici with its Castlew of Bressici SAMOGITIE with its Palatinate and Castlewick of Rosienie Dutchy of VOLHYNIE as it is divided in the Higher VOLHYNIE with its Palarinate of Lusuc with its Castlewicks of Lusuc Wolodomiers Krzemienec Lower VOLHYNIE with its Palatinate of Kiovia with its Castlewicks of Kiovia Owrucze Zitomirz PODOLIE with its Palat. of the Higher PODOLIE as Kamieniec with its Castlew of Kamieniec Lower PODOLIE as Braclaw with its Castlewick of Braclaw Part of MOSCOVIA where are The Dutchies of Smolensko with its Castlew of Smolensko Novogrodeck with its Cast of Novogrodeck POLAND Poland and its parts THE Estates of the Crown of Poland ought to be considered in two sorts the one called the Estates of POLAND and the other of LITHVANIA these two having heretofore had their Kings and Dukes apart and not having been united till within about 270 years The Estates of Poland shall be Poland which we will divide into the Higher and Lower or Lesser and Greater and into the Dutchies of Russia Noire Cajavia Mazovia and Prussia The Estates of Lithuania may be divided into Lithuania Volhinia Podolia c. all Dutchies but Lithuania much the greater wherefore he who possesseth them is entituled the Great Duke of Lithuania It s extent All these Estates of Poland and Lithuania taken
Bogs which oft-times prove dangerous especially to New-comers and occasion Rheums and Fluxes for the cure of which they drink a sort of hot Water called Vskebah It s Air and Temperature It is blest with a mild and healthful Air its Summer being not so hot nor its Winter so cold as in England but more inclined to soggy Mists and Rains which makes it more unfit for Tillage than Pasturage the Clime being not very favourable for ripening of Corn or Fruits but beareth such great abundance of long and sweet Grass that the Cattle which are the Inhabitants chiefest wealth are soon fat and fit for slaughter therewith And it is further observed That the Air is so pure that it neither breedeth nor suffereth any venemous Beast Serpent or Insect being brought out of other Countries long to retain their life Its Names Many have been the Names according to Tradition that this Island hath been known by Orphaeus Aristotle and Claudian named it Jerna Juvenal and Mela Iverna or Hibernia Diodorus Siculus Iris Eustachius Oyernia and Bernia the Britains Yuerdon the Natives Eryn and the English Ireland Why so called Some there be that will have it called Hibernia from Hyberno tempore that is from its Winter season others from Hiberus a Spaniard and others from the ancient River Iberus whilst some strive to have it so called from the Irish word Hiere which signifieth West or Western Coast whence Eryn may seem to fetch its derivation Festus Avienus calleth this Island Sacram Insulam the Holy Island for that the People are soon drawn thereunto witness the many Saints that it hath produced Ireland long ago inhabited If you will take for truth what the Irish Historians report this Island hath been exceeding long inhabited for according to Cambden 't is said that it was possessed by Caesarea Niece to Noah before the Floud that Bartholanus a Scythian arrived here near 300 years before the Deluge that many years after Nemethus with his four Sons arrived here but was soon forced hence by the Giant-like sort of People of the Nimrods Race here inhabiting that after this the Five Grecians seized this Island and that soon after being about the time of the Israelites departure out of Aegypt Gaothel with his Wife Scota Daughter to Pharaoh King of Aegypt landed here and called the Island Scotia from his Wifes name And further the British History saith that some Ages after Hiberius Hermion Euer and Erimon Sons of Milesius King of Spain by permission of Gurguntius the British King here planted Colonies after that the Country had been wasted by a Pestilence and from the eldest Son was called Hibernia Nor is it much to be doubted but that the Britains setled themselves here seeing there is so great affinity betwixt them and the Irish in their natures dispositions and speech It s Extent Scituation This Island contains in length about 240 miles and in breadth about 120 't is scituate under the 10th and 12th Climates the longest day making about 16 hours It is a near Neighbour to Scotland from which it is separated by an Isthmus of about seven miles but England far more remote being from Dublin its Metropolitan City to Holy-land in the Isle of Anglesey the usual place for taking of Landing about 50. It s strength It is an Island of great strength as well by Nature as Art by reason of its scituation in such Tempestuous and dangerous Seas and the several Fortifications and Castles that the English have built since they became Masters thereof It s chief Rivers It is a Country well watered having several great Rivers the chief amongst which are those of Shannon being about 60 miles navigable and after its course of about 200 miles looseth it self into the Western Ocean Liff Showre Awidaff Slanie Sione c. And besides these Rivers there are several Lakes or Loughs amongst which that of most note is Lough-Erne about 30 miles in length and 15 in breadth in which are several small Isles Its Commodities The Commodities that this Island affordeth are great abundance of Cattle Hides Tallow Cheese Wool of which they make course-Cloth Freezes Rugs Mantles c. also Furs Pipe-staves Salt Hemp Linnen-Cloth Hony and Wax and its Seas likewise afford great plenty of Cod-fish Herrings Pilchards Oysters c. Its Inhabitants It s Native Inhabitants were extreamly rude and barbarous they made use of Women in common without any difference of other mens Wives they were very bold couragious and greedy of honour constant in love impatient of Injuries of an easie belief much addicted to phantastical conceits as holding it ominous to give their Neighbours Fire on a May-day with many the like Fooleries they are much inclined to superstitious Idolatry as worshipping the Moon after her change about their Childrens Necks they hung the beginning of St. Johns Gospel a piece of Wolves-skin or a crooked Nail of a Horse-shoe which they thought preserved them from danger the Hoofs of dead Horses they held Sacred with many such like ridiculous Fancies They accounted Ease and Idleness their greatest Liberty and Riches not coveting Worldly possessions contenting themselves with mean Cottages Hovels or Cabins nor were they profuse in their Apparel or Diet being well satisfied if they had wherewith to keep them warm and to fill their Bellies their chief food being Herbs Roots Butter Milk Oatmeal and the like For their dying they hired Women to Mourn who expostulated why they would die telling them that they had such and such things and the Corps were accompanied to the Grave with howlings clapping of hands and such like sorrowful actions But many of these ridiculous and absurd Customs since the English are setled amongst them are forgotten The Christian Faith was here first planted by St. Patrick The Christian Falth first planted by St. Patrick this Patrick according to Writers was the Son of Calphurus by St. Martins Sister and born at Glasco in Scotland who in his Youth was taken Captive by the Irish Pirates and sold for six years as a Slave in the meanest condition to Macbuain yet in this dejected condition he much desired the Conversion of this Nation from their extream Idolatrous ways to the true serving of the living God insomuch that he dreamed that the unborn Babes cried unto him for Baptisin and being at length redeemed from his bondage by a piece of Gold which he found in the Field that was rooted up by some Swine he lest the Isle but still having his thoughts on these People in his Aged years he again returned and in better state than before preached the Gospel converted the People became Bishop of Armagh and when dead was received or canonized as their Saint The English become Masters of Ireland These Irish having civil dissentions amongst them prompted the English in the Reign of K. Henry the Second to attempt the Conquest of this Kingdom who in Anno Dom. 1172.
