situated under the Equinoctial Line the Meridian Shadow of the Sun doth cast it self towards the North for one half of the Year and towards the South during the other Theor. 29. In all places lying under the Equinoctial Line there is no Meridian Shadow on those two Days of the Year that the Sun doth enter the Signs of Aries and Libra Theor. 30. The nearer that places are unto or the farther remov'd from the Equator the shorter or longer accordingly is the Meridian Shadow of a Style perpendicularly erected in such places Theor. 31. The farther that places are removed from the Equator yet not surpassing 66 Degrees of Latitude the greater is the Sun 's Amplitude or that Arch of the Horizon between the Points of due East and West and those in which the Sun riseth and setteth on the Days of the Summer and Winter Solstice Theor. 32. In all places lying under the same Semi Circle of the Meridian the Hours both of the Day and Night are always the same in one as in the other Theor. 33. In all places both of the North and Southern Hemispheres that lie under opposite Parallels of Latitude the Seasons of the Year are always the same in one as in the other Theor. 34. In all places situated in a Parallel Sphere the Circle of the Sun 's Diurnal Motion runs always Parallel or very near it to the respective Horizon of such places Theor. 35. In all places situated in a Right Sphere the Circle of the Sun 's Diurnal Motion is still perpendicular or very near it to the respective Horizon of such places Theor. 36. In all places situated in an Oblique Sphere the Circle of the Sun 's Diurnal Motion is always Oblique unto or cutteth the Horizon of such places at unequal Angles Theor. 37. If the difference of Longitude in two places be exactly 15 Degrees The People residing in the Eastmost of them will reckon the time of the Day sooner by one Hour than those in the other If the difference be 30 Degrees then they 'll reckon their Hours sooner by 2. If 45 Degrees by 3. and if 60 then by 4 c. Theor. 38. If People residing in two distinct places do differ exactly one Hour in reckoning their time it being only Noon to one when one Afternoon to the other the true distance between the respective Meridians of those places is exactly 15 Degrees upon the Equator If they differ 2 Hours the distance is 30 Degrees If 3 it s 45. and if 4 it s compleatly 60 c. Theor. 39. If a Ship set out from any Port and steering Eastward doth intirely surround the Globe of the Earth the People of the said Ship in reckoning their time will gain one Day compleatly at their return or count one more than those residing at the said Port. If Westward then they 'll lose one or reckon one less Theor. 40. If two Ships set out from the same Port at the same time and both surround the Globe of the Earth one steering East and the other Westward they 'll differ from one another in reckoning their time two Days compleatly at their return even suppose they happen to arrive on the same Day If they surround the Earth twice steering as aforesaid they 'll differ 4 Days if thrice then 6 c. Theor. 41. If several Ships set out from the same Port either at the same or different times and do all surround the Globe of the Earth some steering due South and others due North and arrive again at the same Port the respective People of those different Ships at their return will not differ from one another in reckoning their time nor from those who reside at the said Port. These are the chief Geographical Theorems or self-evident Truths clearly deduclble from the foregoing Problems and to these we might add a great many more but leaving such Truths we pass to some others in pursuance of our proposed Method and such as are equally certain with the aforesaid Theorems though not so apparent yet probably more diverting Therefore followeth SECT IV. Containing some amazing Geographical Paradoxes Par. 1. THERE are two remarkable Places on the Globe of the Earth in which there is only one Day and one Night throughout the whole Year Par. 2. There are also some Places on the Earth in which it is neither Day nor Night at a certain time of the Year for the space of twenty four Hours Par. 3. There is a certain Place of the Earth at which if two Men should chance to meet one would stand upright upon the Soles of the others Feet and neither of them should feel the others weight and yet both should retain their Natural Posture Par. 4. There is also a certain Place of the Earth where a Fire being made neither Flame nor Smoke would ascend but move circularly about the Fire Moreover if in that Place one should fix a smooth or plain Table without any Ledges whatsoever and pour thereon a large Quantity of Water not one Drop thereof could run over the said Table but would raise it self up in a large heap Par. 5. There is a certain Place on the Globe of a considerable Southern Latitude that hath both the greatest and least Degree of Longitude Par. 6. There are three remarkable Places on the Globe that differ both in Longitude and Latitude and yet all lie under one and the same Meridian Par. 7. There are three remarkable Places on the Continent of Europe that lie under three different Meridians and yet all agree both in Longitude and Latitude Par. 8. There is a certain Island in the Aegaean Sea upon which if two Children were brought forth at the same instant of time and living together for many Years should both expire on the same Day yea at the same Hour and Minute of that Day yet the Life of one would surpass the Life of the other by divers Months Par. 9. There are two observable Places belonging to Asia that lie under the same Meridian and of a small distance from one another and yet the respective Inhabitants of them in reckoning their time do differ an intire Natural Day every Week Par. 10. There is a particular Place of the Earth where the Winds though frequently veering round the Compass do always blow from the North Point Par. 11. There is a certain Hill in the South of Bohemia on whose Top if an Equinoctial Sun-Dial be duly erected a Man that is Stone-blind may know the Hour of the Day by the same if the Sun shines Par. 12. There is a considerable number of places lying within the Torrid Zone in any of which if a certain kind of Sun-Dial be duly erected the Shadow will go back several Degrees upon the same at a certain time of the Year and that twice every Day for the space of divers Weeks yet no ways derogating from that miraculous returning of the Shadow upon the Dial of Ahaz in the Days of King Hezekiah Par.
divideth the Globe into two equal Parts term'd the Upper and the Lower Hemispheres It 's so call'd from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Terminans vel siniens quia nostrum terminat prospectum it being the outmost bounds or limits of our Sight when situated in any Plain or at Sea This Circle is twofold viz. The Sensible and the Rational Horizon The Sensible is that already describ'd bounding the outmost prospect of the Eye when viewing the Heavens round from any part of the Surface of the Earth but the other is purely form'd in the Mind and supposeth the Eye to be placed in the very Center of the Earth beholding the intire Upper Hemisphere of the Firmament The Circle terminating such a prospect is reckon'd the true Rational Horizon which is duly represented by that broad woodden Circle usually fitted for all Globes Upon which are inscrib'd several other Circles particularly those two containing the Names of the Months and Number of their Days according to the Julian and Gregorian Account as also that other divided into the Thirty two Points of the Compass Def. 6. The Meridian is that great Circle which passing through the Two Poles divideth the Globe into two equal Parts term'd the Eastern and Western Hemispheres It 's so call'd from Meridies vel medius dies because the Sun coming to the Meridian of any Place is due South or maketh Mid-day in the said place The Meridian here defin'd is that great brazen Circle in which the Globe turneth round upon the two Extremities of its Axis passing through the said Circle but the Meridians inscrib'd on the Globe it self are those Thirty six Semi-circles terminating in both the Poles besides which we may imagine as many as we please only note That one of those Meridians is always reckon'd the first however it 's matter of indifference which of them we take for such Def. 7. The Equator or Equinoctial is that great Circle which divideth the Globe into two equal Parts call'd the Southern and Northern Hemispheres It 's call'd Equator because the Sun coming to this Circle tune aequantur noctes dies or Equinoctial for the same reason viz. aequalitas noctium cum diebus By others it 's simply term'd the Line 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and that chiefly by Navigators as being of singular use in their Operations It 's divided into 360 degrees which are reckon'd round the Globe beginning at the first Meridian and proceeding Eastward Def. 8. The Zodiack is that great broad Circle which cutteth the Equinoctial Line obliquely one side thereof extending it self exactly so far North as the other doth to the South of the said Line It 's so call'd from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Animal because it 's adorn'd with Twelve Asterisms commonly term'd the Twelve Signs being most of them Representations of divers Animals The Names and Characters of which Signs are these following Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo. Virgo ♈ ♉ ♊ ♋ ♌ ♠Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricornus Aquarius Pisces ♎ ♠♠♑ ♒ ♓ Of all Circles inscrib'd on either of the Globes this alone admits of Latitude and is divided in the middle by a Concentrick Circle term'd the Ecliptick which properly is that Circle set upon the Globe comprehending the Characters of the Twelve Signs above-mentioned each of which Signs is 1 12 part of that Circle and contains 30 degrees Def. 9. The Tropicks are the two biggest of the four lesser Circles which run parallel to the Equator and are