which the Moon will be vertical that day viz. one after another See Proposition 13. in Chap. 19. The use of this Problem is great yea very necessary in the Doctrine concerning the flux and reflux of the Sea The mode of performing of the same you shall find in the Nineteenth Chapter and the Thirteenth Proposition For there it is more conveniently explained yet the Explication of that Proposition may be anticipated and demonstrated to the studious in this Chapter Proposition XVI In those places of the Sea to which the Moon is vertical the flux and deflux is greatest except that there be other impediments which we have reckoned up in the XIV Proposition And by how much the parts of the Sea are more remote from the place by so much the flux and deflux is lesser other things being equal For because in that place the pressure is greater and the tumour of the water greater which is more vicine to the Moon pressing and the Celestial matter thence followeth that that the Proposition intimateth the objections concerning some other places in the comparison of which the contrary is found are to be excused by the admixtion of other causes Proposition XVII The quantity of the flux and reflux is unconstant in every place and divers on several daies and by so much the greater or lesser by how much the Moon is more remote or near unto that place The Moon every day changeth her place in the Ecliptick For the Moon every day changeth her place in the Ecliptick and so on other daies is vertical to other places and by consequence is more remote from any place or more near Which being observed we conclude from the preceeding Proposition that there is a divers quantity of the flux and reflux in one and the same place on divers daies whether that the diversity be sensible or insensible Proposition XVIII The greatest intumescency of water in any place and term of the flux ought to be when that the Moon doth occupy the Meridian of the place But in many places it is found to be in another scituation of the Moon For then is the Moon most nigh to any place of the Earth when that it is in the Meridian of that place because that the Hypotenusa of a right angled Triangle is lower than the Cathetus Whence it is inferred by the XVI Proposition that when the Moon is in the Meridian See Proposition 16. there ought to be the greatest intumescency and Altitude of water and immediately a decrease to succeed But when the Moon is in the lowest of the Meridian then the narrowest of the vortex of the Earth opposite to it in the upper Meridian and therefore doth effect the same as if that the body of the Moon were present But here ariseth a great difficulty For there are many places and Coasts of the Earth in which we find that the term of the flux is not when that the Moon cometh to the Meridian as the Philosophers held before this age but sooner or later viz. when that the Moon cometh to a certain quarter not Cardinal and this quarter is not constantly observed but in new and full Moons for the most part the greatest intumescency is and the begining of a detumescency before the Moon cometh to this quarter or vertical Circle So at London the water is at the highest when the Moon cometh to the quarter which is between the South and West or North and East that is to the South West or North East quarter At the Coast of China in the Port of the City Maccau The greatest flux at the Coast of China observed by a Portugal a certain Portugal Mariner observed the time of the greatest intumescency by this mode The Elevation of the Pole is 22 degrees 20 minutes in the Year 1584 on the 19 of September the Moon was at full then the intumescency or Altitude of the highest water was observed in the morning at ½ or ¼ of an hour past 8. therefore then the Moon was removed from the Meridian 3 ¼ hours Whence the quarter or vertical Circle in which the Moon at that moment of time was is found according to the Problem of the 30 Chapter Anno 1585 on the 16 of February in the full Moon the greatest hight of water was observed at half an hour past a eleven a Clock at Noon Certain observations taken by a Dutch Mariner of the flux of the Sea in many places A certain Dutch Mariner on the daies of the new and full Moon noted the hours of divers places for the term or intumescency of the flux from which I have extracted these At the twelfth hour on the daies of the new and full Moon on the Coast of Flanders at Enchusen in Holland at Horn at Embden in East Freezland at the mouth of the Elve at Eider at the Isles of Jutland and at Dover at England At 45 minutes past 12 at Flushing in Zealand half an hour after one a Clock at the Occidental Coast of the Isle of Wight at Calis at the mouth of the River of Thames at the shoar of Zeland in the mouths of Scald in Mosa and at Gored A quarter after two before the mouth of Scald and the mouth of Mosa At three a Clock at Amsterdam Roterdam Dort in Holland at Newcastle in England at Arment in Flanders in the mouth of the River of Burdeaux in the South Coast of Britain Gallocia Gascoyn Biscay Portugal and Spain and on the Western Coast of Ireland even to Hitland A quarter after four in the evening at Roan in France between Mosa and Rochel in the River of Burdeaux in the Bays of the Spanish Portugal and Gallecian Coast in the South Coast of Britany in France Gascoyn and on the Western Coast of Ireland Half an hour past four from the Texel at the South Coast of Ireland A quarter past five in all the Ports of the Southern Coast of Ireland at Plymouth in England and other Southern places of it even to the Coast of Wales At six in the evening and morning before Hamburgh in the Elbe before Bremen the Texel Antwerpe in the Channel between England and Brabant without Sorlis A quarter before seven in the evening between Fawick and Vaelmuya in the Channel even to Bristol before St. Nicholas and Podessembe even to Waymouth and Hartepole At half an hour past seven in the Haven at the Texel at Kilduyna in the middle of the Channel nigh Plymouth and in the Sea even to the Promontory of the Lizard A quarter past eight in the evening nigh the Isle of Wight in the Channel even to Bevesier without the Fly on the Coast of Holland At nine before the mouth of the River Ems in Freezland before the Fly before the Coast of Freezland at the Eastern Coast of the Isle of Wight At half an hour past ten before the mouth of the River Thames on the Coasts of Normandy and Picardy And at a quarter
Channel As for the encrease of Zenega which only hath four hours whether the cause ought to be ascribed to the extension of the Channel from the West to the East or unto the swift deflux of Zenega which may prohibit the influx for two hours or whether to some other cause I question and require a more accurate observation viz. Whether it decreaseth eight hours or only six hours and in the other two do neither encrease nor decrease because the strong flux of the River hindereth the flux That also must be considered that depressed and low places may have the flux in more hours and the deflux in fewer Proposition XX. Whether the flux doth begin when the Moon toucheth the Horizon or in the increment be in the place whose the Horizon is So they commonly say but yet we hold the contrary in those places in which the water is at the highest when that the Moon is in the Meridian For when the Moon declineth from the Aequator towards the South then she arriveth at the Meridian in less than six hours and therefore the flux should begin when that the Moon is yet depressed beneath the Horizon On the contrary when that the Moon declineth from the Aequator towards the North she requireth more than six hours to come from the Horizon to the Meridian and therefore when that the Moon is elevated above the Horizon unto the horary Circle of the sixth hour then at length the flux begineth and so it is observed in most places but the contrary is at London as we have said in the precedent Proposition See Proposition xix And the reason seemeth to require that although the Moon decline from the Aequator towards the North yet that the flux should begin in the place where the Moon cometh to the Horizon for then the place is distant by a quarter from the place unto which the Moon is vertical And therefore the pressure of the Sea cometh or extendeth hither and here more accurate observations are required Proposition XXI The hour being given in which the greatest or least Altitude of the water is on the day of the new or full Moon in the place where the ordinary flux and reflux is viz. of six hours with twelve degrees to determine the hours of the days following after the new Moon in which the greatest or least Altitude shall be See the foregoing Propositions We have said in the foregoing Propositions that the time of the greatest increase and decrease if we have respect to the middle motion of the Moon from the Sun in one day after placeth 48 ¾ horary minutes in half a day 24 â…œ minutes If therefore the greatest increase in any place happen on the day of the new or full Moon on the twelfth hour of the day these hours of encrease shall be on the following daies The age of â—he Moon The hours of the day Scruples 1 12 48 2 1 37 3 2 27 4 3 17 5 4 5 6 4 55 7 5 59 8 6 49 9 7 23 10 8 12 11 8 56 12 9 51 13 10 40 14 11 29 14½ 12 Mid night  15 12 Mid day  Viz. In the end of the first day of the age of the Moon the greatest intumescency falleth out later by 48¼ Horary minutes But in practice it is sufficient to add to the hour of the new Moon for the end of the first day 48 minutes or ¼ of an hour For the end Hours of the second 1½ for the third 2½ for the fourth 3¼ for the fifth 4 for the sixth 5 for the seventh 5¼ for the eighth 6¾ for the ninth 7 for the tenth 8¼ for the eleventh 9 for the twelfth 9¼ for the thirteenth 10â…” for the fourteenth 11½ for the fifteenth 12¼ This Supputation of time supposeth the middle or equal motion of the Moon from the Sun which notwithstanding is unequal so that the Moon in her Perigee departeth more swiftly from the Sun than in her Apogee and therefore then the greatest encrease is longer protracted than six hours and twelve minutes But when the Moon is in the Apogee the encrease is more quick For certain true Lunary Months exceed 30 daies others are less than 29 daies True Lunary Months exceed 30. daies when that the mean of 29 daies twelve hours 44 minutes is assumed But in places where the greatest or least Altitude is made by the appulse of the Moon to a certain vertical place although it be done after the same manner yet for all that the time is not so accurately discovered For neither doth the same time in which the Moon is joyned to the Sun fall out on the hours of the day or the same moments of the same hour in divers new Moons How this is performed by the Terrestrial Globe See Chap. 30. and 37. we shall shew in the XXX Chapter And in the Thirty seventh Chapter we shall treat more of the use of Navigation concerning a more accurat Method We may also use this method for those places where the time of the flux is more or less than in the time of the deflux so that we are certain of the difference The consideration of the thing it self and practice will more easily teach this than our discourse Proposition XXII The winds do oftentimes protract and often diminish the time of the flux or reflux in some places Neither are winds of that place only able to do it but winds blowing in an other place may also effect the same The truth of the Proposition is so manifest that it needeth no demonstration Proposition XXIII Great is the variety of peculiar or proper motions of the Sea viz. in which a certain part of the Ocean is moved either perpetually or in some certain months Peculiar motions of the Sen. The first of those peculiar motions which are most considerable is that motion by which part of the Atlantick or African Ocean about Guinee is moved from Cape Verd towards the bending of Africa which is called Fernando Poo that is from the West to the East which is contrary to the general motion from the East to the West now this motion is vehement so that it violently tosseth the Ships approaching to the shoars unto this Gulph beyond the imagination of the Mariners and supputation of their Voyage Thence it cometh to pass that Ships which have sailed in two daies from the Coasts of Mourrae to Rio de Benin which are one hundred miles scarcely in six or seven weeks can return from Rio de Benin to Mourrie except they launch out into the middle Sea which is not easily to be performed seeing that the Sea is moved with a strong motion to the North-East quarter from the Isle of St. Thomas to the Gulph of Fernando Poo carrying in with it the Ships although they have a fair North East wind and they can hardly get from that Coast except they be forced thence by those sudden winds termed Travados which sometimes
Sun Theorem The Meridian of every place passeth through both the Poles of the Earth The Meridians are drawn through every ten degrees of the Aequator which are the Meridians of all those places through which they pass But instead of the Meridians of all other places that doth supply the place which is made of Brass and in which the Globe doth hang. For Instance If that any place in the Superficies of the Globe be brought unto the Brazen Meridian that shall be the Meridian of the place In Maps of Strait lines the Meridians are Strait lines drawn from the top or uppermost part unto the bottom In Maps of Crooked lines they are those Crooked lines which joyn in the Pole The Norizou Fightly The Horizon of any place in the Superficies of the Earth is the greatest imaginary Circle in the Heavens which terminateth the visible part of the Heaven in that place It is also termed the Rational Horizon that it may be distinguished from the Visible Horizon which is improperly so called It hath no place in the Artificial Globe but a Wooden Circle in which the Globe is sustained with its Brazen Meridian and serveth instead of the Horizon of any place as shall be shewed in the next Chapter and therefore it is termed the Wooden Horizon and simply the Horizon These are the Definitions whose knowledge is necessary for the attaining the following Doctrine besides which it behoveth us to borrow from Astronomy the mode of the Motion of the Sun and Stars The Motion of the Sun Moon and Stars The first and common Motion is that by which the Sun Moon and all the Stars seem to be carried round about the Earth to arise to us to make the Meridian and to set and that in the space of twenty four hours Every one of the Stars and the Sun every day by this their common Motion seem to deseribe Parallel Circles unto the Aequator because that this motion is performed upon the Axis of the Earth and the Poles of the same and therefore the Aequator is the greatest Circle of this Motion and the Rule and Square by which we measure the Motion of the other Parallels In every hour they pass fifteen degrees through the Meridian both of the Aequator and every other Parallel for 360 degrees divided by 24 the hours gives unto every hour fifteen and therefore one hour and fifteen degrees of the Aequator make an equal proportion The Horary Circle sheweth the hours which Circle being affixed unto the Artificial Globe is seen in the Brazen Meridian where the Pin or Hand adhereth to the extremity of the Axis of the Earth and it is turned about in the Horary Circle to shew the hours The second motion of the Sun Secondly The proper and second Motion of the Sun which is also Annual is that in which the Sun or rather the Earth is moved from West to East or contrary to its first motion The time or number of the days in which the Sun returneth unto the same point from whence it departed or in which it performeth its whole Period or Circle is termed a Year Now such a Year is 361 days and one fourth part of a day or thereabouts The Way of this second Solary motion is termed the Ecliptick as we have said before which is divided into twelve parts which are called Signs For Astronomers have observed these Constellations of the Heaven through which this Way of the Sun doth lye and from these Constellations denominated the twelve parts of the Ecliptick And because that all Constellations represent the forms of Animals therefore the Ancients termed that Way or Ecliptick The Zodiack Zone or Girdle in the Weaven the Zodiack Yet those which spake more distinctly call the Zodiack a Zone or Girdle in the Heaven whose middle is the very Ecliptick it self or Path of the Sun but the extream parts from both sides of the Ecliptick are distant from it eight degrees by reason that the rest of the Planets have a certain peculiar motion from East to West In which motion they do not describe the Ecliptick it self but paths declining somewhat from the Ecliptick which declination by reason that it exceedeth not 8 degrees therefore they do attribute 16 degrees of Latitude unto the Zodiack viz. Eight from both parts of the Ecliptick so that the Zodiack is that space of the Heaven in which the Planets are always moving neither do they ever move out of it and the Ecliptick is the middle Line of the Zodiack which the Sun passeth through by an Annual motion in which it always keeps its fixed course Moreover the Signs or Constellations of the Heaven through which the Ecliptick and the Zodiack passeth are these March 21.   The Signs of the Zodiack ♈ ♉ ♊ Aries Taurus Gemini June 21.   ♋ ♌ ♠Cancer Leo Virgo September 21.   ♎ ♠♠Libra Scorpius Sagitarius December 21.   ♑ ♒ ♓ Capricorn Aquarius Pisces Moreover the Ecliptick obliquely cutteth the Aequator Ecliptick so that its greatest distance is twenty three degrees and about thirty minutes Where therefore the Ecliptick cutteth the Aequator which he doth in two points in one of these is placed the beginning of the Ecliptick and also the beginning of the accounting of the Sigus In those points the Sun then being in causeth the equality of the days and nights in all places as also the beginning of the Vernal and Autumnal quarters We begin to number from that point in which the Sun makes the beginning of the Spring to us that is we being scituate from the Aequator towards the Pole Artick the first Sign or first twelfth part of the Ecliptick is termed Aries the second Taurus the third Gemini and so forth as aforesaid because about twenty Ages past those Signs of the Heaven were in these very parts of the Ecliptick Every one of these twelve Signs are divided into thirty Degrees for the whole Ecliptick hath three hundred and sixty Degrees which being divided by 12 makes 30. Moreover seeing that the Sun passeth over the whole Ecliptick that is 360 Degrees in 365 days and one fourth part of a day hence we collect that in every day he passeth 59 Minutes and 8 Seconds which is something less than a Degree The Motion of the Sun Now as the Sun in a years time or 12 Months runneth over the whole Ecliptick or 12 Signs of the Zodiack so also in every Month he passeth about one Sign but his entrance into the Sign is not at the beginning of the Months but on the 21th day of every Month and this is according to the Gregorian Kalender and on the 11th day of every Month according to the old Julian Account viz. on the 21th of March he entreth the Sign of Aries or the very Section of the Ecliptick with the Aequator then on the 21th of April he entreth Taurus and so on Now
Parallels Longest days Elevation of the Pole The Interval   hours min. deg min.   The first The begining middle end begining of the 2. 12 0 0 0     12 15 4 15 0 1   12 30 8 25 8 25   12 45 12 30   The second The middle the end 13 0 16 25 8    13 15 20 15   The third The middle the end 13 30 23 50 7 25   13 45 27 40   The fourth The middle the end 14 0 30 20 6 30   14 15 33 40   The fifth The middle the end 14 30 36 28 6 8   14 45 39 2   The sixth The middle the end 15 0 41 22 4 52   15 15 43 32   The seventh The middle the end 15 30 45 29 4 7   15 45 47 20   The eighth The middle the end 16 0 49 1 3 31   16 15 50 33   The ninth The middle the end 16 30 51 58 2 7   16 45 53 17   The tenth The middle the end 17 0 54 27 2 49   17 15 55 34   The eleventh The middle the end 17 30 56 37 2 10   17 45 57 32   The twelfth The middle the end 18 0 58 29     18 15 59 14   The thirteenth The middle the end 18 30 59 58     18 45 60 40   The fourteenth The middle the end 19 0 61 18     19 15 61 55   The fifteenth The middle the end 19 30 62 25     19 45 62 54   The sixteenth The middle the end 20 0 63 22     20 15 64 40   The seventeenth The middle the end 20 30 64 6     20 45 64 30   The eighteenth The middle the end 21 0 65 49     21 15 65 6   The nineteenth The middle the end 21 30 65 21     21 45 65 35   The twentieth The middle the end 22 0 65 47     22 15 66 57   The 21st The middle the end 22 30 66 6     22 45 66 14   The 22d The middle the end 23 0 66 20     23 15 66 25   The 23d The middle the end 23 30 66 28     23 45 66 30   The 24th The middle the end 24 0 66 31   The Climates were wont to be extended no further because that in the following places the Longest day doth not increase by hours but by whole Days or Diurnal revolutions and it is lost labour to compute them Notwithstanding the following Canon will shew the Elevation of the Pole or Latitude of the Places where the Longest days increase by whole Months Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Latitude of the places deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min.  67 20 69 30 73 20 78 20 84 0 90 0 Proposition XIV To explain the method of other Geographers in reckoning of the Climates and making the Table of the Climates The division of the Earth into Climates by the Ancient Geographers The Ancient Geographers especially the Grecians who supposed only a small portion of the Earth to be inhabited because that as well the places Northernly as those of the Torrid Zone they denied as impossible to be inhabited therefore they divided only that portion of the Earth which they knew into Climates and so only numbred seven Climates from the Aequator towards the Pole Artick and named them from some noted place through which the Parallel of the Climates passed viz. The first Climate they called the Climate through Meroe which is an Island and City in Africa encompassed by the Nile The second through Syene a City of Aegypt The third through Alexandria in Aegypt The fourth through the Island of Rhodes The fifth through the Hellespont Others through Rome The sixth through Borysthenes a famous River of the European Sarmatia The seventh through the Riphaean Mountains of Sarmatia The Ancients numbred not the other Climates from the other side of the Aequator towards the South because all those places were unknown to them and many thought that the Sea possessed all the superficies of the Earth Which seeing it seemed somewhat improbable to the latter these also numbred the Climates from the other side of the Aequator and they named them not from any noted places for they had no knowledge of any but by the same appellations with those of the Northern only preposing the Preposition 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as the Climate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as if you should say the Climate opposite to the Climate through Meroe or Syene c. Other Climates added by the Ancients But when through progress of time they discovered many parts of the Earth lying towards the South Pole to be inhabited many more Climates were numbred and constituted Some named the eighth Clime from the Palus Maeotis the ninth from the Baltick Sea the tenth the eleventh and the rest from other places Which denominations although not necessary for the construction of a Table yet they may be added unto our Table in those Areae where we have placed the number of the Climates for so the Climates will stick closer in our memory as also the Places in every Climate and we may be able to make a better comparison between the difference of Cold and Heat But this is better to leave to the Industry of the Reader and to those that are Studious than to add it to it that so we may afford them a greater occasion of contemplating the Terrestrial Globe and by this means may more easily commit them to Memory Where the Ancients began the Climates You must also take notice that the Ancients did not begin the Numeration of the Climates from the Aequator it self as our Table doth but from the Place or Parallel where the Longest day consisteth of 12¾ hours and therefore their first Climate is the second in our Table their second our third and so on for they supposed those places which we ascribe to the first Climate could not possibly be inhabited by men by reason of the excessive heat of the Sun The first Climate of 9 degrees of Latitude that therefore they judged it not meet to reckon those places but seeing that Experience hath demonstrated the contrary we would observe their Mode of naming and constituting of those Climates Ptolomy beginneth the first Climate from the Parallel where the Longest day is 12¼ hours or where the Latitude or distance from the Aequator is four degrees 15 minutes The matter is of no
are under the 52 degree of South Latitude yet they have no very hot Summer So that the Hollanders in the month of January when there should be an hot Summer found a great glade of Ice in the Creek of one of their Seas In the Mountains of the adjacent Coasts Snow is discovered all the Summer long and it is observed that in almost all the Regions of the South Temperate Zone they have a Cold far more intense in Winter and a violency of Rain and a less heat in Summer than the parts of our Northern Temperate Zone Whether this be the cause that the Sun makes a longer stay and the slower progress in the Semicircle of the Northern Zodiac than in the Southern is to be questioned In the Neighbouring Province of Peru which they call La Valla Imperial in the Province of Potosi they find so great a Cold that for four miles circumference there groweth nothing The season of Chili In the Kingdom of Chili which extendeth it self from 30 degrees of South Latitude to 50 degrees the Spring beginneth in the months of August sooner than the Celestial Account admitteth and endeth in the middle of November And from the middle of November Summer beginneth even to the middle of February from whence Autumn leadeth on to the middle of May which the Winter succedeth which is very violent and dispoileth the Trees of their Blossoms and scattereth a deep Snow with a vehement Frost which yet is discovered by the Sun except which is very seldom that the Sun appeareth not but the Snow rarely falleth in the Vallies for although it falls in great abundance and is heaped up so high that it ascends the tops of Mountains and is heaped together in the vacuity of the Mountains as in so many wells and indure almost the whole year yet being there dissolved they flow into the Rivers and Torrents which run through the Vallies with a great force even to the Sea to the great enrichment of the Grounds But although here it Snow not except rarely in the Plains yet it maketh so excessive a Frost that the like is scarcely felt in many parts of Europe which happeneth partly from the Altitude of the Pole partly from the propinquity of the Mountains from which descend so subtile and penetrating Winds that sometimes they are unsufferable whence it cometh to pass that the Maritim parts are more temperate He that is Studious may collect other differences of Region under the same Climate or in the vicine Climates from Writers for example that in England the Air is not so cold as in Holland so that they pen not up their Heards in the Winter Betwen Siberia and Tartaria in a place seated not far from the Frigid Zone in the end of our Temperate are said to be plesant Fields and rich Pastures almost no cold seeing that they scarce feel Winter where by the command of the Duke of Moscovia the City Tooru is built which is at this day so much encreased that it is able to repell the Assaults of the Tartars The Island of Japan In Japan the Winter is Cold Snowy Ruiny when yet other Regions of Europe and Asia lying under the same Climate have far lesser Winter the cause is because that Japan consists of many Islands disjoyned by a small Euripus and that it also lyeth in the middle of the Ocean America very hot in the Summer In Armenia and the adjoyning places there is great heat in Summer because it lieth amongst Mountains here and there mixed with Fields hence the more rich in some places in Summer remove to the tops of the Mountains and remain there for some months but the meaner sort in the day time defend themselves in the Mountains from the near and about eventide do descend to the lower ground Proposition XIII To declare how in places in the Frigid Zone the four Seasons of the year have themselves with the light Of the places in the Frigid Zone The cause of those Seasons with the light proposed in the entrance of this Chapter thus stands in the Frigid Zone 1. The Center of the Sun for some days or months as the place is either nearer or remote from the Pole doth not arise above the Horizon and for so many days setteth not 2. In those days when he is above the Horizon he only illustrateth those places with his oblique raies because he is not much elevated above the Horizon but moveth round it because those places are over much removed from the way of the Sun 3. The Sun is not deeply depressed beneath the Horizon yea in places near the Polary Circle or Artick Pole although the Center of the Sun doth not arise yet part of his Skirt ariseth and is beheld for some days above the Horizon before the Center it self ariseth by reason that the half Sun possesseth 15 minutes in the Heaven For example let us take those places whose distance is from the Aequator 67 degrees towards the Pole Artick let the Pole be elevated according to this Latitude and in the Meridian Crena of the Horizon you shall see that the degrees of the Ecliptick do not arise from the 19th degree of Sagittarius to the 11 of Capricorn that is the Center of the Sun being in that Arch doth not arise for 24 days viz. from the 10th of December to the 4th of January and yet part of the Skirt of the Sun for that whole time shall be above the Horizon to wit on the 21 of December the Limbus glittereth the Horizon but on the 10 of December as also on the first of January half the Sun shall be above the Horizon and half beneath because the Center is then in the Horizon But the whole Sun shall be elevated above the Horizon when the Center of the Sun shall hold the 14 degree of Capricorn that is about the 4 day of January also the whole shall afterwards appear when his Center shall possess the 16 degree of Sagittarius that is about the 7 of December But in places where the elevation of the Pole is 70 or 75 degrees there this difference between the Oriental Limbus and the Oriental Center is very little so that the Limbus or Skirt scarcely anticipateth the rise of the Center of the Sun one day or half a day From this smallest of depression it followeth also that they enjoy the light of the Crepusculum many hours before the rising and after the setting of the Sun and although the Sun ariseth not yet in all or many of the hours of the day they have light in the Air. There is also another cause See Chap. 19. which maketh the Sun first to be seen before that he is elevated above the Horizon For thence it cometh to pass that not only the Sun is seen before he is elevated above the Horizon and before the Raies can directly come from him to the Eye but also that the light of the Twilight sooner illustrateth
not appear every night for it is known concerning the Moon as also with the attendants of Jupiter that they rise and set with the Sun near to Jupiter and moreover that they have a great difficulty of observing in the Ships joyned or accompanied with the flowing of waves for this reason many leaving the appearances of the Moon and the attendance of Jupiter fly to the Automatical Horologe and advise the Mechanical Artificers so to endeavour to prepare a Machine or Horologe as may be subject to no error so that it may shew 24 hours at the same time in which the Sun may be circumvolved and may make one day or 24 hours and may neither Anticipate or postdate the time A moving Dial very useful for the finding the Longitudes of places If that such an Automaton could be made it would be very apt and afford a most facile invention of Longitude to Navigators For before that they set Sail from any place the hour of that place must be observed accurately at some time which is no difficult matter and the Automaton was to be disposed at that hour and so in every day it will shew the hours of this place if that it be subject to no fault When therefore that place being left it came to another whose Longitude or distance of the Meridian from the Meridian of the place of the departure we desire to know nothing remaineth to be done but that we should observe in this place the hour from Heaven which in the day time is done by the Sun in the night by the Stars without much labour of this place and also looking on the Automaton what hour then is in the place or Meridian whence we departed So we shall have the hours of two places at the same moment of time And therefore that difference of hours if that it be changed into degrees and Minutes as hath been said already it will shew the Longitude of this place from the Meridian of our place whence we departed and so the degrees in the Maps or Globes being numbred from this Meridian whence we departed they will shew â—he Meridian where we are But notwithstanding Artists have hitherto shewed great industry in the making of an Automaton of such perfection yet none hath been so happy to accomplish the same For both the condition of the matter whence they are made lacks such a perfection and the diversity of the Air taketh away the perpetual equality of the motion For when the Air is cold it moves more slowly than when the Air is warm so that the Automaton which the Hollanders placed in their Houses when they lived a whole Winter in Nova Zembla ceased wholly from motion although that they added more weight to it than was usual Now for the correcting this defect in these Automatical Horologies or Clocks The Automatical Horologe subject to Error they advise us every day to place the Horologe at the hour of that place in which or unto which they then are come but although this be done yet a great error may creep into the invention of Longitude For if on the second day of our going forth the Longitude of this place or Meridian may be found out from the hours of the Automaton compared with the hours of the place unto which we are come and the hours of the Automaton do not altogether exactly agree with the hours of the place whence we set Sail thence it will come to pass that a defective Longitude may be taken and a false Meridian noted in the Maps for the place of the Ship that day In the following day viz. on the third day a false Longitude shall again be found and that being numbred from the false Meridian of the preceding day shall duplicate the error On the fourth day again it shall be augmented and the defect shall be triplicated On the fifth day it shall be four times worse and so on For Example if that an Horologe in the space of 24 hours prove defective in the Celestial motion and revolution for the 15th part of an hour which perfection our Artificers do seldom exceed the Longitude found from it shall be greater or lesser than an whole degree for 1 13 of an hour maketh a degree and so a false Meridian of this day shall be noted in the Maps which is distant from the true a degree or 15 Miles And on the third day by reason that the Automaton erreth again the 15th part of an hour here again will be the defect of one degree of Longitude and seeing that the noted Meridian of the former day is also absent one degree from the Meridian which is true and from thence the Numeration is made for the Meridian of the third day here now will be a Meridian removed two degrees that is thirty Miles in the Aequator on the fourth day three degrees on the fifth day four degrees that is sixty Miles so that at length the numerated Longitude and the noted Meridian will be far from the Meridian in which the Ship then is And this is the Cause why this Mode is not perfect and is therefore neglected by Mariners Lemma Because that in all the preceeding Modes of finding out of a Longitude the hour was to be sought for at the time of observation therefore we shall explain the same Mode from the Principles of Astronomy by which it is done for concerning the Elevation of the Pole which also is required we have spoken in the 23 Chapter In the day time the Sun must be observed See Chap. â—3 in the night the most remarkable Stars At both time it is best to expect the time in which the Sun or Stars are in the Meridian and for the knowing the hours and Horary scruples of the other remaining part of time a most exact Automaton must be used For an Automaton will little err above the space of half a day if it be exactly made and so we shall have no need of the Elevation of the Pole in this case which yet we ought to know by reason of the Parallel Concerning the day therefore the Sun being brought into the Meridian we know the 12 hour to be in the place and therefore the Automaton must be placed at this very moment of time to shew the hours of the following time But if the Phoenomenon must be observed before the Meridies let the Automaton be disposed at the very time of the observation and then let the appulse of the Sun at the Meridian be observed and then looking on the Automaton the hours may be known which are elapsed from the time of the observation to the Meridies or 12th hour whence the hour of the observation shall be known But if when the Sun is without the Meridian you desire to know the hour from the Heaven let the Altitude of the Sun be taken at the time of the Phoenomenon or appearance Then on the Spherical Triangle from three given sides which are the