9. Episcopia where Apollo had both a Temple and a Grove This Temple was held so Sacred that those which touched it were thrown into the Sea The scituation fertility and Commodities of Cyprus This Island is seated under the Fourth Climate which makes the longest day to be but 14 hours and a half It is exceeding rich and fertil abounding in Corn Wine Oil Silks Cotton Turpentine Wool Hony Salt Verdigreace Alum Storax Colloquintida Laudanum All sorts of Metals c. To this Isle as to all other parts of Turky no English are suffered to Trade except those of the Company of Levant Merchants where they have a Factory and a Consul who is generally elected by the said Levant Company and established by the Ambassador The People are very civil to Strangers The People of Cyprus delighting in Hospitality also addicting themselves to War being strong and active and the Women were in former times given to unchastity by reason of their so great adoration of their goddess Venus it being the custom of these Women to prostitute themselves on the Shoars to Passers by where their Virgins would do the same But upon their receiving of Christianity by the Preachings of St. Paul and Barnabas being the Birth-place of the latter this with other of their uncivil and barbarous Customs were laid aside This ANATOLIA or ASIA MINOR which I have hitherto treated of is seated for the most part all in a healthful and temperate Air the Soil being generally fruitful once very populous and replenished with many fair and goodly Cities now lamenting the loss of about 4000 some of which by Earthquakes but most by the Wars the Turks brought against them The Commodities or Merchandizes which it abounds with Commodities in Asia Minor and communicates to other Nations are chiefly excellent Wines Goats-hair Camels-hair Grograin Yarn Silk Cotton Wool Cotton Yarn Cloth of a course make Coral Gauls though not so good as those of Syria Grograins Chamlets Mohairs Turky-Carpets Spunges Turpentine the best in the World Mastick with some other Commodities of less note which the English French Venetians and Dutch fetch from hence but chiefly from Smyrna it being the chief Town of Trade being a flourishing Factory where those Nations as hath been said before keep their Consuls SOVRIA or SYRIA Its Bounds SOVRIA formerly SYRIA the Great and at present Soristan with the Eastern People is near hand that which the Romans called their Diocess of the East as may seem by our now calling it the Levant It extends from the Mediterranean Sea which washes its Western Coast to the Euphrates which on the East divides it from Diarbeck and from Mount Aman or Monte-Negro which bounds it on the North and separates it from Cilicia unto Arabia and Egypt which border on its Southern parts The Ancients have divided it into three principal Parts the particular Syria called Syria Propria which as the greatest and best held the name of all Phoenicia and Judaea or Palestine This last stretcheth more towards the South Its Parts or Division by the Turks Syria towards the North and Phoenicia remaineth in the middle and all are along the Mediterranean Sea from Anatolia into Egypt the particular Syria alone touches the Euphrates the rest upon Arabia At present the Turks divide all Syria into two Beglerbeglies Aleppo and Damascus some make a third of Tripoli of Syria and give to this last five Sangiacats nine or ten to Damascus and seven to Aleppo which in all are 16 or 20 Sangiacats whose Names and Scituations are for the most part unknown we will content our selves to speak something of the Cities which have been or which yet are the principal of all these Quarters beginning with those of Syria SYRIA PROPRIA Syria Propria its bounds fertility and people SYRIA PROPRIA is bounded on the East with the River Euphrates and on the West with the Mediterranean Sea It is very fertil affording plenty of excellent Fruits Cotton-Wool Sheep which have Tails that weigh about 30 pounds with several other good Commodities The People were formerly very industrious but much addicted to Gluttony as did appear by their often and great Feasting they were subtle in their dealings much given to Superstition being worshippers of the goddess Fortune and other of their Syrian goddesses much addicted to Plays and Pastimes and given to Scoffing and Laughter It s chief places The chief Places in this Country are 1. Antioch or Antiochia once the Metropolis of Syria once so fair that it held the third or fourth degree amongst the best Cities of the Roman Empire Its Walls are yet standing and the most beautiful that Eye ever beheld within it is nothing but Ruins It s scituation is on the River Orontes so called at present Assi or Haser four Leagues from the Mediterranean shoar a place of great strength having for its Fortification an enchosure of two strong Walls on which for their further defence were erected about 460 Towers together with a strong Castle The City before its Ruins being adorned with stately Palaces Temples c. fit for so great a City being formerly the Seat of some of the Roman Emperours and of the chief Officers of their Empire in the Orient It was the first Seat of a Patriarch that St. Peter established and which held in the Infancy of the Church 1. The Diocesses of Thrace Asia Pontus and the East 2. Daphne about five miles from Antioch so named from Daphne one of the Mistresses of Apollo who was here worshipped famous for having here his Oracle and Grove which was about 10 miles in compass all encompassed with Cypresses and other Trees so tall and close together that the Beams of the Sun could not dart through though in his greatest power watered with pleasant Streams beautified with Fountains and enriched with abundance of Trees which yield variety of excellent Fruits as well for tast as tincture for its Temples dedicated to Apollo for its Sanctuary or Asyle and for the place where Daphne was changed into a Laurel that it hath been compared with the Valley of Tempe in Thessaly 3. Aleppo built upon four Hills at present is the greatest and principal Town of all Syria and one of the most famous of the East being the ancient Hierapolis having large Suburbs which are for the most part taken up by Christians It is seated between the Euphrates and the Mediterranean Sea and in that place where that Sea and the Euphrates make the nearest conjunction which makes it capable of the best and greatest commerce of the World to wit of all the Levant with the West by the passage of the Gulph of Ormus and Balsora which brings Commodities up the Euphrates just against the City of Aleppo from whence the Caravans bring them by Land to Aleppo and carry them from thence to Alexandretta or Scanderoon scituate on the Mediterranean Sea and thence into the parts of Asia Africa and Europe which