equidistant therefrom They 're term'd Tropicks from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 verto because the Sun in his Annual Course arriving at one of those Circles doth return towards the other They derive their respective Denominations of Cancer and Capricorn from touching the Zodiack at the two Signs of that Name and each of them is distant from the Equator exactly 23 degr 1 2. Def. 10. The Polar Circles are the two least of the four Lesser Circles running parallel to the Equator and at the same distance from the Poles as the Tropicks are from the Equator They 're term'd Polar because of their Vicinity to the Poles That Circle nearest the North is call'd the Arctick and the other next to the South Pole the Antarctick Polar Circle and that for the same reason already given Def. 4. when treating of the Poles themselves These are the eight necessary Circles above-mention'd but to compleat the Furniture of the Globe there remain as yet three Particulars viz. the Horary Circle the Quadrant of Altitude and Semi-Circle of Position Def. 11. The Horary Circle is a small Circle of Brass and so affixt to the Brazen Meridian that the Pole or end of the Axis proves its Center Upon this Circle are inscrib'd the Twenty four Hours of the Natural Day at equal distance from one another the Twelfth for Mid-day being in the upper part towards the Zenith and the other Twelfth for Midnight in the lower towards the Horizon so that the Hours before Noon are in the Eastern and those for the Afternoon in the Western Semi-Circle As for an Index to this Horary Circle the same is fixt upon the end of the Axis and turneth round with the Globe The Use of this Circle and Index will sufficiently appear in many pleasant Problems hereafter mention'd Def. 12. The Quadrant of Altitude is a narrow thin Plate of pliable Brass exactly answerable to a fourth part of the Equinoctial Upon this Quadrant are inscrib'd 90 Degrees each of them being according to the same Scale with those upon the Equator How useful this Quadrant is will also appear in the Solution of several Problems hereafter mention'd Def. 13. The Semi-Circle of Position is a narrow solid Plate of Brass exactly answerable to one half of the Equinoctial Upon this Semi-Circle are inscrib'd 180 Degrees exactly the same with those upon the Equinoctial We may term it a double Quadrant of Altitude in some respect and it s of considerable Use in several delightful Problems To these I might add the Mariners Compass that most necessary Instrument commonly us'd by Navigators which being duly toucht with the Load-stone and horizontally fixt upon the Pedestal of the Globe is frequently needful for the right Solution of several Problems The necessary Circles of the Globe being Eight as aforesaid Of them and some others hereafter mention'd are form'd the Latitude and Longitude of Places as also Zones and Climates Def. 14. Latitude is the distance from the Equator to either of the Poles and measured upon the brazen or first Meridian No Term is more frequently us'd in Geography than that of Latitude which is twofold viz. North and South In reckoning of the Northern Latitude you are to begin at the Equinoctial Line and proceed to the Arctick and the Southern from the Equinoctial to the Antarctick Pole still numbring the Degrees of Latitude either upon the brazen or first Meridian The many Circles inscrib'd on the Globe at the distance of 10 Degrees from one another
and parallel to the Equator are term'd Parallels of Latitude But besides those actually inscrib'd we are to conceive the Globe as furnisht with a vast multitude of such Circles for every degree of Latitude yea and every sixtieth part of each degree is supposed to have an imaginary Parallel Circle passing through the same But since Latitude as aforesaid is the Distance from the Equator to either of the Poles it from hence follows that the greatest Latitude consisteth of 90 Degrees Now correspondent to each of those Degrees or the 1 360 of a great Circle in the Heavens is a certain Space of the Surface of the Earth which is every where of the same Extent in it self but different in its number of Parts according to the different reckoning of various Countries To know the said different number of Parts of what sort soever whether they be Miles Leagues or other Measures corresponding to one Degree in the Heavens is absolutely necessary for the right understanding of the true Distance of Places in different Countries we shall therefore illustrate the same and that by the following Table answerable to one Degree are Common Italian English and Turkish Miles 60 Ordinary French Leagues 20 Spanish Miles according to Vulgar reckoning 17½ German Dutch Danish and Great Poland Miles 15 Miles usual in Swedeland 12 Miles usual in Hungary 10 The Versts of Muscovy 80 Persian Arabtan and Egyptian Parasanga 20 The Indian Cos. 24 The Stades of China 250 The Inks of Japan 400 But here note That though these are the most remarkable Measures of Distance throughout the inhabited World with their respective Proportion to one Degree in the Heavens yet we are not to imagine that these Measures are of the same Extent in the various Provinces of the same Country as is evident from the different length of Leagues in different Parts of France as also the diversity of Miles in the South and North of England Def. 15. Longitude is the Distance from the first Meridian and measured upon the Equator In reckoning the various Degrees of Longitude which are 360 in all you are to begin at the first Meridian where-ever it is and to proceed upon the Equator quite round the Globe Correspondent to each of those Degrees in the Equator as to Degrees of Latitude on the Meridian are sixty Italian Miles or twenty French Leagues according to Vulgar Calculation But this is to be understood only of Places exactly under the Equator for the true Distance between two Places lying due East and West in any considerable Latitude is far less in Miles than between other two Places lying exactly under the Equator and likewise under the same Meridians The Reason of which is most evident namely the approaching of the Meridians nearer and nearer to one another till at last they unite all in the Pole But that you may readily find the true Distance in Miles from East to West between any two Places in any Parallel of Latitude we shall here subjoin the following Table in which is set down to every Degree of Latitude the exact number of Miles and sixtieth Part of a Mile that are answerable to one Degree in the Equator still allowing sixty Italian Miles to such a Degree Lat. m. s Lat. m s Lat m. s Lat. m. s 0 60 00 23 55 12 46 41 40 69 21 32 1 59 56 24 54 48 47 41 00 70 20 32 2 59 54 25 54 24 48 40 08 71 19 32 3 59 52 26 54 00 49 39 20 72 18 32 4 59 50 27 53 28 50 38 32 73 17 32 5 59 46 28 53 00 51 37 44 74 16 32 6 59 40 29 52 28 52 37 00 75 15 32 7 59 37 30 51 56 53 36 08 76 14 32 8 59 24 31 51 24 54 35 26 77 13 32 9 59 10 32 50 52 55 34 24 78 12 32 10 59 00 33 50 20 56 33 32 79 11 28 11 58 52 34 49 44 57 32 40 80 10 24 12 58 40 35 49 08 58 31 48 81 9 20 13 58 28 36 48 32 59 31 00 82 8 20 14 58 12 37 47 56 60 30 00 83 7 20 15 58 00 38 47 16 61 29 04 84 6 12 16 57 40 39 46 36 62 28 08 85 5 12 17 57 20 40 46 00 63 27 12 86 4 12 18 57 04 41 45 16 64 26 16 87 3 12 19 56 44 42 44 36 65 25 20 88 2 04 20 56 24 43 43 52 66 24 24 89 1 04 21 56 00 44 43 08 67 23 28 90 0 00 22 55 36 45 42 24 68 22 32 Def 16. Zones are large Tracts of the Surface of the Earth lying Parallel to the Equator and distinguish'd by the four lesser Circles of the Globe They 're term'd Zones from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Zona vel Cingulum because they encompass the Globe of the Earth in some manner as a Girdle doth surround the Body of a Man and are in number Five Viz. Two Frigid comprehended between The Polar Circles and the Poles Two Temperate The Polar Circles and the Tropicks One Torrid The Two Tropicks and divided by the Equator Of these the Ancients imagin'd only the Two Temperate to be habitable esteeming the scorching Heat of the Torrid and pinching Cold of the two Frigid to be equally intollerable according to that of the Poet Quarum quae media est non est habitabilis aestu Nix tegit alta duas Ovid. Metam 1. Def. 17. Climates are those Tracts of the Surface of the Earth bounded by imaginary Circles running Parallel to the Equator and of such a breadth from South to North that the length of the Artificial Day in one surpasseth that in the other by half an Hour They 're term'd Climates from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Declino vel Inclino because in numbring of them they decline from the Equator and incline to either Pole Not to mention what the Ancients taught of Climates either as to their number or manner of reckoning them It 's sufficient for our present purpose to consider that Modern Geographers have advanc'd the Number of them to 60. From the Equator to each of the Polar Circles are 24 arising from the difference of ½ Hour in the longest Day and from the Polar Circles to the Poles themselves are Six arising from the difference of an intire Month the Sun being seen in the first of these a whole Month without setting in the second two and in the third three Months c. How all these Climates are fram'd viz. the true Parallel of Latitude in which they end that being likewise the beginning of the following with the respective breadth of each of them you may clearly see by the following Tables Climat Climates between the Equator and Polar Circles d. m. d. m Clim d. m. d. m. Par. of Lat. Breadth Par. of Lat. Breadth 1 08 25 8 25 13 59 58 1 29 2 16 25 8 00 14 61 18 1 20 3 23 50 7 25