wast-ground it is watered by the Rivers Scheld and Ley which run through the City and make 26 Islands which are conjoyned by 98 Bridges This place is particularly famous for being the Birth-place of John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster 2. Bruges seated on a large and deep Channel of the Sea from which it is distant about three Leagues once a famous Mart Town but now of small account as to matters of Traffick 3. Ipres seated on a River so called a Town of great strength 4. Graveling or Gravelines feated on the Sea-shoar a place of good strength and 5. Lisle of some account The four principal Ports in Flanders are 1. Dunkirk now in the possession of the French a place of good strength especially of late when the English were Masters of it nigh to which is the impregnable Fort of Mardike also so made by the English The Inhabitants of this Town are found very troublesom on the Seas to those that are their Enemies 2. Ostend an exceeding strong place as is manifest by its holding out a Siege of three years three months three weeks and odd days against the Arch-Duke nigh to which was fought that bloody Battel in 1660 between the Arch-Duke Albertus and the States where by the valour of the English the Victory was gained and 3. Sluce seated at the Mouth of the Channel of Bruges where it enjoys a fair and commodious Haven capable to receive about 500 Sail of good Ships now subject to the States of Holland Throughout all Flanders are a great many Religious-houses and Nunneries which are filled with vertuous Gentlewomen for the most part Maidens who live a Religious life and at spare times makes curious Works which are disposed of by the Lady Abbess Earldom of Artois The Earldom of ARTOIS North of Flanders is divided into Wallone and Flamingat and said to contain about 750 Villages and 12 walled Towns the chief among which are 1. Arras where the Tapestry Hangings and Cloths of Arras were first invented and made 2. Hesdinfert a very strong Frontier Town towards Picardy 3. Bappaumes 4. St. Omer and 5. Aire Earldom of Haynault The Earldom of HAYNAVLT West of Flanders is said to number about 900 Villages and 24 Towns the chief amongst which are 1. Mons an ancient and strong Town 2. Valenciennes so seated on the Scheld that it cannot be besieged except with three Armies at one time 3. Maubeugel 4. Avesnes about which are digged excellent white Stones for building 5. Landrechies and 6. Philippeville Earldom of Namur The Earldom of NAMVR North of Brabant hath about 180 Villages and 4 walled Yowns viz. Namur Charlemont Bovines and Valencourt This Country is very fertil in Grains hath store of Mines of Jasper all sorts of Marble and abundance of Iron Under the subdivision of the Provinces upon the Rhine may be comprehended Alsatia the Palatinate of the Rhine the Archbishopricks and Electorates on the Rhine the Estates of the Succession of Cleves and Julier and the Vnited Provinces of the Low Countries c. Province of Alsatia ALSATIA Westwards of Lorrain hath for its chief places 1. Strasbourg formerly Argentina because here the Romans received the Tribute of the Conquered Nations seated in Lower Alsatia near the Rhine from which here is a Channel cut for the conveyance of Commodities This City is about 7 miles in circuit is a good place of strength and famous for its many Rareties as its admirable Clock a description of which I shall here set down which was given me by an Ingenious person who took this particular account thereof FOR the curiousness of the Work it self I cannot set it forth neither can any man take pleasure of the Workmanship but such as see it In the whole work there are Nine things to be considered which ascend up one above another as the description sheweth whereof eight are in the Wall the ninth and that the most wonderful standeth on the ground three foot or such a matter from the Ground and Wall and that is a great Globe of the Heavens perfectly described in which are three Motions one of the whole Globe which betokeneth the whole Heavens and moveth about from the East to the West in four and twenty hours the second is of the Sun which runneth through the Signs there described by that Artificial motion it hath once every year the third is of the Moon which runneth her course in 28 days So that in this Globe you may view as if you had the Heavens in your hand the Motions of the whole Heavens the motion of the Sun and Moon every Minute of an hour the rising and falling of every Star among which Stars are the Makers of this work Dassipodius and Wolkinstenius described yea better than in the true Heavens because here the Sun darkneth them not by day nor the Moon by night The Instruments of these Motions are hid in the Body of a Pelican which is portraied under the Globe The Pole lifted up to the Elevation of Strasburgh and noted by a fair Star made in Brass the Zenith is declared by an Angel placed in the midst of the Meridian The second thing to be observed which is the first on the Wall are two great Circles one within another the one eight foot the other nine foot broad the uttermost moveth from the North to the South once in a year and hath two Angels the one on the North-side which pointeth every day in the Week the other on the South-side which pointeth what day shall be one half year after The Inner circle moveth from South to North once in a hundred years and hath many things described about it as the Year of the World the Year of our Lord the circle of the Sun the processions of the Aequinoctials with the change of the Solstitial points which things fall out by the motion which is called Trepidationis the Leap-year the Movable Feasts and the Dominical Letter or Golden Number as it turneth every year There is an immovable Index which incloseth for every year all these things within it the lower part of which Index is joyned to another round Circle which is immovable wherein the Province of Alsatia is fairly described and the City of Strasburgh On both sides of these Circles on the Wall the Eclipses of the Sun and Moon are which are to come for many years even so many years as the Wall might orderly contain The third thing which is to be seen a little above this is a weekly motion of the Planets as they name the day as on Sunday the Sun is drawn about in his Charriot accordingly as the day is spent and so drawn into another place so that before he be full in you shall have Monday that is the Moon clean forth and the Horses of Mars's Charriot putting forth their heads and so it is for every day in the week On this side there are nothing but dumb Pictures to garnish the Wall
The fourth thing which is next above this is a Dias for the Minutes of hours so that you shall see every Minute pass Two beautiful Pictures of two Children are joyned to either side of this he which is on the North-side hath a Scepter in his hands and when the Clock striketh he telleth orderly every stroke He on the South-side hath a fine Hour-glass in his hand which runneth just with the Clock and when the Clock hath stricken he turneth his Hour-glass which is run forth and holdeth it running The first thing which is next above the Minute-Dial is the Dial for the hour containing the half parts also the uttermost circumference containeth the hours but within it is made a curious and perfect Astrolabe whereby is shewed the motion of every Planet his aspect and in what Sign what degree and what hour every one is in every hour of the day the opposition likewise of the Sun and Moon and the Head and Tail of the Dragon And because the Night darkneth not the Sun nor the Day the Moon or other Planets therefore their Courses are here exactly seen at all times The sixth thing which is next unto this is a Circle wherein the two Signs of the Moon rising and falling at two several hollow places it is seen at what state she is and her Age is declared by an Index which is wholly turned about once every Month. The seventh thing which is about this are four little Bells whereon the Quarters of the hour are strucken at the First quarter cometh forth a little Boy and striketh the first Bell with an Apple and so goeth and stayeth at the fourth Bell until the next Quarter then cometh a lusty Youth and he with a Dart striketh two Bells and succeedeth into the place of the Child at the Third cometh forth a man in Arms with a War-Mace in his hand and striking three Bells he succeedeth into the place of the young Man at the Fourth quarter cometh forth an Old man with a Staff having a Crook at the end and he with much ado because he is Old striketh the four Bells and standeth at the Fourth quarter until the next Quarter forthwith to strike the Clock cometh Death in the Room above this for this is the eight thing and this understand that at every Quarter cometh he forth thinking to catch each of those former Ages away with him but at a contrary side in the same Room where he is cometh Christ forth and driveth him in but when the last Quarter is heard Christ giveth him leave to go to the Bell which is in the midst and so striketh he with his Bone according to the number of the hours and there he standeth at the Bell as the Old man doth at his quarter Bell until the next Quarter and then go they in both together The ninth and last thing in this right Line is the Town at the top of the Work wherein is a noble pleasant Chime which goeth at three seven and eleven of the Clock every time a diverse Tune to one of the Psalms and at Christmas Easter and Whitsontide a Thanksgiving unto Christ and when this Chime hath done the Cock which standeth on the top of the Town on the North-side of the main Work having stretched out his Neck shaken his Comb and clapped his Wings twice Crowseth then twice and this verily he doth so shrill and naturally as it would make any man to wonder and if they list which attend the Clock they make him to Crow more times In this Town whereon this Cock standeth are conveyed all the Instruments of those motions which are in the foresaid described things The other places of note in this Lower Alsatia are 2. Altkirck in the part of Sungou 3. Ensisheim in higher Alsatia 4. Frisbourg in Brisgou 6. Offenbourg in Mortnais and 7. Bade in the Marquisate Palatinate of the Rhine The PALATINATE of the RHINE which is divided or severed into the Estates of the Palatinate the Estates of the Princes of the House Palatinate and the Bishopricks and Imperial Cities of Spires and Wormes The chief places are Heidelberg seated in a Plain but environed on three sides with high Mountains and the other regards the Rhine from which it is distant about a mile it is dignified with the Seat of the Palsgraves as also with an Vniversity 2. Spires seated in a Plain about half a mile from the Rhine a City of more Antiquity than Beauty and Trade being of note for the Imperial Chamber here continually kept 3. Wormes a City also of good Antiquity for the many Imperial Parliaments here formerly held and 4. Frankendal a new fair strong and beautiful City about which grow great plenty of Rhenish Wines Electorates of Mayence Trives and Cologne The Electorates and Archbishopricks on the Rhine are those of MAYENCE whose chief places are Mayence and Aschaffenbourg of TREVES whose chief places are Treves and Coblentz and of COLOGNE whose principal places are Cologne and Bonne Cleaveland The Estates of the Succession of CLEAVELAND contain the Dutchies of Cleves of Julier and of Berge The Dutchy of Cleves and County of Marke is in the Marquisate of Brandenburgh Dutchy of Cleves and hath for its chief places Wesel and Hamme in the County of Marks Dutchy of Juliers The Dutchy of JVLIERS hath for its chief places Aken where the Emperour after his Election is invested with the Silver Crown of Germany this place is of great esteem for its holy Relicks and 2. Juliers The Dutchy of BERGE or MONTE hath for its chief places Dusseldrop Hattingen and Arusberg The VNITED PROVINCES UNder the name of the Vnited Provinces of the LOW COVNTRIES or NETHERLANDS are contained the Dutchy of Guelders the Earldoms of Holland Zeland and Zutphen and the Lordships of Vtrecht Overyssel Groningue and Malines Dutchy of Guelderland The Dutchy of GVELDERS or GVELDERLAND Westwards of Brabant is divided into the Quarters of Betuve Veluve and Guelders particularly so called wherein are the Towns of 1. Nieumegue once a Free City seated on the branch of the Rhine called Whael and made one of the Imperial Seats in these parts by Charles the Great the other two being Thionvil and Aken 2. Arnhem the usual residence of the Dukes of Guelders 3. Ruremond so called from the River Ruer and Monde 4. Harderwick from a Village made a walled Town by Otho the third Earl 5. Guelders 6. Venlo and 7. Bommel Earldom of Holland The Earldom of HOLLAND hath on the West and North the Seas from which no part is above three hours distance in this Earldom are said to be about 400 Villages and 23 Towns the chief of which are Amsterdam which of late by the addition of the new to the old is a fair strong and beautiful City being the most rich and powerful of all the Netherlands famous for its great Trade to the utmost parts of the World and as infamous for its
Insects and Animals Its Insects and Animals as Scorpions as big as Rats but no waies hurtful Lizards so harmless that they frequent the houses and love the company of men Land Crabs in great abundance which are good to eat Also Muskettoes Cockroches and Merrywings which are very troublesom in the night in stinging It s Division and Towns This Isle is severed into Eleven Precincts or Parishes in which are fourteen Churches and Chapels besides many places which may not improperly be called Towns as composed of a long and spacious street and beautified with fair houses and of late years the whole Isle is so taken up that there is no such thing as any wast ground It s chief Towns are 1. St. Michaels formerly called the Bridge Town or Indian Bridge seated at the bottom of Carlisle Bay which is very deep capacious and secure fit to give Harbour for about 500 Vessels at one time The Town is large and long containing several Streets and graced with above 500 well built Houses It is very populous being the Residence of the Governours the place of Judicature and the scale of trade where most of the Merchants and Factors in the Isle have their store-houses for the negotiation of their affairs in the supplying the Inhabitants with such Commodities as they have occasion of in exchange of theirs the product of the Isle For the security of the Ships here are two strong Forts opposite to each other with a Platform in the midst which commands the Road all Fortified with great Guns c. 2. Little Bristol formerly Sprights Bay hath a commodious Road for Ships which is secured by two powerful Forts and is a place well resorted unto 3. St. James hath the conveniency of a good Road for Ships which is well secured by a large Platform and Fortified Breast-works It is a Town of a good trade well Inhabited and the more as being the place where the Monthly Courts for the Precinct is kept And 4. Charles Town seated on Oyster Bay well secured by two strong Forts with a Platform in the midst this Town having the accommodation of a weekly Market and being the place where the Monthly Courts are kept for the Precinct makes it to be well Inhabited and frequented This Isle is of a great strength as well by Nature as Art It s strength being sheltered with Rocks and Shoals and where it is not thus defended by nature it is fortified with Trenches and Rampiers with Pallisadoes Curtains and Counter-scarfs and for its further Defence hath three Forts one for a Magazine and the other two for Retreats they have also a standing Militia consisting of two Regiments of Horse and five of Foot which are alwaies to be ready at beat of Drum Its Inhabitants or sound of Trumpet The Inhabitants of this Isle may be ranged under three sorts viz. Masters Christian Servants and Negro-slaves which are very numerous The Masters for the most part live at the height of pleasure The Servants after the expiration of five years are Freemen of the Isle and employ their times according to their abilities and capacities and the Negro-slaves are never out of Bondage and the Children they get are likewise perpetual Slaves These poor creatures although they have such extream hard usage for Dyet Apparel or Lodging and are held to such hard labour and so ill treated by their Masters or Overseers yet are well enough contented with their conditions and where they meet with kind Masters think nothing too much to do for them so that it is great inhumanity and pity to wrong them Every Sunday which is the only day of rest to them and should be set apart for the Service of God they employ either in getting of the Bark of Trees and making of Ropes with it which they truck away for Shirts Drawers or other conveniencies or else spend the day in dancing wrestling Isle of St. Christophers described or other meriments St. CHRISTOPHERS so called from Christopher Columbus the first discover thereof seated in the Latitude of 17 degrees 25 minutes In Circuit about 75 miles the soil is light and sandy and very apt to produce several sorts of Fruits Provisions and Commodities as Sugar Tobacco Cotton Ginger c. This Isle by reason of its several great and steep Mountains in the midst from which spring the Rivers which plentifully water the Land many of which are hot and sulphurous with horrid Precipices and thick Woods renders it impassable through the midst On the Sea side is a Salt pit not far from which is a small Isthmus of Land which reacheth within a mile and a half of the Isle of Neivis This Isle is very delightful and of a most delectable Prospect for if the Eye be directed downwards from the top it hath a prospect of curious Gardens which gently descend to the Sea side and in regard of the continual ascent of the Isle the lower stage or story doth not debar the eye of the pleasant prospect of that which lyeth at a remoter distance which is terminated by those high Mountains and that which makes the prospect the more delectable in the several Plantations are the fair houses covered with glazed Slate This Isle is divided into four Cantons or Quarters two of which are possessed by the English and two by the French which parts are not so well watered as those of the English but better for Tillage and not so hilly The English have two fortified places one commanding the great Haven and the other a descent not far from Point de sable and the French have four strong Forts the chief of which Commands the Haven and is called Basse Terre And for the better security of each other constant guard at their Forts are kept In the parts belonging to the English are five Churches for Divine Worship The chief place belonging to the French is at Basse-Terre being a Town of a good bigness and garnished with well built houses where the Merchants have their store-houses and is well Inhabited here is a large and fair Church also a publick Hall for the Administration of Justice a fair Hospital for sick people and a stately Castle which is the residence of the Governor of a most pleasant scituation on the foot of a high Mountain not far from the Sea having spacious Courts delightful walks and Gardens Nieves described NIEVES or MEVIS not far from St. Christophers as before noted of a small extent not exceeding 18 miles in Circuit In the midst of the Isle is a Mountain of a great height but of an easie access and well clothed with wood and about this Mountain are the Plantations which reach to the Sea-shoar Here are divers springs of fresh water and one of a hot and Mineral quality not far from whose Spring head are Baths made which are much resorted unto It is indifferent fertil and hath store of Deer and other Game for Hunting and is found to
a b c d the distance from the Verticles b g be observed by a Quadrant Let at Alexandria in the day of the Solstice 21 of June g f or G F be observed 1 50 of the Periphery or 7 degrees 12 minutes but in Syene let there be no distance the Sun hangeth perpendicularly over their heads therefore B G shall be the Arch intercepted between those two places And because the distance put is 5000 Stadiums therefore according to the Golden Rule it shall be as 7 degrees 12 parts to one degree or as 1 50 to 1 360 or as 5 to 36 so 5000 to 694 4 9 Stadiums which are requisite for one degree or as 1 50 is to 50 or as 1 to 50 so 5000 to 250000 Stadiums of the whole Periphery A B C D according to this measure Yet seeing there are divers ways to take the Meridian Altitude of the Sun and the distance from the Vertical point g b Eratosthenes wrought it by a hollow Spherical Scioterick or Sundial which they called Scaphe where the Style B x sheweth the Vertex o x z but the Radius or beam of the Sun terminaitng the shadow of the Style or Pin marks out B z how much the distance of the Sun o b from the Vertex 7 degrees 12 firsts at Alexandria But in the City Syene the Style G x makes no shadow that day because o the Sun hangeth perpendicularly over it and therefore there is no distance of the Sun then because therefore the Angle B x z is equal to the Angle b x o whose measure is B o or B z there B o is equal to B z 7 degrees 12 first minutes or 1 50 of the Periphery The other things are performed as it hath been said The third manner of Posidonius Posidonius's manner used about the magnitude c. of the Earth Let two places B G be under the same Meridian Posidonius took B Rhodes and G the City Alexandria in Egypt let the Altitude of some Star in these two places when it cometh into the Meridian above the Horizon and that in the same day or in divers days which matters not at all Posidonius took the shining Star Canobus which is of the first magnitude in Argonavi See Scheme but this Star did not rise above the Horizon of Rhodes h H S but did only touch the Horizon in S yet it was elevated above the Horizon of Alexandria F R t in the Arch t S 1 48 part of the whole Periphery or 7 degrees 30 minutes Therefore the distance of the Arch T s that is B G shall be 7 degrees 30 minutes unto 1 degree or as 1 48 part unto 1 360 that is as 1 to 48 so 5000 to 240000 Stadiums of the whole Perimeter of the Earth according to these Hypotheses of Posidonius The fourth manner or way of Snellius Snellius's way about the dimension and magnitude of the Earth Because in the former ways we have taken two places B G lying under the same Meridian and yet the places fit for this business may lye under divers Meridians therefore we thought it requisite that an example and that of Snellius should be also concerning this case here proposed Let therefore A B C D be the Meridian of Alcmaria B Alcmaria it self the Elevation of the Pole h a 52 degrees 40 ½ minutes the distance from the Pole B A 37 degrees 19 minutes 30 seconds See Scheme Let the other place be P Bergenapsome the Meridian A P V V the distance from the Pole that is the Complement of the Elevation 51 degrees 29 minutes A P is 38 degrees 31 minutes therefore P G a Perpendicular Line being drawn to A B G the difference of the distances from the Pole is B G 71 minutes 30 seconds or 1 degree 11 minutes 30 seconds Moreover Snellius by a laborious Geodesie or Earth-meeting found the distance of Alcmaria from Bergen B P to be 34710 Rhindlandish Perches and the Angle of Position P B G to be 11 degrees 26 minutes 2 seconds Therefore in the Triangle strait angled P B G the Hypotenuse B P and the Angle B P G is given therefore by the Problem of the second Chapter B G is found 34018 for which Snellius takes 33930 for he detracts 88 Perches from the Stations of the Elevations of the Pole But the Arch B G 71 ½ scruples is the difference of the Elevation of the Pole therefore as 71 ½ minutes is to 1 degree or 60 minutes so is 33930 or 34018 to 28473 Perches for one degree or according to the round number 28500 or 19 Holland miles They which understand Spherical Trigonometry from the given A B A P the Angle A B P may find the Arch B P to be 1 degree 14 minutes which when they are equal with 34710 Perches 1 degree shall be equal to the Perches or of 18 miles and ⅘ But the cause that this number differeth from that of Snellius is first that Snellius did not take the very points of the Towers B P by which he obtained the Angle G B P for the knowing the Elevations of the Pole but he took the places a little distant from them See Snellius in page 197. Notwithstanding no man can doubt but the same may be found to be the Altitude of the Pole The other cause is that he taketh the Lines B G B P P G as strait which nevertheless are not strait although this discord may seem to make little or no difference of any moment But let Snellius his quantity of a degree of 28500 Perches be taken mine of 28300 Perches his makes 19 147 150 miles mine 18 ⅘ miles the Perimeter or Circuit according to Snellius shall be 10260000 Perches 123120000 feet or 8640 Holland miles The fifth manner being the first Terrestrial way of measuring the Earth The first Terrestrial way for the finding out the magnitude c. of the Earth The three following manners or ways are Terrestrial performing the work without the Heaven or Meridian Line Let B P be the Altitude of the Tower this is to be sought out in a Land-measuring way then let P s be the distance of the most remote term from whence the Tower may be seen And although P s be not a strait Line yet because it is the least part of the Periphery of the whole Earth therefore it is taken for a strait line and the Triangle strait angled B P s in which by the given B P P s the Angle B s P is found to whom B R s is equal whose measure is the Arch S P. Therefore as this Arch is to one degree so P s the found distance See Scheme is to the quantity of one degree As for Example let B P the Altitude be 480 Paces and let the distance P s of the point s which endeth the Sight be 40000 Paces or 10 German miles therefore let it be wrought according to the Problem of the second Chapter As
being conveyed into the German Ocean and hence into various parts of the Earth but when that they had perfected a great part of the Channel The Water of the German Ocean higher than the Land they were compelled to desist by reason that at length they found by observation that the water of the German Ocean was higher than the Land of Leyden and the Shores of this Ocean therefore the German Ocean is higher than the Belgick Bay But we must esteem otherwise of those Bays which flow between the Lands not by an oblong but by a broad tract as the Bays or Gulphs of Mexico Bengala and others that these are of the same Altitude with the Ocean from which they are separated by no strait passages is not to be doubted of Although I am not ignorant that the Spaniards formerly did question this latter viz. whether the Pacifick Ocean were higher than the Bay of Mexico when they consulted of digging through the American Isthmus or that of Panama that they might have a free and convenient passage from the Bay of Mexico to Peru China and the Indian Isles viz. the Spaniards feared least the English Dutch and other Nations should use this Streight and stop the mouth of it and so invade Peru. Wherefore to conclude it seemeth that we must determine that all the parts and broad Bays of the Ocean are all of the same Altitude as the first Proposition proveth See Proposit I. but that the long Gulphs or Bays especially those let in through an angust Channel or Streight are somewhat more low chiefly in the extream parts Concerning which yet I could wish that more diligent Observations were made viz. these are the doubts 1. Whether the Indian Atlantick and Pacifick Ocean be of the same Altitude or whether the Indian or Pacifick be higher than the Atlantick 2. Whether the Northern Ocean properly so called viz. that which is near to the Pole or in the frigid Zone be higher than the Atlantick Ocean 3. Whether the Red Sea be higher than the Mediterranean 4. Whether the Pacifick be higher than the Gulph of Mexico 5. Whether the Baltick Ocean be equally as high as the Atlantick The same should be observed concerning Hudsons Bay Streights of Magellan and such other Concerning the Euxine Sea we shall treat in the fifteenth Chapter The continual flux and reflux of the Sea and other fluxes altogether cause the divers Altitudes of the parts of the Ocean and in the same part in a diverse time and hours of the day But these are external causes and we at present only consider the natural constitution of the Water moreover they do not so vary the Altitude in the Ocean it self as it appeareth at the shoars Corollary Therefore we cannot assent to Papyrius Fabianus and Cleomedes which made the greatest Altitude of the Ocean to be fifteen stadia's half a German mile except we must take their Opinion concerning the profundity and so Altitude is ill placed there for profundity Proposition VI. The depth of the Sea or Ocean in most parts may be sounded by the Load or Plummet there being very few places whose bottom hath not been yet found out The depth of the Sea in most places may be sounded The profundity of the Ocean is various according to the more or less depression of the Channels it is found 1 80 of a mile 1 20 ¼ ½ in very few places about a German mile where they have not line enough to sound the depth albeit here it be probable that it is not terminated at any vast distance But yet we deny not but that in the profound Channels there be as it were some hollownesses The profundity of the Sea is far lesser in the Sinus or Bays than in the Ocean which Channel is less profound or hollowed by reason of the vicinity of the Land as for the same reason the Ocean is less deep at the shoar than in places more remote from the Land which hapneth only by reason of the hollow figure of its Channels Of the Mariners Plumet Mariners sound the profundity with a Plumet of Lead in form of a Pyramid of about 12 pound weight if that the line be of three or four pound such as is sufficient unto 200 perches although others require a plumb of more weight Yet there may be a deceit in this Observation if so be that the line being snatched by the Vortices of the waters or waters themselves do not descend perpendicularly but obliquely But where the profundity of the Ocean is so great that neither Cables or Chains are sufficient is uncertain although some have invented something for finding out of this For they determine that you must observe how much time passeth in the space whilst a Plumet of noted weight descendeth to the profundity of the Sea Then you must apply a Cork or Alder-pith to the Plumet or a blown-up Bladder so that this may presently be separated from the lead when that the lead hath hit the bottom of the Sea and so an application being made the lead must be let down again to the bottom and the time must be noted until the Cork return to the superficies of the Sea From this Observation if it be compared with the observations made in another place they suppose that the profundity of the Ocean may be found by the use of some Canons But the uncertainty of the Rules and the fallacy of the Observations and the so great brevity of time is such that I think the knowledge of the depth can never be obtained by this method Yet this is sufficiently manifest that the depth of the Ocean is no where infinite but every where hath a bottom For seeing that the Earth it self is not infinite but round and in a figure returning into it self it is manifest that the profundity of the Ocean is not infinite neither doth it extend from one part of the superficies through the Center to the opposite superficies so that it may separate the parts of the Earth mutually from one another because the Earth is heavier than the Water and therefore the parts of the Earth if that they were separated by the interceding Earth yet presently would be conjoyned again But from the profundity observed hitherto in most places it is manifest that it is almost equal to the Altitude of the Mountains and Mediterranean places above the shoar viz. as much as these are elevated and are extant above the Horizon of the shoar so much are the Channels of the Sea depressed beneath it or as much as the Earth riseth from the shoars towards the Mediterranean places so much by degrees more and more is it depressed even unto the places of the middle of the Ocean where for the most part is the greatest depth The profundity is changed sometimes in this sometimes in that part for divers reasons 1. By reason of the flux and reflux 2. With the increase and decrease of the Moon 3. From
apprehend it from his words neither do I see how it can follow from his Hypothesis It is probable that the Sun and general winds do very much contribute to this intumescency of the water and seeing that the Sun in the Aequinoctials doth incumb on the middle of the Sea of the Torrid Zone therefore either he or the winds cause that the Sea then swelleth more than at another time But as concerning the Solstices we must say in a contrary mode or that the same is the cause of the greater intumescency of the Sea in the time of the Aequinoctials either of the Spring or Autumn which is the cause of more frequent rains winds and inundadions in those seasons Proposition XIV In some parts of the Ocean Gulphs and Shoars great is the encrease and decrease of the water in the influx and deflux in other some it is very small in some not discernable and so there is no flux and reflux or intumescency and detumescency The increase and decrease of the water in several parts of the Ocean Those places receive great Augmentation and decrease 1. That are under the Torrid Zone between the Tropicks for then the Moon pressing for the most part is there carried round 2. In places that are directly extended from East to West or nigh the Collateral quarters 3. In those Gulphs that are long and less broad the Augmentation is the more sensible 4. In those places in which few Islands or procurrents adjoyn to the Earth The greatest flux and deflux in the Streight of Cambaja The greatest flux and deflux hitherto observed is that which is in the Streight of Cambaja in one of the inlets of the River Indus and it hath struck many with admiration for the water recedeth to an high distance and that very speedily Whence not without reason the River Indus or the Gulph of Cambaja is thought to be that unto which when that Alexander the Great came and endeavoured to pass his Army over as it is there related the water presently went back and left his Ships a ground hence he went no farther but judged that the Gods had here fixed the bounds of his Expedition with a prohibition of proceeding any farther The cause is the small or narrow and deep depression of the Channel but yet 't is probable there was some other cause Fluv and reflux at Damman At the City Damman in India not far from Surat the Altitude of the water by flux and reflux is varied at two and a half Orygas and the Sea departeth from the shoar the space of half a mile In the Gulph of Cambaja the flux augmenteth the Altitude five Orgyas others say seven which unusual augmentation hath been the cause of the loss of many Ships by unexperienced Mariners for the water falling they have been split on the Rocks No constant time of the flux and reflux in the Streights of Magellan The flux and reflux in the Red-sea In the Gulphs and shoars of the Streights of Magellan no constant time of the flux and reflux is observed for sometimes the water floweth and refloweth in three hours othersome in twelve hours which inconstancy is to be ascribed to the violent irruption of the Ocean into that Streight and from the various agitations of the wind About Malacca also at the Streight of Sunda a notable flux and deflux is observed In the Arabian Gulph or Red Sea some of the Ancients have written that there is so great a reflux as Scaliger writeth that Moses and the Israelites passed over without any Miracle But it is false because the reflux is not there so great as to leave the Channel dry On the Coasts of China the flux and reflux is very sensible as also at the Isles of Japan At Panama on the Coast of America lying at the Pacifick Ocean the Sea is very much exalted The Sea at the flux much exalted at Panama and by and by depressed again in the full Moons the flux is so much augmented that water entreth into the Houses of the City Yea in almost all the shoars of the South Sea the Altitude of the water is wonderfully augmented and diminished so that in the reflux the decrease is sensible for two miles In the Gulph of Bengala at the shoar of Sâ—am the flux augmenteth the Altitude ten foot The flux not perceivable in the Mediterranean Sea But in the Mediterranean Sea which floweth in through the Streights of Gibralter from the West to the East the flux is not perceivable because the scituation is contrary to the quarter into which the Sea is moved and therefore the water of it is little augmented by the flux so that it is not discernable unless in the Gulph of Venice which by reason of its long extension and small Latitude sheweth the flux and reflux when in the other part of the Mediterranean Sea by reason of its notable Latitude that little augmentation and decrease is not discovered Whence this flux and reflux was unknown to the Grecians as also to the Romans in the time of Scipio Africanus And the Grecians as well as the Romans accounted it as miraculous what sometimes they discovered in other places as is manifest from the Expedition of Alexander the Great and of Scipio in the expugnation of Carthage but in the time of Cicero it was known to the Romans Yet some observed it a little at Massilia also at certain Coasts of Barbary it is noted enough The flux and reflux in the Baltick Sea not yet found out In the Baltick Ocean as also in the whole Northern Sea beyond England towards Norway and Greenland the flux and reflux of the Sea is not yet found out as neither in the North Coast of the Pacifick Ocean But the cause is not yet sufficiently known unless you will say that those Seas are remote from the course of the Moon and also that they are extended from the West to the East and North moreover that many Isles and procurrencies of land do hinder These three must be conjoined to impede the flux of the Sea in these places Proposition XV. The flux and reflux of the Sea is a violent motion viz. an impulse but the reflux is a natural motion of the water For the flux is caused by the pression of the Moon or matter between the Moon and the Earth or also because that the Sea doth not remain in that scituation which is received in the flux this is a sign that it was a violent motion But in the reflux the Sea is moved from a more high place to a more depressed place which is the natural motion of water Lemma The place of the Moon being given in the Ecliptick and the Latitude and hour of the day from an Ephemerides or by Supputation or Astronomical observation to find on the Terrestrial Globe the place unto which the Moon at the hour given is vertical also to exhibit all those places of the Earth unto