great plenty of Wheat A place so surfeiting of Delights that the vile Impostor Mahomet would never enter into it lest by the ravishing Pleasures of this place he should forget the business he was sent about and make this his Paradise This City is famous first for her Founders who were Abrahams Servants next for the Temple of Zacharias which was garnished with 40 stately Porches and adorned with about 9000 Lanthorns of Gold and Silver and last of all for the Conversion of St. Paul who here first preached the Gospel for which he was forced to make his escape out of the House being let down the Walls in a Basket Josephus believeth that it was built by Vs the Son of Abraham Grandchild to Noah However it were after Type and Sidon began to decay this began to be in some repute and hath been esteemed the chief City of Phoenicia and sometimes of all Syria It is beyond Mount Libanus in respect to Tyre and Sidon seated in a Soll so fertil and delightful by reason of the Rivers and Fountains that in Holy Scripture it is called a famous City a City of Joy a House of Delight and Pleasure and some Authors call it the Paradise of the World Yet hath it felt very great changes as well as Tyre and Sidon It hath been taken retaken ruined and re-established divers times by the Assyrians Babylonians Persians Macedonians Romans Parthians Saracens Tartars by the Soldans of Egypt and in fine by the Turks in whose hands it is at present very flourishing and rich The Houses of private persons are not so fair without as within the publick Buildings are very beautiful the Castle is in the middle of the City built by a Florentine 4. Serepta seated on the Sea Coast betwixt Tyre and Sidon memorable in Holy Scripture for the Prophet Elijah in raising from death the poor Widows Son Here is found excellent Wines accounted as good as those of Grece 5. Acre of old Acon and Ptolemais is bounded with the Sea on two sides the third is joyned to a Plain of the Continent The City is very strong being walled with a double Wall fortified throughout on the out-side with Towers and Bulwarks and in the middle of the City a strong Castle on the top of which there was every Night set Lights which served to direct Ships at Sea to their Port. The Plain is fertil and well watered with Streams which descend from the Neighbouring Mountains The Christians took lost and retook this place divers times when they made War into the Holy Land in which none more famous than Richard the First and Edward the First both Kings of England The same did likewise the Saracens the Soldans of Egypt ruined it and after re-built it and at present it remains in the hands of the Turks 6. Tripoli of Syria for distinction from Tripoli of Barbary seated in a rich Plain is at this day by some esteemed the Metropolis of Phoenicia thought it hath three times more Ruins than whole Houses and seated about two miles from the Sea but not above half a mile from its Haven which formerly served for a Port to Aleppo but since removed to Alexandretta or Scanderone But yet a place of some small Trade affording Corn Cotton-Wool Yarn Silk some Drugs Pot-Ashes and other Commodities The Buildings are generally low and the Streets narrow excepting those which lead towards Aleppo which are fair and broad having many pleasant Gardens which are watered with delightful Streams in which Gardens they keep great quantities of Silk-Worms The Soil is excellent good if it were well tilled but the Air is unhealthful 7. Biblus now Gibbeleth was the habitation of Ciniras the Father of Myrrha Mother to the fair Adonis from whence the neighbouring River took its name remarkable in the infancy of Christianity for being the See of a Bishop but now by the Turks made desolate And 8. Barutt or Beryte a place formerly of great Trade but now of great concourse and much frequented by Merchants and others it being the Road for all those Caravans that travel from Aleppo Damascus and Jerusalem to Cairo and Mecca It is subject to the Grand Signior Near to this Town is that noted Valley where as some Authors say St. George by killing the Dragon which had his abode in a Cave here redeemed the Kings Daughter which was to be delivered to his fury PALESTINE Palestine bounded PALESTINE formerly called Judaea Canaan or the Holy Land is bounded on the East with Mount Hermon so much spoken of in Holy Scripture on the South with part of Arabia Petraea on the West with the Mediterranean Sea and part of Phoenicia and on the North with the Anti-Libanus which separates it from Syria and the rest of Phoenicia It s scituation is between the Third and Fourth Climates which makes the longest day to be 14 hours and a quarter So populous that before the coming in of the Israelites they had 30 Kings and afterwards David numbred 1300000 Fighting men besides those of the Tribe of Benjamin and Levi. This last and most Meridional part of Syria which we call Palestine first received the name of the Land of Canaan because the Children of Canaan first seised it and parted it amongst them when God had promised it to Abraham and his Posterity it was called the Land of Promise but when it fell into the hands of the Hebrews after their return from Egypt and that they had divided it by Tribes it took the name of the Land of the Hebrews under which it was governed by Prophets Judges and Kings but under these Kings it was soon divided into two Realms which they called Judah and Israel Under the Romans it was only known by the name of Judea or Palestine of Judea because that the Tribe of Judah was always the most powerful of the Twelve and the Kingdom of Judah the most noble and preserved it self longer than that of Israel of Palestina because the Philistines which possessed a part of the Maritim Coast of Judea were powerful and very well known to Strangers After the death of our Saviour Jesus Christ all this Country was called the Holy Land A description of the Jews and their Religion The People which anciently possest this Country were the Jews being of a middle stature strong of body of a black complexion goggle-ey'd a subtle and ingenious people and such as will live in any place much given to Traffick Usury and Brokage not lending without Pledges and taking the forfeitures of them Their Law or Religion was given them by God the Father which with the several Ceremonies and Rites c. prescribed to them may be found in the five first Books of Moses their Synagogues are neither fair within nor without save only adorned with a Curtain at the upper end together with several Lamps and in the midst is placed a Scaffold in form of a Reading-Desk for their Priest which readeth their Law and sings their Liturgy