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 citò 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fluo is a mighty Rendesvouz or large Collection of Waters environing a considerable Part of the Main Continent Def. 34. The Sea Lat. Salum à sale quia salsum is a smaller Collection of Waters intermingled with Islands and intirely or mostly environed with Land Def. 35. A Gulf Lat. Sinus quasi sinu suo mare complectens is a part of the Sea every where environed with Land except one Passage whereby it communicates with the neighbouring Sea or main Ocean Def. 36. A Strait Lat. Fretum à ferveo quod ibi ferveat mare propter angustiam is a narrow Passage either joyning a Gulf to the neighbouring Sea or Ocean or one part of the Sea or Ocean to another Def. 37. A Lake Lat. Lacus a Gr. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fossa vel Fovea is a small Collection of deep standing Water intirely surrounded with Land and having no visible or immediate Communication with the Sea Def. 38. A River Lat. Flumen vel Fluvius à fluo is a considerable Stream of fresh Water issuing out of one or various Fountains and continually gliding along in one or more Channels till it disgorgeth it self at last into the gaping Mouth of the thirsty Ocean These being all the necessary Terms commonly us'd in Modern Geography and particularly those that either need or can well admit of a Definition Description or Derivation We proceed in the next place to SECT II. Containing some pleasant Geographical Problems Prob. 1. THE Diameter of the Artificial Globe being given to find its Surface in Square and its Solidity in Cubick Measure Multiply the Diameter by the Circumference or a great Circle dividing the Globe into two equal Parts and the Product will give the first Then Multiply the said Product by ⅙ of the Diameter and the Product of that will give the second After the same manner we may find the Surface and Solidity of the Natural Globe as also the whole Body of the Atmosphere surrounding the same providing it be always and every where of the same height for having found the perpendicular height thereof by that common Experiment of the ascent of Mercury at the foot and top of a Mountain double the said Height and add the same to the Diameter of the Earth then Multiply the whole as a new Diameter by its proper Circumference and from the Product substract the Solidity of the Earth the Remainder will give the Solidity of the Atmosphere Prob. 2. To Rectify the Globe The Globe being set upon a true Plain raise the Pole according to the given Latitude then fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith and if any Mariner's Compass upon the Pedestal let the Globe be so situated as that the brazen Meridian may stand due South and North according to the two Extremities of the Needle Prob. 3. To find the Longitude and Latitude of any place By Longitude we do not here understand that Opprobrium Navigatorum of Easting and Westing but simply the distance between the given place and the first Meridian inscrib'd on the Surface of the Globe For the finding of which bring the given place to the East-side of the brazen Meridian and observe what Degree of the Equator is just under the said Meridian for that is the Degree of Longitude peculiar to the given place and the Degree of the Meridian exactly above that place is its proper Latitude which is either Southern or Northern according as the place is South or North of the Equinoctial Line Prob. 4. The Longitude and Latitude of any place being given to find that place on the Globe Bring the given Degree of Longitude to the brazen Meridian reckon upon the same Meridian the Degree of given Latitude whether South or North and make a mark with Chalk where the reckoning ends the Point exactly under that Chalk is the place desir'd Prob. 5. The Latitude of any place being given to find all those places that have the same Latitude The Globe being rectify'd according to the Latitude of the given place and that place being brought to the brazen Meridian make a mark exactly above the same and turning the Globe round all those places passing under the said mark have the same Latitude with the given place Prob. 6. To find the Sun 's place in the Ecliptick at any time The Month and Day being given look for the same upon the wooden Horizon and over against the Day you will find the particular Sign and Degree in which the Sun is at that time observing withal the difference between the Julian and Gregorian Kalendar which Sign and Degree being noted in the Ecliptick the same is the Sun's place or pretty near it at the time desired Prob. 7. The Month and Day being given as also the particular time of that Day to find those places of the Globe to which the Sun is in their Meridian at that particular time The Pole being elevated according to the Latitude of the place in which you are and the Sun's Place found in the Ecliptick at the time given bring the same to the brazen Meridian and setting the Index of the Horary Circle at the upper Figure of XII turn the Globe till the said Index point at the given Hour of the Day Which done fix the Globe in that Situation and observe all those places exactly under the brazen Meridian for those are the places desired Prob. 8. To know the Length of the Day and Night in any place of the Earth at any time Elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given place find the Sun's place in the Ecliptick at that time which being brought to the East side of the Horizon set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon or the upper Figure of 12. and turning the Globe about till the aforesaid place of the Ecliptick touch the Western side of the Horizon look upon the Horary Circle and wheresoever the Index pointeth reckon the Number of Hours between the same and the upper Figure of 12. for that is the Length of the Day at the time desir'd the Complement whereof is the Length of the Night Note There is a Mistake in working the 7th Problem for the same ought to be performed thus The Pole being elevated according to the Latitude of the given Place bring the said Place to the brazen Meridian and setting the Index of the Horary Circle at the Hour of the Day in the given Place turn the Globe till the Index point at the upper Figure of XII which done fix the Globe in that Situation and observe what places are exactly under the upper Hemisphere of the brazen Meridian for those are the Places desir'd Prob. 9. To find by the Globe the Antaeci Periaeci and Antipodes of any given place Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian and finding its true Latitude count upon the Equator the same number of Degrees towards the opposite Pole and observe
where the reckoning ends for that is the place of the Antaeci The given Place continuing under the brazen Meridian set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon and turning the Globe about till the same Point at Midnight or the lower 12. the place which then comes to the Meridian having the same Latitude with the former is that of the Perioeci As for the Antipodes of the given Place reckon from the said place upon the brazen Meridian 180 Degrees either South or North or as many Degrees beyond the farthest Pole as you are to the nearest and observe exactly where the reckoning ends for that is the place desir'd Prob. 10. To know what a Clock it is by the Globe in any place of the World and at any time providing you know the Hour of the Day where you are at the same time Bring the place in which you are to the brazen Meridian the Pole being raised according to the Latitude thereof and set the Index of the Horary Circle at the Hour of the Day at that time Then bring the desired Place to the brazen Meridian and the Index will point out the present Hour at that place where ever it is Prob. 11. To know by the Globe when the Great Mogul of India and Czar of Moscovia sit down to Dinner This being only to know when its Noon at Agra and Moscow the Imperial Seats of those Mighty Monarchs which we may very easily do at what time soever it be or wheresoever we are For finding by the foregoing Problem the present Hour of the Day in the Cities above-mention'd supposing withal that Mid-day in the aforesaid Cities is Dining-time we may readily determine how near it is to the time desir'd Prob. 12. To find the Hour of the Day by the Globe at any time when the Sun shines Divide your Ecliptick Line in Twenty four equal Parts and in small Figures set down the Hours of the Natural Day after the following manner At the Intersections of the Ecliptick and Equator place the Figure 6 and bring both those Figures to the brazen Meridian one being in the upper and the other in the lower Hemisphere Which done place the twelve Figures in the Western Hemisphere in this order following 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6. Beginning then at the same Figure of 6 and proceeding Eastward set down the other twelve Figures thus 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 9 8 7 6. The Equinoctial being thus divided and mark'd elevate the Globe according to the Latitude of the place where you are and bring the Intersection of the Vernal Equinox to the upper Part of the brazen Meridian and situating the Globe duly South and North observe exactly that half of the Globe upon which the Sun doth actually shine for the last part of the enlightned Hemisphere doth always shew the Hour of the Day upon the Equinoctial Line Prob. 13. The Latitude of the Place and Height of the Sun being given at any time to find thereby the Hour of the Day The Globe being rectifi'd according to the Latitude of the given Place and the Height of the Sun at that time being found by an exact Quadrant mark his place in the Ecliptick for the given Day and bring the same to the brazen Meridian After this fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith and mark in the said Quadrant the particular Degree of the Sun's Altitude and placing the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon move the Globe together with the Quadrant of Altitude till the Sun's place markt in the Ecliptick and his Degree of Altitude markt upon the said Quadrant do come both in one Which done observe what Hour the Index doth point at for that is the Hour desir'd Prob. 14. The Latitude of the Place being given as also the true bearing of the Sun in the said Place at any time