past eleven a Clock in the River Thames and other places of England A difficult task to explicate the cause of this difference Now it is a most difficult task to explicate the cause of this so notable a difference and that in all places although it be incumbent on the Philosopher or Geographer Yet it is probable that the various windings of the shoars the scituation of the Coasts in respect of the Sea the obstacles of Islands the mutual meetings of the water the distance of the places from the Lunary way various waies especially those that are constant and general the declining of the shoars and other things do very much conduce to this propriety of the flux For example at the Port of London in the Coast of England the water encreaseth until the Moon cometh unto the quarter of the South-West viz. when it declineth from the Ecliptick towards the South for then water begineth to flow back again but not when the Moon cometh to the Meridian Therefore we say that whilst the Moon moveth to the Meridian of London towards Brazile or from Brazile towards London the Sea doth not recede from London but is yet augmented by reason that the Coasts of America unto which the Ocean is moved by the Moon do repel that water towards England and this hapneth therefore because it affordeth not a passage for the water But why when the Moon is declining from the Ecliptick towards the North is the greatest Altitude of the water and the begining of the decrease observed before the Moon cometh to the Meridian viz. in the North-East I answer that this cometh to pass because that the Moon is then far more near to England than when it declineth from the Ecliptick towards the South and therefore then it more swiftly filleth but the cause why then the flux is no longer protracted even until the Moon cometh to the Meridian may be by reason that the Moon forceth the Sea more near the Sea of Mexico and Hudsons Streights where there is found a great intumescency and detumescency On the Coast of China we therefore say that the intumescency doth anticipate the appulse of the Moon at the Meridian by reason that a continnual East wind driveth that Sea towards the West But these allegations I leave to be farther examined by the searchers of nature But for the finding out of the true cause it is altogether necessary that we acquire accurate observations how the flux and reflux of the Sea is made in divers places viz. in what vertical the Moon is in that flux how the quarter is varied in a divers place of the Moon as in the full and new especially in those places where the Moon becometh vertical also in those which directly respect the East West and North. Also that must be diligently observed how the flux is here made in those hours of the day whilst that the Moon being in the North part of her Circle hath not the Sea placed vertically under her but Lands in a long tract viz. from Cambaja and China even to the Occidental Coasts of Africa For because then that it doth not directly press the water it being depended over the Mediterranean places I thence suppose that some variety must happen to this motion Also what then it doth whilst the Moon ruling in the South Hemisphere passeth over the Mediterranean parts of Brazile or Southern America Without these observations we shall hardly arrive at the true cause neither shall we neglect this argument Proposition XIX The Sea floweth to most Coasts in six hours and twelve minutes and refloweth also in so many hours The Sea in few places floweth in more hour and refloweth in less In very few places it floweth in more hours and refloweth in less and on the contrary in very few places it floweth in fewer hours and refloweth in more yet so that the time of the flux and deflux viz. between the two greatest intumescencies together make twelve hours with 24 ⅛ minutes and two such times make 24 hours with about 50 minutes 48 ¾ and therefore on every day the greatest intumescency falleth out later almost by an hour because that the Moon almost an intire hour returneth more slowly to the same Meridian every day We have sufficiently explained the first part of the Proposition in the Demonstration of the Eleventh Proposition although in this demonstration we have taken the Altitude of the Sea the Moon possessing the Meridian but in this Proposition by reason that in the proceeding we have shewed that in many places that Altitude doth happen the Moon being constituted without the Meridian we do not reckon in them the hours from the time in which the Moon possesseth the Meridian but for that time in which the Moon occupieth that vertical place in the which when that the Moon is it is manifest that the greatest intumescency is Yet in these places the period of the increment ot decrement doth not exactly observe these twelve hours witih twenty four minutes or twenty four hours with fifty minutes because that the Moon by reason of its various and mutable distance from the vertex either in more or fewer hours returneth to the same vertical which difference notwithstanding is not great Although therefore in all places the flux and reflux be compleated almost in twelve hours and twenty four minutes when that there are no tempests also in most this time is equally divided between the flux and reflux so that in six hours it floweth and in so many refloweth yet in some places the time of the flux is unequal to the time of the deflux viz. more or less The flux and reflux of the Ocean at the River Garumna in France The Ocean entereth Garumna a River in France in seven hours and resloweth in five So at the Port of Maccoa on the Coast of China the flux is in nine hours and refloweth in three yea in less if that the Eastern winds blow On the contrary at the Coast of Zenega a River of Aethiopia the Sea floweth in four hours and refloweth in eight The causes of these differences are difficult Some refer them to the swift and valid efflux of the Rivers or also to a simple efflux for therefore the Shoar of Garumna discovereth the flux in seven hours because that its strong motion retardeth the flux but yet assisteth the deflux therefore the Sea refloweth in five hours Others have added those hours to the flux by reason that the Sea reflowing from the more Northern place hindreth least the Sea should hinder the egress from Garumna but rather be more forced on it But I suppose therefore to be by reason that Garumna poureth forth it self by a strong Motion from its inlet or mouth into the Ocean for some distance this efflux is prohibited on some part from the Sea and so the water of Garumna is at a stand also for some space before that the Sea by reason of the Moon entreth its
a Fountain of so great force that it dissolveth stones Near unto Tours in France are Caves to be seen tearmed commonly Les Caves Gouttieres from the roof of which the water which falleth is formed into divers shapes as Nuts Almonds and the like The hot Fountain of Japan burneth all things and devoureth cloth iron flesh c. The studious may collect divers other examples from other Authors and reduce them to this Classis if that they seem not possible to be reduced to any of the former The Causes must be sought from the peculiar situation and property of each place Proposition XVIII To enumerate those Fountains which break forth at a set time not continually to explain the cause and those which ebb and flow Of Fountains which break forth at a set time not continually This Proposition belongeth not to this Chapter but to the preceding yet because it belongeth to the wonder of waters and was neglected in the former Chapter here it shall be explained In a Fountain situated on the top of an high Hill in the Province of Canaugh in Ireland the water ebbeth and floweth every day with the flux and reflux of the Sea yet the water is fresh The same is observed in the Fountain Louzara which is in the mountainous places of Galaecia called Cabreti 20 miles from the Sea Also in Aquitain in the Village Marsacus is a Fountain which imitateth the swelling of the Sea and swelleth with the increase of Garumnae in Burdeaux Elsewhere there are said to be Fountains which augment and decrease contrary to the swelling of the Sea In Wales near the mouth of the River Severn is a Pool called Linliguna which swalloweth in the Marine floods whilst that they arise but it is by no means filled with the same and the flood of the Sea ceasing then it riseth with a great force and vomiteth out the water with which it covereth the Banks In Biscay there are the four Springs Tamarici whereof three every day are so dried twelve times as if that no water were in them as Pliny reporteth But I question whether they be to be found at this day In Savoy is a Fountain of noted magnitude callen Wonderful which sinketh low twice in an hour and twice floweth and before that it floweth and doth break forth with a great noise it floweth into the Lake Burgites In the Mountains of Foix in Languedoc riseth the River Lers which in the Months June July and August ebbeth and floweth 24 times in a day See Bertius In a Region of Westphalia called Paderborn is a Fountain which ebbeth and floweth twice every day although it sendeth forth so much water that not far from the Fountain the water driveth four Water-mills and it breaketh forth with a mighty noise In the Province of Wallis in Germany is a Fountain called the Fountain of St. Mary it ceaseth to flow in the Autumn at the day dedicated to St. Mary and returneth in May. The Pool or Lake Maron in Palestine is so dry in the Summer and bringeth forth Herbs and Shrubs so high that Lions Wolves and other wild Beasts do abide there In Spain two miles from Valindolid is a Fountain which ariseth in May and falleth in November All Baths flow without any cessation or change except those that are in Rhaetia and are called the Pepper Baths for they flow only in the Summer from the third of May to the fourteenth of September then they cease CHAP. XVIII Of the Mutation of the places of the Water and Land or of the Mutation of the watery superficies into the earthy and the contrary Proposition I. To know the Superficies of the Earth which the water possesseth how great it is and that which the Earth occupieth Of the Superficies of the earth which the water possesseth WE cannot accurately know this because we are ignorant whether the Sea or Land doth possess the Superficies of the North or South Polaryland Moreover because the Superficies of the water as also of the land is terminated on the Globe by an irregular bending of the lines therefore it would be a very difficult task to compute the quantity of the Superficies of the water and land but as far as we are able to collect in gross from the inspection of the Terrestrial Globe the Superficies of the water and land seem almost equal so that the Superficies of the water is half to the Superficies of the land and so also is the Superficies of the land Proposition II. The Superficies of the Water as also of the Land is not at all times of the same magnitude but sometimes greater and sometimes lesser and when the Superficies of the Water is augmented the Superficies of the Land is diminished For the Sea overfloweth sometimes here sometimes there or taketh away and carrieth with it so therefore his Superficies is augmented more or less as it hath overflowed a great or less tract of Land as in times past it did in Thessaly Yet this variety as far as it is yet known hath a very little proportion unto the whole Superficies of the water it may be made great as we shall shew in the eighteenth Proposition Proposition III. To compute what quantity of Water the Earth containeth and what quantity of Land Of the quantity of Land and Water which the Earth containeth For the finding out the accurate and true quantity of water and land first we ought to know both the whole Superficies of the water as also its depth in divers parts of the Sea also the subterraneous heaps of water ought to be examined All which seeing that we cannot find out by any method therefore we cannot find out the accurate quantity of the water or land but only from certain Hypotheses viz. we laid down the Superficies of the water to be half the Superficies of the earth the profundity to be quarter or half a mile neither do we reckon the waters in subterraneous Channels The quantity of water may be thus found out Take a quarter or half a mile from the Semidiameter of the earth and the solidity of the Sphere may be found whose Semidiameter is equal to the residue let this solidity be taken from the solidity of the earth the half of the residue is the quantity of the water the same half substracted from the solidity of the whole earth leaveth the quantity of the earth unto which must be added a fourth or fifth part of the bulk of water or of the former half But these are uncertainties from supposed uncertainties or at least nigh unto truth Proposition IV. The Water may leave the shoar and place of the Earth which it doth occupy for divers causes so that the Land may appear dry where the Water or Sea was before and so a new Land may seem to be generated A Sevenfold Tract of Waters There are a sevenfold Tract of waters viz. 1. the Ocean 2. Gulphs or Bays of the Ocean 3.
stay of the Sun or shall we say that a thicker exhalation consisteth in the Morning times in that Zone after that long absence Thirdly If that you are not pleased to admit that double refraction neither are you willing to grant that the supream part of the Air in the torrid and frigid Zone maketh any refraction I say if that the two premised Responses or Explications please not then you must confess that the Air in that place of the torrid Zone at that time was much higher than in our temperate Zone and likewise more thick â—or only the altitude diminisheth the refraction but if that there be a great thickness refraction is much more augmented by this than it is diminished by the altitude decreasing But I am most taken with the first of these three Causes which maketh the altitude of the Air two miles for we may not in the Horizontal refraction of 4 degrees 30 minutes make a less in Nova Zembla the other two are perplexed with many difficulties Now why they beheld not the Sun for so many days the same altitude remaining after he ceased to rise the third day of November I say that the cause was the thickness of the Air. The same answer must also be given why the same Dutch Mariners in the year 1596 on the 30th of May beheld not the Sun at Midnight under the elevation of 69 deg 24 minutes when that yet it was not under the Horizon 1 degree Why here it made no refraction the cause may be the same But we have been too large concerning this matter which prolixity the Reader must ascribe to the difficulty of the Doctrine For to accurate knowledge of this matter most accurate Observations are required neither yet may we if that the Observations made at divers elevations of the same Star on one place make not the same altitude assert that therefore the altitudes of it are diverse for the cause may be the diversity of the rarity of the Air viz. by how much it is nigher the Horizon by so much it is less rare If that this be so the Observations will in no wise produce the same altitude although it be the same because that we suppose in the Calculation that the same rarity of the Air is in both parts of the Air and therefore the same rule of Refraction Proposition XXXI The depression of the Star beneath the Horizon being given when that it first beginneth to appear that is the Horizontal refraction of the Star being given to find out the least altitude of that Air as may be the thickness of that Air for such are fraction and the greatest excess of density as may be of that Air above the density of the Aether that is the greatest Rule that can be of Refraction Also more generally the refraction of a Star being given unto the given apparent altitude of it above the Horizon to find the greatest Altitude that may be Of the depression of the Star beneath the Horizon So let the given Horizontal refraction n f L or the depression of the Star beneath the Horizon g f S or g L S when that it first beginneth to appear such as it was in Nova Zembla 4 deg 30 min. It is manifest therefore from the Opticks that if the radius S f touch the Air in f that is if that the Angle N f T be strait See Scheme then indeed that ray is not refracted but if that no Star be beneath the Tangent i n then no ray can immediately come near to f. Therefore it is required that the Star should be about the Tangent and the Angle n f T should be lesser than the right Angle or than 90. Let it therefore be supposed that 89 deg 59 min. or 90 degrees although very great yet not greater than 90. Moreover let n f T the Angle given or the Horizontal refraction 4 deg 30 min. the Angle T f L 85 deg 29 min. is left the greatest which may be whence if that it cometh to pass that as the sign T f L is to the sign f L T so is L T to T f And the found out T f shall be the least altitude of the Air that may be the fourth proportional T f shall be the least that may be if so be that the middle bounds or terms viz. the whole signs T L f and T L remain the same if that the refraction T f be not given to the apparent Horizontal ray but to the altitude of the Star x L g. We shall act after the same mode in â–³ T L r T. Also the reason of the sign of the Angle n f L 89 deg 59 min to the sign T f L 85 deg 29 min. shall be the greatest reason which may be of the density of the Air to the density of the Aether Proposition XXXII The altitude of the Air and one refraction of a Star in it being given to a certain altitude of it to find out from it the rule of refraction or proportion of the signs of the Angles of Incidency to the Angles refracted or to the thickness of that Air for the given refraction at the given Altitude Now the given altitude of the Air ought to be greater than that which according to the precedent Proposition is found to be the least See Scheme For if that it be not greater it is a sign that the refraction is not observed and that the Problem is impossible Let therefore the T r given be greater for Example let x L g act the apparent altitude let the known refraction be m r L therefore in the Triangle T L r is given T r T L and the Angle T L r. From these is found out T r f the refracted Angle unto which if that you add mr L you have the Angle of Incidency m r T and the reason or account of the sign m r T to the sign L r T shall be found This shall be the rule of Refraction in this Air or the reason of the thickness of it to the density of the Air. Proposition XXXIII The altitude of the Air and Refraction being given to the one altitude of a Star to find out the Refraction in another altitude of a Star See Scheme For Example Let the altitude of the Air T f or T r and the refraction n f L at the apparent altitude o be given viz. the Horizontal ray f L is that refracted Then let the altitude of the apparent altitude of the Star r L g or x L g be given Let the rule of Refraction or the reason of the sign n f T T f L or the sign n f T T f L be found by the precedent Proposition Then on the Triangle T r L from the notes T r T L and on the Angle r L T let the Angle T r L be found And as the sign T f L is to the sign T f n so is T r L to the other
Sea and the like is in Guzurat but for very many Months when it beginneth to blow in Congo and Guzurat in September it continueth even to March The Anniversary wind of the Grecians which they call Ornithia or the Bridges wind this they say bloweth after the Vernal Aequinox the Sun ascending to the Vertex of the Europeans Proposition V. Why the Etesian winds blow not in Italy France Germany Persia and other Regions especially seeing that they are more near the Northern Mountains from whence we assert the Etesian winds of the Grecians Congo and Guzurat do arise and blow The Etesian winds blow not in all Regions though near the Northren Mountains The Question is of no small moment and I wish that we had more accurate Observations concerning this matter viz. the notations of the winds which at that time are observed in each Region whether in every Year the same never return Yet if that any thing must be said to the Question these seem convenient 1. We cannot deny but that the North wind often bloweth in our Canicular or Dog daies 2. That it is discovered less continual and in each year peradventure the Cause is the often blowing of other winds which hinder the discovery of the same 3. We may say that the Mountain from which this first resolution of the Snow begineth is scituated directly from Greece and therefore the first Canicular wind is carried hither but the Vapours are carried hither from the Snow of the other Mountains because that here they find a free passage made but I shall reject these my extemporay thoughts when that I shall see a better reason and more accurate Observations Proposition VI. Some winds are proper and almost perpetual to some place or tract of Land others are ceasing Places which have a certain wind at a fixed time Those places of the Earth are very few which have a certain wind at a fixed time viz. these 1. The places of the Torrid Zone especially of parts of the Pacifick and Aethiopick Sea scituate in the Zone enjoy a perpetual wind viz. an Oriental wind or its Collateral which they call a General wind as we have shewed in the second Proposition where we have treated largely of it Yea this wind is not so much to be reckoned amongst the proper winds but rather to be determined to be common to all places for although by accident it happeneth that it be not discerned in all places viz. because other winds blow more strong yet it is proper to some the Cause is alledged in the place cited 2. On the Coasts of Peru and part of Chili and to the adjacent Sea the South wind is almost perpetual and his Collateral wind at the West It beginneth at the 46 deg of Latitude and bloweth to Panama the American Isthmus and causeth that in few daies Ships arrive from Lima at Panama laden with Gold Silver c. But it requireth many daies sail from Panama to Lima. But this wind bloweth not in the Sea remote from the Coasts of Peru It is difficult to render the cause of this wind by reason that the South Land from whence it seemeth to blow is not yet known unto us Yet I think it probable that because that Mountains are found in it covered with perpetual Snow therefore the winds are generated from a continual resolution of them But I will not infect the mind of the Reader with these my suspicions or conjectures For peradventure the Snows which are found all the year long in the high Mountains at the Streights of Magellan are the cause of these winds but yet it may be Objected that those Mountains lie from the South towards the West declining from the South wherefore we shall leave this to a more diligent inquisition or a more full knowledge of the South Continent 3. At the Coasts of the Land of Magellan or Del Fugo about the Streight Le Mair continual or at least very frequent Westernly winds do blow and that with that force that they make the Trees to bend towards the East from their perpendicular rectitude neither is there any part of the Earth in which those Occidental winds so often blow but on the other part of the Streights Le Mair at the Coast of the South Land the South wind bloweth I can render no other cause of those Occidental winds but that I suppose them to be raised from Snow and Clouds in the South Continent which extendeth it self from the side of that Occidental Streight from the South towards the North. But these are doubtful and more diligently to be inquired after 4. On the Malabarian Coasts of India for almost the whole year the North and North-East winds blow the cause proceedeth from the resolution of the Snows of the Mountains of the Asiatick Sarmatia viz. Imaus or Caucasus from the Clouds on the other Mountains of Asia which are collected and press the subject Air. 5. In the Sea near to Guinea the North West wind is frequent and in the remote Sea the North East 6. In the middle passage between Japan and Liampo a Maritimate City of China even unto these are found Occidental winds which blow in Japan in November and December 7. At the Isle Guotou not far from the Isle Dos Cavallos in the Sea of China is a frequent South wind when that yet in the neighbouring Ocean a North wind is predominate Proposition VII Vnto these Periodical or state Winds appertain those also that are tearmed day Winds which in some Regions and at a certain time of the year blow for some hours every day Of Day Winds so called Now they are found to be twofold and that only in some Maritimate places for some blow from Mediterranean places to the Shore towards the Sea and others on the contrary from the Sea to the Shoars 1. On the Malabarian Coasts in the Summer season viz. from September to April the Terrestial winds or Terrinhos do blow from the twelfth hour of the night to the twelfth hour of the day now these winds are Eastern winds But from the twelfth hour of the day to the twelfth hour of the night the Sea wind or Viraconus to wit the West wind bloweth but this is very weak so that by its assistance the Ships can hardly arrive at the Shoar I suppose the cause of those Oriental winds from twelve at night to twelve in the day partly to be a general wind and partly Clouds on the Mountain Gatis But the cause of the Occidental Winds that blow from twelve in the day to twelve at night is the resolution of thick Clouds caused by the setting of the Sun which Clouds before by the Oriental wind were forced towards the West Out of those named Months the North wind predominateth also the East and North-East neither by reason of the often Tempests are these Terrestrial and Marine winds discerned 2. In Musulipatan a City on the Coasts of Charomandel these Terrinhos begin to blow
Indians Orancan It is often in the Oriental Sea especially in the Sea of Sian China and Japan between Malacca and Japan This violently breaking almost from the Western quarter and being whirled about the Horizon with a rapid course perfects its circumference by continual increase in the space of twenty hours raising those vast Seas with an horrid violence and swellings the Billows beating one another take away all hope of safety from the Mariners and so both by reason of these Typhons and also other Storms sailing from India to Japan is very dangerous so that it is accounted an happy Voyage if that one Ship of three keepeth its course At the Autumnal Season a most furious Typhon doth especially predominate and that often with so great violence that those that have not seen it can hardly believe it so that it is no wonder that some mighty Ships have been weakned by those great Waves you would think in this Storm that Heaven and Earth would meet Neither doth it only rage on the Sea but also on the Shoars and overwhelmeth many Houses and throweth up huge Trees by the roots and forceth great Ships from the Sea on the Land for about a quarter of a mile The Mariners term it a Wind that runneth round the Compass In the Indian Ocean it seldom continueth above six hours and maketh the Sea so level at the first as if that it were plained but on a sudden horrible Waves do follow So about the City Ardibil in Persia in June and July every day when that the Sun is at his Meridian height a Whirlwind ariseth for an hour by which a great dust is raised Questionless the cause of a Typhon is that a wind breaking forth with violence from some one quarter towards another findeth an obstruction in this and therefore is wreathed and turned into it self as we see that if water be suddenly moved if that an obstacle be put in its way it moveth in a round suddenly and with a force It may be that a Typhon may arise from opposite winds blowing together violently which render the superficies of the Sea so plain and comprehend the Ships in the middle If that it rush from above it is called Caetegis and then it maketh the Sea so plain as if that it had been plained but presently mighty Floods or Waves arise Proposition XIII Whether that some Winds break forth from the Earth or Water Of VVinds breaking forth from the Earth or VVater We easily apprehend that this may easily be seeing that Cavities are here and also Winds Sulphureous substances and Moisture Now nothing hinders but that a gust sufficiently vehement may be there generated viz. if that it be any thing hindred as it is procreated to go forth or if that it be presently generated in a great quantity as much as the winds require If that the Outlet be hindred an Earthquake is generated or a wind with a violent force maketh wey for it self and thrusts forwards the Earth So oftentimes a Smoak breaketh forth from the Earth in the Isles of Maarice so also from some Caves In Japan is a Fountain breaking forth at certain hours of the day with great noise Yet I do not remember that I have read of any Wind breaking forth out of the Sea Proposition XIV Whether that a certain Wind may arise from the flowing of the Sea and of the Rivers Of a VVind that floweth from the Sea and Rivers Experienced testifieth that in those places where the flux and reflux of the Sea is discovered if at any time the Air be free from other winds from the most part with the water flowing from the Sea a wind also bloweth from the Sea Therefore it seemeth probable that the Air by reason of the contiguity is carried with the water to the same quarter But this should be more diligently observed Whether when that the Air is still the same wind is discovered with the afflux of the Sea I think yet that another cause of this Wind may be given viz. that the Air is forced from the place by the flowing water Now the Air is much moved at a very little impression so they will have the Air moved with the Rivers that run swiftly Proposition XV. Why Ignes fatui Castor and Pollux and Helena are amongst Tempests The Portugals call them Corpo Santo the Spaniards St. Elmo Now not only one but many are oftentimes beheld in Ships at the Masts wandring with an uncertain motion as other Ignes fatui although that sometimes they may seem to fix on the Sails and Masts But sometimes leaping up and down they appear like a flame or a Candle burning obscurely If that four such vicine Lights be seen the Portugals term them Cora de Nostra Seneora the Crown of our Blessed Lady or Virgin Mary And these they account of as a most certain sign of the Tempests to cease The cause of those Fires is a Sulphureous part full of Bitumen forced downwards through that great motion of the Air and forced or fired into one by agitation or congregation So we see by agitation that the Butter of Milk is separated from this Phaenomenon is also collected that for the most part those violent Tempests proceed from a Sulphureous spirit rarefying and moving the Clouds Proposition XVI Why there is so frequent a Calm in the Sea near Guinee and under the Aequator in the Atlantick Ocean between America and Africa Frequent ' Calms in the Atlantick Ocean This is one of the Phaenomenons about Winds of no small difficulty That at Guinee which is two degrees from the Aequator and under the Aequator is almost a perpetual Calm especially in April May and June where no motions are found there when that no such thing is observed in other parts of the Ocean scituate under the Aequator Indeed an Ecnephias is sometimes sufficiently frequent there but this also is desired oftentimes by the Sea-men because that by the force of frequent Ecnephiae they endeavour to sail beyond the Aequator For it happeneth very often that Ships sailing from Europe to India are detained a whole Month at the Aequator before that they can pass it Now especially they avoid the Coasts of Guinee and the Calm there and therefore with some hindrance to their Voyage they sail towards Brazil yea some Ships are detained here for three Months before that they can depart from the Coasts into the Mid-Sea I have not yet found out the cause of the Phaenomenon unless perchance this be it that Snows are found intercepted in no Mountains of Africa between Guinee and Barbary which may generate the Winds Proposition XVII In some Regions the Tempests are Anniversary Of Tempests Anniversary in some Regions We have given some Examples of these in our former Propositions viz. 1. Concerning the mutation of Motions 2. Concerning our Ecnephias 3. Concerning a Typhon 4. At the Promontory of Good-hope in June and July 5. In the Isle
of both the Planispheres are those demanded The places of the second demand shall be found in the same degrees in the Parallel distant from the other Pole In the Tables of the Declination let the Latitude be found for the place demanded Proposition XI To compute the Latitude and Magnitude of all the Zones in Miles or some other famous Measures The computation of the Latitude and Magnitude of the Zones in Miles c. The Latitude of the Torrid Zone is 47 degrees viz. 23 ½ from both parts of the Aequator the Latitude of both the Temperate is 43 degrees The Latitude of both the Temperate is 43 degrees The Latitude of both the Frigid 47 degrees These Degrees if changed into Miles one degree being estimated at 15 German miles the Latitude of the Torrid Zone will be 705 miles one of the Temperate 645 and one of the Frigid 705. The place requireth that we should now treat of the Seasons in the divers Zones and places but because some of them do appertain unto the following Chapter I have omitted them here CHAP. XXV Of the Longitude of the Days in divers Places of the Earth And of the division of the Earth into Climates which proceed from them Proposition I. In two Days of the year are the Aequinoxes or the Night equal to the Day in all places of the Earth The Days and Nights in all places are equal in two days of the year THe Days are those in which the Sun entreth the Aequator whether he describes the same by Motion or Diurnal circumvolution which is when that he entreth the first degree of Aries and the first degree of Libra viz. on the 21th of March and the 21th of September according to the Gregorian Kalendar Now we shall shew that on these days the Night is equal to the Day consisting of twelve hours in all places of the Earth Now this Day noteth the stay of the Sun above the Horizon and the Night the stay beneath the Horizon Take any place in the Globe and let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of that place so that the Wooden Horizon may become the Horizon of that place Then let the first degree of Aries or Libra be placed in the Oriental Horizon the Index at the twelfth hour of the Horary Circle then turn the Globe until the first degree of Aries come to the Occidental Horizon you shall see that the Index in the Horary Circle hath passed twelve hours The same method may be used to manifest the Night consisting of twelve hours In Places scituated in the Poles of the Earth which are only two the Sun neither riseth nor setteth in these two days of the year but his Center shall be wheeled round in the Horizon which is the same with the Aequator so that they shall have at one time both Day and Night Seeing therefore that in other places the term of the Days and Nights is a moment there on the contrary the intire revolution or Natural day is the term or medium of the perpetual appearancy or disappearancy of the Sun And in these two days of the Aequinoctials the 21th of March and 21th of September the half Sun shall be above the Horizon in those two places and half beneath it And on the 21th of March in the Pole Artick it shall make the beginning of a long day of six Months and on the 21th of September shall be the beginning of a long night of six Months as we shall shew anon therefore it is no absurdity that some places for twenty four hours should neither have night or day Here I shall mention many things peculiar to the Poles above other places of the Earth viz. Several things here noted peculiar to the Poles above other places of the Earth 1. The Sun in a whole year only once riseth and once setteth that is to say it riseth in one Aequinox and setteth in the other 2. They have no Meridies or Midnight at a certain time but at all hours they have a perpetual Meridies for six Months or perpetual Night for six Months 3. No Fixed Stars arise nor set but some remain perpetually above the Horizon and some always beneath it 4. The Stars keep the same Altitude above the Horizon and distance from the Vertex as the Sun also doth in his whole Diurnal circumvolution 5. No Winds there can be called Northern for they are all Southern in the Artick Polé and contrariwise in the Antartick Pole all Northern and none Southern Western or Eastern 6. If the Stars and Sun do not move but the Earth according to Copernicus his Hypothesis then if the Eye were a point that it could be seated in the Pole all the Stars Sun and Moon would appear immovable in the same Plaga All these are easily shewed by the Globe Proposition II. In places scituated in the Aequator the days and nights are always equal In the places of the Poles there is only one day and one night in the whole year Now the day is longer than the night in the North Pole but in the South the day is shorter than the night The days and nights alwaies equal in places seated in the Aequator Take any place you please in the Globe you must shew that in every day in the year the night is equal to the day that is that the Sun for so long time remaineth beneath the Horizon as he doth above it Take the day of the year as you please and let the place of the Sun be enquired after to it which is noted in the Ecliptick then let the place taken be placed in the Vertex that the Poles may hang over the Horizon for so the Wooden Horizon shall be the Horizon of the places of the Aequator Let the place of the Sun be brought to the Meridian and the Parallel described which the Sun perfecteth that day Then let the two Points of this Parallel in the Horizon be noted and it will be manifest that the Arch of this Parallel above the Horizon will be equal to the Arch which is beneath the Horizon And because the Motion of the Sun Diurnal is equal as that of all the Stars therefore in an equal time it will pass through the equal Arches of the Parallels So that the first part of the Proposition concerning every day is shewed Now for the shewing of the other part of the places of the Poles either of the Poles must be placed in the Vertex of the Wooden Horizon so shall this be the Horizon of the Pole And the Globe being turned round we shall see that one half of the Ecliptick remaineth above the Horizon and the other beneath it Therefore whilst the Sun is in this he setteth not whilst in that he riseth not And he is more daies in the Northern Semicircle of the Ecliptick than in the Southern by nine daies Therefore his perpetual stay above the Horizon shall be longer than beneath it
