Rising Acronyce We have also an Example of the Setting of a Star Acronyce from the same Ovid in his second Book of his Fasts Illa nocte aliquis tollens ad sidera vultus Dicet ubi est hodie quae Lyra fulsit heri Last Night when I surveyed the Sky saw the Harp 't is gone away This Night This time is the second day of Feâ—…uary at which time the Constellation â—…lled the Harp sets Acronyce with the â—…u We have likewise an Example of the Rising of a Star Heliace from the first Book of the Georgicks Gnosiaque ardentis decedat stella Coronae When Ariadnes Crown full bright Before the Sun comes in our sight 'T is evidenâ—… that Virgil speaks here of the Rising of this Constellation Heliace called Aridnes Crown when the Sun is in the beginning of Scorpio For seing this Constellation rises at Rome where Virgil lived with the 27 Degree of Virgo it is needful to conceive this Crown to be seen in the Morning the Sun being yet under the Horizon Note That there is a Figure called Hypallage in the word Decedat for the Crown doth not recede from the Sun but the Sun from it And lastly We have an Example of the Setting of a Star Heliace from the same place of Virgil. Taurus adverso cedens Canis occidit Astro. And when the Dog shall disappear By Phebus Beams him coming near The Poet is here speaking of the Suns ingress into Taurus which fell out in Virgils time on the 1â—… of April But seing the Dog-star sets at Rome with the 22 Degree of Taurus therefore the Sun setting in the Evening the Dog-star setteth Heliace or disappears out of our sight by reason of the Suns Rays which now are nearer him Observe That what Stars do arise Cosmice which is also called Ortus Matutinus they set Acronyce which is called Occasus Vespertinus and what Stars do arise Acronyce which is called Ortus Vespertinus they set Cosmice which is called Occasus Matutinus according to the following Rhyme Cosmice descendit signum quod Chronice surgit Chronice descendit signum quod Cosmice surgit Aliter Mane vehit supra terram tibi Cosmicus ortus Sidera sed Phoebi lumine tecta latent Mane dat Heliacus quaedam subvecta videre Astra sed Achronycus nocte videnda trahit Note secondly That the word Cosmicus comes from Kosmos the World. That the word Chronicus comes from the Greek word Chronos Time. But Acronycus comes from Acra Nux which is the first part of the Night or the Evening Twilight That Heliacus comes from Helios the Sun. Lastly That Chronice and Acronyce have the same signification CHAP. XII Concerning the Natural and Artificial Days NOw follows another Phenomenon of the Primum Mobile to wit the Doctrine of Days Natural and Artificial Days are twofold Astronomical and Civil Astronomical Days are such as are measured by the Revolutions of the Equinoctial and determined by a certain quantity Days Civil are such as every Nation according to their own Custom make use of The Astronomical Day is either Natural or Artificial The Natural Astronomical Day is a space of time wherein the Sun by the Motion of the Primum Mobile being carried about from whatsoever immovable point of the Heavens returns to that same point again These Astronomical Days have their beginning in the Meridian as was insinuate before The Artificial Astronomical Day is a Space of Time wherein the Center of the Sun remains above the Horizon And the Artificial Night is as much Time as the Center of the Sun remains under the Horizon The Doctrine of the Artificial Days and Nights is contained in the following Theorems 1. The Artificial Days and Nights with the Amphiscii Heteroscii and partly with the Periscii are parts of the Natural Day but with the Periscii in those parts of the Earth wherein the Sun by the going about of the Primum Mobile perfects some Circumgyrations either above the Horizon without setting or under the Horizon without rising one Artificial Day or one Artificial Night doth excresce into many Natural Days so that indeed under the Poles the Artificial Day contains half a Year and the Artificial Night as much and so to speak properly the whole Year consists but of one Day men looking to the Analogy of the Natural Day 2. Under a Right Sphere the Artificial Day is equal to the Night for the Horizon in this Position of the Sphere cuts the Circuli Dierum the Day-Circles into two equal parts The Day-Circles are called those Parallels of the Equator which the Sun doth dayly describe by the Motion of the Primum Mobile 3. In an Oblique Sphere there are only twice a Year two Equinoxes when the Sun is in the beginning of Aries and Libra The Reason of this