say so much as was known in his time containing the same in 4 Tables In his 5.6 and 7. booke he describeth all Asia and the East Indians whereof hee maketh 12 Tables and in describing any Region or prouince he sheweth how it is bounded both North South East and West And also what notable Cities Flouds Lakes or Mountaines bee in euerie Region and therewith setteth downe the longitude and latitude of euerie place To which his booke diuers haue made certaine Alphabeticall tables containing the names of all the places that are mentioned in the foresaid books shewing in what leafe to finde the same to the intent that you may the more readily find out not onely the place but also the longitude and latitude thereof and in what Table it is contained Notwithstanding I knowe by good triall that there are a number of places mentioned in the saide bookes which you shall not finde in the foresaid Alphabet Werefore I wish that Mercator Ortellius Barnardus Brugensis or any other of the latter Cosmographers and setters foorth of Mappes and Cards would take the paine to make a generall Alphabet containing all the names that are to bee found and knowen both auncient and moderne of Regions Cities Seas Floods Lakes Riuers Portes Baies Hedlandes Caâ—es Mountaines and all other notorious places contained in their Maps and Cardes togither with the true longitude and latitude annexed to euerie place agréeable to their Maps to the intent that euerie man delighted with the reading of Histories may in their Mappes both generall and speciall easilie finde out anie place that hee seeketh Which worke in mine opinion would bee most thankfullie receiued of all those that delight in Geographie to the great commendation and prayse of the Authours thereof For though Ptolomey Appian Gemma Frizius Gastaldus Orontius Munsterus Ortellius and others haue set downe certaine names both auncient and moderne togither with their longitudes and latitudes yet they are but very fewe in comparison of all the names that are wanting yea or of those that are comprehended in their own Cards and Mappes all which Maps I would wish to agree in their longitudes and latitudes for otherwise a man shall hardly finde the place which hee seeketh Wherefore I pray God with all my heart that some good man that is a skilfull Cosmographer may shortlie traueile hearein to the profit of all Students in Geographie But now to returne to my matter which is to shew how to find out any place contained in Ptolomeis tables I say that you must first finde out the name of the place in the Alphabet and that will direct you to the booke wherin it is set down togither with the longitude and latitude thereof And there also you shall find in what table it is contained Then hauing taken a note of the longitude and latitude and also the number of the table wherein it is to be sought resort to that table bee it in Europe Affrike or Asia In the front of euerie which table and also in the base are set down certaine numbers of longitudes in such sort as the vttermost and nethermost be like numbers and do directly answere one another Againe on both sides of the table are set downe certaine numbers of latitude like in quantity and directly answering one another Then séeke out the longitude of the place which you would find in the front and also in the base and marke the same with two prickes one aboue another beneath From which two pricks lay a ruler or extend a thread holding it fast there vntill you haue found out the latitude of the place on both sides of the table which beeing also marked on each side with a pricke extend another thread from those two last prickes and in that very point wheras the two threads do crosse you shall find the place to be which you séeke or at least should be there Moreouer on the right hand of euerie table Ptolomey setteth downe most commonlie vnder what Clime and Paralel euerie place is and by that meanes you may also knowe the longest day that any Paralell hath For as I haue sayd before in my Sphere euery Paralell procéeding from the Equinoctiall towardes the Pole encreaseth by one quarter of an hower and euery Clime containing two Paralels encreaseth by halfe an hower Of which Climes Ptolomey setteth downe but seuen but of Paralels he maketh 21 in such order as this table following sheweth which Table consisteth of foure Columns whereof the first containeth the seuen Climes togither with their names and also howe many miles euery Clime hath in breadth And the second containeth 63 degrées of latitude further then which Northward Ptolomey his Tables do not extend The third containeth the numbers of the 21 Paralels and the fourth the howers and minutes of the longest day in euerie Paralell The seuen Climes their names and miles in breadth The degrees of latitude The 21. Paralels Of the longest day in euery Paralell The howers m.   63 * 21 19 30 60 â– 20 19 0 â– 19 18 30 â– 18 18 0 7 Dia Riphios 