of the Pole Arctick But it is otherwise in the Antarctick Pole Proposition III. In places lying beneath the Aequator and the Pole no days are equal to the nights except the two days of the Aequinoctials but all the rest are either greater or lesser than the nights The days not equal to the nights in places lying under the Aequator Let any place in the Globe be taken beneath the Aequator and the Pole and let the Pole be Elevated according to the Latitude of the place and any day of the year being taken except the daies of the Aequinoxes Let the place of the Sun for that day be found and so be noted in the Ecliptick and being brought to the Meridian let the Parallel be described which the Sun maketh by his Diurnal Circumrotation Let the two Points of this Parallel in the Horizon be noted and it will be manifest that the Arch of the Parallel above the Horizon is greater or lesser than the Arch of the Parallels lying hid beneath the Horizon and so the day or stay of the Sun above the Horizon will be greater or lesser than beneath it Or in the place of the Sun brought to the Oriental Horizon let the Index be placed above the 12th hour of the Horary Circle and let the Globe be turned round until the place of the Sun doth come to the Occidental Horizon The Index in the Circle will shew the number of the hours of the day Then let the Index be brought back to 12 and the Globe turned round until the place of the Sun passing beneath the Horizon returns to the East The Index again will shew the number of the hours of the night and the inequality will be manifest Proposition IV. A place being given in the Globe or the Latitude of a place being given and the day of the year also given to find how many hours the Sun in that day remaineth above the Horizon of that place and how many beneath it that is to find the Longitude of the day and night for that place at the day given Let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick at the day given be found And let it be noted in the Ecliptick of the Globe Let the Pole be Elevated according to the Latitude of the place given Latitude of places Let the place of the Sun be brought to the Oriental Horizon and the Index of the Circle to 12 let the Globe be turned round until the place of the Sun come to the Occidental Horizon the Index will shew the number of the hours of the day the other at 24 will shew the hours of the night Proposition V. In all places seated between the Aequator and the Pole Arctick the longest day and shortest night is when the Sun enters the first degree of Cancer and the shortest day and longest night is when the Sun entreth the first degree of Capricorn But in the places seated between the Aequator and the Antarctick Pole it is just contrary Of places seated between the Aequator and the Pole Arctick The daies longest and nights shortest when the Sun entreth into Cancer and daies shortest and nights longest when into Capricora To shew this on the Globe take what place you please and let the Pole be Elevated according to its Latitude Then according to the preceeding Proposition find out the number of the hours when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer then any other point of the Ecliptick being taken for any day of the year let the number of the hours again be found for that day And it will be manifest that the number of the hours of the day when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer is greater than the number of the hours of another day And because this other day is taken at pleasure and in every day the same Demonstration is in force therefore the day when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer is the longest of all daies and consequently the shortest night After the same way we may shew that the day is the shortest when the Sun is in the first Degree of Capricorn and the nights the longest The same Method of Demonstration shall be observed for places scituated on the other side of the Aequator towards the Antarctick Pole Proposition VI. In the Northern places of the Earth whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Capricorn to the first of Cancer the days continually encrease and whilst he moveth from the first of Cancer unto the first of Capricorn they continually decrease But it is contrary in the places Southernly for they encrease from the first of Cancer to the first of Capricorn and decrease from the first of Capricorn to the first of Cancer Of the encreasing and decreasing of the daies in the Northern places of the Earth Take any Northern place you please in the Globe which lyeth between the Aequator and the Pole Arctick and let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of that place Then taking two or more of the Points of the Ecliptick which he between the first of Capricorn and the first of Cancer he quantity of the day may be found for these Points or for the Sun then in those points And it will be manifest that the day from the day of the first of Capricorn being more remote will be greater than that day which was more near to the same day of the first of Capricorn The same way we must use in the daies scituated between the first of Cancer and the first of Capricorn And in places seated Southernly we shall shew the Proposition by such like Method The Demonstration will be more perspicuous if that it be done through the Parallel Arches which are above and under the Horizon Proposition VII If the place of the Earth be more remote from the Aequator or more propincate to the Pole than another place According to the scituation of the places of Earth to the Aequator and the Pole the daies and nights are longer and shorter the difference is greater between the daies and the nights and the longest day is greater and the shortest night is less Contrariwise if the place be more nigh the Aequator the difference between the quantity of the daies and nights is lesser and the longest day besser and the shortest night greater so that the places near the Aequator or scituate in the Torrid Zone have almost all the days equal to the nights as the places of the Aequator it self and the excess of the longest day above that of the Aequinoctial about one hour Take in the Globe two places one more remote from the Aequator the other more nigh and take what day of the year you please except the Aequinoxes you may shew that in the place more remote the day more differeth from the quantity of the night than in a place more near the Aequator Let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick be
found at the day taken and noted in the Ecliptick of the Globe Then let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the Earth of the one place taken and let the Longitude of the day and the night or the stay of the Sun above or beneath the Horizon in that place at the assumed day be found by the sixth Proposition of this Chap. Then let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the other place and let the Longitude of the day and night or stay of the Sun above or beneath the Horizon be found at the same assumed day Let this Longitude so found be compared with the other and the truth of this Proposition will be manifest So that the place more remote hath all the daies of one half year longer than the place more nigh On the contrary it will have all the daies of the other half year shorter Corollary What hath been shewed of all the daies of the year except the Aequinoctials the same is also of force in the quantity of the longest and shortest day And in this it is most observed and noted because here is the greatest difference between the Longitude of the night and day not so great in other daies of the year Therefore of the two places that which is more remote from the Aequator or more near to the Pole hath the longest day greater than the place more Vicine to the Aequator and the shortest day lesser Proposition VIII All places of the Earth scituated in one of the same Parallel have all the days of the year equal and therefore the same quantity of the longest day The Demonstration of this Proposition is easie by the Globe Let any Parallel be taken in the Globe and what places you please The equality of the daies according to their scituation in one of the same Parallel Let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of this Parallel and let any Parallel of the Sun be taken for any part of the year Out of the Degree let the Tropick of Cancer be taken for the longest day let one of the places taken be constituted under the Meridian that so it may possess the Vertex of the Horizon or that the Wooden Horizon may be the Horizon of the place Then let the Arch of the Tropick above the Horizon be noted or the two points of the same which are in the Horizon for the Arch in these denoteth the stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place then let the second place be brought to the Meridian or Vertex that the Wooden Horizon may be the Horizon of it and let the Arch of the Tropick above the Horizon again be marked which if it be compared with the former we shall find that they are equal The same may be shewed also by hours on the Horary Circle Therefore the Sun remaineth an equal time above the Horizons of those places and therefore the daies shall be equal as also the nights Definitions From these aforesaid Propositions the Original of the division of the Earth into Climates is easily to be understood Observations concerning a Climate For a Climate is said to be one part of the Earth of those parts into which the Superficies scituated between the Aequator and the Pole is so cut by drawn Parallels that the longest day in the Parallel more remote from the Aequator exceedeth the longest day of the Parallel more near the Equator in a certain part of an hour or number of hours Viz. Half an hour in places scituated even to the Artick Circle in other places a whole hour or some hours and daies The begining of a Climate is called a Parrallel with which the Climate begineth and is more nigh the Aequator The end of a Climate is called a Parallel terminating the Climate The middle of a Climate is called a Parallel drawn almost through the middle Superficies of a Climate so that in that the longest day exceedeth the longest day of the begining of a Climate by a quarter of an hour or an half difference wherein the longest day of the end of a Climate exceedeth the longest day of the begining of a Climate A Parrallel space is said to be that which the middle Parrallel of a Climate comprehendeth with the begining or end of a Climate Proposition IX If more places of the Earth be taken from the Aequator towards the Pole whose distance from the Aequator equally augmenteth from one degree to 10 20 30 40 degrees The longest days in these places shall not be equally greater or not equally augment but they shall more augment in places more remote and where the place is more near to the Pole Touching the length of daies of Places taken from the Aequator towards the Pole To shew the Verity of this Proposition by the Globe let places be taken remote from the Aequator towards the Pole by an equal encrease of distance viz. for conveniency Parallels of 10 20 30 40 50 60 degrees of Latitude For these Parallels in the Globe let the Pole be Elevated to the Latitude of 10 degrees and the first degree of Cancer being brought to the Oriental Horizon and that being noted let the point of the Tropick be also noted which then is in the Occidental Horizon For the Arch of the Tropick then being above the Horizon sheweth the stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place 10 degrees of Latitude The hours of this his stay may also be known by the Index and Horary Circle Then let the Pole be Elevated according to the Latitude of the second place 20 degrees and the first degree of Cancer being again brought to the Oriental Horizon let the point of the Tropick be noted in the Occidental for the Arch above the Horizon will again note the stay which also may be known by the Index and the Circle in the Hours The same may be used with places whose Latitude is 40 50 60 70 degrees and the like which being done let the Diurual hours of the Suns stay above the the Horizon or the Arch of the Tropick be compared and it will be manifest that the quantity of the longest day doth much more increase in places more remote than in the places more adjacent to the Aequator and therefore the encrease of the longest day doth more augment than the encrease of the distance of the places from the Aequator Note what hath been said and shewed concerning the longest day that is true of all the daies of one half of the year and is demonstrated after the same manner if instead of the Tropick of Cancer the Parallel of the place be taken And therefore although Generals must be delivered generally yet because the Doctrine of Climates especially requireth the Explication of the increase of the longest day therefore we do not observe in this Doctrine that Law 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Proposition X. If so many places or Parallels are so taken between the Aequator and
the Pole that the longest day of one place exceedeth the longest day of the Vicine place which is more nigh the Aequator every where equal in excess or that the longest day equally may encrease Of Parallels between the Aequator and the Pole these Parallels shall not equally be distant one from another viz every vicine Couple but these which are more remote from the Aequator shall have a less distance than those more near the Aequator The truth of this Proposition is shewed from the precedent for if these Parallels should be equally distant from one another viz. every two Vicine the quantity of the longest day in these Parallels would not Augment by an equal encrease as we have here shewed And it is now laid down that the places or Parallels so taken equally encrease that the longest day may equally increase in them wherefore every two Vicine or near Parallels shall not so equally be distant one from another but many Parallels being taken from the Aequator towards the Pole on this condition that the longest day may equally encrease These Parallels shall not be equally distant from one another but the distance of the third from the second shall be lesser than the second from the first that of the fourth less from the third that of the fifth lesser from the fourth and so forwards Corollary and because that many of the Climates are so taken that the longest day in the final Parallel of the Climate exceedeth the longest day of the begining at the Climate by half an hour it followeth from this Proposition that the Climates more remote from the Aequator are less broad or more narrow then these more near the Aequator and therefore the Latitude and Magnitude of the Climates decreaseth towards the Pole Hence it cometh to pass seeing that the Climates at length would become very narrow towards the Pole if that the same excess should be kept viz. the excess of half an hour so that Geographers define the bounds of the Northern Climates not by half an hour but first by whole hours and then by whole daies Proposition XI The number of the hours of the longest day being given in any place or Parallel of the Earth to find the Latitude of the place or Elevation of the Pole of this Parallel and to exhibit the Parallel it self in the Globe or to exhibit those places where the longest day is so great For the finding the Latitude of a place c. The longest day in all Northern places is when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer Let the place of the Sun of the longest day be brought to the Meridian Let the Index be brought to the 12th hour of the Horary Cycle let the Globe be turned until the Index shew that hour of the Cycle from which the given number of the longest day is denominated and then let the point of the Tropick in the Meridian be noted Then let the first degree of Cancer be brought to the Oriental Horizon and the Meridian in the Crena be so moved to the Pole Elevated or depressed until the other noted point of the Tropick be in the Occidental Horizon but so that the first degree of Cancer be yet in the East which being done number the Degrees of the Elevation of the Pole For that is the sought for Elevation or Latitude of the Parallel which you shall find in the very Globe it self if you number so many Degrees in the Meridian from the Aequator towards the Pole and a Chalk being applyed you may turn round the Globe to the term of the Numeration For the described Parallel is that which is sought The Probation of the Method is easie Proposition XII The number of some days being given to find out the Latitude of the places or Parallels and to exhibit the place of the Frigid Zone on the Earth when the Sun for so many days setteth not and for so many more ariseth not Further concerning the Latitudes of places Let the number of the daies be divided in half and let so many Degrees be numbred in the Ecliptick from the first Degree of Cancer as that divided or half number is or as many Unites as this hath the Numeration may be made from both parts of this begining Let the term be be noted with Chalk if the daies be more than thirty the number of the Degrees must be taken lesser than an Unite Then let this noted point be brought to the Meridian and let the Degrees interrupted between that and the Pole be numbred For these are the sought for Elevation of the Pole or Latitude of the places wherein so many daies as are given the Sun setteth not and in so many daies riseth not You shall find the very places and Parallels in the Globe if that you number the found out Latitude from the Aequator towards the Pole in the Meridian and design the Parallel by Chaulk applyed to the Term. For this is that sought for and it containeth all the places sought for For the Demonstration of this Solution let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the places found out and it will be manifest that the noted Degrees of the Ecliptick about the first Degree of Cancer set not beneath the Horizon but remain above it The Sun therefore passing over these points of the Ecliptick setteth not now he passeth through these points in so many days as are given as is apparent by the connstruction After the same manner we shall shew the truth of this Solution concernig the daies in which the Sun doth not arise at all in the places Parallel found Corollary It is easie therefore to find the Elevation of the Pole of those places or Climates which lie in the Frigid Zone where the longest day encreaseth not by hours but by a number of whole daies Proposition XIII To frame or compose a Table of the Climates Of the making a Table of the Climates This is called a Table of Climates in which at the beginning middle and end of every Climate the Elevation of the Pole or Là titude of the Parallel and the very quantity of the longest day is found noted as also the interval of the Climates or distance of the Parallels The Construction is easie for from the order of the Climates the quantity for the longest day for the beginning middle or end of every Climate is found by adding ¼ of an hour to twelve hours by a continual Succession Then from the quantity of the longest day of every Parallel is found out the Elevation or Latitude of the Pole of every one of them according to the XI Proposition Lastly you have the interval or Latitude of the Climates if you take the Latitude of the beginning Parallel from the Latitude of the ending Parallel All these being noted in the Table we shall have a Table of the Climates which I have hereunto annexed A Table of the Climates and Parallels Climates
place assumed and makes the beginning of a new Summer which continueth until the Sun cometh to the five and twentieth of Libra For then again he obtaineth a middle distance and tendeth to the point of the greatest distance viz. the first of Capricorn therefore then he shall make the beginning of Autumn and in the first of Capricorn the beginning of Winter So then we have shewed how such a place which lieth between the Aequator and the eighth degree of Northern Latitude in the Torrid Zone may have two Summers two Springs one Autumn and one Winter which by the same Mode may be shewn concerning the places lying between eight degrees of Latitude from the other side of the Aequator But in places scituate eight degrees beyond towards the Tropicks this holdeth nor because those points of the first degree of Cancer or the first of Capricorn have not a middle distance from them but lesser than a middle For the greatest distance of the Sun from the place of the ninth degree of Latitude that is possible is 32 degrees 30 minutes Therefore the middle is 16 degrees 45 minutes and therefore if the place be in the ninth degree of Northern Latitude the Sun being in the first of Cancer shall have a less distance from it than the middle distance is for that is only 14 degrees 30 minutes but this is 16 degrees Therefore in that place the Summer which beginneth with the first access of the Sun to the Vertex in the four and twentieth of Aries the fifteenth of April is not finished before the Tropick of Caner but shall be continued in the whole course of the Sun through Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo and Libra in the four and twentieth degree of which viz. about the fifteenth of October it endeth But here seem to arise two new difficulties 1. That these Months must not be ascribed to Summer because the Sun doth not recede by a direct course from the Vertex but first he acceedeth to another distance again and again whilst he receedeth from the Vertex of the place to the Tropick of Cancer but the Summer must be defined only by the time of his recess or departing back But I answer to this that the Summer ought to be defined by a departure but not by a departure to every distance but by a recess to a moderate or middle distance Neither by this is a mixt access excluded from a recess so that the recess be not greater than a middle distance 2. For the places lying between the Aequator and the eighth degree of Latitude seeing that before the first degree of Cancer or if the Latitude be Southernly before the first of Capricorn the Sun acquireth a moderate distance from those places where we said the end of the first Summer is it appeareth not that we should place the entrance of the Spring because the Sun is not directly moved from that point again towards the place but first it more departs viz. from the first of Cancer and from thence it returneth to the place But we must know that the departure is so small that we ought little to regard the same because it scarce maketh one or another degree and that time of a greater recess cannot be ascribed to another season except we will feign some new fifth and sixth Season Also it may otherwise seem concerning these places to some one viz. that an intermedial Spring should not be placed between two Summers but one continued Summer and that time of an intermedial Spring should be attributed to this Summer making no account of it that the Sun is removed to a middle distance from the place seeing that he remaineth so near the place and so little receedeth beyond his middle distance that he can hardly diminish the heat of the Air but by reason of his continuity rather augment at that time I shall contest with none about this but I think it more advantageous to insist on the explained Method but here is overmuch concerning this Subject Proposition IV. A place being given in the Torrid Zone to find out the daies of the year in which the Summer Autumn Spring and the Winter begin and end in that place The finding out of the days of the year in which the Seasons begin and end in places of the Torrid Zone 1. If the place be scituated in the Aequator we have shewed in the preceeding Theorem of the Proposition in what degrees these Seasons of the year begin and end which are there double 2. If the place be without the Aequator and removed from it beyond the eighth degree of Latitude or Distance let it be brought to the Meridian and let the imminent point of the Meridian be noted with Chalk then let the Globe be turned round until some point of the Ecliptick seated between the first degree of Aries and the first of Cancer come to the same point of the Meridian if the place given be in the Northern Torrid Zone but if in the Southern Torrid Zone then the point ought to pass between the first degree of Libra and the first of Capricorn this shall be the point which when the Sun entereth he makes the beginning of the Summer in the proposed place Then let the intercepted degrees between the noted point of the Meridian and the Tropick of Capricorn of Cancer if the place given be South be cut into two equal parts and let the middle point in the Meridian be noted and let the Globe be moved until the point of the Ecliptick seated between the first degree of Capricorn and the first of Aries between the first degree of Cancer and the first of Libra if the place be Southern pass through the last noted point of the Meridian Again let it be moved until another point between the first degree of Capricorn and the first of Libra the first of Cancer and the first of Aries if the place be Southern pass through the same point of the Meridian the first point will note the day for the entrance of the Spring the lâ—tter for the beginning of Autumn But the beginning of Winter is in the first of Capricorn if the place given be Northern but in the first of Cancer if Southernly They may also be resolved by Maps but most accurately from the Tables of Declination viz. with the Latitude of the place enter the Table of the Solary Declination in which seek that Latitude to which you see the four days of the year apposed from those take that which is between the 21 of March and the 21 of June if the place given or the Latitude of it given be Northern but if it be Southern take that day which happeneth between the 21 of September and the 21 of December this day shall be the beginning of the Summer Then take away half of the given Latitude of the plain from 11 degrees 45 minutes and seek the remaining Number in the Table of the Declination you shall see
termed the Longitude of the Twilight in which either before the rising of the Sun or after his setting some light is discovered in the Air. For the finding the Longitude of the Twilight by the Globe of any place and day of the year For the finding out of the quantity of this time we must suppose that which is observed by Astronomers as we have said in the nineteenth Chapter that the morning twilight beginneth for the most part if the Air be serene the Sun drawing nigh to the eighteenth degree of depression beneath the Horizon and the evening endeth when the Sun hath come to that degree of depression Let therefore the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given and let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick being found from the day of the year be sought in the Ecliptick of the Globe and let his opposite point be noted then let the Quadrant be applied to the Vertex and the point noted be found to the Horizon the Index to the twelfth hour of the Cycle then let the Globe be turned round until the noted point be elevated 18 degrees above the Horizon which is known by the help of the Quadrant for so shall the place of the Sun be depressed so many degrees beneath the Horizon and the Index in the Cycle shall shew how many hours or parts of an hour the serenity of the Air being laid down the twilight continueth that day in the place given It is convenient by three examples to learn the use of this Problem choosing a place for one of the Torrid Zone another of the Temperate and a third of the Frigid Zone Proposition VIII In places of the Torrid Zone the twilights are small very long in those of the Frigid and moderate in those of the Temperate Zone Of the difference of the Twilights in the several Zones For in places of the Aequator and those near the Crepusculum according to the Hypothesis laid down in the former Proposition is of about one hour which yet experience testifieth is only half an hour or little more because the more thick and gross Air is not so high there as is required to make the twilight to the 18 degree of depression both also because the Hypothesis of the 18 degree is to be taken concerning very small light with which the twilight beginneth such as yet is not accounted by the Vulgar for a twilight In the Frigid Zone the twilights continue for many days when the Sun remaineth beneath their Horizon In the Temperate Zone it continueth 3 4 5 and 6 hours and in some places all night and in the days of the Summer according as the places are more or less nigh the Frigid Zone All these are proved by the Mode proposed in the precedent Proposition Proposition IX A place being given in the Temperate or Frigid Zone and another in the Torrid Zone and moreover the day of the year being given to find out the hour of the place of the Torrid Zone in which hour the Sun may have the Altitude above the Horizon of that place and so strike that place with his rayes equally elevated as great as it hath in the place of the Temperate Zone in the Meridies it self Let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place of the Temperate or Frigid Zone and let the place of the Sun found from the day given be brought to the Meridian and the Altitude of it reckoned for this is the Altitude of the rayes heating that place and illustrating it in the Meridies Then let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given in the Torrid Zone let the Quadrant be applied to the Vertex and let the degree of Altitude before found out be noted in it let the place of the Sun be brought to the Meridian the Index to the twelfth hour of the Cycle then let both the Globe and the Quadrant be moved till the place of the Sun agree with the noted degree of the Quadrant for so the Sun shall have the same Altitude above the Horizon of this place as it is in the Meridies of the former The Index will shew the hour demanded in the Cycle therefore this hour and the rayes of the Sun illustrating and beating of the place and Air of the Torrid Zone are as equally elevated over the Horizon of it as the rayes in the Meridies of the former place it thence followeth that the same heat will be in the Torrid Zone at the hour found out as in the place of the Temperate Zone in the Meridies except other causes intercede Some hinderances viz. first that the Sun in the foregoing days hath introduced some one or other calid Constitution to the place and the Air of the Torrid Zone and not such and so great in the places of the Temperate or Frigid Zone Then secondly that the Sun straitly ascending towards the Meridian above the Horizon of the places of the Torrid Zone sendeth forth all his rayes to the place as in one plain and to one plaga and therefore causeth greater heat than in the Temperate or Frigid Zone where the Sun moveth obliquely from the Horizon to the Meridian and sends forth his rayes from one and another plaga therefore the rayes are not contracted into a place so narrow nor do they continually heat For example let us seek in what hour of the day in places being under the very Aequator on the day of the Aequinoctials the Sun will have that Altitude as he hath at Amstelodame on the Meridies of the same day Proposition X. How the causes of light heat and of the seasons which we have reckoned up in the first Proposition of this Chapter have themselves in the Torrid Zone and how to shew them Of the seasont light and heat in the Torrid Zone and how they are shewed First every day of the year ascendeth directly above the Horizon of those places especially of the Aequator towards the Meridian and the Vertex of them and therefore about the ninth hour of Forenoon he heginneth to ejaculate to those places rayes about 40 degrees declining from the perpendicular rayes which rectitude of the rayes or perpendicular of the rayes augmenteth towards the Meridies and again decreasing continueth to the fourth hour after the Meridies or Noonstead where the Sun departing towards the Occidental Horizon beginneth to send forth his rayes more obliquely to those places therefore the greatest heat in those places ought to be from about the ninth hour before Noon even to the third or fourth after Noon if that this cause be only regarded but yet because the Sun now departs from the Vertex of those places and sometimes approacheth nearer therefore the Winter of every one of those places shall be when the Sun goeth from the points of the Ecliptick much remote from those places that is from the first degree of Cancer or Capricorn towards the points having a middle
distance from the place assumed the Spring when he goeth from a point of moderate distance towards the very Vertex of the Pole or to the point of the Ecliptick which is Vertical to the place or to the Parallel of the place the Summer where the Sun goeth from this other point of middle distance to a point of greatest distance that is the first degree of Capricorn or Cancer 2. In the places of the Aequator it self the Sun no day of the year remaineth above the Horizon more or less hours than twelve and so many beneath the Horizon In other places of the Torrid Zone one hour or an hour and an half at the most viz. in the extream places of this Zone about the Tropicks of Cancer and Capricorn when the day is at the longest the Sun remaineth above the Horizon twelve hours and in the shortest day about eleven hours and in the intermedial days that time of the stay of the Sum above and beneath the Horizon doth not much differ from twelve hours And therefore this is the cause that the nights are not without cold and the heat of the day continueth not long about the eveningtide 3. In the night time the Sun is profoundly depressed beneath the Horizon for that he illustrateth the Air with none of his rayes nay not reflex This is the cause that most dark nights are there and the cold of the night is augmented the Air is condensed and contracteth it self and being cold it descends towards the earth by its own ponderosity Moreover in a very short time about the space of half an hour before the rising of the Sun and after his setting those places have the light and heat of the Twilight 4 The Moon almost after the same manner as the Sun ascends directly from the Horizon towards the Meridian of those places yet a little more obliquely because it departeth from the Ecliptick and therefore towards the Torrid Zone about five degrees and it remaineth after the same manner as the Sun a little above twelve hours above the Horizon and is depressed beneath it almost so many hours and that profoundly as we have spoken of the Sun Therefore with her direct rayes or those near to the perpendicular she will augment the warmness of the night especially when she is Vertical to any place and diminish it by her recess but by reason of her short stay above the Horizon the effect of it is little discerned in any place except when it is Vertical to it 5. All the Stars arise and set in places nigh the Aequator but those Stars which are near the Pole in places more remote from the Aequator do not arise and those are but very few and therefore they can cause little heat and light and that also insensible in the Air. 6. In many places of the Torrid Zone as in India and its Isles in the Tongue of Africa and in Mexico the earth is Sulphureous which sendeth forth more calid vapours whence it communicateth a certain heat to the Air and a peculiar property In some places it is sandy as in the North part of Africa lying in the Torrid Zone in part of Lybia and the Land of the Negroes in many places of Arabia in Peru and in the places between Peru and Brazilia whence in these places a very great heat is raised by the Sun because the particles of the Sand do very long retain the heat received from the Sun and soon communicate the same to the vicine Air. In other places the Rivers are many and in those Sandy ones few there are many in Abyssine in Guiney Congo India and in Brazilia hence humid vapours are raised which do very much blunt the force of the Suns rayes and render his heat more tolerable 7. The most places of the Torrid Zone have the Sea adjacent as India and its Isles the Tongue of Africa Guiney Brazilia Peru Mexico some places of the Torrid Zone are Mediterranean as the more inward Africa the Regions between Peru and Brazilia whence it cometh to pass that in those places the heat and drought is greater and in some or most of them the Air is more moist and less fervent then can be caused by the Sun except other causes happen 8. Most of the Regions of the Torrid Zone seeing that they are almost encompassed by the Sea have in the middle places more or lesser ridges of exceeding high Mountains as India and its Isles the Tongue of Africa and Peru These rows of Mountains do very much vary the light heat and rayes of those places somewhere they hinder the Oriental rayes of the Sun otherwhere the Occidental Moreover the humid vapours condensed in the Air are moved to the Vertices of these Mountains as we have shewed in the twentieth Chapter whence rains and clouds proceed by which the heat and light of the Sun is very much obstructed and the Celestial cause of the Seasons is disturbed There are few of the places of the Torrid Zone which want those ridges as the inward Africa Mexico and the like 9. The effects of the Winds in the Torrid Zone are various and notable for a general wind blowing from the side Plagas of the East or from the East continually towards the West refrigerateth the Maritim places which regard the East as Brazilia the Oriental Coast of Africa but not so to those towards the West as Guiney Congo Angola and the Coasts of Peru. Some winds are appropriated as the South in Peru which winds dispel vapours towards the Plaga in which they blow Some are fixed winds of which we have largely treated in the one and twentieth Chapter Now these winds do very much disturb the Celestial cause of the Seasons for they are almost as equally constant and observe order as the motions of the Heaven it self They bring down the Air compel the vapours towards the tops of the Mountains and by other Modes alter the Seasons Ten Anniversary rains are in many places of the Torrid Zone and take away the Celestial cause seeing that they are as equally constant as the motion of the Sun it self For those err who suppose that this our Sublunary Orb observeth all with inconstancy and without order and that the Celestial only have a constant motion Seeing that the causes hitherto spoken of are so various to be able to cause the heat and the properties of the Seasons and in one place some are from other causes in another others are of force or concur in divers Seasons of the year or mutually impede one another hence we discover why the cause and condition of the Seasons of the Torrid Zone is so various Proposition XI How the Spring Summer Autumn and Winter Terrestrial do behave themselves and in what Months of the year they commence in the divers places of the Torrid Zone Of the beginning of the Seasons in places in the Torrid Zone We have said before and especially in the second Proposition that
February in Congo Here therefore the Terrestrial Season is repugnant to the Celestial because that in January and February the Sun is not most remote from those places and therefore they should not have Rain but rather Siccity Without doubt the cause is either from another scituation of the Mountains another fixed Wind or the like 6. The Island of St. Thomas See the Description of St. Thomas and Anobon are very abundant in Sugar Grain Fruits and Meats and great plenty of Oranges c. 7. How the Seasons are in the other Regions of the Occidental Coasts of Africa from Lowango to the Tropick of Capricorn I have not yet found to be observed by any one 8. Therefore that shore being left and the Promontory of Good-hope being sayled about we return to the Tropick of Capricorn where the Oriental Coast of the Promontory or Tongue of Africa is discovered in which lyeth Zofala Mozambique Quiloa even to the Aequator which are illustrated by the Oriental Sun In these places the Winter is in the Months of September November December and January in the rest Siccity and Summer which time is contrary to that in which in Congo we have said that they have the Rain in Winter and yet these Regions lye from the Aequator but the ridge of Mountains which doubly divide this Prominent Tongue of Africa into the Eastern and Western Land questionless are the cause of this diversity The Land of these Regions are only of a moderate Fertility in many places Sandy Barren and scorched with the chalure of the Sun but the Rivers the adjacent Sea and general Easternly Wind much allay the heat 9. The other Regions of the Oriental Coasts of Africa lying from the Aequator towards the North at the mouth of the Arabian Gulph and hence to the Shore of the said Gulph even to the Tropick of Cancer these Regions I say what seasons they have and in what times of the year I have not yet found observed by any but that some write that this tract is barren sandy oppressed with such a violent heat and destitute of Rivers 10. As to the seasons in the Mediteranean part of Africa which is the Region of the Abyssines which is cut almost in the middle by the Aequator so that it hath some Provinces in the Southern Torrid Zone and very many in the Northern Torrid Zone 11. Now leaving Africa we enter the Regions of Asia lying under the Torrid Zone where first we meet with the Regions of Arabia adjacent to the Red Sea from Mecca to Aden 12 degrees from the Aequator towards the North which regard the West The Merchants at Aden negoriate their affairs in the Night season by reason of heat in the day on the East they have the Arabian Mountains These Regions are exceedingly infested with heat in March and April and more in the following Months whilst the Sun approacheth to their Vertex and about it it remaineth May June July and August the chalure is so great that the Inhabitants especially the better sort cause water to be poured on their Bodies all the day long or else lie in Vessels of Water to refresh them I suppose the cause to be the defect of watery Vapours because on the Oriental part the Region is Rocky and hath but few Rivers now the Oriental wind which is general although it be not there perceived repelleth the Vapours rising from the Red Sea Likewise the abundance of Sand which retaineth the heat received in the night and communicateth it to the Air. Therefore this time of the Summer and Winter agrees with the Celestial Course 12. The same is the case of all Arabia and its Eastern Coast 13. In Camboja in India lying under the Tropick of Cancer as also in the Regions of Malabar or the Eastern Coast of the Indies which regard the West and extend themselves from the North towards the South to the eighth degree of North Latitude I say these Regions the Winter or rainy Seasons possess the Months of June July August and September but especially from the middle of June to the middle of September Neither in all these places doth it rain in an equal time but more continually in the province of Goana and Cocina and less in Camboja where it only raineth three Months in the other eight months it seldome raineth in Camboja but in Goa in the Months of April and May it raineth but less vehement and beginning with Thunder and Storms so that to Autumn here may be ascribed half the Month of March also April and May to the 15th of June then from the 15th of June July and August to Winter likewise from the 15th of September to December the Spring the other Months from the 15th of December to the 15th of March to Summer The Winter is not so called from the cold as with us but from the Rains which then fall for in these Months is great drought because that the Water of the former Rains is extracted by the Sun from the Earth Yet the Inhabitants do not number four Seasons but only two Summer and Winter or rather a dry and a rainy Season Besides these Raines there are frequent Storms on the Coast and also Thunders in those rainy Months so that the Sea is supposed to be then shut up and many Rivers then overflow the Sea is open again in the Month of September and then Ships put forth to Sea from the Coast of Malabar into various parts of the world Neither are there any violent rains in these places in the Fields except some Storms by reason that it ceaseth for many hours of the day therefore it affordeth the Inhabitants a time of Planting and Sowing which they do in these watery Months The Air also is of a moderate heat at that time because the Sun is obstructed with Clouds so that the remote Inhabitants expatiate from the Shore to the Hills and Fields for recreation where the inundation is not great and incredible fertility is acquired to the Earth by this Rain But if these Raines fall not on the year as in Anno 1630. which seldom happens then all hope of Sowing and consequently Harvest is taken away thence cometh Scarcity of Corn a hot Sultery Air burning Feavours Pestilences and Deaths of Thousands of People In the said year 1630 A great Famine in Camboja in 1630. and the year following Mans Flesh was publickly sold in the Shambles in Camboja Sometimes the Shores do so rage that the Houses which are but slightly built fall by the inundation of the River They Sow in May and the beginning of June and Reap in November and December it is otherwise in Guiny This Summer and this Winter is contrary to the Celestial Course or Motion of the Sun for in the Months of July and August the Sun is vertical to those places or very near the Vertex therefore they must have heat and drought this is the great felicity of those places
