the Suns heat these Zones remaine almost unhabitable and even as the word is frozen The names of all these set in the right place of each Zone you shall see in that Meridian going about America and Magellanica Of the Climates IN that great Meridian going about Europe Asia and Africa are described the Climates Now a Climate is a space of the Earth included within the space of two Parellels The use of them is to shew the difference of length and shortnesse of dayes over all the world as you may see in the midst of every Climate set the number of the houres of the longest day in the yeare under that Climate the longest day in one Climate differing halfe an houre from the longest in another so that there are four and twenty Climates consisting of forty eight Parallels ere the day come to be twenty foure hours in length which is twelve houres longer then the ordinary Aequinoctiall day is Now this is to be understood Under the Aequinoctiall line and thirteen degrees that is three Parallels on either side thereof the dayes exceed not the length of twelve houres but after in every Clime increase the length of halfe an houre so that there are numbred as is said before 48 Parellels which make twenty four Climates before the dayes become twenty foure houres long the which length they being grown to their increase is then by whole weeks and months till in the four and twentieth Clime about the Pole the day is full halfe a year long And it is thus between the Aequator and the North Pole so it is between the said Aequator and South Pole wherefore there are 2 sorts of Climes that is 24 Northerne and as many Southerne The Climates Northward are thus named the first is Dia Meroes because the middle Parallel thereof passes through the middest of the Inland Islâ—nd Meroe in the continent of Africa the second is Dia Sienes the third Dia Alexandria the fourth Dia Rhodos the fifth Dia Romes the sixth Dia Ponton the seventh Dia Boristhenes the eight Dia Ripheos the ninth Per Dianam The South Climes have the same names save only that the word Anti is thereunto added as Anti Dia Meroes the next Anti Dia Sienes and so along to the ninth Southward further then the ninth Clime on either side the Aequinoctiall they are not named but yet the Climes run on both wayes to the number of twenty four as is seen in the Meridian That there be but nine named the reason is because when these names were given no more then nine Climates were known to those of ancient times but since though the number of them be increased to twenty foure the rest are not knowne by proper names but remaine innominate In the two opposite points of this Meridian are fastned the two ends of an iron pin passing through the body of the Globe and its centre one of which ends is called the Artick or North pole of the world and the other the Antartick or South Pole and the pin it selfe is called the Axis for the Axis of the world is the Diameter about which it is turned and the extreame ends of the Axis are called the Poles To either of these Poles when need shall require there is a certaine brasse Circle or ring to be fastned which Circle is divided into twenty four equall parts according to the number of the hours day and night and it is therefore called the hour-circle and this Circle is to be applied to either of the Poles in such sort as that the section where twelve is described may precisely agree with the points of mid-day and mid-night in the superficies of the true Meridian There is also another little pinne to be fastned to the end of the Axis in the very Center of the hour circle this pin is so made as it turnes about and poynteth to every of the twenty four sections in the hour-circle according as the Globe it selfe is moved about so that you may place the point of it to what houre you please The use of this hour-circle and Index is to denote the houres of the rising and sâ—tting of the Sun and other stars which must be practised after this manner First you must set the Globe to your elevation or pole and then apply the degree of the signe in which the Sun at that time is to the Meridian and the Index to that 12 houres which is uppermost and so having thus done you must turne the Globe about till the degree wherein the Sun is come to the Easterne side of the Horizon which done the Index will poynt out the houre of his rising and if you turne it about to the West side you shall in like manner have the houre of his setting There is also belonging to the Meridian a quadrant of Altitude being made of a long thin plate of steel or brasse and fashioned crooked so that it may be applyed to the convexe superficies of the Globe And having the fourth part of the Circle in length and this Quadrant is made in such sort as that it may be fastned on the Meridian and so be applyed to the Zenith of any place whatsoever being divided from one end to the other into 90 equal parts and degrees There is besides at the foot of the Globe a Marriners compasse placed which serves to shew how to place the Globe rightly according to the four windes and quarters of the world Besides these Circles expressed in the Globe there are also some certaine other Circles in familiar use with the Practicall Astronomers which they call verticall Circles these