to find thereby the Hour of the Day The Globe being rectifi'd and the Sun's Place markt in the Ecliptick fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith and by the Mariners Compass observe the true bearing of the Sun then bring the Quadrant of Altitude to the observed Point of the Compass upon the wooden Horizon and move the Globe till the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick coincide with the said Quadrant Which done and the Globe continuing in that Position the Index of the Horary Circle will point at the Hour of the Day at the time desir'd Prob. 15. The Latitude of the Place and Sun 's Place in the Ecliptick being given to find thereby the Hour of the Day Elevate the Pole according to the given Latitude and situate the Globe duly South and North by the Mariners Compass then fix a small Needle perpendicularly in the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick and bringing the same to the brazen Meridian set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon Which done turn the Globe till the Needle cast no Shadow at all and then observe the Index for it will then point at the true Hour of the Day Prob. 16. Any Place being given to move the Globe so as that the wooden Horizon shall be the Horizon of the same Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian and reckon from it upon the said Meridian the number of 90 Degrees towards either of the Poles and where the reckoning ends place that part of the Meridian in the Notch of the wooden Horizon and it will prove the Horizon of the given Place Prob. 17. To find the Meridian-Line by the Globe in any place and at any time of the Day The Latitude of the Place being known and the Globe elevated accordingly observe the height of the Sun above the Horizon at that time and draw upon a true Plain a streight Line in or Parallel to the Shadow of a Stile perpendicularly erected upon that Plain In which describe a Circle at any opening of the Compasses and find the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick and mark his observed height in the Quadrant of Altitude Then move the Globe together with the said Quadrant till that Mark in the Quadrant and the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick come both in one which done count upon the wooden Horizon the number of Degrees between the Quadrant of Altitude and the brazen Meridian and set off the same number of Degrees upon the aforesaid Circle drawn upon the Plain by making a visible Point in the Circumference where the reckoning ends beginning still at the side towards the Sun and proceeding East or West according to the time of the Day Then draw a Line from that Point in the Circumference through the Center of the said Circle and the same will prove the true Meridian-Line of that Place at what time soever the Observation is made Prob. 18. A Place being given in the Torrid Zone to find those Days in which the Sun shall be vertical to the same Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian and
mark what Degree of Latitude is exactly above it Move the Globe round and observe the two Points of the Ecliptick that pass through the said Degree of Latitude Search upon the wooden Horizon or by proper Tables of the Sun 's Annual Motion on what Days he passeth through the aforesaid Points of the Ecliptick for those are the Days requir'd in which the Sun is vertical to the given Place Prob. 19. The Month and Day being given to find by the Globe those places of the North Frigid Zone where the Sun beginneth then to shine constantly without setting as also those places of the South Frigid Zone in which he then beginneth to be totally absent The Day given which must always be one of those either between the Vernal Equinox and Summer Solstice or between the Autumnal Equinox and Winter Solstice find the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick and marking the same bring it to the brazen Meridian and reckon the like number of Degrees from the North Pole towards the Equator as there is betwixt the Equator and the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick and set a mark with Chalk where the reckoning ends Which done turn the Globe round and all the Places passing under the said Chalk are those in which the Sun begins to shine constantly without setting upon the given Day For Solution of the latter part of the Problem set off the same distance from the South Pole upon the brazen Meridian towards the Equator as was formerly set off from the North and making a mark with Chalk and turning the Globe round all Places passing under the said mark are those desir'd viz. them in which the Sun beginneth his total Absence or Disappearance from the given Day Prob. 20. A Place being given in the North Frigid Zone to find by the Globe what number of Days the Sun doth constantly shine upon the said Place and what Days he is absent as also the first and last Day of his appearance Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian and observing its Latitude elevate the Globe accordingly then turn the Globe about till the first Degree of Cancer come under the Meridian and count the same number of Degrees upon the Meridian from each side of the Equator as the Place is distant from the Pole and making a mark where the reckoning ends turn the Globe round and carefully observe what two Degrees of the Ecliptick pass exactly under the two Points mark'd in the Meridian for the Northern Arch of the Circle viz. that comprehended between the two mark'd Degrees being reduc'd to time will give the number of Days that the Sun doth constantly shine above the Horizon of the given Place and the opposite Arch of the said Circle will give the number of Days in which he is absent The Pole continuing in the same Elevation bring the beginning of Cancer to the brazen Meridian and observe the two Degrees of the Ecliptick which in the mean time coincide with the Horizon then search upon the wooden Horizon for those Days that the Sun doth enter into the aforesaid Degrees of the Ecliptick for those are the Days of his first and last appearance in the given Place Prob. 21. The Month and Day being given to find that place on the Globe to which the Sun when in its Meridian shall be vertical on that Day The Sun's Place in the Ecliptick being found bring the same to the brazen Meridian in which make a small mark with Chalk exactly above the Sun's Place Which done find those places that have the Sun in the Meridian at the time given and bringing them to the brazen Meridian observe that part of the Globe exactly under the aforesaid mark in the Meridian for that is the place desir'd Prob. 22. The Month and Day being given to find upon what Point of the Compass the Sun riseth and setteth in any place at the time given Elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the desired Place and finding the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick at the given Time bring the same to the Eastern side of the Horizon and you may clearly see the Point of the Compass upon which he then riseth By turning the Globe about till his place coincide with the Western side of the Horizon you may also see upon the said Circle the exact Point of his setting Prob. 23. To know by the Globe the Length of the longest and shortest Days and Nights in any place of the World Elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given Place and bring the first Degree of Cancer if in the Northern or Capricorn if in the Southern Hemisphere to the East-side of the Horizon and setting the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon turn the Globe about till the Sign of Cancer touch the Western-side of the Horizon and then observe upon the Horary Circle the number of Hours between the Index and the upper Figure of XII reckoning them according to the Motion of the Index for that is the Length of the longest Day the Complement whereof is the Extent of the shortest Night As for the shortest Day and longest Night they are only the reverse of the former Prob. 24. To know the Climates of any given Place Find the Length of the longest Day in the given Place and whatever be the number of Hours whereby it surpasseth Twelve double that number and the Product will give the true Climate of the Place desir'd But here note That this is to be understood of Places within the Latitude of 66½ As for those of a greater Latitude where the Climates encrease by intire Months enter the second Table of Climates page 10 with the Latitude of the given Place and opposite thereto you 'll find the proper Climate of a place in the said Latitude Prob. 25. The Length of the longest Day in any place being known to find thereby the Latitude of that place Having the Length of the longest Day you may know thereby the proper Climate of that Place and by the Table of Climates pag. 10. you may see what Degree of Latitude corresponds to that Climate which Degree is the Latitude of the Place desir'd Prob. 26. The Latitude of the Place being given as also the Sun 's Place in the Ecliptick to find thereby the beginning of the Morning and end of the Evening Twilight The Globe being rectifi'd and the Sun's Place brought to the brazen Meridian set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon then bring that Degree of the Ecliptick which is opposit to the Sun's Place to the Western Quarter and so move the Globe together with the Quadrant of Altitude till the Degree opposite to the Sun's Place and the 18 Degree of the said Quadrant come both in one Which done observe what Hour the Index then pointeth at for at that Hour doth the Morning Twilight begin As for the Evening Twilight bring the Degree of the Ecliptick opposite to the Sun's Place at that time