Ebony so curiously wrought in winding knots that it may sooner stay than satisfie the eyes of the Beholder To which stately Structure there is joyned a no less pleasant and delightful Garden wherein are no less then 1000 several Fountains Brooks and Rivolets furnished with store and variety of curious Fruits together with what else may make a place delightful The great place of the City is before the Palace where the Sophy ordinarily resides The Fruits in and about this City are the best in the World their Vines yield in nothing to those of the Canaries Their Horses and Mules are fair and good their Camels so strong that they carry almost twice as much as those of other places They have permitted in this City some Monasteries of Christians as of Carmelites Augustine Fryars Capuchins and others The Inhabitants of this City negotiate their affairs on Horse-back Hispahan and its Commodities The Inhabitants do all their affairs on Hors-back as well publick as private in the buying and vending of their Commodities But the Slaves never ride which makes the difference betwixt them This City being the residence of the Sophy and being inhabited by so many eminent persons which always attend this Monarch makes it to have a great Trade and be much frequented by Merchants almost from all places as English Dutch Portugals Arabians Indians Turks Jews Armenians c. whereby it is furnished not only with all the Native Commodities of Persia as Gold and Silver Raw Silk in such great quantity that they furnish most part of the East as also other places some Drugs and Spices Wine Fruits c. Also sundry curious Manufactures as Carpets Arras-work Hangings c. Cloth of Gold and Silver Fine Cotton Cloths with several other Commodities which are here made but also with those of Arabia India China and Turky which hither are brought in exchange for theirs by Caravans or Camels Dromedaries and Mules by reason they want the benefit of the Sea They had formerly the benefit of several good Ports as Tauris and Balsora but now in the custody of the Grand Seignior together with some others The Ports that they now enjoy and make use of are Ormus and Jasques In this City is erected a Column or Pillar composed of the Heads or Skulls of Men and Beasts being about twenty foot in circumference at the Basis and exalting it self near sixty foot in height Now the reason of erecting of this terrible and horrid Column and Monument was this The People surfeiting with Luxury through their Pride and Impudence denied their duty to their Soveraign not only in refusing to contribute a small sum of money being towards the extirpation of the Turks and Tartars who did much annoy the Kingdom but also audaciously opposed his entrance whereupon he vowed revenge And having made a forcible entrance in his rage fired a great part of the City pillaged each House and in two days he put to the Sword near 30000 and to terrifie others erected a Column or Pillar of their Heads Province of Chorazan its chief Cities Commodities c. The Province of CHORAZAN is the greatest of all Persia some divide it into Cohazan Chorazan and Chowarazan which others esteem to be the same It hath every where a great number of brave Cities as Kahen on Kayem which yields great store of Saffron 2. Thou abounds in Silk Manufactures 3. Mesched or Mexat is the chief of Chorazan and shews the Tombs of many Persian Kings It is about twelve miles in compass and hath about 100000 Inhabitants It s Territory is fertile its Inhabitants well made strong and warlike 4. Herat is likewise called Salgultzar that is The City of Roses it producing greater quantities then any City in the World besides It yields likewise Rhubarbe and Vines which last a long time and so much Silk that there are sometimes 3 or 4000 Camels loaden in one day 5. Nichabour so near to Rhoemus that some conceive it belonging to it others make it a particular Province The City hath been much better peopled then now it is Tamerlane here and hereabouts put to death in one day about 400000 persons 6. Bouregian is near a great Lake of the same name This Lake receives many Rivers but like the Caspian Sea sends not one to the Ocean But let us return to the more Southerly parts of Persia we will say nothing here of Yerack since the Turk at present holds it with several others Province of chusistan it s chief places c. The Province of CHVSISTAN answers to the Ancient Susiana the Soyl is so fruitful that it often yields 100 or 200 for one Its Cities are Souster Ardgan Hawecz Asker-Moukeran and others 1. Souster is the Ancient Susa Here the Prophet Daniel had the Vision concerning the determination of the Persinn Monarchy and the beginning of the Grecian and where Ahasuerus kept his great Feast which continued 183 days for his Princes and Lords imitated to this day by the Sultans of Persia who do annually entertain their Nobles where Ahasuerus kept his Court when Esther demanded grace in favour of the Jews an dt here where Mordecai was exalted to the place and charge of Haman who was hanged on the same Gibbet which he prepared for Mordecai The Persians observe great Feasts It is held that the ancient Palace was built by Memnon Son of Tithonus who in the Trojan Wars was slain by the Thessalans of the spoyls of the Great Thebes in Egypt and that with such expence and magnificence that the stones were bound together with Gold but whether this be true or false without doubt it was very rich for it is said that Alexander found here 50000 Talents of uncoyned Gold besides Silver Wedges and Jewels of an inestimable value This City is of about 25000 paces in circumference and is the residence of the Sophy in the Winter season 2. Ardgan a fair City on the borders of this Province and not far from Hispahan 3. Hawecz called by the Arabian of Nubia Ahuaz and made chief of the Cities of Chusistan which he calls Churdistan He places next to it Askar-Mocran alias Askar-Moukeran on the River Mesercan where there was a Bridge supported by twenty Boats 4. Tostar with a River of the same name And 5. Saurac with some other The heats in these parts in the Summer season are so great especially towards the South part of the Mountain that the Inhabitans are forced to forsake the Cities and retire themselves into the Mountains for coolness Province of Fars its chief places fertility c. The Province of FARS or FARC formerly Persia now a particular Province hath a great number of large rich and beautiful Cities As 1. Chirdef which is said to be about 20000 paces in circumference where sometimes the Sophy hath made his residence scituate in a large and pleasant Plain well built and beautified with fair Gardens and magnificent Mosques Two of which are larger than