are greater Circles drawn from the verticall poynt through the Horizon in what number you please the office of these Circles is supplyed by the helpe of a quadrant of altitude which is a thin plate of brasse divided into 90 degrees this Quadrant must be applyed to the vertex of any place when you desire to use it so that the lowest end of it noted with the number of 90 may just touch the Horizon in every place this Quadrant is made moveable that so it may be fastned to the verticall point of any place Of the figure of the heavenly Orbes and Elements THe whole world is divided into two parts viz. Elementall and Etheriall or Coelestiall parts The Elementall part is four-fold viz. Earth water aire Fire as may be seen in that round figure of the frame of the Heavens and Elements one within another the inmost and middlemost Circle containing Earth and water intermixed together the next the three Regions of the Aire and immediately above that Orbe is the Element of Fire all which you may easily discerne by their severall names in their proper places The Etheriall or Celestiall parts doe compasse the Elementall part and contain the ten upper Spheares viz. 1 The Moon 2 Mercury 3 Venus 4 Sol 5 Mars 6 Jupiter 7 Saturne 8 the starry Firmament 9 the Christaline Heaven having no stars at all the
Africa and in America through Guiana The use of it is to shew the latitude of any Countrey City Promontory or the like Now the latitude is the distance of a place toward the South or North from the Aequinoctiall line or middle of the world and is reckoned and measured upon the Meridian toward either Pole Those therefore have Northerne latitude that inhabit between the Aequinoctiall and the North Pole as they have Southerne latitude that are between the same Equator and the South Pole Those black lines thwaâ—ting the black Meridian from East to West are parallels and are also called Aequidistants being distant one from another 10 degrees toward both Poles and are here set downe for the easie counting the latitude of any place from the Aequinoctiall as for the latitude of London count so many decimall Parallels till you come to the Parellel which is nearest London you shall finde them to be five then follow that line to the Meridian and see the figures set thereat they are 50. moreover add to that number of 50. so much as London is situate above that paralel the space is one degree and an halfe thus you shall finde the latitude of London that is the distance thereof from the Aequator toward the North Pole to be 51 degrees and a halfe and in like manner must the latitude of all other places be sought Thus much of Longitude and Latitude by which two the whole earth is reckoned The Meridian and Aequinoctiall as also the Zodiack are filled throughout with degrees the number 360 and every degree consists of 60 minutes and containes according to our ordinary account 20 leagues or 60 miles The great circle that is drawn bending bias in one planispheare up to the Tropick of Cancer in the other downe to the Tropick of Capricorne is the Zodiack it is replenished with degree and beares on it the Characters of the twelve signes The uses of it are to shew over what Countreyes and people the body and beames of the Sun come perpendicular at some times or other in the year and it shewes to all where the days increase and decrease the longest and shortest days of the year for the Sun which causeth the same being alwayes in this circle and therein moving about one degree a day all the while he is coming up from the Tropicke of Capricorne to that of Cancer the dayes increase in the Northerne Climates but contrariwise in his course back from Cancer to Capricorne they shorten to us and lengthen to those in the Southerne Climates and this Circle shews the foure quarters of the yeare Spring Summer Autumne Winter The Tropick of Cancer so called or the Caelestiall signe Cancer is a circle whose distance from the Aequinoctiall toward the North is 23 degrees and a halfe When the Sun is come so far Northward as to touch this Circle then is our longest day in the year It passes through the Southermost parts of Barbary and Aegypt Arabia India China Nova Hispania and the Island Cuba The Tropick of Capricorne likewise so named of the signe Capricorne in the starry Heaven is a circle of like distance at the other Tropick from the Aequinoctiall Southward that is 23 degrees and a halfe When the Sun is gone downe to the Circle Southward it is our shortest day in the whole year This Tropick passes through Monomopata Saint Laurence Island Peru and the South coasts of Brasile The Artick or North polar Circle is distant from the North Pole 23 degrees and a halfe so much as the Tropick of Cancer from the Aequinoctiall but the distance between that Tropick and it is 43 degrees You may see it passe through Island Norway Boddia Moscovy Tartary crosse Davis Straits and Greenland The Antartike or South polar Circle is distant from the South Pole 23. degrees and a halfe so far as the Tropick of Capricorne is from the Equinoctiall The Circle passes through Magellanica or Terra australis Incognita onely Now these four lesser circles viz. the two Tropicks and Polar circles doe fitly part the Earth into five Zones The Zones A Zone is a space