appears from the mutual Section of the Horizon with the Circuli Dierum or Day-Circles which is indeed unequal except when the Sun is in the Equinoctial 4. In an Oblique Sphere which hath the vicissitude of the Artificial and Natural Day by one Revolution of the Equator the Sun being in the. Tropick of Cancer we are now speaking of this uppermost part of the Sphere we have the longest Day in all the Year and the shortest Night but the Sun being in the Winter Solstice the Day is shortest and the Night longest 5. In the same Position of the Sphere thorow the whole half of the Ecliptick descending the Sun maketh the following Days shorter than the Days going before but the Nights longer But in the half of the Ecliptick ascending the Sun maketh the Days following longer than the Days going before but the Nights shorter 6. When the Sun is existing in places of the Ecliptick equally distant from the same Solstitial Point Days are equal to Days and Nights to Nights 7. When the Sun is existing in places of the Ecliptick equally distant from the same Equinoctial Point the Day of one Place is equal to the Night of another 8. In an Oblique Position of the Sphere the greater the Elevation of the Pole is the greater are the increments of the longest Day and shortest Night until coming under the Polars the longest Day contains twenty and four Hours 9. In an Oblique Sphere of such as dwell between the Polar and next Pole the longest Day excresceth into many Natural Days as also the longest Night But there are certain intermediat Horary Circles a part of which is above the Horizon and a part under in which when the Sun is existing the Artificial Days as also the Nights are parts of the Natural Day 10. In a Parallel Sphere such as they have who live under the Poles the whole Year is divided into one Artificial Day and one Artificial Night The length of every Artificial Day is known by the Diurnal and Nocturnal Arch. First find the Oblique Ascension or Point of the Equinoctial which riseth with the Sun and Oblique Descension or Point of the Equinoctial
and Nations This Political Year is manifold for it is either Iulian which contains 365 days hours 6 which six Hours if they were reckoned every Year would make confusion therefore the Masters of Astronomy have appointed they should be omitted till the fourth Year and then four times six make 24 which make up a full and compleat Day which being inter caled that is interlaced or put between as in Leap Year there is a Day put between the 28 of February and the first of March the Year is called Annus Intercalaris or Bissextile Year It is to be adverted that the cause of correcting the Iulian Calendar by Pope Gregory the 13 in the year 1582 was the unjust quantity of it For by this it came to pass that after some Ages the four Cardinal Points did anticipate and prevent their Seats and so at length the four Seasons of the Year might be interchanged From this it is evident this Day that according to these times the Equinoctial and the Ingress of the Sun into the 12 Signs have anticipated almost 13 Degrees That is the entering of the Sun into Aries Taurus c. falleth out sooner by 13 Degrees than to the Romans which comes to pass because more than what is just is given to the space of the Year For there were given to the Year by the correction of Iulius Cesar 365 days and six hours for which hours every fourth year one day is added and so the common Iulian year contains 365 days but the Bissextile 366. But seing the Solar year in which the Sun runs thorow the whole Ecliptick is less than this space by almost eleven Minuts of Time every Year it comes to pass that in 50 year and a half one hour remains and in the space of 130 years a whole day remains I said the Political Year was manifold either Iulian of which hitherto or Egyptian or Iudaical The Egyptian year contains always 365 days This Year was esteemed most useful by the antient Astronomers for the Art of reckoning the Celestial Motions The Iudaical Year is accommodated and fitted to the Motion of the Moon and contains for the greatest part twelve and sometimes thirteen Lunations This Year did the Astronomers use before the reformation of the Calendar instituted by Iulius Cesar by the help of one Sosigenes a famous and learned Mathematician The beginning of these Years is divers also For the antient Romans began their Year from March the later Romans from the midst of Winter called Bruma The Iews by Divine Institution began their Year from the New Moon which was next after to the Vernal Equinox