195. Miles 50 â– 17 17 30 â– 16 17 0 6 Dia Boristenes 225 â– 15 16 30 â– 14 16 0 13 15 30 5 Dia Romes 240. â– 12 15 0 40 â– 11 14 45 4 Dia Rhodou 350. â– 10 14 30 9 14 15 3 Dia Alexandrias 370. â– 8 14 0 30 â– 7 13 45 2 Dia Sienes 420. â– 6 13 30 â– 5 13 15 1 Dia Meroes 465 20 â– 4 13 0 â– 765. â– 3 12 45 â– 2 12 30 10 â– â– 1 12 15 â– â– * The Equinonctiall line vnder vvhich those that dwell haue no Latitude and therfore they haue alwaies 12. howers day and 12 hovvers night But you haue to vnderstand that whereas Ptolomey maketh the furthest North part of his seuenth Clime called Dia Ripheos to haue but 50 degrees and 30 minutes of latitude the moderne Cosmographers doe allowe to those mountaines 70 degrées of latitude affirming the same to bee those selfe Mountaines which are otherwise called Montes Hiperborei which because they enclose a great part of the North side of the world are called Orbis terrae cingulum that is to say the girdle of the worlde the wrong latitude whereof and of diuers other I thinke Ptolomey had from others and not from himselfe For being brought vp in so warme a soile as Alexandria standeth in he could neuer endure to go so far northward to take the latitude of those colde Riphean Mountaines and therefore if you list to knowe what latitude doth truly belong vnto euerie Clime and Paralell then resort to Orontius his Table of Climes and Paralels set downe in my Sphere which sheweth how many degrées of latitude euery Paralell hath togither with the longest day euen from the Equinoctiall to the very Pole wherefore I leaue to speake heere any further thereof and so for this time ende this Treatize which if I shall perceiue to bee thankfully taken I minde God willing to put in print the description and vse of the Sphere and of the Globe both Celestiall and Terrestiall Also a verie plaine and briefe Arithmetike togither with the discription and certaine vses of the Tables of Sines called in Latin Tabulae Sinuum And finally the principles of Nauigation more plainely I beleeue than euer there haue beene heretofore taught onely to helpe and further such as bee desirous to traueile by Sea and haue not bene exercised in the Mathematicall Disciplines without some knowledge whereof it is hard to bee skilfull in that Art FINIS The Axle trre of the world The two Poles The greter Circle The Equinoctiall The north latitude The South latitud A Degree Longitude The Zodiake The Meridian The Horison The 2 Colures 4 lesser circles The Circles Artike and Antartike The Tropike of Cancer The Tropike of Capricorn The greatest declination of the Sun Paralels Zones A Paralell of y e longest day A Clyme Europa Affrica Asia America Organum directorium
A BRIEFE DESCRIPTION OF VNIVERSAL MAPPES AND CARDES AND OF THEIR VSE AND ALSO THE VSE OF PTHOLEMEY his Tables Necessarie for those that DELIGHT IN READING OF Histories and also for Traueilers by Land or Sea Newly set foorth by THOMAS BLVNDEVILLE of Newton Flotman in the Countie of Norffolke Gent. LONDON ¶ Printed by Roger Ward for Thomas Cadman Anno. 1589. ¶ TO THE RIGHT VVORSHIPFVL M. Francis Windam one of the Iudges her Maiesties Court of Common Pleas. GOOD Sir vouchsafe to receiue this poore litle Pamphlet partlie as in lieu of a richer Nevvyeares gift and partlie as a token of my thankefull minde which is more vvilling then able to deserue any one iotte of the great fauour friendship and diuers benefites that I haue from time to time receiued at your hands for want of which abilitie I neither can nor vvill loosen my selfe from any of those bondes vvherewith you haue most straightlie bound me but rather to increase the same humbly praying you to continue in your good loue and fauour tovvards me vntill I shall willinglie deserue the contrarie In the meane time I pray God to prosper you in all your doings and long to preserue you From my poore Swans nest 17. Decembris 1588. Your olde vvelvviller bound to be alwaies at your commaundement Thomas Blundeuille To the Reader I Daylie see many that delight to looke on Mappes and can point to England France Germanie and to the East and West Indies and to diuers other places therein described but yet for want of skill in Geography they knowe not with what maner of lines they are traced nor what those lines do signifie nor yet the true vse of Mappes in deed Wherefore somewhat to instruct those that haue not studied Geographie without the knowledge whereof me thinkes that the necessarie reading of Histories is halfe lame and is neither so pleasant nor so profitable as otherwise it would be I thought good to write this little Treatise in reading whereof if you reape any profit thereby I pray you bee thankeful to the Right Worshipful and my especiall good friend M. Francis Windam one of the Iudges of her Maiesties Court of Common Pleas who first motioned me thereunto and by whose perswasion I haue the more willingly put the same in Print Vale. CERTAINE TEARMES