to the Eastern Quarter and so move the Globe till the same and the 18th Degree of the Quadrant come both in one and the Index will point at the Hour when the Evening Twilight doth end Prob. 27. The Length of the longest day being given to find thereby those places of the Earth in which the longest Day is of that Extent By the given Length of the longest Day find the true Degree of Latitude where the Day is of that Extent and making a mark upon that Degree in the brazen Meridian turn the Globe round and observe what Places pass exactly under the said Mark for they are the Places desir'd Prob. 28. A certain number of Days not surpassing 182. being given to find thereby that Parallel of Latitude on the Globe where the Sun setteth not during those Days Take half of the given Number of Days and whatever it is count so many Degrees upon the Ecliptick beginning at the first of Cancer and make a mark where the reckoning ends only observe that if your number of Days surpass thirty then your number of Degrees ought to be less than it by one Bring then the mark'd Point of the Ecliptick to the brazen Meridian and observe exactly how many Degrees are intercepted between the aforesaid Point and the Pole for the same is equal to the desir'd Parallel of Latitude If the desired Parallel of Latitude be South of the Line the Operation is the same bringing only the first Degree of Capricorn to the Meridian in lieu of Cancer Prob. 29. The Hour of the Day being given according to our way of reckoning in England to find thereby the Babylonick Hour at any time The Babylonick Hour is the number of Hours from Sun rising it being the manner of the Babylonians of old and the Inhabitants of Norimberg at this Day to commence their Hours from the appearance of the Sun in the Eastern Horizon For the finding of this Hour at any time and in any place First elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given Place and noting the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick at that time bring the same to the brazen Meridian and set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon after this rowl the Globe either Eastward or Westward according to the time of the Day till the Index point at the given Hour Then fix the Globe in that Position and bring back the Index again to Noon and move the Globe from West to East till the Sun's Place mark'd in the Ecliptick coincide with the Eastern Horizon which done reckon upon the Horary Circle the number of Hours between the Index and Noon or the upper Figure of 12. for that is the number of Hours from Sun rising for that Day in the given Place or the true Babylonick Hour desir'd Prob. 30. The Babylonick Hour being given to find the Hour of the Day at any time according to our way of reckoning in England Elevate the Pole according to the given Latitude of the Place and marking the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick bring the same to the brazen Meridian and set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon Then Rowl the Globe Westward till the Index point at the given Hour from Sun rising and fixing the Globe in that Situation bring the Index back again to Noon and turn the Globe backwards till the Sun's Place mark'd in the Ecliptick return to the same Semi-circle of the brazen Meridian from whence it came which done observe what Hour the Index of the Horary Circle pointeth at for the same is the Hour desir'd Prob. 31. The Hour of the Day being given according to our way of reckoning in England to find thereby the Italick Hour at any time The Italick Hour is the number of Hours from Sun setting at all times of the Year to Sun setting the next following Day For the ready finding of such Hours elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the Place and noting the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick upon the given Day bring the same to the brazen Meridian and set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon Then turn the Globe either East or West according to the time of the Day till the Index point at the given Hour and fixing the Globe in that Situation bring the Index back to Noon Which done turn the Globe about Eastwards till the mark of the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick coincide with the Western Horizon and observe how many Hours there are between the upper Figure of 12. and the Index reckoning them Eastward as the Globe moved for these are the Hours from Sun-set or the Italick Hour desir'd Prob. 32. The Italick Hour being given to find thereby the Hour of the Day at any time according to our way of reckoning in England This being the Reverse of the former Problem elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given Place and noting the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick bring the same to the Western Horizon and setting the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon turn the Globe Westward till the Index point at the Italick Hour given then fixing the Globe in that Position bring the Index back to Noon and move the Globe backward till the Mark of the Sun's Place return to the same Semi-Circle of the brazen Meridian from whence it came Which done observe how many Hours are between Noon and the Index reckoning them from West to East for those are the Hours desired according to our way of reckoning in England Prob. 33. The Hour of the Day being exactly given according to our way of reckoning in England to find thereby the Judaical Hour at any time By the Judaical Hour we understand the exact Time of the Day according to the Ancient Jews who in reckoning their time divided the Artificial Day into twelve Hours and the Night into as many which Hours prov'd every Day unequal in extent unless in Places exactly under the Equator they still decreasing or encreasing according to the Seasons of the Year or the various Declination of the Sun For the finding of which Hours observe the following Method Elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given Place and marking the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick at that time bring it to the Eastern Horizon and set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon then turn the Globe about till that place mark'd in the Ecliptick come to the Western Horizon and observe the number of Hours between Noon and the Index these being the Hours of which the given Day doth consist which number you are to Note down and to find what Hour from Sun-rising corresponds with the given Hour or from Sun-setting if the given Hour be after Sun-setting Which done work by the following Proportion As the number of Hours whereof the given Day consisteth viz. those noted down is to 12 so is the number of Hours from Sun-rising if it be an Hour of the Day or
from Sun-setting if an Hour of the Night to a fourth proportional which is the number desir'd viz. the Judaical Hour at the time given Prob. 34. The Judaical Hour being given to find thereby the Hour of the Day at any time according to our way of reckoning in England Elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given Place and finding the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick at the time given bring the same to the Eastern Horizon and set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon then Rowl the Globe Westward till the Sun's Place coincide with the Western Horizon and the Index will point at the number of equal Hours whereof that Day consisteth Which Number you are to note down and bring the Sun's Place to the brazen Meridian and setting the Index again at Noon turn the Globe about till the Sun's Place coincide with the Eastern Horizon and the Index will point at the Hour when the Sun riseth in the given Place Which done work by the following Proportion As 12 is to the given Number of Judaical Hours so is the Length of the Day in equal Hours formerly found out to a fourth proportional which is the Number desir'd viz. the Hour of the Day according to our way of reckoning in England Only note That if the fourth proportional be less than 12 you are to add the same to the Hour of Sun-rising and the Product will give the Number of Hours before Noon for that Day but if it be more than 12 then Substract it from 12 and the Remainder will give the Hour of the Day for the Afternoon Prob. 35. To find the true Area of the five Zones in square Measure allowing 60 Miles to one Degree in the Equator The Breadth of the Torrid Zone being 47 Degrees which reduc'd to Miles make 2820 each of the Temperate 43 Degrees which make 2580 and each of the Frigid 23 Degrees ½ which make 1410 Miles The true Area of each of those Zones may be found in Square Measure by the following Proportion 1. For the Torrid The Area of the whole Globe being found per Prob. 1. say as Rad. to the Sine of 47 so is the ½ the Area of the Globe to the Area of the Torrid Zone 2. For each of the Temperate Zones say as Rad. to the difference of the Sines of 23½ and 66½ so is ½ Arch of the Globe to the Area of one of the Temperate Zones Lastly For the Frigid Zones add ½ Area of the Torrid to the whole Area of one of the Temperate and Substract the Product from ½ Area of the Globe and the Remainder will give the true Area of either of the Frigid Zones Prob. 36. A Place being given on the Globe to find those which have the same Hour of the Day with that in the given Place as also that have the contrary Hours i. e. Midnight in the one when it 's Mid-day in the other Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian and observe what Places are then exactly under that Semi-Circle of the said Meridian for the People in them have the same Hour with that they have in the given Place The Globe continuing in that Position set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon and turn the Globe till the Index point at Midnight and observe that Places are then in that Semi-Circle of the Meridian for the Inhabitants of those Places do reckon their Hours contrary to these in the given Place Prob. 37. The Hour of the Day being given in any place to find those places of the Earth where it 's either Noon or Midnight or any other particular Hour at the same time Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian and set the Index of the Horary Circle at the Hour of the Day in that place Then turn about the Globe till the Index point at the upper Figure