they seldom are seen abroad Their habit They wear their Garments very long with long loose sleeves those of the Northern Provinces make use of Furs and those of the Southern wear Silk but persons of quality are richly habited and adorned with many Pearls and Precious Stones They are great lovers of Women as also of their bellies commonly eating thrice a day their diet being good and cleanly drest and they as neat in eating it making use of Knifes and Forks They are addicted to Arts and Sciences They are very ingenious and much more industrious and Politick then their Neighbours having the use and understanding of Arts and Sciences both liberal and Mechanical as Philosophy Physick Astronomy concerning the Heavens and Stars the Eclipses of the Sun and Moon c. in the which they have abundance of vain fancies Also they are expert in Musick and making of Musical Instruments Navigation Architecture Painting Sculpture making of Clocks casting of Metals in Images Medals or the like these with several other inventions too tedious to name they had the benefit of before us yet are they not in that perfection as they are with us And as for Armes they have their courage so low Not good Souldiers that both the Souldiers and the Commanders submit themselves to the whip when they have been wanting in their duty so that it was said that when the Tartars affaulted them it sufficed them only to have shewed them the whip to have put them to slight as the Scythians their predeceisors once served their slaves who during their long absence had married their Mistresses It is likewise reported that the China Horses could not suffer the weighing of the Tartarian Coursers and the Chinois Cavaliers being of the same humor they were more likely to run than fight Moreover the Chinois are very ceremonious courteous and great complementers for which they have several Printed Books which they teach their children not passing by any one that they know without kind salutations and if they happen to espy any friend which comes out of the Country besides their kind greeting his first question will be to ask him whether he hath dined or supped which if he hath not he will carry him to a Tavern and give him a treatment of Flesh Fowle and Fish and if he hath din'd a collation of Fruits and Conserves They are also very costly in their Feasts and Entertainments as in variety of Meats Fruits Preserves to which may be added other delights as Musick Singing Dancing Plaies and other pastimes And for persons of quality they observe more state some Feasts lasting about 15 or 20 days They have several days which they make great account of in Feastings and merriments but above all others their new years day which is in March where also their Priests are present at their rejoycings adding to the solemnity of the day Sacrifices which they make to their Gods In their Marriages they also very expensive in their Feasts for the Bridegroom receives no other Portion from her friends then what they bestow in their entertainments but on the contrary he gives her a Portion which the gives to her friends in thankfulness for their care in her education Their Religion and belief The Chinois may be held as Pagans and Idolaters not knowing the true Religion but worshipping Idolls they invoke the Devil they hold the immortality of the Soul and after this life it goeth to eternal bliss or torment they also hold a kind of Purgatory and that their friends and relations upon their prayers and supplications may have some ease for which purpose they have a day set apart for the performing of this ceremony They have four orders of Religious men they observe all one fashion but are distinguished by their colour they all shave their beards and heads they make use of Beads and say their Matins c. as the European Monks do Mandelsloe saith that they are much addicted to incantations and charmes not doing any thing of concernment without they have first consulted it by their charmes and if they prove not according to their desire they will raile and abuse their Gods with scurrilous language fling them down beat them whip them and tread upon them but when their choler is asswaged they will cogg with them give them good words and pretend sorrow and if the charme favour them then they offer to them Geese Ducks boiled Rice c. These charms are commonly two small pieces of wood one side being flat and the other being hallow which they fling upon the ground and if it happen that the round side of both or of one is downwards they take it for an ill omen if uppermost for good They believe that all things visible and invisible were created by Heaven who by a Vicegerent governs the Universe another who governs all Sublunary things they also add three principal Ministers one looks to the production of Fruits and the generation of Men and Animals another governs the Air and causeth Rain c. and the other governeth the Waters and Sea Mandelsloe saith also Their funeral Ceremonies that at their Funerals they have several ceremonies as soon as any person is deceased they wash his body put on his best Clothes and set him in a Chair where his Wife Children and other Relations kneeling down about him take their leave of him which done they put him into the Coffin set it upon a Table covering him with a Winding-sheet which reaches to the ground on which they draw the Picture of the deceased where they leave him 15 days during which time in some other Room they set on a Table Wine Fruit and Lights for the Priest who watcheth after which time they carry the Corps to the Burial place his Relations commonly mourning for a year The King governs by his own Will The Government of the Kingdom or Empire of China is wholly at the power of the King either to change take away or augment Laws when and as oft as he pleases yet doth he not execute any rigorous Laws upon them scarce acting or imposing any thing upon his Subjects without the Advice of his Council of State besides this Council of State he appoints others as well for the Administration of Justice as for the oversight of other affaires in the Kingdom but they neither inflict any punishment to Criminals or determine any thing of themselves but make their report to the King who decides the same They are very circumspect how they condemn any person not passing their sentence till the offence is found so clear and evident that the offendor is not able to justifie himself they use fair means first for the finding out of the truth and if that will not do they then inflict several tortures upon them their executions are various and more cruel according to the offence committed some being hanged some they impale some they burn their greatest punishment is inflicted on