That we this day begin our Year from the first of Ianuary it is for this because we following the custom of the late Romans beginning their Year from the midst of Winter which was nearest to the first of Ianuary by little and little the Winter Solstice did prevent and anticipat its Seat and Place The Egyptian year hath not a sure beginning by reason that six hours are omitted Hence is it that every fourth Year it anticipats one Day and therefore within 365 Years four times numbered or 1460 Iulian Years the beginning of the Egyptian Year wanders over all the Days of the Iulian Year CHAP. XIV Concerning the divers Phenomena which are to be seen in the various Positions of the Sphere THe last part of this little Tractat shall be in examining the Phenomena which are proper to the various Situations and Positions of the Sphere The Sphere may have seven different Positions 1. When both the Poles of the World do rest in the Horizon which is called a Right Sphere The second Position is Oblique when our Vertical Point is terminated between the Equinoctial and either of the Tropicks The third Position is when our Zenith is under either of the Tropicks The fourth is when our Zenith is between either of the Tropicks and the neighbouring Polar The fifth is when our Zenith is in the very Polar itself The sixth is when our Zenith is between either of the Polars and the neighbouring Pole of the World. And lastly when the Poles of the World do fall in with the Poles of the Horizon which is called a Parallel Sphere CHAP. XV. Concerning the Phenomena of the first Position 1. EVery Star in the Heavens riseth and setteth neither is there one of them without this property and therefore in this Position there is neither Polar Artick nor Antartick according to the Antients 2. There is here a perpetual Equinox 3. The Sun every Year passing twice over their Heads is to them twice Vertical to wit when he is in the Equinoctial Points 4. As much as the Sun declines from their Vertical Point towards the North as much also doth he decline from their Vertical Point towards the South 5. They have four Solstices two when the Sun is highest in their Vertical Point and two when he is lowest in Cancer and Capricorn 6. They have two Summers and two Winters but only Analogically for even in Winter their Bodies are scorched with heat 7. There are here in this Position five different Shadows the Meridional or South Shadow the North Shadow a Shadow from the East a Shadow from the West and a perpendicular Shadow which falls out only when the Sun is in the Equinoctial Points 8. The end or extremity of their Gnomons upon their Horizontal Dialls which are our Polar Dialls describe the whole Year the Figure called Hyperbole except when the Sun is in the beginning of Aries and Libra where he describes a straight and right Line CHAP. XVI Of the Phenomena of the second Position 1. SOme Northern Stars tarrying always above our Horizon have Eternal Days and contrariwise there are some about the South Pole which never come above the Horizon but have Eternal Nights 2. The Artick and Antartick Circles according to the Antients are not as yet equal to our Polars 3. The Artificial Day is not equal to its own Night two Days only excepted when the Sun is in the Equinoctial Points at which time there is thorow the whole World an Equinox 4. The longest Day there doth not exceed thirteen Hours and a half 5. The Sun is to them twice Vertical every Year to wit when he comes to those Degrees of the Ecliptick whose Declination is equal to the Latitude of the Place for he describes then a Parallel thorow the Zenith 6. The Sun in the Meridian goeth further towards the South than towards the North. Note That we are now speaking and in the following Discourse of those seven Positions which are in the Northern Sphere 7. There are here four Solstices two high and two low The two highest fall out when the Sun is in that Parallel which passeth thorow the Zenith The two lowest are when the Sun is in the Tropicks Yet that which falls out in the Tropick of Capricorn is lower than that which falls out in the Tropick of Cancer 8. They have two Summers