of XII and observe what Places are exactly under the upper Semi-Circle of the brazen Meridian for in them its Mid-day at the time given Which done turn the Globe about till the Index point at the lower Figure of XII and what Places are then in the lower Semi-Circle of the Meridian in them its Midnight at the given Time After the same manner we may find those Places that have any other particular Hour at the Time given by moving the Globe till the Index point at the Hour desir'd and observing the Places that are then under the brazen Meridian Prob. 38. The Day and Hour being given to find by the Globe that particular Place of the Earth to which the Sun is vertical at that very time The Sun's Place in the Ecliptick being found and brought to the brazen Meridian make a Mark above the same with Chalk then find those Places of the Earth in whose Meridian the Sun is at that instant and bring them to the brazen Meridian Which done observe narrowly that individual Part of the Earth which falls exactly under the aforesaid Mark in the brazen Meridian for that is the particular Place to which the Sun is vertical at that very time Prob. 39. The Day and Hour of the Day being given to find those Places on the Globe in which the. Sun then riseth 2dly Those in which he then setteth 3dly Those to whom its Mid-day And Lastly Those Places that are actually enlightned and those that are not Find that Place of the Globe to which the Sun is vertical at the given Time and bringing the same to the brazen Meridian elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the said Place The Globe being fixt in that Position observe what Places are in the Western Semi-Circle of the Horizon for in them the Sun riseth at that time 2dly Those in the Eastern Semi-Circle for in them the Sun setteth 3dly Those that are exactly under the brazen Meridian for in them it 's Mid day And Lastly All those upon the úpper Hemisphere of the Globe for they are actually enlightned and those upon the lower are then in darkness or deprived of the Sun at that very time Prob. 40. The Month and Day being given as also the Place of the Moon in the Zodiack and her true Latitude to find thereby the exact Hour when she shall rise and set together with her Southing or coming to the Meridian of the given Place The Moon 's Place in the Zodiack may be found ready enough at any time by an ordinary Almanack and her Latitude which is her distance from the Ecliptick by applying the Semi-Circle of Position to her Place in the Zodiack For the Solution of the Problem elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given Place and the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick at that time being found and mark'd with Chalk as also the Moon 's Place at the same time Bring the Sun's Place to the brazen Meridian and set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon and turn the Globe till the Moon 's Place successively coincide with
the Eastern and Western-side of the Horizon as also the brazen Meridian and the Index will point at those various times the particular Hour of her Rising Setting and Southing Prob. 41. The Day and Hour of either a Solar or Lunar Eclipse being known to find by the Globe all those Places in which the same will be visible Mark the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick for the given Day as also the opposite Point thereto which is the Place of the Moon at that time Then find that Place of the Globe to which the Sun is vertical at the given Hour and bring the same to the Pole or vertical Point of the wooden Horizon and fixing the Globe in that Situation observe what Places are in the upper Hemisphere for in most of them will the Sun be visible during his Eclipse As for the Lunar Eclipse you are to find the Antipodes of that place which hath the Sun vertical at the given Hour and bringing the same to the Pole of the wooden Horizon observe as formerly what Places are in the upper Hemisphere of the Globe for in such will the Moon be visible during her Eclipse except those that are very near unto or actually in the Horizon Prob. 42. A Place being given on the Globe to find the true Situation thereof from all other Places desir'd or how it beareth in respect of such Places The various Places desir'd which are supposed to be some of those that lie upon the intermediate Points of the Compass being pitch'd upon bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian and elevate the Pole according to it's Latitude and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith apply the same successively to the Places desir'd and the lower Part of the said Quadrant will intersect the wooden Horizon at those various Points of the Compass inscrib'd upon the said Circle according to the true bearing of the given Place in respect of the Places desir'd Prob. 43. A Place being given on the Globe to find all other Places that are situated from the same upon any desir'd Point of the Compass Elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given Place and bring the said Place to the brazen Meridian and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith apply the lower Part thereof to the desir'd Point of the Compass upon the wooden Horizon and observe what Places are exactly under the Edge of the said Quadrant for those are the Places that are situated from or bear off the given Place according to the desired Point of the Compass Prob. 44. Two Places being given on the Globe to find the true distance between them The two Places given must of necessity lie under either the same Meridian the same Parallel of Latitude or else differ both in Longitude and Latitude 1. If they lie under the same Meridian then bring them both to the brazen Meridian and observe the number of Degrees of Latitude comprehended between them which being reduc'd into Leagues or Miles will give the Distance requir'd 2. If they lie under the same Parallel of Latitude then bring them separately to the brazen Meridian and observe the Number of Degrees between them upon the Equator which done enter the Table page 9. with the Latitude of the given Places and seeing thereby how many Miles in that Parallel are answerable to one Degree in the Equator multiply those Miles by the aforesaid number of Degrees upon the Equator and the Product will give the Distance requir'd But Lastly if the two Places given do differ both in Longitude and Latitude then bring one of them to the vertical Point of the brazen Meridian and extending the Quadrant of Altitude to the other observe upon the said Quadrant the number of Degrees between them which being reduc'd into Leagues or Miles will give the distance requir'd This third Case of the Problem being most considerable and occurring more frequently than the other two we shall here annex another way of performing the same besides the Globe and that is by resolving a Spherical Triangle two Sides whereof viz. the Complements of the different Latitudes or the distance of the given Places from the Poles are not only given but also the Angle comprehended between them it being equal to the difference of their Longitude by which Sides and Angle given we may very easily find the third Side by the noted Rules in Trigonometry which third Side is the distance required Prob. 45. A Place being given on the Globe and its true Distance from a second place to find thereby all other Places of the Earth that are of the same distance from the given Place Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian and elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the said Place then fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith and reckon upon the said Quadrant the given Distance between the first and second Place providing the same be under 90 Degrees otherwise you must use the Semi-Circle of Position and making a Mark where the reckoning ends and moving the said Quadrant or Semi-Circle quite round upon the Surface of the Globe all Places passing under that Mark are those desir'd Prob. 46. The Latitude of two Places being given and how one of them beareth off the other to find thereby the true Distance between them For the Solution of this Problem Suppose the first Meridian to be the true Meridian of one of the given Places particularly that whose bearing is unknown Upon the upper Semi-Circle of that Meridian mark the Latitude of the said Place then elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the other place and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith extend the same to the given Point of the Compass upon the wooden Horizon and turn the Globe about till the Point mark'd in the aforesaid Meridian coincide with the said Quadrant Which done reckon upon that Quadrant the number of Degrees between that Point mark'd in the first Meridian and the vertical Point which Degrees being converted into Leagues or Miles will give the Distance requir'd Prob. 47. The Longitude of two Places being given as also the Latitude of one of them and its Bearing from the other to find thereby the true Distance between them For the Solution of this Problem suppose the first Meridian to be the true Meridian of the Place whose Latitude is unknown Reckon from that Meridian upon the Equator the number of Degrees equal to the difference of Longitude of the two Places and make a Mark where the reckoning ends and bringing the same to the brazen Meridian which represents the Meridian of the second Place reckon upon it the Degrees of the given Latitude and fixing the Globe in that Situation raise the Pole according to that Latitude and fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith extending the other extremity thereof to the given Point of the Compass upon the wooden Horizon The Globe continuing in this Position observe that