of Earth contained between two of the smaller circles or within the compasse of either Polar Circle the name signifies as much as a girdle by reason that each Zone compasseth about the Earth in manner of a girdle Of these there be two kinds one temperate the other untemperate There be two temperate Zones the one North the other South The North temperate Zone is that space of earth contained between the Tropick of Cancer and the North Polar Circle The South temperate Zone is that space of earth stretched along between the Tropick of Capricorne and the South Polar Circle They are called temperate Zones for that the aire thereof hath a far better and more moderate temperature and meeter for man to inhabit then the untemperate Zones The breadth of them is forty three degrees a piece which degrees make either temperate Zone to be 2580 English miles broad a piece The untemperate Zones are twofold one exceeding in the extremity of heat the other as much in cold they have been thought in former times altogether unhabitable but latter experience hath found them more fit for habitation The Torrid or burnt Zone which is the hot untemperate Zone is that space of Heaven which you see contained between the Tropick of Cancer and that of Capricorne It hath the name of Torrid because the Sun continually passes thereover and casting down direct rayes affects it with a marvellous heat thereby making it not so inconvenient for the Inhabitants as the temperate Zones are The breadth of this Zone is comprehended between the two Tropicks and containes 47 degrees that is of English miles 2820. The frozen Zones are spaces of Earth inclosed within either of the Polar Circles of these there are two one North the other South The North frozen Zone is that space of Earth contained within the compasse of the North Polar Circle The breadth thereof reckoned twenty three degrees and a halfe viz. from the Pole it selfe to the Polar Circle which of English miles is 1410. The South frozen Zone is that space of Earth compassed all about with the South Polar Circle It hath the like breadth from the South Pole as the other frozen Zone hath from the North Pole and likewise the number of miles is the same They are called frozen Zones because they for the most part exceed in cold and that is caused in regard that the Sunne for a good part of the year is under the Horizon and sees them not and when he is come up into their sight his appearance which for a pretty long season together rather comforts them then any vertuall heat proceeding from him for there the Aire is stuft with thick foggy vapours and his beames at highest fall but very obliquely on them so that what through his want and unability to dispel the cold and the colds force to resist and beare back
10. is the Primum mobile or first mover containing all the rest within it and moving from the East to the West carrieth about with it in violence all the other Spheares The rest of the Spheares have contrary motions every one in his kinde though far slower then the other and their motions are contrary from the West to the East and so are carried about oftentimes by the first mover before they make one perfect revolution in themselves The Christaline or ninth Sphear his motion is almost immensible and is called the trembling Motion and is performed according to the opinion of later Astronomers in 49000 years The eight Sphear being the Starry Firmament performeth his motion in 7000 years The rest of the Sphears are the seven Planets each Sphear containeth in it but one Star whereof the uppermost and slowest is Saturne which perfecteth his course in thirty yeares Jupiter being next under that makes his revolution in twelve years Mars beneath him finisheth his course in two years Sol passeth through the Zodiack in 365 dayes and six houres which is one whole year Venus ends her course in somewhat more then a year Mercury holds equall pace with the Sun Luna courseth about the Heaven once every eight and twenty dayes A Star of the first bignes is 107 times bigger then the earth A Star of the second bignes is 90 times the Globe of the earth A Star of the third bignes is 72 times the Globe of the earth A Star of the fourth bignes is 54 times the Globe of the earth A Star of the fifth bignes is 36 times the Globe of the earth A Star of the sixth bignesse is 18 times the Globe of the earth Of the use of the Globes THe first whereof is concerning the position of the Globe and the other Climates Now touching the position of the Globe you are first of all to take care that it be placed perpendicularly to the true Horizon Secondly That the distinction of the winds answer directly to the windes of the reall Horizon that so the East on your materiall Globe may look directly towards the true East of the world for which purpose especially there is usually placed a Nauticall compasse in the bottom of the frame When you have thus placed your Globe so that it may be turned any way at pleasure yet so that the base or foot be not moved out of its place The next thing that is to be inquired after is the latitude of the place wherein you live which according as it is greater or lesse you must elevate the Pole of your Globe above the Horizon proportionably As for example if the