and two Winters but unequal as appears from the various Situation of the Parallels 9. The longest Day is not when the Sun is in the highest Solstices but in the Tropick of Cancer 10. There are five different Shadows as we observed in the first Position 11. The end or extremity of the Gnomon by its Shadow when the Sun is out of the Equinoctial describes as in the first Position the Figure called Hyperbole but the opposite sides are not equal as there but unequal 12. In any part of this Position where the Elevation of the Pole is less than the Declination of the Sun the Shadow of a Style perpendicularly erected upon a Plain may have a natural visible Retrocession In the matter of Ahaz his Dial the Retrogradation of the Shadow was miraculous because it was done without and not within the Tropicks neither is it possible in nature it can happen but where the Elevation of the Pole is less than the Suns Declination which is only within the Tropicks But the foresaid Dial was placed far without to wit under the Latitude of 35 Degrees CHAP. XVII Of the Phenomena of the third Position 1. ALL the Stars which are comprehended within the North Polar remain always above the Horizon neither do they ever set unless it be by a general setting Heliace and contrariwise all the Stars which are comprehended within the South Polar have a perpetual Night therefore the Polars according to the Antients are now equal to our Polars 2. The longest Artificial Day is when the Sun passeth over our Zenith the shortest when the Sun is farthest in the Meridian removed from it 3. Once a Year only is the Sun Vertical to wit when he is in the beginning of Cancer 4. The Sun in the Meridian never descendeth from the Zenith towards the North but returning from the Tropick of Cancer he is alway in the South 5. There are here but two Solstices one high another low The highest when the Sun is in the Tropick of Cancer the lowest when the Sun is in the Tropick of Capricorn 6. The Day is longest when the Sun is in the Tropick of Cancer it is shortest when the Sun is in the Tropick of Capricorn 7. There is one Summer when the Sun is in the Zenith and one Winter when he is in the Winter Solstice 8. They have four different Shadows one Perpendicular one Oriental one Occidental and one Meridional Here begin the Heteroscii for the Meridional Shadows begin there to decay that is the Shadows projected towards the South 9. The extremity or end of their Gnomon upon their Dials describe also the Figure called Hyperbole the sides opposite being unequal CHAP. XVIII Of the Phenomena of the fourth Position AS the Artick and Antartick of the Antients are greater than our Polars so there are more Stars in this Position of the Sphere seen perpetually and more perpetually lurking under the Horizon than in the last Position 2. The unequality of Days and Nights are also augmented The Artificial Day is at the longest when the Sun comes nearest to our Zenith and at the shortest when he is furthest removed from it and as the shortest Artificial Day cannot be less than 13 Hours and a half so the longest Day cannot be 24 Hours This least Artificial Day is truly the longest Day our Vertical Point coming nearest to the Tropick It is called the least Artificial Day because it is the shortest of all the longest Days which can arise from the variation of the Vertical Point between the Tropick and the Polar and therefore itis not called Minima the least in respect of the rest of the days of the same Elevation of the Pole but in respect of the rest of the longest Days which may be found between the Tropick and Polar The longest Day in this fourth Position of the Sphere the Zenith coming nearest to our Tropick cannot be less than 13 Hours and a half as the longest Day cannot contain 24 Hours For this comes to pass when the Zenith is in the Polar therefore we must read as the shortest Artificial longest Day cannot be less than 13 Hours and a half c. 3. The Sun can never come to their Zenith neither can he ever touch lightly stringere their Horizon when he is in the Meridian 4. There are two Solstices one when the Sun is in Cancer and highest another lowest when he is in the Tropick of Capricorn 5. There is one Summer and one Winter 6. There are only three different Shadows one Oriental the second Occidental and the third Northern 7. The extremity or end of their Gnomons fixed upon the Ground perpendicularly describe as yet Hyperboles CHAP. XIX Of the Phenomena of the fifth Position ALL the Stars whose distance from the Equinoctial is greater than the Obliquity of the Ecliptick either do not set under the Horizon if they be Northern Stars and do not rise above the Horizon if they be Southern Stars Therefore the Artick and Antartick of the Antients are equal to the Tropicks 2. The longest Day contains 24 Hours and then there is no Night and contrariwise the longest Night consists of twenty and four Hours and the Artificial shortest Day is nothing 3. The Sun