Point of the Surface where the Quadrant of Altitude intersects the first Meridian for the same representeth the second Place and that Arch of the Quadrant between the said Point and the Zenith being converted into Leagues or Miles will give the Distance requir'd Prob. 48. The Distance between two Places lying under the same Meridian being given as also their respective bearing from a third Place to find thereby that Place with its true Distance from the other two The given Distance being reckon'd any where upon the brazen Meridian and those places of the Globe exactly under the beginning and end of that Reckoning being mark'd raise the Pole according to the Latitude of one of them which for Distinctions sake we 'll term the first Place and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith extend the other extremity thereof to the given Point of the Compass upon the wooden Horizon according as the said first Place beareth off the third unknown and make a small Tract with Chalk upon the Globe where the Edge of the Quadrant passeth along Which done elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the second Place and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith extend the same as formerly to the given Point of the Compass upon the wooden Horizon and observe where the said Quadrant intersects the aforesaid Tract of Chalk made upon the Surface of the Globe for that is the third Place desir'd whose Distance from the other two may be found by the foregoing Problem These are the Chief Problems performable by the Terrestrial Globe as also the manner of their Performance But if the Reader desire more let him Consult Varenius his Geographia Generalis from whom we have borrowed several of those abovemention'd Now followeth according to our proposed Method SECT III. Containing some plain Geographical Theorems Theor. 1. THE Latitude of any Place is always equal to the Elevation of the Pole in the same Place econtrá Theor. 2. The Elevation of the Equator in any Place is always equal to the Complement of the Latitude in the same place vice versâ Theor. 3. Those Places that lie under the Equinoctial Line have nothing of Latitude it being there that the Calculation of Latitude begins Theor. 4. Those Places that lie exactly under the two Poles have the greatest Latitude it being there that the Calculation of Latitude doth end Theor. 5. Those Places that lie exactly under the first Meridian have nothing of Longitude it being there that the Calculation of Longitude begins Theor. 6. Those Places that are immediately adjacent to the Western side of the first Meridian have the greatest Longitude it being there that the Calculation of Longitude doth end Theor. 7. All Places lying upon either side of the Equator have the greater or lesser Latitude according to their respective Distance therefrom Theor. 8. All Places lying upon either side of the Equator and exactly under the same have the greater or lesser Longitude according to their respective Distance from the first Meridian Theor. 9. That particular Place of the Earth lying exactly under the Intersection of the first Meridian and Equinoctail Line hath neither Longitude nor Latitude Theor. 10. No place of the Earth is distant from another above 10800 Italian Miles allowing 60 to one Degree in the Equator Theor. 11. No Place of the Earth is distant from its proper Antipodes diametrically taken above 7200 Italian Miles still allowing 60 to one Degree in the Equator Theor. 12. The sensible Horizon of every Place doth as often change as we happen to change the Place it self Theor. 13. The apparent Semediameter of the sensible Horizon in most Places doth frequently vary according to the Refraction of the Sun beams Theor. 14. All Countries upon the Face of the whole Earth do equally enjoy the Light of the Sun in respect of Time and are equally depriv'd of the benefit thereof Theor. 15. In all Places on the Globe of the Earth save exactly under the two Poles the Days and Nights are of an equal Length viz. twelve Hours each when the Sun cometh to the Equinoctial Line Theor. 16. In all Places between the Equinoctial and the two Poles the Days and Nights are never equal to one another save only those two times of the Year when the Sun entreth the Signs of Aries and Libra Theor. 17. The nearer any Place is to the Line the lesser is the difference between the Length of the Artificial Days and Nights in the said Place and on the contrary the farther remov'd the greater Theor. 18. In all Places lying under the same Parallel of Latitude the Days and Nights are of the same extent and that at all times of the Year Theor. 19. Three or more Places being given on the Globe that lie between the Equator and either of the Poles and equidistant from one another the Extent of the longest Day in those Places doth not encrease proportionably to the distance of the Places themselves Theor. 20. Three or more Places being given on the Globe that lie between the Equator and the Poles in which the Length of the longest Day doth equally encrease the distance between the Paralles of those Places is not equal to one another Theor. 21. Three or more Places being given on the Globe whose distance from the Equator to either Pole exceeds one another in Arithmetical Proportion The Length of the longest Day in one doth not keep the same Analogy to that in the other according to the Proportion of their distance Theor. 22. In all Places of the Torrid Zone the Morning and Evening Twilight is least in the Frigid greatest and in the Temperate it 's a Medium between the two Theor. 23. To all Places lying within the Torrid Zone the Sun is duly Vertical twice a Year to those under the Tropicks once but to them in the Temperate and Frigid never Theor. 24. In all Places of the two Frigid Zones the Sun appeareth every Year without setting for a certain number of Days and disappeareth for the same space of time And the nearer unto or the farther from the Pole those places are the longer or shorter is his continued Presence in or Absence from the same Theor. 25. In all places exactly under the Arctick and Antarctick Circles the Sun at his greatest Declination appeareth every Year for one Day compleatly without setting and intirely disappeareth another but daily riseth and setteth in those Places at all other times as elsewhere Theor. 26. In all places between the Equator and the North Pole the longest Day and shortest Night is always when the Sun hath the greatest Northern Declination and the shortest Day and longest Night when he hath the greatest Southern Theor. 27. In all places between the Equator and the South Pole the longest Day and shortest Night is always when the Sun hath the greatest Southern Declination and the shortest Day and longest Night when the greatest Northern Theor. 28. In all places
Country it lying in the 9th 10th 11th and 12th Northern Climates is not very fruitful but yet where less fertile in Corn that disadvantage is recompens'd with tollerable Pasturage It s numerous Lakes are very well stor'd with various kinds of Fishes Its Mountains are generally covered over with Trees and several of them lin'd with considerable Mines of Silver Tin Brass and Iron The longest Day in the Northmost part of this Country is about two Months the Sun being so long without setting when near the Summer Solstice The shortest in the Southmost is about 6 Hours 1 â— and the Nights proportionably The Chief Commodities of this Country are Metals Ox-hides Goat-skins Buck-skins and costly Furs Pine trees Fir-trees Oales Tallow Tar Honey and such like The Chief Rarities of this Country may be reckon'd two Publick Clocks of admirable Workmanship one belonging to the Cathedral Church of Upsal the other to that of St. Laurence in Lunden especially the latter which suppos'd to be the Work of Casper Bartholinus shews not only the Day Hour and Minute but also all the remarkable Motions of the Coelestial Bodies with all Festivals both fixt and moveable and several other pleasant Curiosities To these add that famous Slimy Lake in the Southern Part of Gothland which burns such things as are put into it As also a certain Stone found in several Parts of Sueden which being of a Yellow Colour intermixt with several Streaks of white as if compos'd of Gold and Silver affords both Sulphur Vitriol Alium and Minium Some write of a Lake in Lapland which hath as many Islands in it as there are Days in the Year Archbishopricks belonging to Sueden are Two viz. those of Upsal Riga Bishopricks in this Kingdom are Eight viz. those of Wâ—steras Strergnes Wexioc Lunden Lindkaeping Scaren Abo. Wiburg Universities established here are Two viz. those of Upsal Abo. The Swedes for the most part are Men of big and strong Bodies Men whose very Constitution doth fit them to be Soldiers but generally they weaken Nature by extravagant excess in Drinking Their Gentry are much given to Hospitality very Affable and Civil to Strangers and many of them become considerable Proficients in several Arts and Sciences The Commons are generally esteem'd good Mechanicks but lookt upon by all as too much addicted to Laziness in point of improving their Country by not cutting down many unnecessary Forests and improving that Ground to better advantage The Swedes speak a Dialect of the Teutonic which is somewhat different from that us'd in Denmark and Upper Germany Persons of Quality understand and speak the High-German Language in its Native purity The Finlanders have a peculiar Gibberish of their own For a Specimen of the Swedish Tongue we shall here subjoin the Lord's Prayer in that Language intending to observe the same Method in treating of all other Languages in Europe Their Pater-Noster runs thus Fadher war som est i himlem helghat warde tiett namyn till komme titt ricke skee tin wilie sa comi himmelen sa ock pa jordenne wart dagliha brod giffosz i dagh och forlat osz wara skuld sa som ock wforlate them osz skyldighe aro Och in leedh osz ickei frestelse uthan frels oszi fra ondo Amen The Kingdom of Swedeland having suffered various turns of Fortune being frequently disturb'd by the Adjacent Nations at last got rid of them all and becoming terrible to others spread it self over a considerable Part of its Neighbours Territories At present 't is subject unto and govern'd by its