OF COSMOGRAgraphie brieflie expounded for those that are not learned in that science to the intent they may the better vnderstand this Treatise THe Axle tree of the Worlde is a right line imagined to passe through the Center or midst of the earth from the one ende of heauen to the other the vpper ende of which Axle trée is called the Pole Artike that is to say the North Pole the nether end the Pole Antartike that is the South Pole vpon which two Poles otherwise called the hooks or hengils of the world the heauens doe turne rounde about the earth Moreouer the Cosmographers doe deuide the worlde into diuers partes by certaine Circles whereof some are called greater and some lesser The greater are those which doe deuide the world into 2 equall partes whereof there be 6 that is the Equinoctiall the Zodiake the Meridian the Horizon and the 2 Colures The Equinoctiall is a great Circle girding the world in the verie midst betwixt the 2 Poles by reason whereof there are two latitudes the one Northern the other Southerne The Northerne latitude is that space which is conteined betwixt the Equinoctiall and the North Pole The Southerne latitude is that space which is conteined betwixt the Equinoctial the South Pole and either of these two spaces conteineth in bredth 90 degrées A Degrée is one part of a Circle béeing deuided into 360 partes called degrées Againe the circuit of the Equinoctial containing 360 degrées is the verie longtitude of the Earth the first degree of which longitude beginneth at the the first Meridian placed in the West and so procéedeth Eastward vnto the 180 degrée of the Equinoctiall and from thence returneth by the West vntill you come againe to the 360 degree which is the last degree of longitude And note by the way that euerie degrée of the Equinoctiall containeth 60 English miles so as the longitude of the whole Earth is 21600 miles The Zodiake is a great broad and slope or shoring Circle carrying the 12 Signes in the middest whereof is a line called the Ecliptike line from which the Sun neuer swarueth The Meridian is a greate Circle passing ouer our heades in what parte of the World soeuer we be and also through both the Poles which line when the Sunne toucheth it aboue the Horizon it is Noonetide or midday to those that dwell vnder the same The Horizon is a great Circle deuiding the vpper halfe of the World which we sée from the nether halfe which wee see not in the the very middest or Center of which Circle if in a plaine field you looke rounde about you you shall alwaies finde your selfe to be Now as touching the two Colures because they differ not in effect though in name from two Meridians I leaue to speake of them aswell for that I haue spoken of them at large in my Sphere as also for that they are not mentioned in this Treatise Of the lesser Circles there be foure that is the two Polar Circles and the two Tropikes Of the two Polar Circles the one enuironeth the North Pole therfore is called the Circle Artike the other enuironeth the South Pole and is called the Circle Antartike béecause it is opposit to the other Again of the two Tropiques the one is placed betwixt the Equinoctiall and the Circle Artike and is called the Tropike of Cancer and the other is placed betwixt the Equinoctiall and the Circle Antartike and is called the Tropike of Capricorne and each of these Tropikes is distant from the Equinoctiall 23 degrees and a halfe which is the greatest declination of the Sun from the Equinoctiall for he neuer mounteth higher then the Tropique of Cancer nor descendeth lower then the Tropike of Capricorne and these two Circles are Paralels to the Equinoctiall Paralels are 2 lines or Circles equally distant in all places one from another And by these foure lesser Circles the Earth is deuided into 5 Zones or broade spaces whereof there be two colde 2 temperate and one hotte described both in my Sphere and also in this treatise A Paralell of the longest day is a space of the Earth wherein the day increaseth by one quarter of an hower procéeding from Equinoctiall towards any of the Poles A Clime is a space of the Earth conteining two such Paralells wherein the day increaseth by halfe an hower of which Clymes according to the old Writers there be 7 declared at the full in my Sphere and also somewhat touched in this Treatise A Briefe Description of vniuersall Mappes and Cardes and of