every year toucheth lightly the border of the Horizon twice without rising and setting namely when he is in the Tropicks 4. The Sun at twelve a Clock in the Day is alway South nevertheless when he is in the Tropick of Cancer the half of his Body may be seen in the North at 12 a Clock at Night 5. There are here two Solstices one high in Cancer the other low in Capricorn But according to the similitude of Solstices which are in other Zones we may say there are three Solstices there one high in Cancer when the Sun is high in the Meridian to wit 47 Degrees above the Horizon which is the distance of the Tropicks there are two lower of which one is in the same Tropick of Cancer towards the North when he toucheth lightly the border of the Horizon the other in the Tropick of Capricorn where he also lightly toucheth the border of the Horizon 6. There is one Summer and one Winter 7. There are four different Shadows one Eastern one Western one Northern and one Southern tho this happens but once a Year the Sun shineing with the half only of his Rays which makes the light more obscure and dark than when he shines with his full Rays Here begin the Heteroscii 8. The extremity or ends of the Gnomons describe the Figure called Parabola upon the Horizontal Dials but an Hyperbole so soon as the Sun is gone from the Equinoctial whereas on all other Plains he describes always straight and right Lines CHAP. XX. Of the Phenomena of the sixth Position THere are very few Stars which can rise or set to wit those only whose Declination is less than the distance of the Tropicks because the Artick and Antartick Circles comprehending within them the Stars which
Two-bodied The Cardinal Signs are Aries Cancer Libra Capricornus so called because their beginnings are the very Cardinal Points The Middle or Fixed Signs are Taurus Leo Scorpius Aquarius They are called Middle or Fixed because they keep the Middle place between the Cardinal and Common Signs They are Fixed because when the Sun is in them we have a perfect temperament of the Air agreeing to the given Quadrant of the Heavens As when the Sun is in Taurus we have a perfect Spring in Leo a perfect Summer in Scorpius a perfect Harvest and in Aquarius we have a perfect Winter They are called Common or Two bodied as Gemini Virgo Sagittarius and Pisces because each one of them hath two Bodies indeed For Gemini are two Twins Virgo hath an Ear of Corn in her Hand Sagittarius is made up of a Man and a Horse And lastly The Fishes are double They are called Common because Astrologers find that they participate of the Nature both of the Fixed Signs and the Cardinal which follow Fifthly The Signs are divided into four Triplicities which are called by Astrologers Trigons The first is called the Fiery Trigon which contains Aries Leo and Sagittarius The second is the Earthy which contains Taurus Virgo and Capricorn The third is the Aerial which contains Gemini Libra and Aquarius The fourth is the Watery which contains Cancer Scorpius and Pisces If it happen that Saturn and Iupiter be in Conjunction this year in Leo their next Conjunction will happen 20 years after or truly 19 years 315 days and 19 hours after in Sagittarius From Sagittarius to Aries from Aries to Leo and so in round till 198 years and 236 days passing they make a Transit into a new Trigon so that the Revolution of one Trigon consumes almost 200 year The uses of the Zodiack and Ecliptick are these 1. As the Equinoctial is the Measure of the Priâ—… Mobile so is the Zodiack and Ecliptick the Square and Rule of the second Movables For as the Sun is always in or under the Ecliptick so are the rest of the Planets always in or under the Zodiack Therefore as in the Celestial Globe the Zodiack hath the chief place so in the Terrestrial Globe the Equinoctial 2. Upon the Ecliptick we reckon the Longitude of Stars and from the same Ecliptick we count their Latitude The Longitude of a Star is an Arch of the Ecliptick measured between â—â—e true Equinoctial Point or beginâ—ing of Aries and the Circle of Latiâ—â—de passing thorow the Center of that â—tar Circles of Latitude are great Movable Circles passing thorow the Poles of the Ecliptick and the Center â—f the Star given They are of that â—umber of Circles which cannot be â—â—aced Artificially in the Sphere Neâ—ertheless of that same Number is the â—olurus Solstitiorum fixed in the Sphere The Latitude of a Star is an Arch of a Circle of Latitude measured between â—he Ecliptick and the Center of the â—tar 3. According to the Degrees and â—arts of the Zodiack and