own Monarch who since the last Age is not only Hereditary but by the late turn of Affairs in his Country hath also attained unto and now exerciseth such a Power over the Subject that the same is really astonishing to any considering Person who looks back unto the State of that Kingdom only a few Years ago He is stil'd King of the Swedes Goths and Vandals Grand Prince of Finland Duke of Estonia and Carelia and Lord of Ingria c. The different Orders in this Realm are Six viz. Princes of the Blood the Nobility Clergy Soldiery Merchantry and Commonalty These by their Representatives being assembled in Parliament make four different Houses viz. that of the Nobility where the Grand Marshal presides 2. That of the Clergy where the Archbishop of Upsal presides 3. That of the Burgesses where one of the Consuls of Stockholm presides And lastly That of the Knights of the Shirâ— where one of their own Number elected by themselves presides Chief Courts establisht in this Kingdom are these Five viz. 1 That commonly call'd the King's Chamber design'd for the Decision of all Cases happening between the Nobility Senators or any of the Publick Officers and here the King is at least ought to sit as President 2 The Court Martial in which all Matters relating to War are determin'd and here the Grand Marshal of the Army is President 3. The Court of Chancery in which Edicts Mandates Commissions and such like are made out in the King's Name and here the Chancellour of the Kingdom is President 4 The Court of Admiralty in which all business relating to Maritime Affairs are transacted and here the High Admiral is President Lastly The Court of Exchequer in which all Matters concerning the Publick Revenue are manag'd and here the Grand Treasurer is President The King of Sweden bears quarterly In the First and fourth Azure three Crowns Or two in Chief and one in Base for Swedeland In the second and third Barry Argent and Azure a Lyon Or Crown'd Gules for Finland Over all quatterly in the first and fourth Sable a Lyon Or crown'd arm'd and langued Gules for the Palatinate of the Rhine In the second and third Lozenges Bendwise of twenty one pieces Argent and Azure for Bavaria For the Crest a Crown Royal adorn'd with eight Flowers and clos'd by as many Demi-Circles terminating in a Mond Or. The Supporters are two Lyons Or Crown'd of the same And his Motto is in these words Dominus Protector Meus Lutheranism is the establisht Religion of this Country being universally profess'd by all Orders and Degrees of Men except in Livonia where is a considerable Number of Papists intermixt and Lapland many of whose Inhabitants are mear Heathens usually worshipping the Sun Fire Serpents and the like and that ever since the Days of the Reformation which was happily effected in this Kingdom by Gustavus the First upon his Accession to the Swedish Crown since which time their Religion hath not been disturb'd from abroad but once and since that Disturbance never distracted at home by Non-Conformity for Persons of all Ranks adhering to the Tenets of Luther give constant attendance on Divine Service and joyn in the same manner of Worship Christianity was first planted in this Kingdom by the care and diligence of Ansgarius Archbishop of Breme the Apostle General of the North. §. 2. DENMARK THis
same in the Apostolick Age. §. 3. Syria by the Turks Suristan MOdern Syria comprehends Syria properly so call'd 2 Phoenicia or Phoenice 3. Palestine or Judaea These Divisions of Syria especially the first and last being remarkable Countries somewhat of each of 'em distinctly and in their order Therefore Syria properly so call'd THIS Country known formerly by the same Name of Syria but different in Bounds is term'd by the Italians Siria by the Spaniards Syria by the French Sourie by the Germans Syrien and by the English Syria but why so call'd is much controverted among our Modern Criticks with little shew of probability for the truth of their various Opinions on either hand The Air of this Country is pure and serene the Sky being seldom overcast with Clouds and in most parts very healthful to breath in only in the Months of June July and August 't is extraordinary hot if it prove either Calm or a gentle Wind from the Desert but as a repeated Miracle of Providence these Months are generally attended with cool Westerly Breezes from the Mediterranean The opposite Place of the Globe to Syria is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean between 250 and 254 Degrees of Longitude with 33 and 38 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in part of the 5th and 6th North Climate is extraordinary fertil where duly manur'd producing most sorts of Grain and Fruits in great abundance Here are indeed several rocky and barren Mountains yet no Country in the World can boast of more pleasant large and fertil Plains than this Plains of such a fâ—t and tender Soil that the Peasants in many places do Till 'em up with Wooden Culters and that commonly by the assistance of one Horse or two Bullocks to draw the Plough But the Beauty and Excellency of this Country is mightily eclips'd by various sad and melancholy Objects that present themselves to the Eye of the Traveller viz. many Cities Towns and Villages which were formerly well-stockt with Inhabitants and compactly Built but now quite depopulated and laid in Ruins as also many Ancient Christian Churches once very splendid and magnificent Structures but now mere heaps of Rubbish and the ordinary Residence of Wild Beasts Quaeque ipse miserrima vidi The longest Day in the Northmost Part of this Country is about 14 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost is 9 Hours ¾ and the Nights proportionably Here it may not be improper to rectify a gross mistake of our Modern Geographers who treating of Syria make the River of Aleppo as they call it to fall into the Euphrates and assert it to be Navigable up to the City whereas it hath no Communication with Euphrates at all but is almost of a quite contrary Course to that in the Maps and so far from being a Navigable River that 't is little better than a mere Brook or at best but a small inconsiderable Rivulet having its rise a little way South-East from Aleppo and gliding gently along by the City loseth it self under Ground at a few Miles distance on the other side The chief Commodities of this Country especially those of Aleppo which is the second City of the Turkish Empire and one of the greatest Trade of any in the Levant being the Center of Commerce between the Mediterranean and East-Indies as also the Seat of one of the most flourishing of all our English Factories abroad are Silks Chamlets Valaneed Galnuts Cotton Mohairs Soap Galls Jewels Spices and Drugs of all sorts c. About six days Journey S. S. E. from Aleppa is the famous Pabnyr a or Tadmor now wholly in Ruins yet such Remains of many Porphyry Pillars and remarkable Inscriptions are still extant as sufficiently evince its former State and Magnificence For a particular Draught and Description of it Vid. Phil. Transact N. 217 218. 2. About onâ— hours Riding from the aforesaid Tadmor is a large Valley of Salt which is more probably thought to be that mention'd 2 Sam. 8. 13. where King David smote the Syrians than the other about four hours from Aleppo though commonly taken for such 3. On the side of a Hill nigh to Aleppo is a Cave or Grotto remarkable among the Turks for being as they say the Residence of Mortis Ali for some Days where is also the rough Impression of a Hand in the hard Rock which they believe was made by him 4. Under one of the Gates of Aleppo is a place for which the Turks have a great Veneration keeping Lamps continually burning in it because according to a receiv'd Tradition among 'em the Prophet Elisha did live there for some time 5. In the Wall of a Mosque in the Suburbs of Aleppo is a Stone of two or three Foot square which is wonderfully regarded by the more superstitious sort of Christians because in it is a natural but obscure Resemblance of a Chalice environ'd as 't were with some faint Rays of Light Such strange Apprehensions do the Romanists in these Parts entertain concerning this Stone that for the purchase of it vast Sums of Money have been proferr'd by them to the Turks but as gross Superstition in the former did hatch the Proposal so the same in the latter produc'd the refusal the Turks being inexorable when requested to sell or give that which was once so Sacred as to become the constituent Part of a Mosque 6. Belonging to the Jacobite Patriarch in Aleppo are two fair M. S. of the Gospels written on large Parchment-sheets in Syrian Characters and these either Gold or Silver with variety of curious Miniature 7. Between Aleppo and Alexandretta or Scanderoon are the goodly Ruins of several stately Christian Churches with variety of Stone-Coffins lying above ground in divers places and many Repositories for the Dead hewen out of the firm Rock 8. In the large Plain of Antioch being fifteen Leagues long and three broad is a stately Cawsey crossing almost the breadth of the Plain and passing over several Arches under which some pleasant Rivulets do gently glide all which was begun and finish'd in six Months time by the Grand Visier in the Reign of Achmet and that for a speedy Passage of the Grand Signior's Forces to suppress the frequent Revolts in the Eastern Parts of his Empire 9 Nigh to the Factory Marine at Scanderoon is a large but unfinish'd Building commonly call'd Scanderbeg's Castle being vulgarly suppos'd to have been erected by that Valiant Prince of Albania in the carreer of his Fortune against the Turks but 't is more probably thought to be of an ancienter Date having thereon the Arms of Godfrey of Bulloign Lastly In the Eastmost part of Scanderoon-Bay is a ruinous old Building known commonly by the Name of Jonah's Pillar erected as the Modern Greeks alledge in that very place where the Whale did vomit him forth It 's indeed much and not undeservedly doubted whether that Monument was erected there upon such an Occasion but 't is