for if these Rains fall not and the Clouds obscured not the Sun that great heat of the Sun would render the ground Sandy and Steril as Lybia and Arabia where these Rains are not the Sun being near the Vertex Contrary wise in the Months of December January and February they should have Winter or lesser heat because that then the Sun is most remote from them and then they have Summer Yet in the night the Air is cold enough moreover a continual Wind from the 12th hour of the day to the 12th hour of the night bloweth from the Sea which is very acceptable 14. In the Coast of the East Indies which is called Choromandel the seasons also differ from the Heavens for in the Months of March April May and June the Sun causeth vehement heat and there is no rain Now the People which for the most part are Saracens divide the year into the hot the wet and the Cold seasons the hot or Summer as I have said is in the months of March April May and June but the intollerable heat is from the middle of May to the middle of June the Wind blowing from the North unto which if you turn your face you shall discover so great a heat of the Air as if you drew nigh an Oven for the Sun then in that Plaga is in the Meridies also the Wood and Stones contract a great heat yet the Waters in the Wells is so cold that many drinking thereof for extream heat dye The greatest heat of the day is between Nine in the Forenoon and Three in the Afternoon in these intermedial hours they rest from travelling the other hours before Nine in the Morning and Three in the Afternoon the Air is at least tolerably temperate serene and acceptable the Heaven delightful and travelling pleasant The VVet season taketh up four months July August September and October The Cold season November December January and February in December and January the Cold is sensible enough especially in the night Here are many things which deserve our enquiry for in the months of March April May and June the Sun cometh to those places of the Coast of Choromandel and becometh Vertical to them therefore it is no wonder if they have great heat but why have they not the same heat in July and August feeing he is equally as near them in those months and by reason of the former heat it should be more hot Moreover why do the seasons of the Coast of Choromandel differ from the seasons of the Coast of Malabar seeing that they both lie in the same Climate and have the Sun Vertical on the same days and on the same remote And that which is more to be wondered at there interceedeth between these two Regions in some places 70 in others only 20 miles interval so that you may come into a place of a serene and servid Air where the Winter predominateth and that in the space of one day Masseus thus speaketh of these places In these Regions saith he amongst other admirable things that above others exceedeth the reach of all Philosophers that in the same Plaga of the Heavens in the equal access and recess of the Sun in the same months of the year from the Sun rising beyond the Mountain of Gatis which by a direct excursion to the Promontory of Cori intersects the whole Region of Malabar there is Summer and drought and from the West on this side Gatis there are Rains and Winter that in so near a propinquity of places in respect of the course of the seasons the same People almost seem Antipodes one to another But not only in these but also in others we have shewed this diversity to be found and shall shew more anon The cause is the scituation of the Mountains which determinate the Land of Choromandel from Malabar proceeding from the North towards the South To this must be added divers Winds for on the Coast of Choromandel a general Eastern Wind is more discovered except in the Summer months of May and June which driveth the vapours towards the tops of the Mountains whence it raineth in the Land of Malabar These Mountains tops are discovered to be continually covered with Clouds in the Pluvial months also more vehement Showrs in those where the rain is in Malabar But when it raineth in the Region of Choromandel then is there a serenity in the tops of the Mountains as in the Land of Malabar except the months July and August for in these it raineth in both Lands 15. In the Regions of the Gangick Sea opposite to the Coast of Chroromandel and in the Northern Torrid Zone as Sian Peru the Chersonesus of Malacca the Pluvial months in which the Rivers overslow are September October and November But in the Land of Malacca it raineth every week of the year twice or thrice except the months of January February and March in which there is a continual drought All these are contrary to the Celestial course and their causes must be sought from the Mountains Winds the propinquity of the Sea and the like But because as yet we have no accurate observations concerning these Regions we will not search them here The chief cause of the Fertility of these Regions is the overflowing of the Rivers The vapours of the adjacent Sea the Rivers and the Winds do much allay the heat whence the Inhabitants have great plenty of Fruits In the Kingdom of Patana and those bordering on it the Summer beginneth in February and continueth to the end of October in which time there is a continual heat which is allayd with a continual Oriental Wind the Air wholsom In November December and January there are continual Rains which yet do not hinder a new increase every month at the least The same must be understoood of Camboja And this Winter agreeth with the Celestial course 16. Leaving Asia the Pacifick Sea being Sayled over we enter that part of America which lieth under the Torrid Zone which is twofold South and North the South again is twofold Peru and Brazilia although the parts of Peru be vicine yet they have contrary Seasons in one and the same time for the Region of Peru is divided into three parts the Shoar or Maritim part the Mountainous and the Plain part which he in the same Climate In the Mountainous places they have a Plavial Winter from the month of October to the end of March when they should have Summer by the vicinity of the Sun They have Summer from the entrance of April to October in which months no Rains do fall but in the Winter months there are continual Rains Therefore the Terrestrial seasons differ here from the Celestial In Maritim Peru there is almost no Winter in the whole year but they account their Winter from the month of April to October which agreeth with the Celestial cause because the Sun is then removed from them to the Tropick of Cancer and thence returneth by reason
that day Let the places be found in which the Sun becometh vertical on the day of the year given according to the 9th Proposition in the 24th Chapter these shall be the places sought Proposition VIII A place of the Frigid Zone being given to find the days of the year in which the Inhabitants of it are Periscii Let the days of the year be found in which the Sun setteth not in the given place according to the 10 Proposition of the 24th Chapter they are the days sought Proposition IX The day of the year being given to find out the places of the Frigid Zone the Inhabitants of which are Periscii that day so that this day be the first day Let those places of the Frigid Zone be found in which the Sun in the day given doth not first begin to set they shall be the places sought for Proposition X. In places scituated in the Aequator the Meridian shadow falleth half the year towards the North the other half towards the South and in the days of the Equinoxes the Inhabitants are Amphiscii For because the Sun in one half of the year recedeth from the Aequator towards the South the other half towards the North the shadows are carried to the quarter opposite to the quarter of the Sun and thence it cometh to pass that in one half year the Meridian shadows are carried to the North and the other half to the South Proposition XI To place a Plain above the Horizontal Plain of our place in which the erected Styles perpendicular may be the Amphiscii for some days of the year on some days of the year the Meridian shadows may be carried to the North on others to the South that is in which the Meridian shadows may be so cast as in some given place of the Torrid Zone Let the Latitude of the place given of the Torrid Zone be taken from the Latitude of our place if the Latitudes be cognominal but if they be of a diverse species let both the Latitudes be added and the remaining degrees kept then in the Horizontal Plain the Meridian line being found and also the line of the Aequator which is perpendicular to the Meridian line let some Plain be erected above the line of the Aequator that it may incline above the Horizon so many degrees as were kept before The Styles or Pins erected in this Plain shall cast such shadows as if they were erected in the places of the Torrid Zone Proposition XII In the places seated in the Aequator the shadow of the Style perpendicularly erected in the whole days of the Aequinoxes remaineth in one right Line whether before Noon â—t be continually cast into one quarter of the West or after Noon into a quarter of the East now in the other days of the year the shadow is carried round into the Semicircle Of Places seated without the Aequator In Places scituated without the Aequator in the Torrid Zone whilst the Sun is moved in part of the Ecliptick which lieth between the Vertex of any place and the vicine Tropick the shadow wandreth through the lesser part of the subject Superficies in a Semicircle In the Places of the Temperate Zones whilst the Sun is moved in a more remote Circle from those or the Zodiack the shadows steal by the lesser Superficies in a Semicircle and the greaten whilst the Sun runneth through the nearer Semicircle of the Zodiack In the days of the Aequinoxes the shadow of an erected Style is carried round in a Semicircle in all the places of the Earth except the Aequator and the Pole These are all rendred perspicuous partly from the sight of the Globe and partly from the declination of the Diagrams Proposition XIII In the places of the Torrid Zone whilst the Sun is in the Arch of the Ecliptick between the vicine Tropick and the Parallels of the place in those days the shadow of the erected Style twice returneth back and goeth over the Lines left behind viz. once before Noon and once after Noon The Sun also in these days will seem to inflect his course Of the shadow of the Sun in the places of the Torrid Zone Take any place of the Torrid Zone in the Globe and let the Pole be elevated according to his Latitude and let the Parallel of the place be described which shall cut the Ecliptick in two points I say that whilst the Sun moveth in the intercepted Arch of the Ecliptick between this Parallel and the vicine Tropick in those days the Sun will seem to be twice retrograde and go over the lines left behind Let any of the Points of that Arch be taken and let the Parallel of the Sun be described viz. which the Sun being in that point describeth by Diurnal circumvolution For Example take the first degree of Cancer or Capricorn and another of their Tropicks for so there will be no need of the description of a Parallel until it come to the point in which the Quadrant toucheth the Parallel the Sun being in this Seat or in this quarter will seem to bend his course towards the Vertex of the place and the shadow shall begin to be retrograde from the line of the Aequator towards the Meridian line After the same manner if that you apply the Quadrant to the Occidental part of the Parallel you shall see in that point in which the Quadrant toucheth the Parallel that the Sun goeth to the quarters he hath left and setteth in that quarter in which some hours before he was Corollary Therefore it is not against Nature that the shadow should go back on Sun-Dials but then it is miraculous if that it be done suddenly in a noted space also if it repeateth the lineary hours viz. if that the Style be not perpendicular but parallel to the Mundane Axeltree yea although it be perpendicular yet do not the lines of the shadow it self shew the hours but the lines of the shadows of the Axis of the World part of which is concealed in the mind on the Dial if that it be wanting Proposition XIV A place being given in the Torrid Zone and one day of those in which the Sun seemeth to bend his course and the shadow of the Style seemeth to go back to find the quarter in which the Sun then shall be and the hour when it shall be Let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given and let the place of the Sun be found at the given day and let it be noted in the Ecliptick and let the Parallel be described with Chalk which the Sun being in that point describeth Let the Quadrant be applied to the Vertex and so turned about until it touch the described Parallel so the extremity of the Quadrant in the Horizon shall shew the place sought for Now that the hour may be found let that point of the Parallel be noted in which the contact is made let the Index be placed at the twelfth
hour of the Cycle and let the noted point of the Parallel be turned to the Meridian The Index will shew how many hours before and how many hours after Noon the regress beginneth Proposition XV. The Longitude of the shadows decreaseth the Altitude of the Sun increasing and on the contrary the Altitude of the Sun decreasing the shadow increaseth They decrease from the East to the Meridies and from the Meridies to the setting the Shadows again increase For the Sun is more near the vertex of the Style by how much the more he is elevated above the Horizon therefore the ray of the Sun terminating the shadow becometh also more nigh the style and on that account the shadow becometh lesser Moreover the Sun hath the greatest Altitude in the Meridies therefore the Longitude of the shadow then shall be lesser But in the rising and setting of the Sun there is no Altitude therefore the Longitude of the shadow shall be infinite Proposition XVI The Longitude of the Style and the shadow being given to find the Altitude of the Sun above the Horizon and thence the hour of the day if that moreover the Latitude of the place and day of the year be known The Longitude of the Style the shadow and the ray terminating the shadow makes a right Angled Triangle therefore let the proportion be instituted according to the 15th Proposition of the second Chapter As the Longitude of the shadow is to the Longitude of the style so are the whole signs to the Tangent of the Angle which sheweth the Altitude of the Sun From this Altitude and Latitude of the place See Proposit 3. Chap. 29. and day of the year shall the hour of the day be found out Proposition XVII The Semidiameter of the Sun and Earth being given and the distance of the Sun from the Earth to find out the Longitude of the shadow which the whole Earth casteth towards Heaven Of the Longitude of the Shadow The shadow of the Earth is Conical as the Opticks demonstrate and is easily shewed by a Diagram therefore the distance of the vertex of this Cone which causeth the Eclipse of the Moon from the Earth is sought that is found by this Proposition for as the distance of the Semidiameters of the Sun and Earth are to the distance given so is the Semidiameter of the Earth to the Longitude of the shadow of the Earth or to the Axis of the shady Cone Proposition XVIII The distance of the Moon from the Earth and the Longitude of the Shadow of the Earth being given to find how great a part of the Moon is opscured how great the Eclipse will be if that the Moon remain in the Ecliptick Of the Eclipse of the Moon Let the Rule of Three be instituted according to this proportion As the Longitude of the shadow is to the excess of this Longitude above the distance of the Moon so the Semidiameter of the Earth is to that shady Cone of the Earth in that part where the Moon entred it Furthermore As the distance of the Moon is to the found out Semidianeter of the shadow so are the whole signs of the Canon to the Tangent of the Angle of sight which the half diameter of shadow subtendeth to our eye which if it be doubled the Angle of sight is accounted for the whole diameter of the shadow With this Angle let the Angle of sight or the apparent Semidiameter of the Moon which is in opposition of the Sun or in time of Eclipse be compared From this Comparation the quantity of the obcsurity will be made manifest which if you desire to have in Digits institute a Rule of Proportion after this manner As the diameter of the Moon is to twelve Digits so is the apparent diameter of the shadow or Angle of sight to the Ecliptick Digits Proposition XIX By how much the places of the Earth every day are more remote from the Aequator or from the Parallel of the Sun by so much the more both the Meridian shadow as well as the shadows of the rest of the hours are longer For because the Sun is more remote from the Vertex of those places therefore also the rays of the Sun terminating the shadow are more remote from the Style and therefore the shadow is so much the longer extended Proposition XX. If that the Style be placed in any plain after such a Mode that it becomes part of the Axis of the World or that it be Parallel to that Axis the shadow of that Style shall fall on a certain hour on the very line of that Plain in which this Line is cut by the great Horary Circle whether of declination or from the Meridian in which the Sun is at that hour A moment or small space of an hour For the shadow of the Axis of the World or the style so placed falleth on the plain of the Horary or Meridian Circle in which the Sun is at that moment of time for neither can it fall beyond the Plain seeing that the Sun the Opac body and the Shadow are in one Plain upon which the Style is placed Wherefore seeing this Style is upon this Plain as also on the Plain of the Meridian which the Sun keepeth for a moment thence it followeth that this shadow may fall on the common Section of this Plain or the Plain of the Meridian or of the Horary Circle For if any Line be in two or more Plains it shall be in the common Section of those Plains Proposition XXI To describe the Aequinoctial Night-Dial Aequinoctial Night-Dial A Plain of Wood Paper Brass or other Mettal must be erected above the Horizon so many degrees as the Aequator is elevated above the Horizon or so many degrees as are in the Complement of the Latitude of the place Before it be erected it is necessary to draw the Lines of the Scioterick therefore let what point you please be taken in that Plain and let the Periphery of the Circle be described from it as from a Center Let a line Parallel to the Horizon be drawn through that Center or let the Line be Parallel to the common Section of the Aequator and the Horizon which shall be the Line of the shadow of the hour of six in the Evening and six in the Morning Let a Line perpendicular to this be drawn from the Center which shall be the shadow of the twelfth hour then let both the Quadrants be divided into three parts and every one of those three into two so that the six Arches may be in every one of them whereof every one shall be of fifteen degrees and let them be drawn from the Center to the terms or bounds of the Arches of the right Line these shall be the Lines of the shadows for the beginnings of the remaining hours which fall between twelve and six whose number and order must be set down at the extremities of the Lines drawn the same
Arches of fifteen degrees beneath the Horizontal line must be taken in the described Periphery for the hours before six in the Morning and six in the Evening and the Lines of the shadows must be drawn the perpendicular Style must also be erected from the Center Furthermore In the Horizontal plain if that the Plain of the Scioterick be not yet erected the Meridian line must be found and the Line of the Aequinoctial rising and setting and so it must be placed on or above this Plain of the Scioterick that the Horizontal line of the Scioterick may be parallel to this Line of the rising and setting so the shadow of the Style shall shew the beginning of the hours at every day of the year But because the Sun only illustrateth this one Superficies of this Plain half a year and the other another half year therefore in both the Superficies a Scioterick must be made after the appointed Mode laid down before that on one side of it in the time of Summer and Spring in the other in the time of Autumn the hours may be known by the benefit of the Shadows The Lines of the Circle which shew the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick or the entrance of the Sun into the twelve Signs of the Zodiack and which do represent the Parallels which the Sun describeth in the Heaven by his circumvolution may easily be drawn on this Aequinoctial Scioterick For let a certain Magnitude of the Style be taken and let it be accurately divided into Ten parts and one of thsee Ten into ten other parts that the whole Line may be conceived to be cut into an hundred particles then from a Table of Declinations let the Declinations of the Sun be excepted the fifth the tenth the fifteenth the twentieth the twenty fifth the thirtieth degrees of Aries or the first the fifteenth degrees of Taurus the first the fifteenth degrees of Taurus the first the fifteenth degrees of Gemini the first degree of Cancer and let the Tangents be taken from the Mathematical Canon Moreover from the Center of the Horologe in the interval of the Tangent of Complement of the fifth degree of Aries let the Periphery of the Circle be described this will note the entrance of the Sun into the fifth degree of Aries and the twenty fifth of Virgo and the Parallel of the Sun for that day viz. when the diurnal extremity of the shadow by its circumvolution shall fall on this described Periphery it shall be a sign that the Sun is in the fifth degree of Aries or the twenty fifth of Virgo After the same Mode let the Peripheries be described in the interval of the Complement of the tenth and the twentieth degrees of Aries the first and the fifteenth of Taurus the first and the fifteenth of Gemini and the first degree of Cancer those will shew the Parallels of the Sun in those points and also in the points of the 20th degree of Virgo the 10th and the first of Virgo the 15th of Leo and the first of Leo and the 15th degree of Cancer After the same Mode on the other side of the Scioterick let the Peripheries be described for the Parallels of the Sun in the first degree of Libra and the 25th of Pisces in the 10th of Libra and the 20th of Pisces in the 15th of Libra and the 15th of Pisces in the first of Scorpio and the first of Pisces in the 15th of Scorpio and the 15th of Aquarius and in the first degree of Sagittarius and the first of Aquarius Unto every one of these Peripheries the Characters of the Signs of the Zodiack must be ascribed Proposition XXII To describe an Horizontal Scioterick or an Horizontal Plain An Horizontal Scioterick or Horizontal Plain described By the Globe Let the Pole and Meridian be elevated for the Latitude of the place which Meridian is more conspicuous than the other lines in the Superficies both for colour and magnitude let it be brought under the Brazen Meridian let the Index be placed at the hour of twelve let the Globe be turned round until the Index shew the hour One or Eleven or until 15 degrees of the Aequator do pass the Brazen Meridian In this scituation of the Globe let the degrees intercepted between the Brazen Meridian and the Meridian of the Globe be numbred on the Wooden Horizon and let this hour be noted for the hour of One after noon and Eleven before noon Then let the Globe be turned again until the Index shew the hour 11 or 10 and let the degree intercepted between those two Meridians the Brazen one and that assumed be noted for the 10th or 11th hour After the same manner let it be done for the hours 9 and 3 for 8 and 4 for 7 and 5 for 6 and 6 but we shall not want this hour for 5 and 7 for 4 and 8 for 3 and 9. These degrees being thus noted for every ascribed hour let the Meridian line be found on the Horizontal Plain and for any point of this line let the periphery of the Circle be described as from a Center and let it be drawn perpendicularly from the Center to the same on either side This shall be the line of the shadow at the hour 6 before noon and 6 after noon The Meridian line is the line of the shadow of the hour 12. In the described periphery let the Arches before noted be cut of beginning from the Meridian line towards the line of the hour 6 before and after noon First the Arch noted for 11 and 1 then for the hour 10 and 2 for 9 and 3 for 8 and 4 c. The Arches thus cut off let the lines be drawn from the Center to those bounds these shall be the lines of the shadows in the beginning and end of the other hours But the Style must be so elevated from the Center of the Horologe above the Meridian line that the Angle which it maketh with it may be equal to the Latitude of the place or elevation of the Pole But it is more commodious to make some Triangle whose Angle at the Basis is equal to the Latitude of the place If the declination be made on Paper let the line be drawn from the Center which from the periphery may take an Arch equal to the Latitude of the place the Numeration being from the Meridian line and let the Triangle be cut out to be placed above the Meridian line so the shadow will shew the hours The making of this Scioterick is easie without a Globe Proposition XXIII To describe a Scioterick on a vertical Plain which may directly regard the East and West Aequinoctial A Scioterick what The making of this is perfected after the same Mode which we used in the Horizontal if that the Pole be not elevated according to the Latitude of the place but according to the Complement of it and then the Style also be elevated above the Meridian
according to this Complement but this is better learned by Instruction than long Precepts Proposition XXIV To make a Scioterick in our Horizontal or other Plain which shall shew the hours of other places although remote from ours This may be done on our Scioterick which was made to shew the hours of our place First consider whether the place given lie East or West from ours if Eastwards the 12th hour must be reckoned there before in our place if Westwards mare later Then let our place be brought to the Meridian the Index to the hour 12 and let the Globe be turned until the other place come to the Meridian the Index will shew what hour is in this place when it is 12 in ours From hence it is easie to collect the hours of that place which may agree with the 1 2 3 4 also 11 10 9 8 c. of ours which then must be ascribed to them But this may be done more elegantly without the Globe according to the Mode that the Horizontals are composed Proposition XXV To elevate a Plain above the Horizon of our place and in that Plain to make a Scioterick in which the shadows of the Hours may seem to go backwards as in the places of the Torrid Zone Because the Elevation of the Plain is left to our choice therefore we shall chuse such an one as is commodious to our purpose For Example we shall so place the Plain above our Horizon or above the Aequinoctial line East and West that the Axis of the World or Pole may be elevated ten degrees above it So the shadow shall begin to be retrograde the Sun being entred into the 26th degree of Aries and it shall so do until the Sun comes to the 4th degree of Virgo Therefore let the Plain be so constituted and the Horologue so made that it may be in the place of the Latitude of 52 the Plain shall be elevated 42 degrees so the Pole shall be elevated above that 10 degrees See Proposit 22. In this Plain an Horizontal Scioterick may be made for the Elevation of the Pole 10 degrees Where when the lines of the shadows are brought from the Center of the Horologue and extended far enough let their parts about the Center be blotted out and the Center also and let a perpendicular Style be erected in any point of the Altitude of the Meridian line such as shall exhibit a Gnomonical Triangle and the extremity of this Style by its shadow falling on the lines of the shadows shall shew the hours and also the shadow shall seem to be retrograde on those days Also by the assistance of the Terrestrial Globe Meridional Polary and Inclining Sciotericks of all sorts may be described But because this matter appertaineth to another Discipline viz. to Dialling therefore I think it unnecessary to treat of all these here CHAP XXVIII Of the Comparison of the Celestial Affections in divers places of the Earth See Scheme FRom the consideration of the agreement and difference of the Celestial Appearances in the divers places of the Earth proceedeth the denomination of the Inhabitants which some have mistaken for the division by which some are said to be Antoeci others Perioeci and others Antipodes Of the denomination of the Inhabitants of the Earth Those are said to be Antoeci or the Inhabitants of two places which lye in the same Semicircle of the same Meridian but from a divers quarter of the Aequator to wit one towards the North and another towards the South but yet so that they are equally distant from the Aequator Perioeci are the Inhabitants of two places which lye in the same Parallel and in divers Semicircles of the same Meridian Sometimes the word is taken for all the Inhabitants of any one Climate but to avoid confusion we shall abstain from that use of it Antipodes are the Inhabitants of two places which diametrically are opposed one to the other Note That these three words are so taken for the most part that they denote the Inhabitants of both places which are compared as we defined them but yet sometimes when any certain place is adjoyned to them they only denote the other place as when we say the Perioeci or Antipodes of this or that place Proposition I. Those who live in the same Semicircle of the same Meridian they have also the same Meridies or 12 hours and also reckon together all the other hours For the Meridies is defined by the existency or appulse of the Sun to the Meridian because therefore those places of the Earth which inhabit in the same Meridian of the Earth have also the same Meridian of the Heaven thence it is manifest that the Sun in the same Meridian to those that inhabit it maketh the Meridies and the 12th hour to them all at one time Moreover an hour is defined to be that 24th part of that time which intercedeth between two vicine Noons or appulses of the Sun to the same Semicircle of the Meridian Because therefore that it is the same time which intercedeth between the two Meridies of the places of the same Meridian therefore also the 24th part of the same shall be equal and the same in all and on that account they shall together number all their hours from the Meridies Proposition II. They which dwell in the divers Hemispheres of the Earth which the Aequator maketh or distinguisheth or those who live in the divers parts or quarters of the Aequator they I say have contrary Seasons of the year at the same time and the same Seasons in a different time of the year so that in one Hemisphere it is Winter when as in the other it is Summer and when the Spring is in that Autumn is in this Of the different Seasons which the Aequator maketh For the Summer beginneth in every place according to the Celestial course viz. the motion of the Sun when he obtaineth a small distance from the Vertex of the place the Winter when a great distance Now because the Sun moveth from one Hemisphere to the other thence it cometh to pass that when it draweth near the places of one Hemisphere it more and more departeth from the places of the other and so the Summer of one Hemisphere agreeth in time with the Winter of another and the Spring of one with the Autumn of another In the places of the Torrid Zone the vicissitude of the Seasons hath something peculiar See Chap. 26. of which we have treated at large in the 26th Chapter Proposition III. Those who live in the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth to them when they turn their faces towards the Aequator the East is on the left hand and the West on the right the South before them and the North behind them Those who inhabit the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth they turning their faces to the Aequator the Stars rise on their right hand and set on their left Of those
who live under the Aequator Those who live under the very Aequator if they turn their faces towards the Northern Pole they then have the East on their right hand and the West on their left but if they turn their faces towards the Southern Pole it is contrariwise Those who live in the Northern Hemisphere to them their faces being turned to the Aequator the Sun going in the Northern Semicircle of the Zodiack will seem to rise and set behind them but perambulating the other Semicircle he will seem before them The contrary hapneth in the Northern Hemisphere and the contrary will also be observed if you turn your faces towards the Poles These are manifest from the consideration of his circumvolution and may be illustrated on the Globe but Mariners and others unskilful of the Celestial motions are wont to wonder at it when they sayl from our Hemisphere into the Southern Hemisphere Proposition IV. The Celestial Affections of the Antoeci compared amongst themselves are thus 1. They have the same Meridies See Propos 1. the same Midnight and reckon all their hours together as is manifest from the first Proposition of this Chapter 2. They have contrary Seasons of the year at the same time for when it is Spring in one place it is Autumn in another when that hath Summer this hath Winter Proposition 2. as is manifest from the second Proposition of this Chapter 3. The days of one place are equal to the nights of the other and the days of this to the nights of the former 4. When the days of one place increase to the longest day in the mean while the days of the other decrease even to the shortest for they have opposite equal days in their Kalendar For Example the day of one place at the twentieth of April is equal to the twentieth of October in the other place 5. On the days of the Aequinoctial the Sun riseth and setteth together to them but on other days sooner to the one than the other also in those two days the Sun hath the same altitude above the Horizon of the Antoeci at every moment of time but on other days a different Altitude 6. To those that turn their faces one towards another or those who regard the Aequator to one the Sun shall seem to rise on the right hand and set on the left and to the other to rise and set contrary After the same Mode all the Stars shall rise to one on the right hand and to the other on the left 7. When the Sun riseth and setteth behind to the one he riseth and setteth before to the other contrariwise to this on the left hand when to that on the right 8. They have the divers Poles elevated by an equal Elevation 9. The Stars appearing perpetually to one place or not setting never arise to the other place but always remain depressed beneath the Horizon contrariwise those which never set to this place never rise to that These are all manifest from the Globe Proposition V. Those which inhabit in the Aequator have no Antoeci but the Perioeci of those are the same with the Antipodes of these The Poles of the Earth have no Perioeci for they are mutually one to the other Antoeci and Antipodes The truth of this Proposition is evident from the Definitions of the Antoeci Perioeci and Antipodes and therefore needs no probation Proposition VI. A place being given in the Globe to exhibit the place of the Antoeci Perioeci and Antipodes of the same Let the place be brought to the Brazen Meridian and as many degrees as are intercepted between this and the Aequator let so many be numbred from one part of the Aequator the term of the Numeration shall be the place of the Antoeci Then let the Index be applied to the 12th hour of the Cycle and let the point of the Meridian be noted which hangeth over the place given also that which hangeth over the place of the Antoeci this being done let the Globe be turned round until the Index shall shew the other 12 hours so the point of the Globe which is subjected to the noted point of the Meridian of the place given shall be the place of the Perioeci and the point of the Globe subjected to the other noted point of the Meridian shall be the place of the Antipodes Proposition VII Those who live in the same Parallel of the Earth have every day and every night equal every one of the Stars also remaineth an equal time above their Horizons the same Stars never set the same Stars never rise the Sun every day and all the Stars also rise and set to them in the same quarter and in the same hour also the Stars are equally elevavated above the Horizon or depressed beneath it They have the same Pole equally elevated their faces being turned to the Aequator or the same Pole the Stars rise to them from the same side and set on the same side they have the same seasons of the year Spring Summer Autumn Winter together and at the same time excepting the singular properties of some places These are manifest from the very consideration of the motions of the Stars and scituation of the Places of the Earth In the Globe if that one certain Parallel be taken and the Pole be elevated near its Latitude or distance from the Aequator the Wooden Horizon of all places shall be the Horizon of that Parallel viz. if that every place be brought to the Meridian and then will be manifest what this Proposition containeth Proposition VIII The Celestial Affections of the Perioeci compared one with another are thus The Celestial Affections of the Perioeci compared together 1. They have all those things common which we have related in the preceding Proposition concerning the Inhabitants of one and the same Parallel 2. They reckon contrary hours of the day in reality but yet the same in name viz. when in one place it is Noon and the 12th Meridian hour then in the other it is Midnight and the 12th hour of Midnight and the Inhabitants of this number 1 2 3 from Midnight whilst they number 1 2 3 from Midnoon 3. On the days of the Aequinoxes the Sun setteth to one place whilst it riseth to another and therefore the time of the day of one place is the night of another but on other days of the year viz. on the half year in which the Sun runneth through the vicine Semicircle of those places of the Zodiack that is in the Spring and Summer it first riseth to one place before he setteth to another and therefore in some hours or some parts of an hour they have both the day and the night conspicuous together viz. whilst the Sun tendeth towards the setting to one place he beginneth to ascend towards the Meridian to the other having now emerged above the Horizon But in the other half of the year Autumn and Winter in which the Sun runneth the