their vse and also the vse of Ptholomey his Tables THis woord Mappa in latin signifieth a Table cloth of lynnen to couer a board of the shape and likenes whereof vniuersall tables contayning the description of the earth are commonly called Mappes And first you haue to vnderstande that euery such Mappe is chiefly traced with ij sortes of lynes or circles that is Meridians and paralels The Meridians are either right or circular lynes passing through both the Poles of the worlde and are imagined to be drawen right vp and downe from the head to the foote of the Mappe and are called Meridians of this Latin woord meridies which is as much to say as midday or noonetyde Because that when the Sunne commeth to touch any of those lynes it is mydday to those that dwel right vnder the same Againe Paralells are either right or circular lynes imagined to be equally distant one from another which doe crosse the foresaid Meridians with right angles Now in the verie midst of the Map is most commonly drawne from head to foote a ryght lyne which signifieth not onely the first Meridian but also the Axle tree of the world the vpper ende of which lyne is called the poole Artique that is to say the North Pole and the neather end the Pole Antartique that is the South Poole and this lyne is crossed in the verie midst betwixt the ij Pooles with another great circle or right lyne called the Equinoctiall because that when the Sunne commeth to touch this lyne or circle the day and nyght is equall throughout the world The one halfe of which lyne toward the right hand sheweth the east part and thother half towards the left hand sheweth the west part of the world so as these ij lynes the first Meridian and the Equinoctiall do point out the iiij quarters of the world North South East and West from whence the foure principall wyndes do blowe betwixt which wyndes are set downe in most Mappes together with their Latin or Italian names in the outermost skirt or border thereof viij other wyndes so as in all there be xij wyndes whereby the auncient Greekes and Romanes were wont to saile The names whereof both Greeke Latin and English are heretofore set downe in the latter end of our Sphere But now to returne to our first two lynes that is the first Meridian and the Equinoctiall you haue to note that both these lynes or circles are deuided each of them into 360. degrees so as euery quarter of them contayneth 90. degrees And in the Equinoctiall are set downe the degrées of longitude which is the length of the worlde round about from West to East and againe from East by West home againe The first degrée whereof beginneth whereas the first aforesaid Meridian crosseth the Equinoctiall in the verie middest of the Mappe and so procéedeth Eastward vnto the number of 90 degrées which is as farre as you can goe Eastward sith from thence by reason of the roundnesse of the Earth you must néedes turne backe againe by the backe side of the Sphere or ball Westward vntill you come to the 270 degrée which is the farther point westward you can goe from whence you must returne Eastward vntill you come to the 360 degrée which is the last degrée of longitude and endeth where the first degrée beginneth Moreouer in the said first Meridian or in some other Meridian hard by it are set downe the degrées of latitude that is to say the breadth of the worlde both Northerne and Southerne for from the Equinoctiall to the North Pole are contained in the foresaide Meridian 90. degrées and that is called the North latitude and from the Equinoctial to the South Pole are contained in y e said Meridian other 90 degrées which is called the South latitude and in most Mappes the Equinoctiall line is deuided and crossed with 18 Meridians on each side of the first Meridian deuiding the Equinoctiall into 36 seuerall spaces or distances euery space conteining 10 degrées and euerie degree containeth 60 Italian myles of length Moreouer betwixt the Equinoctiall and each of the Poles are drawen certaine Circles or lines called as I said before Paralels of which most commonly 4 are painted with red inke signifying the 4 lesser Circles before described in our Sphere whereof the highest towards the North Pole is called the Circle Artique béeing distant from the Pole 23 degrées and a halfe and the lowest towards the South Pole is called the Circle Antartique béeing also distant from the Pole 23 degrées and a halfe Now as touching the other two red Circles the one lying betwixt the Circle Artique and the Equinoctiall is called the Tropique of Cancer and the other lying betwixt the Equinoctiall and the Circle Antartique is called the Tropique of Capricorne and each of these two Tropiques is distant from the Equinoctiall 23 degrees and a halfe which is the greatest declination of the Sunne for betwixt these ij Tropiques the Sunne continuallie maketh his course and returne as this word Tropique signifyeth mounting neuer higher then the Tropique of Cancer nor discending lower then the Tropique of Capricorne for which cause some doe set downe in their Maps betwixt the sayde two Tropiques an ouerthwart line signifying the ecliptique line vnder which the Sun continually walketh Now by helpe of the foresaide 4 circles the earth is deuided into 5 zones that is one whotte 2 temperate and 2 cold The whotte is contained betwixt the 2 Tropiques in the midst of which whotte zone is the Equinoctiall line and of the 2 temperate zones the one lieth betwixt the Tropique of Cancer and the