fertile as that of Pequin neither is it so large so populous nor so pleasant yet with the industry of the Inhabitants it produceth Corn Rice and Mayz but in recompence it breeds great quantity of Cattle and hath so many Vines that it furnishes the whole Kingdom with Pickled Grapes and Raisins It hath likewise two sorts of Mines the one of Brimstone the other of Stones which burn and may be called Coals In the Sulphur Mines they make little holes to draw out heat enough to boyl any thing they need The Mines of Coals are inexhaustible encreasing from time to time and these Coals well prepared will keep fire day and night without being touched In this Province are about 90 Cities and great Towns six of which are of considerable note as 1 Sciansi 2 Taven 3 Lugan 4 Talong 5 Pingans 6 Suchio all which are well built and very populous The Province of Sciensi described The Province of SCIENSI or XEMSI which Purchas calls Soyohin Mendoza Sinsay is the most Westward of all the Six Northern Provinces and the greatest of all the 16 Provinces Siganfu is esteemed its chief City the great Mountain and Wall doth bound it from the Tartars the Soyl is dry yet yields good store of Wheat Mayz and Barley but little Rice it feeds much Cattle and the Sheep are sheared thrice a year in Spring Summer and Autumn their first shearing is the best It yields Musk which is the Navel of a Beast of the bigness of a Hinde They have Gold which they gather amongst the Sand of the Rivers for the Mines though it hath some yet they are not open It produceth divers Perfumes and Rhubarb which they carry into Persia and other places And it is through this Province that the Caravans come from the West This Province is very populous and is well stored with great Towns and Cities having 8 great Cities as 1 Siganfu its Metropolis afore spoken of 2 Jengun 3 Pingleang 4 Pichin 5 Lynyao with a great many of less note The Province of Honan and its chief places The Province of HONAN which Purchas calls Oyman is very fertile and the Climate very temperate the freest from Mountains and the farthest from the Sea It produceth the best Fruits in the World as well those known to us in Europe as others and that in so great quantity that they are scarce valued The River of Caramoran after having divided the Provinces of Sciansi and Sciensi takes its course through the middle of Honan and discharges it self into the Sea by the Province of Nanquin It comprehendeth 7 great Cities the chief of which bears the name of the Province it s other chief places are 1 Temâ—chio 2 Caifung 3 Nanyang and 4 Chinchio besides about One hundred less ones all well inhabited Hitherto we have surveyed the six Northern Provinces of China we come now to the 10 more to the South The Province of Nanquin its Cities The Province of NANQVIN is the fairest and richest and its Inhabitants the most civilised of all the Kingdom and the Kings of China did alwaies make their residence at Nanquin till of late they have made it at Pequin It comprehends 14 great and fair Cities viz. 1 Vmthienfu or Nanquin which is the Metropolis of the Province 2 Chicheu 3 Lucheu 4 Funiam and 5 Zanuchi all which are very populous some of which have about 200000 people which only work in making of Calicoes All which are commodiously seated on arms of the Sea which make several Isles And beside these Cities there are about 100 small ones of less note I shall only speak something of Nanquin The City of Nanquin described Vmthienfu or Nanquin as we call it yet ceases not to be the greatest fairest and richest City of the whole Kingdom next to Pequin The form and Symmetry of its Buildings in its Palace in its Temples in its Gates in its Towers and in its Bridges as likewise in its publick and particular Houses and their Ornaments are wonderful It is situate upon the River of Batampina and upon an indifferent high Hill so that it commands all the Plains there adjacent The circumference is 8 Leagues 3 long and 1 broad all encompassed with a strong Wall of hewed Stone about which there are 130 Gates at each of which there is kept a Porter with two Halberdiers whose Office is to take the names of every one that passes every day in and out and besides the strong Wall there are for further defence 12 Forts or Cittadels In this City there are accounted above 800000 Houses besides 80000 Mandarins Houses 60 great Market places 130 Butchers Shambles each containing about 80 Shops 8000 Streets whereof 600 are fairer and larger then the rest all which are broad straight and well disposed and are compassed about with Ballisters of Copper The Houses are about two stories high and built of Wood except those of the Mandarins which are composed of Hewed Stone and encompassed with Walls and Ditches over which they have Stone Bridges with rich Gates and Arches The Houses or rather Palaces of the Chaems Auchacys Aytans Tutons and Chumbims which are Governors of the Kingdoms or Provinces of the Empire of China under the Emperor are stately Structures of about 6 or 7 stories high and richly adorned with Gold in which are kept their Magazins for Arms Ammunition as also their Treasuries their Wardrops and their Fine Porcelain which by them is so highly esteemed Here are about 2300 Pagodes a thousand of which were Monasteries for Religious Persons which are exceeding rich Here are also about thirty great Prisons which will contain about two or three thousand Prisoners a-piece Also a great Hospital for the relief of the Poor At the entrace of every principal Street for the security of the Inhabitants there are Arches and Gates which are kept shut every hight and in most of the chief Streets are pleasant Fountains In this City there is accounted about ten thousand Trades for the working of Silks which from thence are sent all over the Kingdom which at every New and Full Moon amongst divers other Commodities are vended at Fairs in several places of the City It s Traffick and Commerce bring thither so great a multitude of People that its Streets are scarce able to be passed for the throng Its Commodities and Manufactures are in so great esteem that they utter better then others and all the neighbouring Countries make a great number of Manufactures The Revenue which the King receives from this Province is exceeding vast the Inhabitants paying into his Exchequer Sixty Millions of Crowns yearly besides great Excises upon all Commodities if Mandelsloe may be believed and if he receiveth so much out of one Province judge what a vast Revenue he hath from all the Provinces many of which are no ways inferior to this The Province of Chequian The Province of CHEQVIAN which Purchas calls Essiram passes likewise for one of the