more remote Semicircle of the Zodiack he first setteth to one place before he riseth to another viz. the Perioeci and therefore they have no part of the day but some part of the night common and the Sun for some hours or for some parts of the hours depressed beneath the Horizon so that to one place it is the end of the night to the other the beginning 4. After the same Mode those Stars which decline from the Aequator towards the Pole elevated to the Perioeci may be seen for some hours or for some parts of hours at once viz. before they are set to one place they are risen to another and on the contrary before they are risen to that they are not set to this and in this for so much the longer time by how much the Star is more remote from the Aequator towards the Pole elevated On the contrary they never see those Stars together which decline from the Aequator towards the Pole depressed to the Perioeci but they first set to one place before they arise to another and therefore for some time or for some hours or parts of the hours of the day they are conspicuous to neither of the Perioeci and for so much the longer time by how much the Star is more near the Pole and those Stars which remain continually to the Antoeci above the Horizon are perpetually obscured to the Perioeci 5. What place of the Earth one of the Perioeci hath in the setting Aequinoctial or to the West the same the other of the Perioeci being about to shew directs the digit to the Oriental quarter whereof one part is common to the Antoeci the rest to the Perioeci Proposition IX The Celestial Affections of the Antipodes compared one with another are thus The Celestial Affections of the Antipodes 1. In all the days of the year the Sun and the Stars rise to one place whilst they set to another for they have the same Horizon although a different face 2. The day of one is the night of another 3. They have opposite equal days of the year as also nights so that the longest day of the one place is the shortest of the other 4. They have contrary seasons of the year at the same time and the same seasons in an opposite time viz. some have Spring whilst the other hath Autumn the one Summer whilst the other hath Winter and contrariwise 5. They have the different Poles elevated by an equal Elevation they are equally distant from the Aequator but that from the diverse quarters of it they are seated in the same Meridian but that is in its different Semicircles 6. They reckon indeed the contrary hours of the day but the same in name viz. it is Noon to one place whilst it is Midnight to the other 7. What Stars continually appear to one place or do remain above the Horizon they perpetually remain beneath the Horizon of the other place Also what Stars remain a long space above the Horizon of one place they remain but a short time above the Horizon of the other place 8. The Sun and Stars seem to rise to the Inhabitants of one place on the right hand to the Inhabitants of the other on the left if that both shall turn their faces to the Aequator Proposition X. The Perioeci of one place are the Antipodes of the Antoeci of that place and the Antoeci of the Antipodes of that place So the Antipodes of one place are the Perioeci of the Antoeci of that place and the Antoeci of the Perioeci These are plain from the Definitions neither do they need probation Proposition XI A place in the Globe being given to find those places which have the same Hours and Meridies with the place given also those places which reckon contrary hours and Midnight when it is Midday in the place given Sundry Questions wrought and performed by the Glâ—be Let the place given be brought to the Brazen Meridian so all the places which are subject to the same Semicircle of the Meridian of this or those places which number at once all the same hours then let the Index be placed at the 12th hour of the Cycle and let the Globe be turned round until the Index shew the other 12th hour so the places which are subject to the same Semicircle of the Brazen Meridian are those reckon'd hours contrary to the hours of the place given Proposition XII A place being given in the Globe to fiad those places in which all the days of the year are equal to the nights of the former place Let the place given be brought to the Meridian and let the Parallel of its Antoeci be found All the places scituated in this Parallel satisfie the demand But if that a place be required whose days are equal to the nights of the place given and all the hours of the same then the place of the Antoeci is only that sought for But if all the hours be contrary the place of the Antipodes only satisfieth the demand Proposition XIII A place in the Globe and the day of the year being given to find the hours in which the Inhabitants of that place and its Antoeci both together may see the Sun or in what hour the Sun is above the Horizon of both places also the hour in which he is sooner seen in one place than in another Let the Longitude or time of the stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place given See Propos 4. Chap. 25. at the day given according to the fourth Proposition of the 25th Chapter be found the hours in which this time is deficient from 24 hours are the hours of the day in the place of the Antoeci For these two places have the Sun elevated together so many hours as the day of the place given consisteth of hours or the day of the Antoeci viz. of that day which hath no more than 12 hours as he is in the days of the Aequinoxes but lesser than other days Or that I may speak more plainly if the day of the place given is less than 12 hours then the Antoeci shall see the Sun on the same hours but yet in more to wit before and after that time But if the day of the place given be more than 12 hours the number of the hours of the night must be taken for so many hours together the Antoeci shall see the Sun and no more and these hours are to be reckoned about the Meridies because they have their Meridies together Then half of the difference of the days or the difference between the day and night of the same place will shew the hours in which the Sun ariseth sooner above the Horizon of one place and also setteth later than to the other place of the Antoeci Proposition XIV A place being given in the Globe and the day of the year to find the hours in which the Inhabitants of that place together see the Sun with their
Perioeci and what hours they do not see it together Let the place of the stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place given be found at the day given and let the time of his stay beneath the Horizon that is the quantity of the day and the night be found half the difference between the quantity of the day and the night will shew the hours or part of the hours in which the Sun first riseth to one place before he setteth to another and setteth later also to that place than he ariseth to this CHAP. XXIX Of the Computation of time in the divers places of the Earth Proposition I. The Hour of one place being given in the Globe to find the hour of another place given By the Globe the hours of the places are found out LEt the place whose hour is given be brought to the Brazen Meridian the Index to that hour of the Horary Cycle such as is given Let the Globe be turned round until the other given place come under the Meridian the Index in that scituation of the Globe will shew the hour demanded of this other place Proposition II. The hour of our place being given or of some other place in the Globe to exhibit on the Globe all those places in which at that hour the Meridies is also those in which it is Midnight also those in which is what hour we please The Problem should be propounded concerning the Earth if we would act Scientifically for it is an affection of the Earth Vnderstand the same concerning many other following Problems Let the place given be brought to the Meridian the Index to the given hour of the horary Cycle Let the Globe be turned round until the Index shew the 12th hour of the Meridies so the places which are discovered to be subject to the superiour Semicircle of the Meridian from the elevated Pole to the Pole depressed are those which have the Meridies at the time given But if the Globe be turned round that the Index may shew the 12th inferiour hour the places which are discovered to be subject to the same Semicircle of the Meridian are those in which the Midnight then shall be If we desire places in which is any hour let the Globe be turned until the Index shew that hour if the places subject to the Semicircle of the Meridian be those that are sought Proposition III. The Altitude of the Sun being given the day of the year and the Latitude of the place to find the hour at the time of that altitude Rules for the finding the hour of the day Let the Pole be elevated for the given Latitude of the place from the given day let the place of the Sun be found in the Ecliptick and let that be noted in the Ecliptick of the Globe and brought to the Meridian Then let the Quadrant be applied to the Vertex and let the degrees of the given Altitude be noted in it and let the Index be placed at the 12th hour of the Horary Cycle Then let the Globe and the Quadrant be moved until the noted place of the Sun agree with the noted point of the Quadrant In that scituation the Sun will shew the hour demanded Proposition IV. A Quarter being given in which the Sun is beheld sometime of the day given and the Latitude of a place being given to find the hour of the day Mariners observe the quarter of the Sun on the Compass Let all be done as in the preceding Proposition that the Quadrant may be applied to the Vertex let his end or extremity be brought to that quarter of the Horizon which was observed and let the Globe be turned round until that point of the Sun come to the Quadrant In this scituation the Index will shew the hour of the day Proposition V. The Sun shining by the benefit of the Globe to know the hour of the place given or the Latitude thereof which is given Let the Pole be elevated for the given Latitude of the place and let the Globe be placed at the four quarters of the World then let a Needle be fixed perpendicularly at the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick or which is better let the Spherical Gnomon be applied to the Ecliptick so that the Apex of the Gnomon fix on the place of the Sun and so let it be brought to the Meridian and the Index to the 12th hour let the Globe be turned until the Needle make no shadow on the Globe In this scituation the Index will shew the demanded hour Proposition VI. An hour of our Numeration being given to find what hour it is from the rising of the Sun that is the Babylonish or Norimbergian hour In time past the Babylonians and now the Inhabitants of Norimberg and some other People reckon 24 hours from one rising of the Sun to the rising of the Sun the next day Let the Pole be elevated from the Latitude of the place given and the place of the Sun being found from the day given let it be brought to the Meridian the Index to the 12th hour of the horary Cycle let the Globe be turned until the Index shew the hour given Then the Globe remaining immovable let the Index be reduced to 12 which being done let the Globe be turned from the setting to the rising until the place of the Sun appear in the Oriental Horizon and in the horary Cycle let the hours be reckoned from 12 toward the East or rising even to the Index for these are the Babylonish or Norimberg hours sought for Proposition VII On the contrary The hour being given from the Babylonish rising to find out the hour of our Numeration which is from Midnight or Midnoon Let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given let the place of the Sun be noted in the Ecliptick and brought to the Oriental Horizon the Index to the 12th hour let the Globe be turned towards the West until the Index shew the hour given on the Cycle from the East Which being done let the Index be reduced to the 12th hour and then let the Globe again be moved until the place of the Sun be brought back to the Semicircle of the Meridian which is next passed through and let the hours be numbred from 12 to the Index towards that quarter unto which the motion of the Globe was made so shall be found the hour of our numbring from the Meridies or Midnight Proposition VIII An hour of our reckoning being given to find what hour it is from the preceding setting of the Sun that is the Italian hours Of Italian hours At this day in many places of Italy and in times past in Greece they numbred 24 hours from one setting of the Sun to the following or next setting to find out which we must thus do from the hours of our Numeration Let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given let the place of the Sun in the
Ecliptick be noted and brought to the Meridan let the Index be placed at the 12th hour at Noon of the Cycle let the Globe be turned until the Index shew the hour given Then the Globe being immovable let the Index be brought to the 12th hour and this being done let the Globe be turned towards the East until the place of the Sun be beheld in the Occidental Horizon Then let the hours be numbred from 12 to the Index near the quarter of his motion for these shall be the Italian hours of Numeration Proposition IX The hour from the setting of the Sun or of Italick Numeration being given to find what hour it is of our Numeration from the Midnoon or Midnight Let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick be noted and brought to the Meridian let the Index be placed at the hour 12 let the Globe be turned to the setting until the Index shew the given Italick hour Then the Globe remaining immovable let the Index be brought to the 12th hour this being done let the place of the Sun be turned back to that Semicircle of the Meridian which it did nearest pass through so the hours interrupted between 12 and the Index numbring from 12 towards the rising are the hours from the Meridies or Midnight according to our numeration or reckoning Proposition X. An hour of our Numeration being given on the day given to find what hour of the day that hour is according to the ancient Judaick account and that of other Nations The Jews division of the day and night In Ancient times the Jews and other Nations Astronomy being not yet polished divided every day from the rising of the Sun to his setting into 12 hours and the night into as many which hours are therefore termed Judaical hours Planetary hours for another reason but more fitly unequal hours for seeing that neither the days or nighâ— are equal amongst themselves or of equal Longitude but increase for half a year See Chap. 25. and decrease the other half except in the places of the Aequator thence it cometh to pass that those hours are sometimes greater and sometimes lesser for they increase with the Longitude of the days and decrease with the decrease of the same But in places near the Aequator this increase is not great as we have shewed in the 25th Chapter but all the days of the whole year are almost equal and thence it cometh to pass that the People more remote from the Aequator as those of Europe never used these hours but only those People who are not far removed from or that dwell under the Torrid Zone Therefore the Problem may be thus more clearly propounded viz. an equal hour being given in a given day to find an unequal hour An equal hour is termed the 12th part of any day or night or of the time in which the Sun doth remain above or beneath the Horizon An unequal hour is termed the 24th part of that time in which the Sun is moved from the Semicircle of the Meridian until it return again to the same Semicircle which time is called an Astronomical day Now for the Solution of this Problem we must thus act Let the Pole he elevated for the Latitude of the place given let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick be noted and brought to the East the Index to the 12th hour of the Cycle let the Globe be turned until the noted place of the Sun come to the West the Index will shew the hours for the Longitude of this day or the stay of the Sun above the Horizon which must be observed Then set it be found what is the hour given from the East or rising or from the West and setting if that any hour be given after the setting of the Sun according to the 6 or 8th Propositions See Proposition 6 and 8. And let the proportion be compared after this Mode that as the noted hours of the Longitude of the whole day or night are unto 2 hours so the hours found from the rising or setting if that an hour of the night be given are to the number of the Judaick hours Proposition XI The Judaick hour being given in the day given to find what hour that is according to our Numeration or account or to reduce a given unequal hour to an equal hour Of the Judaick hour Let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick from the day given being found let it be brought to the East the Index to the 12th hour and let the Globe be turned to the West that the Longitude of that day may appear in unequal hours on the horary Cycle which is noted Then let the place of the Sun be brought to the Meridian the Index unto 12 and let the place of the Sun be turned round to the Oriental Honrizon the Index will shew the hour of the rising Then let it so be brought to pass that 12 be added to the number of the Judaick hourâ—y so also let the found out Latitude of the whole be added to the other number which if that be added to the hour of the rising we shall have the hour from the Midnight according to our numeration if that the number of these hours be more than 12 let 12 cast away and the remainder will shew the hour from Noon Those Judaick hours which are related in the Sermon of CHRIST cannot accurately be reduced to the hours of our account because the day of the year is not added so that the third hour of that day may be our 8th 9th or 10th so that the 11th hour of that Sermon may be our 7th 6th or 5th viz as that day may be taken either according to the Summer or Winter Solstice or the Aequinoctial Proposition XII Those who go from some one part of the Earth or sayl towards the Sun rising and the whole Globe of the Earth being encompassed by them they return to the same place whence they set forth they in the mean space at once have often had the Sun rising setting the Meridies and the Midnight the very same with the Inhabitants of the place from which they went from and therefore when they return they number one day of a year more than in that place For Example If in this place it be the first day of January they reckon the second of January if they account it to be Saturday they reckon Sunday And if they shall have sayled about the Earth twice thrice or four times they shall still number so many more days Of the compassing of the Earth Those who by a determined course sayl about the whole Earth towards the West they in the mean while for one space have the setting or rising Sun the Meridies and Midnight more rare and therefore when they return they number one day less than in that
place to wit the 31 of December if in that place it be the first of January and Saturday or the last day of the Week when in this place it shall be Sunday or the first day of a new Week And if they have sayled round the Earth twice thrice or soin times they shall also reckon so many days less This was a matter of wonder and admiration some Ages ago to Mâ—â—â—â— and others but the frequency of this Experiment hath lessehen the admination and hath administred occasion to Mathemnâ—â—â— to 〈…〉 the cause Neither is it difficult to explain the same so that the motion of the Sun and the Meridian of the places of the Earth be well apprehended and a certain day of the year be proposed â— for it dependetiâ—â— the Diurual cirâ—â—â—voluationâ— of the Sun not from his proper nation as some have thought which we may begin from any Circle but for our more easie understanding it is very convenient to begin from the Meridies that the day may be the time from one Meridies to the following Meridies or Noon or whilst the Sun returneth from the Semicircle of one Meridiany to the same Semicircle Therefore because that those who Sayl towards the East or Rising come to those places where the Sun first riseth and maketh his Meridian than in the place from whence they departed thence it cometh to pass that the Sun being in the Meridian of the place to which they have arrived they begin to reckon a new day For Example the second day of January where in the place of their departure hitherto they have numbred the first day of January if that they set Sayl on the same and the difference shall be one or two hours This anticipation daily increaseth until they come towards the East so that it shall make the hours of half a day when they come to the opposite Semicircle of the Meridian for here they shall have the Meridies of a new day when in the place of their setting forth it shall be the Midnight of the preceding day And where they shall come to the Meridian 1â— degrees more remote being in that they shall have the Meridies 13 hours sooner than in the place of their setting forth and when again they shall come to a Meridian more remote 15 degrees there they shall have the Minidies â—4 hours sooner than in the place of their setting forth And so moreover as they shall come to the Meridians or places more remote 15 degrees they shall have the Meridies 15 16 17 hours sooner and shall begin to account a new day sooner than in their place of their setting forth so that when at length they shall have returned to the place they shall then number the Meridies of a new day sooner by 24 hours where in the place also the Meridies is which yet may answer in number to the Meridies which the Mariners had the former day But it is contrary with those who Sayl towards the West when they return to the place from whence they set forth for by how much the more they recede from this place by so much the more they shall have the Sun later in the Meridies because they are in a more remote Meridian and therefore do later begin the account of their new day than in the place whence they set forth So that this Proposition taketh away an whole day in the return Corollary 1. Corollaries If that two at the same time set sorth from any place of the Earth the one towards the East the other towards the West and they shall return both together to the same place the whole Earth being Sayled about he that took his Journey towards the East shall reckon two days more than he which took it towards the West And if they have Sayled the Earth about twice they shall reckon a days more if thrice 6 days more c. but the days of these are longer of those shorter Corollary 2. The same will happen if that in any place of the Earth any two meet one the other and from hence first and then often afterwards was this apparently discovered for when Ferdinando Magellanes by a direct course into the West had entred the Indies by the Streights denominated from him it was found out by the Mariners which there met with other Europeans brought towards the East by an ordinary Journey that the Kaleudar or the Numeration of the days differed an whole day The same hath been observed by all which have Sayled round the Earth when they have come into the Indies Corillary 10. This also is the cause that in two near places the account of a different day 〈◊〉 observed viz. in the Philippine Isles and in the City of Marow on the Chast of China The day in Macoa not the same as in the Philippine Isles although they lie under the same Meridian yet they reckon the days of the Kalendar sooner in Macoa than in the Philippine Isles and that by the anticipation of one day so that it is Sunday in Moacoa when but Saturday in the Philippine Isles The cause of this diversity is this that the Rortuâ—â—â— possessing the City of Macoa came thither from Europe towards the East by asseccourse out of India but the Spaniard which possess the Philippine Isles came thither from Europe towards the West by a set course from America Therefore it is in ferred from the preceding Corollary because here in Mâ—â—a and the Philippines they almost meet 〈◊〉 â—ome into the same Meridian that they should â—â—ceâ—d by one day the days of the other CHAP. XXX Of the various Rising Setting Altitude of the Sun and other Appearances in the divers parts of the Earth Proposition 1. To place or hang a Terrestrial Globe so that when the Sun shineth those parts of the Globe may be illuminated which the Sun enlighteneth in the Earth at any time and that it also may appear unto what People the Sun riseth and to whom it setteth to whom it makes the Meridies and to whom it is altogether absconded to what place it is vertical also to find the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick and the day of the year also the hour of the place The motion of the Sun shewed by the Globe LET the place in which the Globe is placed be noted on the Globe and brought to the Meridian and let a mark be made with a Chalk on that point of the Meridian Therefore if the Globe be to be hung by a Cord the Cord must be tied to the point of the Meridian But if that it must be placed firmly in any place an Iron piâ— must be brought through the Center of the Globe even to the opposite point and this Iron pin must be closely fixed to the Horizontal plain that it may remain immovable The Globe must be disposed according to the four quarters of the World viz that the North part of the Globe may regard the North part of the Earth
or Heaven which the Meridian line being found is easie to do by the Mariners Compass or the Magnetick Needle The Globe being thus placed at every moment of the day when the Sun shineth on the Globe may be seen the part of the Earth illuminated and the part not illuminated Those places which lie in the middle Semicircle of the part illuminated are those which will have the Meridies at that moment of time To those which are seated in the Oriental Semicircle dividing the illuminated part from the part not illuminated the Sun setteth but to those which are in the Occidental Semicircle separating the illuminated part from the part not illuminated the Sun riseth To find out the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick let the Needle or Spherical Gromon be moved hither and thither perpendicularly about the middle of the part illuminated until it maketh no shadow and let the point in the Globe be noted 〈◊〉 for this being brought to the Meridian here will shew the declination of the Ecliptick point in which the Sun is at the time of the Observation whence according to the condition of the time to wit Spring Summer Autumn or Winter the place of the Sun shall be known and thence the day of the year Also the place in the Globe unto which the Needle being affixed gave no shadow is that to which the Sun is vertical at that moment of time and the Parallel passing through this place will exhibit all the places in which the Sun will be vertical on that day Moreover to find the hour of the place in which the Globe is so placed or hung let that place be brought to the Meridian to which the Sun is vertical the Index to the 12th hour of the horary Circle and let the Globe be turned round until our place or that in which the Globe is seated do come to the Meridian the Index will shew the hour But because the Globe cannot be turned round when it is affixed by the Iron Style to the Horizontal plain therefore it will be convenient that the Quadrant be tied to the Pole or part of the Circle of the Periphery 113 â— â— for here the Arch being brought to the place of the Needle will shew the declination of the Sun from the Aequator whence the place of the Sun and the day of the year shall be found The same Arch will shew the degree in the Aequator from whence if that the degrees be numbred to the Brazen Meridian and these degrees be changed into hours or parts of hours Fifteen Degrees make an Hour you shall have the hour of the place If so be that the Sun be between the Occident and the Brazen Meridian that is of our place but if that it be between the East and our Meridian the hour found out must be subtracted from 12 and the remaining number will shew the hours from Midnight If that such a Brazen Arch be adjoyned to the Pole of the Globe as I have described 113 ½ degrees it may be bored through from the end even to 47 degrees that is from the departure of the Sun from the Aequator and a turning Plate be inserted in it which may bear the perpendicular Style and so there will neither be need of a Needle or of a Spherical Gnomon and the operation will be less obnoxious to errour Proposition II. The Terrestrial Globe being â—o placed as in the former Proposition is declared it will also shew when the Moon shineth to what People at any moment of time in which it is above our Horizon it is conspicuous to whom it ariseth to whom it setteth and to whom it is vertical These are all manifest from the preceding Proposition See Proposit 1. Proposition III. By how much the places of the Earth are remote from the Parallel of the Sun on any day by so much the Sun is elevated to a lesser Altitude in the same hours above their Horizon Let the places in the same Meridian be taken in the Globe for these do reckon all the same hours and that at once then let a Parallel be described for any assumed day and it will be manifest that any point of this Parallel is farther distant from the more remote places than from the places more near The Sun therefore being above the points of this Parallel will be farther distant from the Vertex of the remoter places than from the Vertex of those that are nearer and therefore he shall be less elevated over the Horizon of those places than of these Proposition IV. By how much the places of the Earth are more remote from the Aequator or more near the Pole by so much the more the parts of the Horizon are distant in which the Sun riseth on the day of the Solstice and the day of the Winter as also those in which he setteth The same is true concerning the Moon and all the Planets Take what places you please of a diverse distance from the Aequator and let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of every one of them and let the points be noted in the Horizon in which the Tropicks of Capricorn and Cancer cut it A comparison being made the truth of the Proposition will appear this is also shewed the same way by how much the places are more remote from the Aequator by so much the more the Sun in his Aequinoctial rising is distant in the East on every day of the year The Astronomers term it the rising Amplitude Proposition V. Stars placed between the Parallel of any place lying without the Aequator and the Pole are less elevated above the Horizon of the places between this Parallel and the other Pole of those scituated there than above the Horizon of the places scituated between this Parallel and the nearer Pole Of the elevation of Stars c. The Parallel of any Star may be designed on the Terrestrial Globe or a point only noted for a Star and any place more remote from the Pole being assumed designeth the Parallel of the place Then taking another place scituated towards the other Pole the stay of the Star above the Horizon of both places may be found and the truth of the Proposition will be manifest Proposition VI. In places scituate in and near the Aequator the Sun and Stars directly ascend above the Horizon even to the Meridian and so descend again but in places scituated above the Aequator they obliquely ascend and descend and so much the more obliquely by how much the place is more remote from the Aequator Of the ascension and descension of the Sun and Stars Let any Parallel of the Sun be described on the Globe such as some already are delineated on the Globe viz. the Aequator the Tropicks and some Intermedial ones then let the Poles be placed in the very Horizon that it may be the Horizon of the places of the Aequator and it will be evident that the points of the
Parallels directly ascend from the Horizon to the Meridian Then let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of any other places and it will appear that the Parallels are so much the more oblique to the Horizon by how much the more the Pole is elevated that is by the Wooden Horizon becometh the Horizon of the places more remote from the Aequator or nearer to the Pole Proposition VII By how much the place is more remote from the Aequator by so much the more the Signs of the Zodiack and the other Constellations require the greater time to arise and set and they pass through the Meridians of all places at an equal time Let two places be taken on the Globe unequally distant from the Aequator and let the Pole be elevated and observed separately for each of them how much time any Sign of the Zodiack requireth to ascend above the Horizon viz. the entrance of the Sign being brought to the Oriental Horizon let the Index be placed at the 12th hour and the Globe be turned round until the whole Sign be rising the Index will shew the hours elapsed in the space whilst the Sign arose for by the comparison of the time the truth of the Proposition will be manifest Proposition VIII The day of the year being given to find or shew on the Globe those places in which the Sun ariseth in any given quarter To find the rising of the Sun in any quarter by the Globe This Problem and those that follow should be propounded and resolved concerning the Earth it self if that we would act according to Art for these affections belong unto it but they are propounded concerning the Globe because here it representeth the Earth although another method must be used in the Earth or another construction which although it can only be comprehended by the mind is sufficient that it may hinder in the practice by reason of the obstacles This is the same with that Problem The day and the quarter being given in which the rising of the Sun was observed to find the Latitude of that place or its Parallel in any point of which it is manifest that we are placed See Chap. 23. Proposit 11. The Solution of which we have delivered in the 23 Chapter Proposition 11. Proposition IX The day and the hour or part of the hour being given to shew the place on the Globe to which the Sun is then vertical First let the place of the Sun from the given day being found be noted on the Ecliptick of the Globe and that being brought to the Meridian let a mark be made with a Chalk on the supereminent point then let those places be found in whose Meridian the Sun was at the given moment of time and let them be brought to the Brazen Meridian These being done that place which is subject to the noted point of the Meridian is the place which is demanded viz. that to which the Sun is vertical at the given moment of time Proposition X. Further note The day and the hour being given to shew all the places on the Globe from whose Vertex the Sun is distant the given degrees at that hour but the given degrees must not exceed a hundred and eighty Or the day and the hour being given to shew on the Globe those places above whose Horizon the Sun hath the given Altitude or the given depression beneath it but the Altitude given must not exceed 90 degrees as likewise the depression Let the place be found on the Globe to which the Sun is vertical at the hour given and let this be brought to the Meridian and let the Quadrant be affixed to the imminent point of the Meridian Let the degree of distance from the Vertex given be noted and the Quadrant be turned round the Globe remaining immovable all the places of the Earth through which the noted degree of the Quadrant passeth are those from whom the Sun hath the given distance or above whose Horizon the Sun hath the given Altitude Proposition XI At the given hour of the day to shew on the Globe all plains unto which the Sun riseth and setteth and to which he is fixed at the Meridian and all that are illuminated and not illuminated Further concerning the rising and setting of the Sun found out by the Globe at any day or hour of the day Let the place be found in the Globe to which the Sun at the time given is vertical and let the place be brought to the Meridian and the Pole elevated for the Latitude of that place or let that place be placed in the vertex of the Horizon So all those places which are discovered under the Semicircle of the Meridian above the Horizon shall have the Meridies but those places which are beheld in the Oriental Semicircle of the Horizon are those to which the Sun then setteth but to those which lie in the Occidental Semicircle of the Horizon the Sun riseth at the given time and all the places which are above the Horizon are illuminated by the Sun on the contrary all the places scituated beneath the same then want the presence of the Sun Note that the Problem must be understood of the rising and setting of the body of the Center of the Sun for the body of the Sun illustrateth part of the Earth somewhat bigger than the Hemisphere which how big it is shall be discovered in the following Proposition Therefore we may shew the places to which the Sun riseth or setteth when we have Noon or Midnight And contrariwise those in which he setteth when he ariseth to us who then have Midnight or Mid-day Proposition XII The Semidiameter of the Sun and Earth being given and the distance of the Sun from the Earth being known to find out the part of the Earth which the Sun illuminateth See Scheme Let the Semidiameter of the Earth be A B A C A the Center A B C D E the greatest circle of the Earth S the Center of the Sun S L S O the Semidiameter of the Sun L B O C the rays touching the Globe of the Sun and Earth for these distinguish the part illuminated from the part not illuminated therefore the Arch B D C representeth the part of the superficies of the Earth illuminated and the Arch BLC the part not illuminated Let the Tangents LB O C be extended until they concur in R and B N parallels to A S therefore in the Triangle B N L let N L be given the excess S L above A B and B N of equal distance to A S the Angle B N L is direct because that B L toucheth the Circle Wherefore in the Triangle B L N let the Angle N B L be found according to this Proposition that as B N is to N L so are the whole signs to the Tangent of the Angle N B L. Moreover the two Angles L N B N B L are together equal to one streight or 90