latitude be 50 51 or 52. grad or more or lesse Northward then must you elevate the Artick Pole just so many degrees above the Horizon and so likewise if the latitude be Southerne you must doe the like by the Antartick or South Pole But under the Aequator where there is no latitude at all both the Poles must be placed in the very Horizon at opposite points Now if you desire to know the longitude of any place expressed in the Globe you must apply the same place to the Meridian and observing at what place the Meridian cutteth the Aequator reckon the degree of the Aequator from the Meridian of St. Michaels Island to that place for so many are the degrees of longitude of the place you look for In the same manner you may measure the difference of longitude betwixt any other two places that are described in the Globes Now if you desire to finde the latitude of any place expressed in the Globe you must apply the same to the Meridian and reckon the number of the degrees that it is distant from the Aequator for so much is the latitude of that place To finde the distance of two places set your Globe in such sort as that the Zenith of one of the plates be 90 degrees distant every way from the Horizon and then fasten the Quadrant of altitude to the verticall point and so move it up and downe untill it passe through the vertix of the other place the number of the degrees intercepted in the Quadrant betwixt the two places being resolved into furlongs miles or leagues as you please will shew you the true distance of the places assigned and the other end of the Quadrant that toucheth upon the Horizon will shew on what winde or quarter of the world the one place is in respect of the other or what angle or position it hath for the angle or position is that which is comprehended betwixt the Meridian of any place and a great Circle passing through the Zeniths of any two places assigned and the quantity of it is to be numbred in the Horizon As for example The longitude of London is 26 degrees and it hath in Northerne latitude 51 degrees and a halfe Now it is demanded what distance and angle of position it beareth to Saint Michaels Island which is one of the Azores we must proceed thus to finde it first let the North Pole be Elevated 51 degrees which is the latitude of London then fastning the Quadrant of altitude to the Zenith of it that is to say 51 degrees and an halfe Northward from the Aequator we must turne it about till it passe through Saint Michaels Island and we shall finde the distance intercepted betwixt these 2 places to be 11 degrees 40. m. or thereabouts which is 280 of our leagues and if we observe in what part of the Horizon the end of the Quadrant resteth we shall finde the angle of position to fall neer upon 50 gr betwixt South-west and by west and this is the Scituation of this Island in respect of London The distance of places differing only in latitude may be found out after this manner First you must substract the lesser latitude from the greater resolving a degree into minutes if the substraction cannot be done otherwise convenienty then multiply the degrees by 15 and divide the minutes by 4. and the sum produced will be the distance of those two places in common Germane miles one whereof containeth four of our English miles To finde delineation of the Sun for any day given HAving first learned the day of the Month you must look for the same in the Callender described on the Horizon of your Globe over against which in the same Horizon you shall finde the signe of the Zodiack and the degree of the same that the Sun is in at that time but if it be leap year then for the next day after the 28th of February you must take that degree of the signe which is ascribed to the day following As for example if you desire to know what degree of the Zodiack the Sun is in the 29th of Febru you must take that degree which is assigned for the first of March and for the first of March take the degree of the second and so forward Now when you have found the
place of the Sun apply the same to the Meridian and reckon thereon how many degrees the Sun is distant from the Aequator for so many will the degrees be of the Suns declination for the day assigned for the declination of the Sun or of any other Star is nothing else but the distance of the same from the Aequator reckoned on the Meridian You also finde out the Suns greatest declination by his greatest and least altitude both in Summer and Winter by substracting the least out of the greatest for then halfe that which remaineth will be the declination you seek for Now to know the longitude of the Sun for any time that is to say in what degree of the Zodiack he is you must doe thus seek in the limbe of the Horizon for the day of the month for which you would know the longitude of the Sun which found you shall see over against it among the signes of the Zodiack described also upon the Horizon the degree of the signe that exactly answereth to it and which is the place of the Sun for that day and month but if it be leape year you must remember after the 28th of February to adde one day more still as you goe as if you would looke for the place of the Sun on the 13th of March you must take that degree which is set for the 14 of March which is the 