Insects and Animals Its Insects and Animals as Scorpions as big as Rats but no waies hurtful Lizards so harmless that they frequent the houses and love the company of men Land Crabs in great abundance which are good to eat Also Muskettoes Cockroches and Merrywings which are very troublesom in the night in stinging It s Division and Towns This Isle is severed into Eleven Precincts or Parishes in which are fourteen Churches and Chapels besides many places which may not improperly be called Towns as composed of a long and spacious street and beautified with fair houses and of late years the whole Isle is so taken up that there is no such thing as any wast ground It s chief Towns are 1. St. Michaels formerly called the Bridge Town or Indian Bridge seated at the bottom of Carlisle Bay which is very deep capacious and secure fit to give Harbour for about 500 Vessels at one time The Town is large and long containing several Streets and graced with above 500 well built Houses It is very populous being the Residence of the Governours the place of Judicature and the scale of trade where most of the Merchants and Factors in the Isle have their store-houses for the negotiation of their affairs in the supplying the Inhabitants with such Commodities as they have occasion of in exchange of theirs the product of the Isle For the security of the Ships here are two strong Forts opposite to each other with a Platform in the midst which commands the Road all Fortified with great Guns c. 2. Little Bristol formerly Sprights Bay hath a commodious Road for Ships which is secured by two powerful Forts and is a place well resorted unto 3. St. James hath the conveniency of a good Road for Ships which is well secured by a large Platform and Fortified Breast-works It is a Town of a good trade well Inhabited and the more as being the place where the Monthly Courts for the Precinct is kept And 4. Charles Town seated on Oyster Bay well secured by two strong Forts with a Platform in the midst this Town having the accommodation of a weekly Market and being the place where the Monthly Courts are kept for the Precinct makes it to be well Inhabited and frequented This Isle is of a great strength as well by Nature as Art It s strength being sheltered with Rocks and Shoals and where it is not thus defended by nature it is fortified with Trenches and Rampiers with Pallisadoes Curtains and Counter-scarfs and for its further Defence hath three Forts one for a Magazine and the other two for Retreats they have also a standing Militia consisting of two Regiments of Horse and five of Foot which are alwaies to be ready at beat of Drum Its Inhabitants or sound of Trumpet The Inhabitants of this Isle may be ranged under three sorts viz. Masters Christian Servants and Negro-slaves which are very numerous The Masters for the most part live at the height of pleasure The Servants after the expiration of five years are Freemen of the Isle and employ their times according to their abilities and capacities and the Negro-slaves are never out of Bondage and the Children they get are likewise perpetual Slaves These poor creatures although they have such extream hard usage for Dyet Apparel or Lodging and are held to such hard labour and so ill treated by their Masters or Overseers yet are well enough contented with their conditions and where they meet with kind Masters think nothing too much to do for them so that it is great inhumanity and pity to wrong them Every Sunday which is the only day of rest to them and should be set apart for the Service of God they employ either in getting of the Bark of Trees and making of Ropes with it which they truck away for Shirts Drawers or other conveniencies or else spend the day in dancing wrestling Isle of St. Christophers described or other meriments St. CHRISTOPHERS so called from Christopher Columbus the first discover thereof seated in the Latitude of 17 degrees 25 minutes In Circuit about 75 miles the soil is light and sandy and very apt to produce several sorts of Fruits Provisions and Commodities as Sugar Tobacco Cotton Ginger c. This Isle by reason of its several great and steep Mountains in the midst from which spring the Rivers which plentifully water the Land many of which are hot and sulphurous with horrid Precipices and thick Woods renders it impassable through the midst On the Sea side is a Salt pit not far from which is a small Isthmus of Land which reacheth within a mile and a half of the Isle of Neivis This Isle is very delightful and of a most delectable Prospect for if the Eye be directed downwards from the top it hath a prospect of curious Gardens which gently descend to the Sea side and in regard of the continual ascent of the Isle the lower stage or story doth not debar the eye of the pleasant prospect of that which lyeth at a remoter distance which is terminated by those high Mountains and that which makes the prospect the more delectable in the several Plantations are the fair houses covered with glazed Slate This Isle is divided into four Cantons or Quarters two of which are possessed by the English and two by the French which parts are not so well watered as those of the English but better for Tillage and not so hilly The English have two fortified places one commanding the great Haven and the other a descent not far from Point de sable and the French have four strong Forts the chief of which Commands the Haven and is called Basse Terre And for the better security of each other constant guard at their Forts are kept In the parts belonging to the English are five Churches for Divine Worship The chief place belonging to the French is at Basse-Terre being a Town of a good bigness and garnished with well built houses where the Merchants have their store-houses and is well Inhabited here is a large and fair Church also a publick Hall for the Administration of Justice a fair Hospital for sick people and a stately Castle which is the residence of the Governor of a most pleasant scituation on the foot of a high Mountain not far from the Sea having spacious Courts delightful walks and Gardens Nieves described NIEVES or MEVIS not far from St. Christophers as before noted of a small extent not exceeding 18 miles in Circuit In the midst of the Isle is a Mountain of a great height but of an easie access and well clothed with wood and about this Mountain are the Plantations which reach to the Sea-shoar Here are divers springs of fresh water and one of a hot and Mineral quality not far from whose Spring head are Baths made which are much resorted unto It is indifferent fertil and hath store of Deer and other Game for Hunting and is found to