circle Artique and the other betwixt the Tropique of Capricorne and the circle Antartique Againe of the 2 colde zones the one lyeth betwixt the North Pole and the circle Artique and the other betwixt the South Pole and the circle Antartique Nowe besides these foure speciall Paralels there bee diuers other Paralels drawne on each side of the Equinoctiall both Northward and Southward which crossing in certaine points the first Meridian marked with degrees do shew the true latitude of euery place and vnder what Clime or Paralell it is and also how many howers the longest day of any place vnder euery Paralell is beginning to accompte the same eyther from the Equinoctiall vpward towardes the North Pole alongst the first Meridian marked with degrees of Northerne latitudes or els from the sayde Equinoctiall downe-warde towardes the South Pole marked with degrees of Southerne latitude Notwithstanding they vse most commonlye to set downe the number and iust distaunces of the Clymes Paralels and howers in the North latitude onely willing the like numbers of Clymes Paralels and howers to bee accompted in the South latitude euen as they are in the North latitude and with like distances And note that in procéeding towardes the Pole from the Paralell whereas the longest day is 24. howers they accompte the Paralell of the longest daye no longer by howers but by
monethes that is to saye from one moneth to six monethes whereof wee haue spoken before in our sphere The numbers of the aforesayd Clymes Paralels and howers you shall finde set foorth in Vopellius Mappe alongest the first Meridian on the left hand But hee setteth downe the numbers of the longest daies encreasing by monethes in the vttermost border of hys Mappe on the right hand betwixt the North Pole and the circle Artique And in that border hee setteth downe the number of leagues and miles answerable to euery Paralell whereas also hee sheweth the three differences of Inhabitants according to their shadows that is to say the Periscij Heteroscij and Amphiscij Periscij are those that dwell in anie of the two colde zones whose shadowe goeth round about them Heteroscij be those that dwell in anie of the two temperate zones whose shadowe tendeth at noone-tide but one waie that is either North or South Amphiscij bee those that inhabite the whotte zone whose shadowe tendeth both waies that is sometime North and sometime South as is before declared at large in our sphere But in the Mappe of Gemma Frizius you shall find all these thinges set foorth on the left hand of his Mappe amongest the vttermost circles whereas vpon the circle Artique hee setteth downe the twelue signes hauing certaine compassed lines running downe to the Equinoctiall meeting and concurring all in one point at the end whereof vpon the Equinoctiall you shall finde the number of howers at which the sunne riseth in euery degree of latitude Also at the nether ende of hys Mappe on the left hand he placeth a halfe quadrant which hee calleth Directorium nauticum whereof wee shall speake heereafter And because he would haue hys Mappe to serue both sea and land he setteth downe a certaine number of mariners compasses deuided with 32 lines signifiyng y e 32. windes which doe shew howe euery place beareth one from the other and by what winde a Shippe is to bee directed from one part to another which thing is also obserued in Mercators Mappe and others that haue written more lately and yet nothing seruiceable for the Sea because as M Borowgh Controller of her Maiesties Nauy a man most skilful in the Art of sailing saith no consideration is had in the said Maps or Cards touching y e variation of the Compasse without the which they can neuer set downe any true or iust direction Now as touching the diuision and order of the partes of the Earth most commonlie described in vniuersall Mappes you shall vnderstand that the ancient Cosmographers not knowing then the West Indies nor manie other places scituated both Northward and Southward which haue bene since discouered deuided the whole Earth onely into thrée partes that is Europe Aphrike and Asia in the description whereof their Mappes neuer extended in latitude Northwards further then to 63 degrées as I haue said before in my Sphere and Southward no further then to 20 degrées of the Northerne latitude or there about but in longitude from West to East beginning the same at the Ilandes called Insulae Canariae or Fortunatae which are scituated at the West end of Aphrike in the Sea called Mare Atlanticum their descriptions doe extend to 180 degrées But because a whole worlde almost hath bene founde out since those times our moderne Cosmographers doe deuide the whole Earth into 4 partes that is Europe Aphrike Asia and America which we nowe call the West Indies And because men of diuers Nations haue sayled round about the world East and West their late descriptions doe extend in longitude the whole content of