degrees and B N L is equal to the Angle A S L or B A R. Therefore the Arch of the Angle N B L is equal to the Arch B M by which P B is greater than 90 degrees or than P M so also the Arch P C. If we take the Semidiameter of the Sun according unto Ptolomy of 5 2 Semidiameters of the Earth but the distance A S 1168 Semidiameters these I say being laid down the Arch M B will be found 13 minutes in which the Sun illustrateth the Earth more than half M P Q. Corollary When therefore the Center of the Sun riseth to some places then his limbus or edge riseth to the People which inhabit in the parallel of the Horizon scituated 13 minutes beneath the Horizon also after the same Mode to those to whom he setteth And when his Center setteth then his limbus yet remaineth conspicuous until the Center setteth to the People which are remote 13 minutes from our Horizon Proposition XIII The height of a Mountain being given to find how much sooner the Sun seemeth to rise in the Vertex of the same than at the foot or root of the Mountain and how much later it setteth From the given Altitude See Chap. 9. Proposit 5. by the fifth Proposition in the ninth Chapter let the interval or Arch from which the Vertex of the Mountain may be discovered or in the bound of which a line so drawn from the Vertex of the Mountain that it may be the Tangent of the Earth refracteth the same for this line sheweth the first ray which may come from a direct passage from the Sun to the Vertex of the Mountain Moreover the point of the Earth in which this is touched by the line is the place to which the Sun ariseth when he beginneth to be seen on the Vertex of the Mountain and the Arch interrupted between that point and the foot of the Mountain is equal to that in which the Sun is depressed as yet beneath the Horizon of the foot of the Mountain when he is apparent in the Vertex Therefore the Problem is reduced hither The depression of the Sun beneath the Horizon being given to find the time which is spent whilst the Sun moveth from the depression to the Horizon whence also it will be manifest that this time is also diverse in the divers days of the year Therefore let the place of the root of the Mountain be noted on the Globe and let the Pole be clevated for the Latitude of the same let the Quadrant be affixed to the Vertex The place of the Sun being found in the Ecliptick from any day taken let it be noted also the Point of the Ecliptick opposite to the place of the Sun Then let this opposite Point be brought to the Occidental Horizon and let the Index be placed at the hour 12. This being done let the Degree of depression before found be noted in the Quadrant and the opposite Point be turned above the Horizon until it hath an Altitude equal to the Arch of the depression which will be discovered from the application of the Quadrant so the place of the Sun beneath the Oriental Horizon will have that Depression And the Index in the Horaty Circle will shew the time intercopted between that depression of him and his emersion above the Horizon But because in this case we do almost work only by Minutes therefore it is better to calculate it than to search after it on the Globe Now you shall find it If that the Altitude of the Mountain be placed 3 stadias or ¾ of a German mile because the Arch of the depression is about three Degrees The Mountains of Caucasus and Casius according to Aristotle and Pliny are â—llustrated with the Suns rayes to the third part of the night and if the Latitude of the Foot of the Mountain be 38 Degrees and the place of the Sun about the middle of Leo the time in which the Sun is beheld is sooner in the Vertex than at the Foot of the Mountain by 13 Minutes Hence it is manifest that that is not so probable which Aristotle relateth of the highest parts of Caucasus and Pliny of the top of Mount Casius that they before the rising and after the setting of the Sun are illustrated with the Sun Beams even to the third part of the night Now how great an Altitude is required for this shall be shewed in the following Proposition Proposition XIV The time being given in which the Sun is sooner discerned on the Vertex of the Mountain than at the foot of the same to find the Altitude of the Mountain Let the Pole be Elevated on the Globe for the Latitude of the Root of the Mountain and the Point being noted which is opposed to the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick let the Arch of the depression of the Sun beneath the Horizon for the given time be found Then from this Arch as from an interval from whence the Vertex of the Mountain is discovered the Altitude of the Mountain must be searched after by the Fourth Proposition of the Ninth Chapter Proposition XV. The places of the Moon being given in the Zodiack together with its Latitude to find out or shew all those Places on the Globe to which the Moon is Vertical in the Circumrotation of that day Let the place of the Moon taken from the Ephemerides be noted in the Ecliptick then let one end of the Quadrant be applyed to the Pole of the Ecliptick the other to the Point noted in the Ecliptick or to the place of the Moon and let the Degrees of the Latitude of the Moon be accounted on the Quadrant and let a mark be made at the term of the Numeration on the Globe then this being brought to the Meridian and a Chalk applyed let a Parallel be described which the Moon that day doth describe by her Circumvolution and all the places scituated in this Parallel are those demanded After the same Mode we act with the other Planers if their Longitude and Latitude be given Proposition XVI The place of the Moon being given in the Zodiack and its Latitude and the day of the year to find the hour in which she ariseth in any place given and in which she setteth also in which she maketh midnight Let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the place of the Earth given let the place of the Sun found from the day of the year be noted on the Ecliptick Then let a point also be noted on the Globe for the place of the Moon as we have shewed in the preceeding Proposition See Proposition 15. This being done let the place of the Sun be brought to the Meridian the Index to the 12th hour of the Circle and let the Globe be turned round until the Moon arise or be in the Meridian or set For the Index in the Circle will shew the hour of her rising or setting or being in
the Moon from the Earth in her Full is 64 Semidiamiters of the Earth Therefore N L shall be 11 15 and the proportion shall be made thus as 64 is to a 11 15 so is 10000000 to 114583 which is the Sign 39 Minutes Therefore the Arch H L is less than 90 Deg. 39 Minutes and therefore 89 Deg. 21. Minutes Therefore in the place to which the Moon is Vertical constituted in the Vertex of the Horizon the People to whom the Moon then riseth and setteth shall not be those which are beheld in the very Horizon but those in the Parallel of the Horizon distant from it 39 Minutes Proposition XX. The Declination of any Star being given to exhibit all the places on the Terrestrial Globe unto which that Star is Vertical in his Diurnal Circumvolution Of the Declination of Stars Let the Degrees of the given Declination of the Aequator be numbred on the Brazen Meridian and in the term of the Numeration make a sign with a Chalk or let a Parallel be noted on the Globe by a Chalk applyed and the Globe turned round all the places scituated in this Parallel are those which pass through the noted Point of the Meridian the Vertex of which that Star in every Diurnal Circumvolution shal possess for some moment of time Proposition XXI The direct Ascension of any Star being given and the hour of the given day being given to shew all those places on the Terrestrial Globe on whose Meridian the Star is at the given hour Concerning the Ascension of any Star Let the Degrees given of the right Ascension of the Star be numbred in the Aequator and let a mark be made with Chalk Let also the place of the Sun found from the given day be brought to the Meridian and let the Degrees of the Aequator in the Meridian be noted Let the Arch of the Aequator intercepted between these two noted Points be observed or which is the same let it be changed into hours or scruples of hours for they shew the time which intercedeth between the Appulse of the Sun and that Star at any Meridian This done let the places be found in whose Meridian the Sun is at the given hour or scruple of an hour and the Index being placed at 12 let the Globe be turned until the Index shew the hour before noted or until the noted Degrees of the Aequator have passed the Meridian In this scituation of the Globe all those places which are discovered subject to the Meridian are those sought for to wit those in whose Meridian the Star is at the given time Proposition XXII The right Declination and Ascension of a Star being given and any time of the day being given to exhibit on the Globe first that place to which the Star is then Vertical Secondly all those places above whose Horizons the Star then shall be and those beneath whose Horizons the same shall then be also those in whose Meridian it shall be at the Meridies and in whose Meridian it shall be at midnight also in all those places in which the Star shall then arise and all those im which it shall then set From the direct Ascension let the places be found in whose Meridian the Star is at the time given and those may remain subject to the Brazen Meridian Then let the Degrees of the given Declination from the Aequator towards the Pole be numbred and the Point of the Globe which is subject to the term of the Numeration be noted For this is the place unto which the Star shall be Vertical at the time Let it be placed in the Vertex of the Horizon the Pole being Elevated for Latitude so those places which are subject to the Superiour Semicircle of the Meridian shall have that Star at the given time in the Meridian of the Meridies But those places which are beheld in the Inseriour Semicircle of the Meridian shall have it in the Meridian of Midnight and those places which are beheld in the Oriental Semicircle of the Horizon are those to which the Star setteth at once at that time but to those which lie in the Occidental Semicircle of the Horizon the Star then ariseth together Proposition XXIII To exhibit on the Terrestrial Globe all those places in which the Sun Moon and all the Stars for so long time are obscured beneath the Horizon as they remain to us or any other given place above the Horizon Let our place or any other given place be brought to the Meridian and let the Parallel of the Antaeci be found all the places scituated in this Parallel are these sought for as may be shewed on the Globe if that the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the place given and depressed for the Latitude of the Parallel found Proposition XXIV To shew the Cause why the days sooner augment and decrease about the Aequinoxes and more slowly about the Solstices where for many days there seemeth to be no encrease or decrease and that except the Aequator in all the places of the Earth and so much the more by how much they are more removed from the Aequator Concerning the augmenting and decreasing of the days about the Aequinoxes and Solstices For Example Let us take 30 days before the Vernal Aequinox from the 20 of February to the 21 of March and 30 days after the Solstice of Winter or the Solstice of Capricorn from the 21 of December to the 21 of January here the Cause must be shown why the excess of the 21 of March or stay of the Sun above the Horizon above the Longitude of the 20 of February be much greater than the excess of the 21 of January is above the 21 of December Let the place of the Sun for every one of those 4 days be noted on the Ecliptick of the Globe to wit the first Degree of Pisces of Aries Capricorn and Aquarius and let the Parallels of the Sun be described whereof two are extant in the Globe viz. the Aequator and the Tropick of Capricorn Therefore it will be apparent that the Aequator or Parallel of the Sun in the 1 of Aries is absent a far longer interval from the Parallel of the Sun in the 1 of Pisces than the Parallel of the Sun in the 1 of Aquarius from the Parallel in the 1 of Capricorn Thence it cometh to pass that not much a bigger portion of the Parallel of the 1 of Aquarius is above the Horizon than of the Parallel of the 1 of Capricorn or of the Tropick of Capricorn it self Now these parts shew the stay of the Sun above the Horizon in those daies but the portion of the Aequator or Parallel of the 1 of Aries that is above the Horizon is much bigger than the portion of the Parallel of the 1 of Pisces Now because these Arches being above the Horizon denote the stay of the Sun above the Horizon for this is the Longitude of the day hence we
Mode we shall find the same in any Parallel which the Sun and Stars do describe by a Diurnal Motion without the Aequator Proposition V. The given hours being given at one and the same time or at one and the same Celestial appearance as also the Horary minutes of our place and that of the other place to find out how many degrees the Meridian of our place is distant from the Meridian of the other place that is to find the Longitude of our place from that place The solution is easy from what hath been said already by reason that it hath been shewed that if one place anticipateth one hour of the account of the other place the Meridian of that is more Oriental than the Meridian of this by 15 degrees if two hours by 30 degrees if three hours by 45 degrees Let therefore the difference of the given hours be changed into the degrees and Minutes of the Aequator viz. reckoning for every hour 15 degrees for ¾ of an hour 3 degrees 45 Minuâ—es for one scruple of an hour 1 degree The found out degrees and Minutes will shew the distance of the Meridians viz. if that the hours of our place be more than the hours of the other place our Meridian shall be scituated towards the East from the other if fewer towards the West Proposition VI. Again hours and scruples of hours of divers places being given at one and the same time or at the time of one and the same Celestial appearance and one place or one Meridian of one place being given in the Maps or Globes to exhibit also the Meridian or Longitude of another place on the Globe or Maps Let the difference of hours and scruples of hours be changed into the Degrees and Minutes of the Aequator Further concerning the Longitude of places Then consider whether the hours of this place whose Meridian is given on the Globe and the Maps be fewer or more than that of the other place whose Meridian is sought for If fewer this other Meridian shall be scituated from the given Meridian towards the East if more towards the West Let it be brought to the Brazen Meridian except some other Meridian pass through it and let the Degrees and Minutes found from the difference of the hours be numbred from the Point of the Aequator together being in the Meridian and that towards the West or East as we collect the scituation of the other place it is more easily done by the Horary Index applyed to 12 and the Globe being turned round until the Index shew the difference of the hours Let the term of the account be noted with Chalk and brought under the Meridian so this Brazen Meridian shall be the Meridian sought and the Point of the Aequator shall shew its Longitude In Maps let the same Degrees and Minutes be numbred from the given Meridian in tranverse lines above and below and the Rule being applyed let the Line be drawn for in right lined Maps as such as those of Mariners is the chief of this Problem this Line shall be the sought for Meridian Proposition VII To find the Longitude of an unknown place in which we are or to find the distance of the Meridian in which we are from some known Meridian or whose scituation is or may be expressed on the Maps or Globes Of the finding out of the Longitude of an unknown place in which we are This is that Problem whose solution Seamen so much expect from the Mathematicians which would render the Art of Navigation almost perfect and subject to no Errour which hath exercised for this two Ages the wits of so many great persons for the resolving of which the English French Dutch have every one appointed a donative of 50000 Florens to him who shall exhibit a resolution the Dutch and German Mariners are wont sometimes to expound the Problem according to the Latine phrase but sometimes they use another as if you should say to seek the Oriental and Occidental quarter which phrase is very void of the matter so that it is manifest what a power the Vulgar have taken in introducing new phrases though very improper For by this phrase it cometh to pass that persons unskilful in Geography and Navigation are ignorant what the Mariners mean when they speak of finding out the East and West for most think that they seek what the words import viz. the Eastern and Western quarter which yet is false and unworthy the demand For they know these quarters when they are in any place of the Sea by the benefit of the same Magnetick Needle which sheweth the North and South Because in the Mariners Compass all the quarters are noted and without the Compass the Plaga of the North and South being known it is most easy to shew the quarter of the East and West for the face being turned towards the North the East is on the right hand the West on the left on the contrary the face being turned towards the South the East is on the left hand and the West on the right But this is not the demand but the Longitude of the place is that required that is how much in the Arch of the Aequator the Meridian of this place is removed towards the West or East from any certain Meridian But why may some say do Mariners assume so improper a phrase The reason is that the Vulgar do conceive almost all things confusedly and only Superficially and from a small similitude with other things impose Names and Phrases as is manifest from the appellation of America which they Vulgarly term the West Indies because that after the discovery of India properly so called that was also found This might be instanced by many more Examples and so it is with this phrase to seek the East and West But seeing that this Problem to find out the North and South is resolved by the Magnetick Needle and also the Problem of finding out the Longitude of a place is of very great Moment and Mariners desire to have as easy a Method to know the same as that of the Latitude of a place and moreover that Longitude is reckoned from the West to the East in the Aequator Longitude reckoned from the West to the East in the Aequator therefore by reason of this slight similitude and account they have taken up this phrase to find the East and West when here no quarter is sought for but only the distance of the Meridians This is convenient to explain by reason that many were brought into an Error and false Conception of the same or at least were ignorant what was signifyed by the phrase It is easy as is shewed aforesaid from the difference of hours to shew or find out the Longitude of one place from another Therefore in Calendars and Ephemerides by the signal Benefit and liberality of Astronomy we have set down for every day and hour all the Phoenomena of any place and the Motions
of the Planets as the beginning the middle the end of an Eclipse also the Conjunction of the Moon with other Planets her entrance into the Ecliptick Therefore being in the place of an unknown Longitude if we enquire the hour in which we behold the same Phoenomena in this place we shall thence find the difference of our hour from the hour of that place unto which the Tables are Calculated and hence moreover the distance of the Meridian from the Meridian in which we are or whose hours the Table sheweth and so we have the demanded Longitude of the place Neither doth the difficulty consist in the finding of the hour and Horary scruples for they are easily known from the quarter on Altitude of the Sun or Stars but the difficulty is in the defect of such Celestial appearances which may be so observed Now although there be also other Modes by which without the knowledge of the hours and consideration of the Planetary motions the Longitude of a place may be inquired yet they have no place here by reason that they do not first shew the Longitude but the place it self and require other things which are equally unknown in those cases with the Longitude which Modes we shall explain in the following discourse But now we seek such Modes in which that Longitude of the place may be found where the scituation of the place is unknown All which Modes presuppose a knowledge and comparison of the time in which any appearance of the Planetary motion is beheld in divers places But those Motions are unfit for this business which are very slow so that in many hours none or little difference is found in the place of those Planets For Example Saturn maketh his Progress in the Ecliptick in the space of one hour Therefore although from the Ephemerides we may have the time and the hour which is in that place when that Saturn is in the Ecliptick yet because that he moveth very slowly thence it cometh to pass that if you observe he seemeth to stay many hours in the same place and therefore that Moment of the hour cannot be known in the place where we are seeing that they stay in the very minute and therefore they cannot also compare the hour of our place with the hour of the place of the Tables The Motion of the Sun in the Ecliptick So the Sun goeth forwards every hour in the Ecliptick about 2 ½ first minutes because in an whole day it goeth forwards about one degree which Motion is over flow for this business by reason that although observations may be very accurately made at the beginning and end of the hour yet the same place of the Sun shall be found and therefore the Error of two or three hours may easily happen For you must know that the Modes ought to be such that in the very search of the 15th part of an hour an error may be avoyded that is that that Celestial Phoenomenon which is made use of for the finding of the same may sensibly be varied within two scruples of an hour for if at or between two scruples of an hour it remaineth altogether the same both as to sense and diligent observation we cannot be certain of that part of an hour in which that happeneth truly in the Heaven and if we err two scruples of an hour in the observation then an errour of half a degree will slip into the Longitude so that we will suppose that our Meridian in which we are and note it in the Maps and Globes which is not the true one but removed from the true one in the Aequator half a deg Therefore they are such Phoenomenons of the Planets which within two scruples of an hour or else at one scruple or if possible at half a scruple may be varied But of such there are none but these 1. The beginning of the Eclipse of the Moon the middle and the end 2. The Longitude or place of the Moon in the Zodiack 3. The distance of the Moon from the fixed Stars or her appulse towards them 4. The ingress of the Moon into the Ecliptick or into the Points of her Circle where this cutteth the Ecliptick And 5. The Conjunction Distance and Eclipses of the Jovial Planets viz. of those Four Planets which are found in this our Age to make a Circuit about Jupiter Whence the Copernican Hypothesis hath obtained a great deal of Confirmation The first Mode by the Eclipse of the Moon Of the Eclipse of the Moon First Mode This Mode is very accurate if that their could happen but Eclipses every night At the time wherein we behold the beginning or end of the Lunary Eclipse by the help of the Telescope then I say let the Altitude or Plaga of any fixed Star be observed and also let the Elevation of the Pole be before found out or let it together be sought for from some Star in the Meridian From the Altitude of the Star the hour with the scruples is accurately enough found as we shall shew from Astronomy and more easily without the invention of Altitude if the Star be in the Meridian Let this hour so found out with the scruples be compared with the hour and scruples in which the Ephemerides exhibit the beginning of the Eclipse or the middle which hours respect the Meridian unto which the Ephimerides are Calculated for so the hour of two places is found at the same time or at the same Celestial appearance viz. the hour of our place and of the Meridian of the Ephemerides and the Meridian of the Ephemerides is known Therefore we shall find the Longitude of our place from the Meridian of the Ephemerides if we change the difference of the hours of both places into the degrees and Minutes of the Aequator as we have said in the V. Proposition And because in Maps given and in the Globe the given Meridian of the Ephemerides is known or may be shewed with little labour therefore we must reckon the degrees found out from it in the transverse lines of the Maps towards the West or East as the hour of our place or of the place unknown shall be more or sewer than the hours of the Meridian of the Ephemerides and the Meridian Line shall be brought through the term of the Numeration That is the Meridian of the place in which we then are or in which the observation of the Ecliptick was made The second Mode by the place of the Moon in the Zodiack Although the preceeding Mode by the Eclipse of the Moon performing the business The second Mode be most accurate yet because those Eclipses are very rare neither are all conspicuous in all places therefore this Mode doth not resolve the business sufficiently neither can it help the Mariners in the wide Ocean but it is more convenient to the constituting and finding out the hours of the Terrestrial places where Mathematicians are or may go and the
Longitudes of almost all places which we know are found out by this Mode For from the noted comparation of the time in which the beginning or middle of the Eclise was discovered it is easy to find out the Longitude of one place from another as I think is sufficiently explained But the use of Mariners requireth a Phoenomenon or appearance viz. which may happen every night at the least if not in the days because it can happen in every night so that they may be in an unknown place as deceived by Tempests But the more frequent Phoenomenon is the place of the Moon in the Zodiack but a very troblesom observation is required by reason of twofold Parallaxes so that you can hardly avoid a small error if at least a great one of half or an whole hour be shunned whence a false Meridian is found removed from a true many miles viz. a hundred and more Yet you will be subject to the lesser error if that you expect the moment of the hour in which the Moon is in the Meridian for then the place is accurately enought found after this Mode When you have observed that the Moon is come into the Meridian of the place where you are then you must presently take the noted Altitude of some Star and from this It is presupposed that the Elevation of the Pole is before found and the Elevation of the Pole you may enquire the hour but it is better to do it by some Star then in the Meridian as we shall hereafter shew Moreover from the known hour is found what Point of the Ecliptick or Zodiack is then in the Meridian or that possesseth the middle of Heaven as Astronomers speak which also is easy as we shall shew anon So at the hour of our place or of the unknown place we shall have the known place of the Moon in the Zodiack Then from the Tables of the Ephemerides let the hour be found which is in the Meridian of the Ephemerides where the Sun is in the place of the Zodiack which is taught in the Introduction of the Ephemerides neither is it difficult And so again we shall have the hours of two places at the same time viz. of the place in which we are whose Longitude is unknown and of the place unto whose Meridian the Ephemerides are Calculated and whose scituation is in Maps and Globes Wherefore from the difference of time the Longitude of our place sought for shall be found as is sufficiently demonstrated in the preceeding Mode The third Mode by the distance of the Moon from some fixed Star The third Mode of the Moon By reason that we cannot observe the Moon in the Meridian many nights viz. when she is not much removed from the Sun after and before the New Moon and therefore this appearance is not so frequent as the Mariners use requireth Therefore some do consider another Phoenomenon in the motion of the Moon which is more frequent and from thence the Mode in finding out the Longitude is delivered viz. the drawing near and departing of the Moon from the fixed Stars for from thence the true place of the Moon may be observed at the given moment of the observation But the Calculation is so difficult by reason of the Parallaxes and the solution of the Oblique Spherical Triangles and other hazards that it can neither serve Mariners nor will I burthen you with its Precepts but rather omit it For it requireth a Genius most expert in Calculation The fourth Mode by the entrance of the Moon into the Ecliptick The fourth Mode of the Moon The path of the Moon cutteth the Ecliptick in two points in which when it cometh by its own proper motion she is then in the Ecliptick but at other times it is moved out of it by a great departure of 5 degrees Therefore you must observe exactly the time in the place of the unknown Longitude in which the Moon toucheth the Ecliptick Moreover from the Ephemerides let the hour be taken at the Meridian of the Ephemerides in which that entrance is made Then from the comparison of our time or of the place unknown with the time of the Meridian of the Ephemerides you have the difference of time whence the Longitude of the place which is ours may be found from the Meridian of the Ephemerides But this Mode also by reason of the difficult practice is to be esteemed useless For the entrance of the Moon into the Ecliptick is difficult to be observed and the Calculation is very intricate and subject to â—rror The fifth Mode by the Jovial Planets The fifth Mode by the Jovial Planets Many judge this Phoenomenon to be prefered before the Phoenomenons of the Moon in this affair because that these Jovial attendants are not subject to Parallaxes and moreover in every scituation of Jupiter above the Horizon afford a commodious observation There are four Planets the invention of the Great Galilaeus which move about Jupiter as about the Center of their Lord so small that they cannot be discerned by a free sight but only by the help of a Telescope Their Motion viz. that proper to them by which they move about Jupiter for they have a Diurnal Motion common with all the Stars a Motion common in the Ecliptick with Jupiter and the other Planets is very swift For he that is next to Jupiter absolveth his course in one day with 18 ½ hours the second in 3 days with 13 ¼ hours the third in 7 days and 2 hours the fourth and last in 16 days with 18 hours The progress of their Motion must be Calculated at every hour and therefore it is not found in the common Ephemerides but you have their Ephemerides in other Books Therefore if we desire by the help of their Motions to find the Longitude of a place we must make use of a most perfect Astroscope and in the night turning it to Jupiter if he be above the Horizon of that place to observe the Conjunction of these two Planets or the Conjunction with Jupiter or the like appearance and at that moment of time to find also the hour of the place from the Meridian scituation or Altitude of any Star Then the Ephemerides of these Companions of Jupiter must be consulted and the hour and scruples of hours thence taken in which such a Conjunction is in the Meridian unto which those Ephemerides are computed And so again we shall have the hour of the two places at the time of one and the same Phoenomenon Whence from the difference of the hours if it be turned into degrees we shall find the Longitude of our place from the Meridian of the Ephemerides which is known The sixth Mode by an Automatical or moving Dial or Horologe By reason that all the Modes in which by the Celestial Phoenomena we have shewed to find the Longitude of places are in this respect defective The sixth Mode by a moving Dial. that they do
the Shore and in the Harbours as also greater Ships come to Zeland than to Holland Proposition V. If a Ship be so burdened that its weight or gravity be almost equal to the weight or gravity of the Sea water equal to the capacity of the Ship yet it sinketh not in the Sea but when it shall be brought into any Rivers it sinketh to the bottom The reason is because the Water of Rivers is lighter than the Water of the Sea Therefore if the weight of the laden Ship be almost equal to the gravity of the Marine Water therefore it shall be greater than the gravity of River Water and so the Ship shall be sunk in the River or carried to the bottom Many Ships for this reason have perished which have been over laden by unskilful Mariners or not unburdened in the Mouths of the Rivers Now how much this gravity should be is known from the proportion of the Sea Water to River Water Proposition VI. Any body swiming on the water hath that weight that the watery Moles hath equal to the demergent part of this body Corollary The part of the Ship being given which is under Water the weight of the whole burdened Ship may be found For the gravity of the Water is known or is easy to be found For Example one Cubick foot of Water is 70 li. and therefore if the part of the Ship under Water be 2000 Cubick foot therefore the gravity of the Watery Moles which is equal to the part of the Ship under Water shall be 140000 li. So much also shall be the weight of the Ship laded Proposition VII A Ship is most commonly accounted commodiously to carry that quantity of burden whose gravity is equal to the gravity of half the Moles of water which the Ship can contain For Example if the Ship can carry 500000 Tun of Water whereof every one is accounted at 2000 li. weight that is if it contain the Water of 1000000000 li. You may conveniently lade it with the burden of 250000 Tuns 1000000000. In this sense you must understand it when they say that Ships are so many Tuns or carry so many Lasts The Spanish Carracts carry 1200 Lasts the greatest Holland Indian Ship 800 Lasts Proposition VIII By how much the Weight of the Ship laded is greater by so much the less it is tossed with storms and tempests A laded Ship is not so subject to be tossed in Tempests as when not laden Ships of 2000 Tuns are not in danger of those Tempests which are vexatious to Ships of 300 or 500 Tuns Much more might be said but this may suffice for Elements CHAP. XXXVII Of the third and chief Part of the Nautick Aâ—t viz. the Art of Guiding or Navigating of a Ship and its subdivision of the Four Parts Proposition I. That is termed the Art of Guiding or Navigating of a Ship which teacheth unto what quarters a Ship is to be Guided in any scituation of it in the Sea that it may come to the purposed place without danger I Make Four Parts of it Of the Guiding or Steering of Ships 1. Special Geography that is the knowledge of a space intercepted between two places and the properties of the same 2. The knowledge of the quarters in every place 3. The cognition of the Line by which the Ship is to be brought from one place to the other for there are between every two places infinite intercepted Lines this part is termed Histriodromice 4. The knowledge of the scituation of every place unto which by Sailing we arrive or how these places are scituated unto that place unto which the Ship is to be directed This is the chief part of the Art of Sailing Proposition II. The cognition of the intermedial space comprehendeth these things Things observed from Special Geography and Nautical Maps 1. The scituations of the places the procurrences of Angles the bending of the Shores the aspect of Promontories Mountains Bays the depths of Waters the sight of Islands and Coasts of Lands All which are known from Special Geography and Nautical Maps but most easily and with greatest certainty from observation and frequent Navigation through any tract of Land which is the only Cause that some Mariners are more fit to guide a Ship to such place and others to another 2. The knowledge of the General and Special Winds and those that are peculiar unto any place which is exceeding necessary in Navigations which are undertaken in the Torrid Zone and adjacent places For here a general Wind and in many places Anniversary Winds which we have shewed to be called Moussons Motions in our XX. Chapter do rule which either promote or hinder Navigation For the Indian Sea is Sailed by these Anniversary Winds Of these and also of storms and tempests we have spoken in the XX. Chapter See Chap. 20. 3. The Condition of the Motion of the Seas in every tract also the quarter of it into which quarter the Sea and Waves are born for they carry the Ship with them The diversity of those Motions in many places we have shewed in the XVII Chap. See Chap. 17. First of all there is required a knowledge of the Ship and reflux of the Sea and the time or hour of the increase and decrease at every day the supputation of which is termed the reckoning of the Tides for except a Master know this the Ship is often much hazarded when it is near Shores or Sands whereof most in the greatest increase of the Water do not hinder the passage of the Ship but most do in the decrease So with a flux the Navigation is more facile to the Shore and to the inlets of Rivers and the contrary is discovered in the reflux Of the supputation of this time we have spoken a little in the Proposition of the XVII Chapter CHAP. XXXVIII Of the knowledge of places viz. the North South East and West and the intermedial quarters Proposition I. In every place to know the Plagas viz. the North South East and West and the intermedial quarters The quarters very neccessary in Navigation THe knowledge of this is the most necessary of all the Problems of the whole Art of Navigation seeing that a Ship must be guided unto some quarter which if unknown there can be no direction and the very defect of this knowledge alone hindred the Navigation of the Ancients and in this is the chief difference between the Ancient and Modern Navigation For the Ancients had not a Method by which at any time in the large Ocean they might know where was the North where the South and the other quarters Therefore they could not nor durst they commit themselves to the vast Ocean but only coasted the Shores so that they might know the quarters from other signs The Ancients had a double Method of finding out the quarters The Ancients had a double Method which serveth also to the Modern Navigation of finding out the quarters