The fourth thing which is next above this is a Dias for the Minutes of hours so that you shall see every Minute pass Two beautiful Pictures of two Children are joyned to either side of this he which is on the North-side hath a Scepter in his hands and when the Clock striketh he telleth orderly every stroke He on the South-side hath a fine Hour-glass in his hand which runneth just with the Clock and when the Clock hath stricken he turneth his Hour-glass which is run forth and holdeth it running The first thing which is next above the Minute-Dial is the Dial for the hour containing the half parts also the uttermost circumference containeth the hours but within it is made a curious and perfect Astrolabe whereby is shewed the motion of every Planet his aspect and in what Sign what degree and what hour every one is in every hour of the day the opposition likewise of the Sun and Moon and the Head and Tail of the Dragon And because the Night darkneth not the Sun nor the Day the Moon or other Planets therefore their Courses are here exactly seen at all times The sixth thing which is next unto this is a Circle wherein the two Signs of the Moon rising and falling at two several hollow places it is seen at what state she is and her Age is declared by an Index which is wholly turned about once every Month. The seventh thing which is about this are four little Bells whereon the Quarters of the hour are strucken at the First quarter cometh forth a little Boy and striketh the first Bell with an Apple and so goeth and stayeth at the fourth Bell until the next Quarter then cometh a lusty Youth and he with a Dart striketh two Bells and succeedeth into the place of the Child at the Third cometh forth a man in Arms with a War-Mace in his hand and striking three Bells he succeedeth into the place of the young Man at the Fourth quarter cometh forth an Old man with a Staff having a Crook at the end and he with much ado because he is Old striketh the four Bells and standeth at the Fourth quarter until the next Quarter forthwith to strike the Clock cometh Death in the Room above this for this is the eight thing and this understand that at every Quarter cometh he forth thinking to catch each of those former Ages away with him but at a contrary side in the same Room where he is cometh Christ forth and driveth him in but when the last Quarter is heard Christ giveth him leave to go to the Bell which is in the midst and so striketh he with his Bone according to the number of the hours and there he standeth at the Bell as the Old man doth at his quarter Bell until the next Quarter and then go they in both together The ninth and last thing in this right Line is the Town at the top of the Work wherein is a noble pleasant Chime which goeth at three seven and eleven of the Clock every time a diverse Tune to one of the Psalms and at Christmas Easter and Whitsontide a Thanksgiving unto Christ and when this Chime hath done the Cock which standeth on the top of the Town on the North-side of the main Work having stretched out his Neck shaken his Comb and clapped his Wings twice Crowseth then twice and this verily he doth so shrill and naturally as it would make any man to wonder and if they list which attend the Clock they make him to Crow more times In this Town whereon this Cock standeth are conveyed all the Instruments of those motions which are in the foresaid described things The other places of note in this Lower Alsatia are 2. Altkirck in the part of Sungou 3. Ensisheim in higher Alsatia 4. Frisbourg in Brisgou 6. Offenbourg in Mortnais and 7. Bade in the Marquisate Palatinate of the Rhine The PALATINATE of the RHINE which is divided or severed into the Estates of the Palatinate the Estates of the Princes of the House Palatinate and the Bishopricks and Imperial Cities of Spires and Wormes The chief places are Heidelberg seated in a Plain but environed on three sides with high Mountains and the other regards the Rhine from which it is distant about a mile it is dignified with the Seat of the Palsgraves as also with an Vniversity 2. Spires seated in a Plain about half a mile from the Rhine a City of more Antiquity than Beauty and Trade being of note for the Imperial Chamber here continually kept 3. Wormes a City also of good Antiquity for the many Imperial Parliaments here formerly held and 4. Frankendal a new fair strong and beautiful City about which grow great plenty of Rhenish Wines Electorates of Mayence Trives and Cologne The Electorates and Archbishopricks on the Rhine are those of MAYENCE whose chief places are Mayence and Aschaffenbourg of TREVES whose chief places are Treves and Coblentz and of COLOGNE whose principal places are Cologne and Bonne Cleaveland The Estates of the Succession of CLEAVELAND contain the Dutchies of Cleves of Julier and of Berge The Dutchy of Cleves and County of Marke is in the Marquisate of Brandenburgh Dutchy of Cleves and hath for its chief places Wesel and Hamme in the County of Marks Dutchy of Juliers The Dutchy of JVLIERS hath for its chief places Aken where the Emperour after his Election is invested with the Silver Crown of Germany this place is of great esteem for its holy Relicks and 2. Juliers The Dutchy of BERGE or MONTE hath for its chief places Dusseldrop Hattingen and Arusberg The VNITED PROVINCES UNder the name of the Vnited Provinces of the LOW COVNTRIES or NETHERLANDS are contained the Dutchy of Guelders the Earldoms of Holland Zeland and Zutphen and the Lordships of Vtrecht Overyssel Groningue and Malines Dutchy of Guelderland The Dutchy of GVELDERS or GVELDERLAND Westwards of Brabant is divided into the Quarters of Betuve Veluve and Guelders particularly so called wherein are the Towns of 1. Nieumegue once a Free City seated on the branch of the Rhine called Whael and made one of the Imperial Seats in these parts by Charles the Great the other two being Thionvil and Aken 2. Arnhem the usual residence of the Dukes of Guelders 3. Ruremond so called from the River Ruer and Monde 4. Harderwick from a Village made a walled Town by Otho the third Earl 5. Guelders 6. Venlo and 7. Bommel Earldom of Holland The Earldom of HOLLAND hath on the West and North the Seas from which no part is above three hours distance in this Earldom are said to be about 400 Villages and 23 Towns the chief of which are Amsterdam which of late by the addition of the new to the old is a fair strong and beautiful City being the most rich and powerful of all the Netherlands famous for its great Trade to the utmost parts of the World and as infamous for its