3 gr of Libra To finde the latitude of any place HAving found the place of the Sun in the Eccliptick apply the same to the Meridian and so move the Meridian up and down through the notches it stands in untill the place of the Sun be elevated so many degrees above the Horizon as the Suns altitude is and the Globe standing in this position the elevation of either of the Poles will shew the Latitude of the place wherein you are The like effect may be wrought by observing the Meridian altitude of any other Star expressed in the Globe for if you set your Globe so as that the Star you mean to observe be so much elevated above the Horizon as the Meridian altitude of it is observed to be the elevation of the Pole above the Horizon will shew the latitude of the place To finde the latitude of any place by knowing the place of the Sun or other Star and observing the altitude of it two severall times with the space of time betwixt the two observations FIrst having taken with your compasses the complement of the altitude of your first observation now the complement of the altitude is nothing else but the difference of degrees by which the altitude is found to be lesse then 90 degrees you must set one of the feet of your compasses in that degree of the Eccliptick that the Sun is in at that time and with the other discribe a Circle upon the superficies of the Globe tending somewhat toward the west if the observation be taken before noon but toward the East if it be made in the afternoon then having made your second Observation and observed the space of time betwixt it and the former apply the place of the Sun to the Meridian turning the Globe toward the East untill that so many degrees of the Aequator have passed by the Meridian as answer to the space of time that passed betwixt your observations allowing for every hour 15 degrees in the Aequator and marking the place in the parallel of the Suns declination that the Meridian crosseth after this turning about of the Globe and then setting the foot of your compasses in the very interfection describe an arch of a Circle with the other foot of the compasse extended to the complement of the Second observation which arch must cut the former Circle and the common interfection of these two Circles which shew the verticall poynt of the place wherein you are so that having reckoned the distance of it from the Aequator you shall presently have the latitude of the same The same may be effected if you take any Star and worke by it after the same manner or if you discribe two Circles mutually crossing each other to the complements of any two Stars Seeing the Zenith or vertix of every place is distant a quarter of a Circle that is 90 degrees from the Horizon if then the Sun being in either of the Aequinoctiall poynts the Meridian altitude be substracted from 90 degrees the remainder will be the distance betwixt the Zenith of the place and the Aequinoctiall Circle which will be the latitude of the same place To finde the houre of the day Rising and setting of the Sunne WOrk thus First set your Globe to the latitude of your place then having found out the place of the Sun for the time assigned apply the same to the Meridian and withall you must set the poynt of the houre Index at the figure 12 in the houre Circle and having thus done you must turne about the Globe toward the East part till the place of the Sun touch the Horizon which done you shall have the amplitude of the Suns rising also in the Aequator which you must reckon as we have said from the East-point or place of interfection betwixt the Aequator and the Horizon and then if you but turne the Globe about to the West side of the Horizon you shall in like manner have the houre of his setting and Occidentâ—ll amplitude To find out the Longitude Latitude and declination of any fixed Star as it is expressed in the Globe Take the Quadrant of altitude or any other Quadrant of a Circle that is but exactly divided into 90 parts and by one end of it on either Pole of the Eccliptick either Northerne or Southerne as the latitude of the Star shall require then let it passe through the Centre of the Star to the very Eccliptick and there the other end will shew the degree of the Longitude of the same which you must reckon from the beginning of Aries and so that portion of the Quadrant that is contained betwixt the Star it selfe and the Eccliptick will also shew the Latitude of the Star The declination of a Star is the distance of it from the Aequator which distance must be reckoned one greater circle passing through the Poles of the Aequator and therefore if you but apply one Star to the Meridian you shall presently have the declination of it if you account the degrees and minutes of the Meridian if they be any that are contained betwixt the Center of the Star and the Aequator Of the Constellations ef the Northerne Hemisphears THe first is Vrsa minor the lesser beare in this constellation are reckoned seven Stars The second is Vrsa major the great beare in this constellation are reckoned twenty seven Stars somk say but twenty foure both the beares are called a Wagon or Chariot but this name doth properly appertaine to those seven bright stars in the great beare which do something resemble the forme of a