the Equinoctiall which is 360 degrées and in latitude Northwards the same descriptions doe extende to 80 degrées and Southwards to 66 ½ as you may sée in the vniuersall Mappes lately set foorth by Mercator and by Barnardus Puteanus and others But the ancient and moderne doe greatly differ in the diuision of the partes of latitude as well Northerne as Southerne and also in longitude for whereas the ancient Cosmographers doe deuide each latitude into 90. degrées by certaine Paralels making 9. equall spaces euery space containing 10. equall degrees in the latter Mappes last mencioned you shall finde those spaces and the degrées thereof altogether vnequall the first 3 spaces next the Equinoctiall onely excepted for those differ not aboue one halfe degree at the most but from thence Northward euery space is greater then other and euery degree in euery such space is greater then other insomuch as the fourth space containeth 11 degrées and a halfe of those degrees which are set downe in the first space and the fift space conteineth of such degrees 13 degrées ¾ the 6 space containeth of the said degrées 16 degrées ¼ y e 7 containeth of the same degrées 20 degrees ½ so as the space is is twise so broade as the first space and one halfe degree more the eight space conteineth of the said first degrees 36 further then which 8 spaces containing 80 degrees of latitude their Mappes extend not Northward and they obserue the like proportion in the Southerne latitude sauing that they extende no farther Southward then to 66 degrees and a halfe Againe they differ in longitude thus for the moderne Cosmographers doe make the first Meridian to passe through the Isles called Azores which doe stande 5 degrees more Westward then the Fortunate Islands do through which Fortunate Islandes Ptolomey and his followers doe appoint the first Meridian to passe The cause of which transposing the saide first Meridian is because that the mariners Compasse doth neuer shewe the right North and South in any other place but onely vnder that Meridian Yea M. Borowgh thinketh that it would shewe it more truely if the saide Meridian were placed somewhat more Westward But in those Cardes and mappes that are made according to the rules of Ptolomey the spaces of Paralels containing the 90. degrées of latitude both Northwarde and Southward are equall and all the degrées of euery such space are also equall And yet the spaces of Paralels that shew the longest day in any place are towards the Pole euery one more narrowe then other for as I haue sayd before in my sphere there are 3 kinds of paralels that is Paralels of the Sunne Paralels of the latitude Paralels of the longest day The causes why in these latter Maps the degrées of latitude are made greater and greater towards the Poles are set downe by Barnardus in his vniuersall Mappe who sayth there that in making the said Mappe he had 3. speciall cares First that the places might be so scituated as they may haue both true direction and distance and also due longitude and latitude and as nigh as may bee the same very shape which they haue in the sphere or globe to which end hee hath inuented a new proportion or habitude of the Meridians to the paralels affirming that the Maps before made are not fit for Nauigation by reason of the crookednes
true distaunce betwixt place and place in which thinges the chéefe vse of Mappes doth consist And first you haue to vnderstand that the Meridians which you sée in the Mappe doe serue for diuers purposes For you learne thereby that it is noone-tide or mid-day sooner to one place then to another by marking what Meridian is more towardes the East which the Sunne alwaies toucheth sooner then that Meridian which is more towardes the West Also by the Meridians you know how the Eclipse of the Moone appeareth sooner to one place then to another with what variety of time For they whose Meridian is towards the West doe séeme to sée the Eclipse of the Moone sooner then they whose Meridian is more towardes the East whereas in verie truth the Eclipse of the moone is séene to all places where it can be séene at one very instant of like greatnes yet seemeth to be séene later or sooner by reason of the diuersitie of the time of the day in places standing one East or West from another And if the distance betwixt those two Meridians doe containe 15 degrées of the Equinoctiall then the Eclips appeareth to bee sooner to the one then to the other by one whole hower For euerie 15 degrees maketh an hower and therefore looke how manie 15 degrées you finde betwixt the two Meridians so many howers are to be accounted And if you find fewer degrées then the time of the Eclips is to be shortned accordingly and by attributing 4 minutes of an hower to one degrée for foure times 15 maketh 60 minutes which is also one hower you may make your account so small or great as you will And note also that you may conceiue to be in the Mappe as