Ecliptick the whole Heavens and the whole Universe 〈◊〉 divided into twelve Signs nay eveâ—y Point contain'd in the Sphere of the Fixed Stars is said to be in this or that Sign tho to be in a Sign is said many ways For first To be in a Sign is nothing else but to be under any â—welfth part of the Zodiack In this â—ense the Sun is said to â—e in a Sign because he is always under the Ecliptick Then the Stars are said to be in a Sign which are indeed out of the Ecliptick nevertheless are under the Zodiack In this sense the Planets which wander from the Ecliptick are said to be in the Sign of Aries and Taurus c. Thirdly Any thing is said to be in a Sign which is included in any of the twelve parts which arise from the division of the whole Heavens passing thorow the beginnings of the Dodekatemoria or the Poles of the Ecliptick they being six great Circles which mutually cut one another in the same Poles In this sense any Star as well fixed as wandring or new appearing as a Comet are said to be in the Sign of Aries Taurus c. 4. The obliquity of the Ecliptick is the cause of the inequality of days for seing it moves unequally and not evenly the Sun which is the true Parent of Time must of necessity make the days unequal 5. The Year the Month and the four Seasons of the Year are determined by the Ecliptick 6. When the Sun and Moon are both of them in the Ecliptick of necessity there must be Eclipses and for this cause it is called the Ecliptick 7. How much is the obliquity of the Ecliptick so much is the distance between the Poles of the World and the Poles of the Ecliptick so much also is the distance between the Equinoctial and either of the Tropicks CHAP. IV. Of the Colures THe Colures are nothing else but Circles of Declination defined above in the second Chapter of the Equinoctial They are called Colures from two Greek words Kolos or Kolobos Mancus maimed or defective and Oura Cauda a Tail because in an oblique Sphere they have some part unseen as if they were maimed or wantting But all the rest of the Circles of the Sphere while it is going about may be seen but the Colures have always some of their parts towards either of the two Poles lying hid and unseen There are only two of them which use to be placed in the Sphere one whereof is called the Solstice Colure the other the Equinoctial Colure The Equinoctial Colure is one of the greatest Circles of the Sphere Movable passing thorow the Poles of the Sphere and the Equinoctial Points the first of Aries and the first of Libra which are called Cardinal By the word movable the Colures are differenced First From the Meridian Secondly From the Right Horizon And thirdly From the Horary Circles with all which by one turning about of the Sphere they are twice united But in this they differ that those do not move but these follow the motion of the Primum Mobile The Solstice Colure is one of the greatest Circles of the Sphere movable drawn thorow the Poles of the Sphere and the two Solstice Points by which difference they are distinguished from other Colures The uses of all the Colures in common are these First We reckon upon them the Declinations of all the Points of the Heavens whatsoever 2. They terminate and bound the Right Ascensions 3. They are like unto a Right Horizon and a Meridian in any Sphere whether Right Oblique or Parallel The Uses of the Colures which are set down in the Sphere are these in common 1. Without them the Parallel Circles in the Material Sphere cannot stand 2. By their mutual cutting one another they shew the Poles of the Sphere 3. They divide the Ecliptick into four Quadrants The peculiar Uses of the Equinoctial Colure are these 1. It demonstrats to us the
Equinoctial Points by its mutual Section with the Ecliptick in which Points when the Sun is existing there is an Universal Equinox over the whole Earth 2. It is divides the Ecliptick into two halfs the one called the North part the other the South part 3. It distinguishes the Signs in which when the Sun is existing the Days are longer than the Nights from those Signs in which when the Sun is existing the Nights are longer than the Days The proper Uses of the Solstice Colure are 1. It demonstrats to us the two Solstice Points in which when the Sun is existing he is either nearest to our Zenith or furthest removed from it 2. Upon this Colure we reckon the Suns greatest Declination or the greatest Obliquity of the Ecliptick which is found to be this day twenty three Degrees and thirty Minuts 3. It divides the Zodiack into two halfs the one called Ascending