now this Problem is the same with that to find out the Meridian Line and the North and South quarters for these being known it is easy to know the rest First by the Stars viz. in the night the Bear or the Helice and Polary Star so called in the extremity of the tail of the Vrsa Minor of great same amongst the Ancients which shewed the North quarter whence all the rest are found for the face being turned to the North the East is at the right hand and the West on the left the Line of which quarters at Right Angles cutteth the Line of the North and South And these Cardinal quarters being found it is easy to find the intermedial quarters unto which purpose that there may be no need of a description they had a Circle made with the quarters whose Northern Line being placed above the Northern Line of any place the other quarters at one sight are discovered But in the day they sought out the quarter by the rising or setting of the Sun as we have shewed in the XXVIII Chapter See Chap. 28. 2. The other Method of the Antients for the knowing of quarters was the knowledge of the scituation or extension of the Shoars and one Promontory to the other For seeing the quarter of this extension was known to them either from the Maps or from Observation and Experience they might in Navigation by seeing them know the other quarters For one quarter being known all the rest are known therefore the Ancients did not far depart from the Coasts viz. that they might know the quarter by the benefit of the known quarter of the extension of Shoars For they could not always use the Method of the Stars and the rising and setting of the Sun 3. The third Method of the Ancients of the knowledge of the quarters was the observed course of the Ship For going from any place and guiding the Ship to the known quarter they were able from the mutation of the course of the Ship to know the quarters 4. Hence it is manifest that the chief cause of the dangerous and imperfect Navigation of the Ancients was the ignorance of a Method by which every where in the middle of the vast Ocean they might know the quarters and so that quarter unto which the Ship was to be steered For as I have said the Method by the Stars and the rising and setting Sun cannot be applied on all days and on the hours of every day for the mark from the scituation of the Shoars faileth in the mid Seas in the night neither is it safe enough in the day time The third Method from the observed course of the Ship hath not place when the Ship is tossed by boysterous winds and tempests from one quarter to another And in this casually lyeth the chief difficulty This I thought fit to admonish concerning the Modes of the Ancients for the finding out the Meridian Line and the North and South by reason that the imperfection of these was the cause of the dangerous and small Navigation of the Ancients seeing that they were never able to commit themselves to the vast Ocean and therefore never knew those Regions between which the Ocean is interposed of which the chief is all America never yet fully known But at this day the Method of knowing the quarters in all places and of finding out the Line of the North and South is facile by the benefit of the admirable propriety which the Loadstone and all Iron touched by it hath been found to have Viz. that all Magneticks not hindred by others in any place direct their points almost to the same quarters For there are two opposite points in the Loadstone whereof one always and in all places turneth it self to the North or the adjacent quarter the other to the South and so also the other points of the Magnes respect the other quarters viz. every point its particular quarter but all of them are not considered but only those two points which as I have said do convert themselves to the North and South which are termed the Poles of the Magnes one Northern the other Southern And the same virtue much to admiration is communicated to the Needle but by an inverted and contrary operation of nature For the end of the Lamine or Needle which is touched at the North Pole of the Magnes doth not convert it self to the North but to the South and that end which is rubbed at the South Pole of the Loadstone turneth not to the South but to the North. These points of the Needle are also termed the Poles The virtue of the Loadstone Although therefore the Loadstone and the Iron touched by it have very many notable properties yet all may be referred to two species or heads one is that virtue which doth extract the Iron the other by which in every place it directeth the two points of its Superficies to the North and South The former faculty the Ancients were not ignorant of but only this latter Seeing therefore the Magnes hath this property therefore by its help it is easy to find in any part of the Earth or Sea where the North or South is whence all the other quarters are soon known For if those points of the North and South be noted in any Loadstone or the North and South Pole and we have this Magnes in the Ship where we are in the Sea when we desire to know the quarters the Loadstone being hung by a Cord that it may easily move it self will so direct its Poles to the quarter of the North and South that it will shew the quarters demanded But the Magnetick Needle is more easy for use whose end is touched at the South Pole of the Magnes For if that this Needle be placed in the middle upon a sharp perpendicular pin so that it can freely turn round the Needle resting will shew by one of its ends the North quarter and by the other the South From what hath been said it is easy to make a Nautical Instrument Proposition II. To make a Mariners Compass Of the making the Mariners Compass Let the described Circle on any Paper be divided into 32 Quarters or degrees and let one of these deg being taken for the North Quarter be ascribed with these appellations Viz. with a peculiar Sign the Flower de Luce and the found out points for the other Quarters viz. South East West North-East North-West as we have propounded them in the Diagram in the XX Chapter Mariners term this Chart the Rose Then let the Magnetick Needle be so affixed beneath the Chart that the middle of the Needle may be beneath its Center and the North Pole of the Needle may be subjected to the Line of the Paper unto which we ascribe the Northern Quarter Moreover the Paper being so made with the Needle lying under let it be put upon the pointed pin that it may have a free Circumrotation So the Index of the
unto a certain quarter or the Billows are rould unto a certain quarter If therefore the Ship be directed into the same quarter the way made will be greater than the conjecture maketh it but if into a contrary it will be lesser 2. Because the Ship is carried by other Causes into other quarters and so by windings arriveth at another place 3. The winds are variously changed 4. By how much a Ship hath the greater Altitude by so much its Motion seemeth more slow though it be not so Proposition V. To observe the Latitude of a place unto which a Ship is arrived The Seamen observe it by the Sun in the day time and by the Stars in the night as we have shewed in the XXIII Chapter they use Three Instruments See Chap. 23. the Astrolabe the Radius and the Triangle Proposition VI. From whence it is manifest that the Methods used by Seamen to find the places on the Maps unto which they have arrived are fallacious because that they can neither be certain of the Rhombe or quarter of the way or of the quantity of the way made or of the observed Latitude of the place yet the observation of the Latitude of the place unto which they are arrived because that it is not less subject to error especially the Air and Sea being tranquillous may be exempted from this fallacy But from that alone the place it self is not found on the Map or Earth but a second is required viz. either a distance from another place given or a Rhombe by which they Sail from the given place to that or lasty the Longitude of that place from this We have said that the observation of the way made or distance is uncertain as also that of the Rhombs Therefore they return back to find out the Longitude of the place For the Latitude and Longitude of the place being known the place it self is found on the Maps and determined on the Globe of the Earth Whence it is evident that the Art of Navigation requireth the solution of this Problem to the making up of its perfection viz. to find out the Longitude of the place where we are at any time and on any day The prize is propounded let him win who can A MAPP or GENERALL CARTE of the WORLD Designed in two Plaine Hemisphers By Monsieur Sanson Geograph r to the French King and Rendered into English and Illustrated with Figures by Richard Blome By the Kings Especiall Command To the High and Mighty Monarch Charles the Secâ—â—â— by the Grace of God King of England Scotland France and Ireland Defendor of the Faith c. This Mapp in all Humility is Dedicated by your Majesties obedient subiect and sarvant Richard Blome A GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WORLD Taken from the WORKS Of the Famous Monsieur SANSON Late Geographer to the present French King To which are Added About an hundred GEOGRAPHICAL and HYDROGRAPHICAL TABLES of the Kingdoms Countreys and Isles in the World with their Chief Cities and Sea-Ports drawn from the MAPS of the said Monsieur Sanson and according to the Method of the said Description Illustrated with MAPS The Second Part. By RICHARD BLOME Printed in the Year 1680. Geographical TABLES On or above the Surface of the Terrestrial Globe and Maps of the World ought to be understood and noted Ten Points of which Four are called Cardinal Points as the North or the Pole Artick the South or the Pole Antartick the East the West Four are called Collateral Points as the East of the Summer the East of the Winter the West of the Summer the West of the Winter And two as Above and Under us as the Zenith the Nadir Ten Circles or Lines of which Five are Parallels the one to the other as the Aequinoctial or the Aequator the two Tropicks as the Tropick of Cancer the Tropick of Capricorn The two Polar Circles as the circle of the Pole Artick the circle of the Pole Antartick Five others are different the one from the others as in the middle of the Zodiack as the Ecliptick the Horizon as the Horizon rational the Horizon sensible or visible the Parallels or the degrees of Latitude the Meridians or the degrees of Longitude Two Colures in which are 4 Points which note our four Seasons of the year to wit above the colures of the Aequinoxes as the Spring the Autumn the colures of the Solstices as the Summer the Winter Three sorts of Zones in which are five to wit one Torrid or the Parching two Temperate as the temperate Artick or Northernly the temperate Antartick or Southernly two Frozen or Cold as the frozen Artick or Northernly the frozen Antartick or Southernly Three sorts of Shadows which diversly receive the Inhabitants of the five Zones for they are in the Torrid Zone Amphisciens in the Temperate Zones Northernly Northern Heterosciens Southernly Southern Heterosciens in the Frozen Zones Northernly Northern Perisciens Southernly Southern Perisciens Three sorts of Positions as the Inhabitants about the same Parallel opposite in Meridian are Perioeciens the Inhabitants about one Meridian opposed in their Parallels are Antoeciens the Inhabitants opposed both in Meridians and in Parallels are Antipodes The Climates of which the Ancients first made seven which they call by the most famous Places Seas and Rivers by which they passed as dia that is through Meroes dia Sienes dia Alexandrias dia Rhodou dia Pontou dia Boristenon then mâ—e in adding dia Ripheon dia Danias the Moderns made 30 to wit between the Aequator and the Polar circle 24 by half hours between the Polar circle and the Pole 6 by Months The Parallels which are following the Ancients 14 between the Aequator and Polar circle 48 by quarters of hours following the Moderns 60 between the Polar circle and the Pole 12 by fourteen days The Winds whereof the 4 Firsts and whereof the names are Monosyllables shall be called Cardinal Winds as North South East West 4 Seconds and whereof the names are of two syllables and composed of two of the four Firsts shall be called Collateral Winds as North-east North-west South-east South-west 8 Thirds and have their names of three syllables composed of one of the four Firsts and of one of the four Seconds as North North-east North North-west South South-east South South-west East North-east East South-west West North-west West South-west North and a quarter by North-east North and a quarter by North-west North-east and a quarter by North North-west and a quarter by North. 16 Fourths taking their names from four Firsts or four Seconds in saying of one fourth part by the other and that without having regard to the eight Third winds c. as it were South and a quarter by South-east South and a quarter by South-west South-east and a quarter by South South-west and a quarter by South East and a quarter by North-east East and a quarter by South-east North-east and a quarter by East South-east and a quarter by East West and a
Kexholm or Barelogorod INGRIA which is not subdivided into Provinces Notteburg or Orescu Juanogorod Caporia Jamagorod LIVONIA in part as The rest belongeth to the Crown of POLAND ESTEN or ESTONIE where are the parts of Esten Febin Vickeland Pernajo Habsel Harneland Revel Wireland Wiesenburg Tolsburg Alantack Nerva Nyslot Jervenland Wittenstein Kikeland Derpt LETTEN with its parts and places as they lie Towards the West Riga Segenwold Wenden Walmer Towards the South Koekenhaus Creutzburg Dunburg Towards the East Maryenburg SCANDINAVIA Wherein are the ESTATES of DENMARK AND SWEDEN The extent bounds c. of Scandinavia SCANDIA or SCANDINAVIA is only a Peninsula which extends it self from the 56th degree of Latitude unto or beyond the 71 which are near 400 Leagues from North to South and from the 26th degree of Longitude unto the 45th on the Baltick Sea and on the Ocean unto the 53 but this Mass of Land cannot have in its greatest breath above 150 Leagues finishing in two points towards South and North. It s scituation c. It is bounded on the North and West by the Northern Ocean and on the South and East by the Baltick Sea a continual Chain of Mountains dividing it into two almost equal parts of which one is on the Baltick Sea and the other on the Ocean this possessed by the King of Denmark the other by the King of Sweden DENMARK Its Commodities THe Estates of DENMARK contain two Kingdoms to wit DENMARK and NORWAY Denmark is between the Ocean and the Baltick Sea composed of a Peninsula contiguous to Germany and of a Coast contiguous to Sweden and of divers Isles which are between the Peninsula and Coast some likewise in the middle of the Baltick Sea and near Livonia It is scituate partly in the Northern Temperate Zone and partly within the Artick Circle extending from the 55th degree of Longitude or the middle Parallel of the 10th Clime where it joyneth to Germany as far as 71 degrees where it is bounded by the Frozen Ocean the longest day in the most Southern parts being 17 ¼ hours but in the most Northern parts they have no Night for almost three Months whereas on the other side when the Sun is in the other Tropick and most remote from them they have no Day for the like time This Country is very cold and consequently not over fertil nor affording good Fruits The Commodities that this Kingdom affords are Fish Hides Tallow Furniture for Shipping as Pitch Tar Cordage Masts c. also Firr Boards Wainscot several sorts of Armour c. VIRTUTE NON VI To the Rt. honble 〈…〉 Lord 〈…〉 〈…〉 of 〈…〉 Dâ—â—â—â—â— Earl of 〈◊〉 and L d of his Maitys most Honourable privy Councell c 1678 of 〈…〉 younger son of one of the Danish Kings that came into England with William the Conquerour This Mapp is Humbly dedicated by R B â—â—PP OF THE KINGDOME OF DENNMARKE WITH ITS SEVERALL DIOECESES OR PROVINCES DESIGNED BY MONSIEUR SANSON GEO Its Inhabitants The Inhabitants for the most part are of a good statute and complexion very healthful ingenious and of a ready wit very punctual in performing their Promises proud and high conceited of their own worth lovers of Learning as may appear by those Famous men it hath bred viz. Tycho Brahe the great Mathematician John Cluverus the renowned Philosopher and Physitian Godfrey Gottricus that stout Warriour who not only setled the Government of this Kingdom but also shook the Realm of France likewise Waldemare Christiern the Second and Fourth Canutus and Sueno which two last were the Conquerors of England They are great punishers of Offenders especially Theft and Piracy their Women are of a comly grace very fair and as fruitful in Children discreet and sober The Peninsula called JVITLAND once Cimbrica Chersonesus Juitland from the Cimbrians its ancient Inhabitants it is divided into North and South Juitland North JVITLAND is severed into the Bishopricks of Ripen Arthusen Albourg and Wibourg Diocess of Ripen RIPEN contains 30 Prefectures or Herets as they term them 7 Cities or walled Towns and 10 Castles It s chief places are 1. Ripen seated near the German Ocean the chief place of the Diocess and dignified with an Episcopal See 2. Kolding seated on a Creek of the Baltick Sea 3. Wee l 4. Warde c. Diocess of Arthusen ARTHVSEN containeth 31 Prefecture 7 Cities or walled Towns and 5 Castles It s chief places are 1. Arthusen seated on the Baltick Sea having a commodious and well frequented Port and dignified with an Episcopal See 2. Kalla a strong place seated in a large Bay reaching two Dutch miles to the high Hill of Elemanberg opposite to which lie the Isles of Hilgones Tuen Samsoe Hiarneo and Hiolm c. 3. Horsens 4. Randersen 5. Ebelto and 6. Hobro Diocess of Albourg ALBOVRG which is divided into four parts viz. Thyland whose chief Town is Albourg seated on the Bay of Limford which opening into the Baltick Sea extendeth it self through the main Land almost to the German Ocean 2. Hanebert on the North-west of Limford Bay containeth 4 Prefectures and hath for its chief place Thystad 3. Morsee lying on the Ocean contains 3 Prefectures the Isle of Ageroe the Town of Nicopin and the Castle of Lunstead and 4. Vensyssel according to Mercator Vandalorum sedes or the Seat of the Vandals contains 6 Prefectures 3 Towns and 1 Castle viz. Selby Cagen and Hirring Diocess of Wibourg WIBOVRG contains 16 Prefectures the Isles of Egholm Hansholm Bodum Idgen Cisland and Ostholm also it hath 3 Castles and as many Cities or walled Towns viz. 1. Wibourg dignified with an Episcopal See and the Courts of Judicature for both the Juitlands The point of Scagen or Scean ends this Peninsula towards the North. 2. Lemwick and 3. Holcker South JVITLAND is divided into the Dukedoms of Sleswick and Holstein SLESWICK a Country for the most part level Sleswick enriched with fertil Fields both for Corn and Pasturage it is very well provided with good Bays on the Baltick which are found commodious for Merchants The chief places in this Dukedom are 1. Sleswick seated on the Slea which falls into the Baltick where it hath a commodious and well frequented Haven it is a fair Town the chief of the Dukedom and honoured with an Episcopal See 2. Hussen seated on the German Ocean 3. Sternberg the ordinary residence of the Governour for the King of Denmark 4. Hadersleben seated on a navigable In-let of the Baltick and fortified with a strong and fair Castle 5. Flensborg seated on the Baltick amongst high Mountains having a Port so commodious and deep that Ships do lade and unlade close to their Houses and 6. Gottrop where there is a strong Fort belonging to the Duke of Sleswick seated at the end of a large Bay of the Baltick of note for the Custom-house or Tole-booth there erected for Cattle sent out of these parts into Germany
no great account by reason of its dangerous scituation its chief place is Niburg ARROE a small Isle belonging to the Duke of Sleswick Arroe it contains three Towns the chief of which is Koping fortified with a Castle so called LONGLAND an indifferent long Isle but not very broad Longland its chief place is Rudkoping of some account LALAND not far distant from Zeland abounds in Corn and Chesuuts Laland fraighting therewith many Vessels yearly it is very populous for the bigness contains 3 Towns viz. Maxcow Rodby and Maribo besides a great many Villages and some Castles FALSTER a small Isle fertil in Corn seated near to Laland Falster its chief places are Nikoping of a pleasant scituation and Stubekoping In the Baltick and between the Lands of Sweden are also several Isles the chief amongst which are BORNHOLME Bornholm seated not far from Gothland an Isle very fertil feeding abundance of Cattle It hath many gooâ— Towns and Villages the chief of which are Nex Rottonby and Suomneckier GOTHLAND Gothland an indifferent large Isle in form round and narrow noâ— in the possession of the Swedes It yields white Marble excellent for building the City of Wisby seated in the midst of the Isle was once so famous foâ— Traffick that it gave Maritim Laws to the Baltick Sea That which the King of Denmark possesses as particularly belonging to thaâ— Crown on the Coast of Scandinavia is part of the ancient Gothland thâ— most Southern of which that we are now treating of is divided into Westro-Gothland and Ostro-Gothland which are again subdivided into the Provincâ— of Hallandia which takes up Westro-Gothland and into the Provinces oâ— Scania and Blecking which takes up Ostro Gothland and first of Hallandia HALLANDIA Hallandia now in the possession of the Swedes this Country oâ— Province for fertility of Soil sweetness of Air store of Fish plenty of Leaâ— and Brass Mines and thickness of Towns and Villages which are well inhabited is not inferiour to any It s chief places are 1. Warborg seated on thâ— Sea-shoar and defended by a strong Castle built on the summit of a Hill sâ— that it hath a great command over the Country 2. Laholm 3. Helmstâ—â— 4. Falkenborg and 5. Hallandia or Katterop SCANIA Scanrâ— or SCONEN hath on the North Hallandia and on all otheâ— parts the Sea also now in the Swedes possession It is about 70 miles long and 48 broad the pleasantest Country in all Denmark most abundant iâ— Fruits and richest in Merchandize and on the Sea-side are sometimes such great sholes of Herrings that they are found troublesom to Vessels It s chieâ— places are 2. Lunden an Inland City dignified with the sole or Metropolitaâ— Archbishop of Denmark the chiefest beauty in this City is the Cathedraâ— Church a magnificent Structure beautified with excellent pieces of Art thâ— chief whereof are the Clock and the Dial the Clock being so composed bâ— Artificial Engines that whensoever it striketh two Horsemen give one another as many blows as the Clock striketh times also upon the opening of 〈◊〉 Door there is represented a Theatre where the Virgin Mary is seated on 〈◊〉 Throne with Christ in her Arms to whom the three Kings with their severâ— Trains come in order and with reverence present their Gifts to her during which time two Trumpeters continually sound And next the Dial wherâ— the year month week day and hour of the day throughout the year as also the motions of the Sun and Moon through each degree of the Zodiack thâ— moveable and fixed Feasts c. are to be distinctly seen being neatly set forâ—â— in variety of delightful Colours 2. Helsinborg fortified with an impregnablâ— Castle and one of the Forts defending the Sound 3. Christiana a place 〈◊〉 great strength and 4. Malbogen a Port-Town opposite to Copenhagen BLECKLINGE Blecklinge also belonging to the Swedes hath on the East anâ— South the Baltick Sea It is a Mountainous and barren Country and hatâ— for its chief places 1. Malinogia the Birth-place of the famous Mathematiciaâ— Gaspar Bartholinus who was said to be the inventer and maker of the afore said Clock and Dial. 2. Colmar an important Fortress against the Swedes until they gained the Province The Soil of Denmark is naturally better for Pasture than Tillage and feed such multitude of Oxen that at least 50000 are said to be yearly sent hence tâ— Germany Their other Commodities are Fish Tallow Furniture for Shipping Armour Ox-hides Buck-skins Wainscot Fir-wood Furrs Pipe-staves Copper Wheat Rye c. A Generall Mapp of Scandinavia Where are the Estates and Kingdomes of Danmarke Norwaye and Sweden by Monsieur Sanson To the R t Worshippfull S. r Thomas Fitch of Eltham and Mount Mascall in the parish of North Cray in Kent K. t This Mapp D. D by R. B. NORWAY It s scituation temperature fertility Commodities c. THe Country of NORWAY is bounded on the North with Lippia on the East with the Dofrine Mountains which divide it from Sweden and on all other sides with the Sea on which with a disproportionate breadth it stretches its Coasts for 1300 miles in length The Country is extreamly cold being partly under the Frozen Zone and partly so near it that it all suffers under the inclemency of bitter Colds It is for the most part Mountainous full of vast Woods and of a Soil so barren and ungrateful to the Husbandman affording so little Corn that on many places the people live on dried Fish instead of Bread known to us by the name of Stock-fish but the richer sort of people buy Corn of such Merchants as come to Trade with them The principal Commodities that this Country affordeth is great plenty of Firrs Deal-boards Timber Tar Masts and Furniture for Shipping also Stock-fish Train-oyle rich Furrs Copper Pipe-staves c. which the Inhabitants exchange for Corn Cloths Kersies Lead Tinn Stockings c. The Country is exceedingly annoyed with certain small Beasts about the bigness of a Mouse by them called Lemmers which at a certain time are so innumerable that like Locusts they devour all the verdure of the Earth and at a certain time die in heaps which proves very noisom to the people infecting the Air and the Sea is as bad troubled with Whales The Inhabitants are said to be just Dealers punishers of Theft and other Vices and were accounted formerly great Warriors Norway divided into five Governments viz. This Kingdom is divided into five Governments which take their names from the places where the Governours reside in all which the Towns are exceeding thin and the Houses as poor The five Parts are as followeth BAHVS belonging to the Swedes is the most Southward Bahus the chief places are Bahus the residence of the Governour to which are subject the Towns of Congel seated on the Sea and of some Trade and Marstrand seated in a Demi-Island of note for the great quantity of Herrings here caught AGGERHVS
on he either sends unto her two or three days before the consummation of the Marriage which is either in Money or Goods as a recompence to her Parents or Kindred for their care in her education or else engages to pay her if in case a Divorce should happen which is usual amongst them upon a dislike or disagreement as being allowed of by their Law this done their Agents in the name of the betrothed couple go to their Priests or Ecclesiastical Judge who being satisfied that it is done by the mutual consent of their friends marries them by the said Agents but very privately the Marriag day being agreed upon the Bridegroom sends his Bride several toyes as Pendants Bracelets Rings or the like Ornaments also several dishes of meat for the entertainment of her friends and relations who about the evening brings the Bride to the Bridegroom being mounted on a Horse Mule or Camel being covered with a Vail of Crimson Taffety over her face down to her knees and accompanied all the way with Musick and being entred the Mosque the Muloy demands their liking then the Bride requireth three things viz. Bed-right Food and Rayment and the Parents having declared their consent the Priest encircles them with a cord conjoynes their hands takes a reciprocal Oath and calls Mahomet to witness which ended the Caddi enrolls their names with the day of the month year and hour of the day of their Nuptial and so dismisses them and being come to the Bridegrooms House they take her off and lead her into a room where she and her friends sup the Bridegroom and his friends being in another room and after supper is ended they conduct her to another room where she is to ly to which the Bridgroom is soon brought where he receiveth his first sight of her the campany with-drawing themselves out of the room he falls to his embracing her and after the first enjoyment of her he leaves her and goeth to his friends to spend some hours in their company if he finds that she hath lost her virginity before he hath-power to cut off her Ears and Nose and to turn her and her relations and friends out of doors which is a great disgrace unto her and them but if she be a pure Virgin then he sends the tokens of it by an ancient Woman to her relations and then for joy they continue their entertainments three or lour days together having several divertisements as Musick Singing Dancing or the like the next day after their Marriage they both wash and bathe themselves they are allowed by the Law four Wives of which the first hath the preemency but they must be of their own Religion and for Concubines they may be of any Religion and have the liberty of taking as many as they please paying them a certain stipend or salary Men allowed many Women as they shall agree by they week moneth or longer as they shall agree at the end of which term they are quit from their Obligation and may leave each other without another agreement made betwixt them the men are exceeding jealous of their Wives insomuch as they are forbidden the liberty of society with any man which custom is used among the Italians Their Feasts are munificent In their Feasts they are very stately having not only all varieties of Meats as Flesh Fowles Fish Baked-meats with excellent Wine and great attendance but also pleasant Fruits stately Banquets of Sweetmeats and to make their entertainments complent they are furnished with curious Musick as well Vocal as Instrumental their Rooms or Halls where they make these entertainments are very spacious and curiously adorned with stately Hangings of Tapestry and beautified with varieties of Paintings but most of them being naked Figures which amongst us would be accounted unseemly their rooms being perfumed with sweet Odors and Waters so that nothing is wanting for the pleasing of the senses their way is to sit upon the ground on Carpets being the Custom of the Turks and other Eastern Countries so to do being also used to Collations in afternoons and nights wherein they have excellent Fruits Sweetmeats Wine Musick and Dancing They are much addicted to Women They are great lovers of Women insomuch that at their Feasts they are always furnished with them being such as they call Dancing-women who being brought up in Dancing Singing and playing on Instruments make it their imployment so to do at Feasts these Women for the most part are very handsom and richly attired having about them costly Jewels Pendants Rings having about their legs Bells like Morris-dancers and he who hath a desire to enjoy a Woman riseth from his Seat and taketh which of these Dancing-women he most fancies and goes into a private room and after he hath enjoyed her to his content he comes to his place and the Woman goes to Dancing without any shame to the one or notice taken of the other They are much given to drink Wine Tea and Coffee The Persians very superstitious The Persians are very strict superstitious and ceremonious in their Religion as the Turk is but differ much from them in the exposition of their Alcoran as in their Pilgrimages to Mecca in their Sacrificings in their observing of days on some of which they will not do any business either tending to profit or pleasure refraining from all Acts of Sin as nigh as they can and one of these days they hold to be the next Wednesday before the Vernal Equinox by which they begin their new year in their processions and celebrated Festivals in commemoration of their several Saints which they perform with great devotion mixt with no less state in their several Sepulchers where their Saints are interr'd which are very large and magnificent Structures so rich in Gold and Silver with which it is adorned as well in Lamps and Candlesticks as otherwise that it can hardly be exprest in which places they have their Priests which attend and offer up their devotions and explain the Alcoran which they read out of Books which they have in their Library being Manuscripts either upon Paper or Parchment being curiously bound neatly painted within and covered with Plates of Silver or Gold caryed or imbossed or with paintings also the Persians have not the same Miracles the same Saints the same Mosques Their Religion and the same Ceremonies as the Turks have they use Circumcision but not till the Children are 7 8 or 9 years old they are very devout especially in their prayers which they use five times a day as being obliged by their Religion so to do also in their Prayers for the dead over their Graves which devotion is used during the time of their Lent which they keep for a month in which time they neither eat nor drink betwixt Sun-rising and Sun-setting but in the nâ—ghts they eat and drink what they please yet for a sum of money they may have a dispensation they interr their
fifteen or sixteen Leagues where with a great declension it strikes against some traverses others divides its waters into many Branches re-assembles them and after having been so long in foam and froth disingaged from these Rocks it repasses but in every hour of the day once only is heard at the bottom of the River a certain Lowing which raiseth up the waters but which endures but for a moment and the River retakes its ordinary course which is Navigable above and below the Cataract The province of urvaig with its chief places described The Province of Vrvaig is on the Sea and between Brazile and the Mouth of the Paraguay it takes its name from the River of Vrvaig that is of Snails by reason of the prodigious quantity here found Its habitations are La Conception there where the Vrvaig falls into the Paraguay St. Nicholas on the River Piration St. Francis Xavier up within Land and likewise on the Vrvaig Ibicuit or the Visitation on the Paraguay and almost directly opposite to Buenos Ayres on the other side But there hath been no relation of these Parts since those of 1626 and 1627 which were Printed in 1636 in Antwerp and in 1637 in France If these people have since inclined themselves to Christianity as those Relations say they had begun to do no doubt but they are by this time all or the greatest part Christians The Magellanick Land and Island The Magellanick-Land bounded SOuth of Chili Tucaman and Rio de la Plata lies a great Region and a great many of Isles which we pass under the name of the MAGELLANICKS They make together the last and most Southern part of America Meridionalis washed on the East by the Mer del Nort on the West by the Mer del Sud or the Pacifique-Sea on the South by the Magellanick-Sea which may in general be extended over all the Coasts of these Magellanick-Lands and Islands The Streight of Magellan first discovered by Magellan the Portugal The streight of Magellan only formerly rendred all these Quarters famous because that the People of Europe and particularly the Castilians seeking a passage other then that of the Cape of Good-Hope to go to the Moluccoes and East-Indies Magellan a Portugal Gentleman but in the name and service of the King of Castile for some discontent he had received in the payment of his wages in Portugal was the first that found this Streight at the extremity of America Meridionalis and who passing from Mer del Nort unto that Del Sud between the 21 of October and the 27 or 28 of November in the year 1520 gave means not only to the Castilians to pretend the discovery of the Molucco's by the West against the Portugals who boasted to have first discovered them by the East but likewise shewed a way to make the whole circuit of the Terrestrial Globe which certainly had never before been done The two openings of our Streight as well towards us and the Mer del Nort as on the other side and towards the Mer del Sud are between the 52 and 53 Degrees of Latitude the middle descending unto the 54. And the two Capes of the first opening are that of the Virgins on the right hand and on the Continent and that of St. Severin or of St. Espritt on the left and in the Magellanick Isles or Terra del Fogo The two Capes which end the other opening are Cape Victory on the right hand and Cape Desired on the left The length breadth of this Streight The length of this Streight is near two hundred Leagues Its breadth only two three six ten Leagues and sometimes more incommodious for the most part being subject to Whirl-Pools The Waves of the Mer del Sud predominate for fifty and odd Leagues the rest is beaten on by those of the Mer del Nort and it is observed that so long as the Mer del Sud predominates the Streight is lockt between very high Mountains and Rocks always covered with Snow and which seem to touch on the other which makes the approach difficult on this side and withal the Sea is exceeding deep The bottom of that which is beaten by the Mer del Nort is easily found and the Fields and Valleys according to the Season are very pleasant both on the one and the other side And moreover here the streight much enlarges it self and hath store of commodious Ports and Roads not fast distant from one another where the waters likewise are good and the Wood which is found in the Mountains above the Coast hath something of Cinamon and being put in the fire renders an agreeable Odour So soon as the discovery of this Streight was known in Spain the Castilians had a design to make themselves Masters of it with an intent to hinder all other Nations from passing In 1523 Dom. Gutieres Carvajal Bishop of Plaisance sent in the name of Charles the fifth four Ships to make it more particularly but this Voyage proved very unfortunate for three of the Ships perished in the Streight and the fourth retired with no small hurt to Lima. In 1526 Garsia de Loyosa was likewise here for the same intent which proved also fatal for the Admiral coming out of the Streight was lost as also some at the Molucco's In 1535 one Simon de Alcazova entred it but the mutiny which was among his people was the cause of his loss and ill success Dom. Gutiers Carvajal Bishop of Plaisance sent other three Vessels in 1539 of which the Admiral was lost one returned back and the third passed on Some others there were which went all of which were Castilians some by the Coast of Spain others by the Coast of Peru but none could ever find a way to seize this Streight whereby to hinder a passage to others Sir Francis Drake in this Streight For in 1575 Sir Francis Drake happily passed this Streight came into the Mer del Sud pillaged and burned along the Coast of Chili and Peru quantity of Spanish Vessels and making a very rich booty he returned into England This course of the English very much allarm'd Peru and was the cause that the Vice-Roy sent Dom. Piedro Sarmiento to take full knowledge and make report in Spain of all the Coasts Harbours Anchorages and particularly of places where Forts might be built and Colonies established in this Streight This report made in Spain Dom. Diego de Valdes was sent with twenty three Vessels and twenty five hundred men But this voyage was likewise unhappy for seven or eight Ships with about seven or eight hundred men were lost almost in sight of Spain also some others of his Ships with about three or four hundred men likewise perished during the Voyage and Valdes returned into Spain with seven or eight of his Ships Sarmento with four remaining was at this Streight built Nombre de Jesus at the beginning of the Streight and left there a hundred and fifty men and