many Meridians as there are degrées in the Equinoctiall As for the Eclipse of the Sunne it is séene neither generally nor fully at the selfe same time nor yet of the same greatnes in all places Indeed it appeareth sooner to the Westerne Countries then to the Easterne But the diuersitie of the time of appearance doth depend not onely of the number of Meridians betwixt the two places but also of the swift or slowe motion of the Moone which comming betwixt vs and the Sunne taketh the sight of the Sunne from vs. Moreouer by the Meridians you shall knowe what longitude any place in the Map hath by dooing thus First set the one foot of your compasse in the place it selfe and the other in some Meridian that is next vnto it whether it bee on the left or right hand it maketh no matter and from thence drawe downe your compasse following styll that Meridian vntill you come to the Equinoctiall lyne and there marke vpon what degrée of the Equinoctiall that foote of your compasse which you did first put in the place doth rest there make a pricke That done count how many degrees that is distant from the first Meridian and that is the true longitude of the place and that longitude serueth to al the places that be vnder that Merian though they be neuer so farre distant one from another North and South Now if you would know the latitude of any place in y e Map that is to say how far it is distant frō the Equinoctial either Northward or southward either of which latitudes cōtaineth 90 degrees then do thus set y e one foot of your Compasse vpon the verie place and the other vpon that Paralel which is next it whether the Paralell be aboue it or beneath it maketh no matter and drawe your Compasse from that place following stil that Paralel vntill you come to that Meridian which is marked with the degrees of latitude which Meridian in the latter Maps standeth somewhat more West then the first Meridian dooth And marke vpon what degrée that foote of your Compasse which you did drawe from the place doth rest and there make a pricke That doone count how manie degrées that pricke is distant from the Equinoctiall and that is the true latitude of that place And the like latitude haue all they that dwell vnder that Paralell howe farre so euer they dwell asunder East and West And by knowing the latitude of any place you may quickly finde also in some Mappes vnder what Clime or Paralell such place is scituated and of howe many howers the longest day is there as in the Mappe of Vopellius of Gemma Frizius and diuers others But in these latter Mappes such things are not set foorth wherefore not hauing the other maps you may resort to the tables set down in my sphere which doe shew all such things at the full Now to know how one place beareth from another with what a ship is to be directed from one port to another also what distance is betwixt 2 places that is how many miles one place is distant from another the latter Cosmographers as Mercator Barnardus Puteanus and diuers others haue inuented a newe instrument called Organum directorium which they set down in their Maps togither with the vse thereof But in mine opinion not plainely inough for most mens capacitie This Instrument containeth 2 Quadrants of a Circle hauing the names of the windes written therein And they call the vpper Quadrant Organum Superius the nether Quadrant Organum Inferius Which 2 Quadrants haue 2 lines marked with degrées and are ioyned togither with a right angle of which 2 lines the standing or hanging line on the left hand doth signifie the first Meridian is marked with 75 vnequall degrées of latitude in such proportion as y e middle Meridiā of the Map hath The other line which lieth ouerthwart signifieth the Equinoctiall and is marked with 90 equall degrées of longitude But the spaces of the Paralels of latitude are in number 7 and a halfe euerie whole space containing 10 degrees and the halfe space but 5 degrées Which spaces are wider and wider towardes the Pole and of like proportion to those of the Mappe And note by the way that the highest right line that goeth from the first Meridian towardes your right hand is the East line and the nethermost line signifiyng the Equinoctiall is the West line For the vpper Quadrant commeth towards you from East to South and the nether Quadrant goeth from you towardes the left hand from west to south in the center of ech Quadrant must be put a long thread to shewe the direction from place to place The vse of this Instrument is thus first hauing found out in the Map the seuerall longitudes latitudes of 2 places in such order as is before taught séeke the latitude of the first place in the first Meridian there make a marke I call here the first place that from whence you go and the second that to which you go That done seeke out in the said Meridian the latitude of the second place there make another marke And from that marke of the second place draw a right line