the other Descending 4. It distinguisheth the Signs in which when the Sun is existing the Days become longer and the Nights become shorter from those Signs in which when the Sun is existing the Nights become longer and the Days become shorter 5. In this Circle are the two Poles of the Ecliptick as many Degrees distant from the Poles of the World as the greatest obliquity of the Ecliptick contains 6. Upon this Colure the Latitudes of the Zones are determined For between the Tropicks is contained the breadth of the Torrid Zone between the Tropicks and the nearest Polar Circles are contained the two Temperate Zones and the other two remaining Arches of this Circle contain the breadth of the two Frigid or Cold Zones CHAP. V. Of the Horizon THe Horizon is one of the greatest Circles of the Sphere Immovable and equally distant from the Vertical Point It is called Immovable that it may be differenced from the rest of the Movable Circles but especially First From their Equinoctial who live under the Poles Secondly From their Ecliptick whose Zenith is placed in the Polar Circles for their Ecliptick every day is twice united with their Horizon but without delay Thirdly From their Circles of Declination or their Colures who live under the Line for there the forementioned Circles and the Horizon are twice by every Revolution of the Sphere united but the Circles of Declination follow the Motion of the Primum Mobile but the Horizon stands Immovable The Horizon is said indeed to be Immovable but not Unchangable for there are as many Horizons as there are Vertical Points and while we change our Vertical Point of necessity we change our Horizon also Two ways is the Horizon divided First In relation to the Equinoctial which is called a Right Horizon an Oblique Horizon and a Parallel Horizon The Right Horizon is so called because it cuts the Equinoctial at Right Angles It is called Oblique because it cuts the Equinoctial at Oblique Angles And it is called a Parallel Horizon when it lies Parallel to the Plain of the Equinoctial or rather when it is united with the Equinoctial And according to this Relation it hath to the Equinoctial the Sphere it self hath obtained the same Division Secondly The Horizon is either Rational or Sensible The Rational Horizon is defiâ—…ed above and is understood to divide the whole World or Sphere of the World into two equal parts the first whereof is called the uppermost Hemisphere the second the nethermost Hemisphere It is called Rational because tho we cannot see the whole World or the exact half of it yet Reason tell us by the Rising and Setting of the Sun Moon and Stars that the inferior part of the World is equal to the superior part The Sensible Horizon is nothing else but so much of the Earth as a man by turning his eye once doth behold round about him The Uses of the Horizon are these First it divides that part of the Heavens which is seen from the other which is not seen the Superior part from the Inferior part 2. Thorow the Poles of the Horizon the Meridian ought to pass therefore the Description of the Meridians depend from the Horizon 3. By the Situation of the Horizon we know whether it be a Right Sphere Oblique Sphere or a Parallel Sphere 4. In the Horizon the Rising or Setting of the Stars are observed 5. The Horizon sheweth what Degree of the Ecliptick what part also of the Equinoctial or what Degree with any given point of the Heaven riseth or setteth 6. It boundeth and terminats the Ascensional Difference 7. Upon the Horizon is numbred the Rising or Setting Amplitude of any point in the Heaven 8. It demonstrats and sheweth the Cause and Reason of the equality of Days and Nights in a Right Sphere and of the unequality of the same in an Oblique Sphere For the Horizon in a Right Sphere cutteth all the Circles of the Natural Day equally but unequally in an Oblique Sphere 9. From the Horizon we number the Morning-Twilight for when the Sun â—…s distant in some Vertical Circle 18 or 19 Degreees from the Horizon so that â—…rom that Moment he approach nearer â—…nd nearer unto it then begins the Morning-Twilight But the Evening-Twilight ends when the Sun after his Setâ—…ing comes to that 18 or 19 Degree â—…oresaid for then doth the Light turn â—…nto Darkness 10. From the Horizon we number the Elevation of the Pole â—…nd Equinoctial 11. From the Horiâ—…on are numbred various and divers â—…inds of Hours as the Italick and Iewish Nocturnal Hours from the West part of the Horizon but the Babylonish Hours â—…nd the Iewish unequal Diurnal Hours â—…rom the East part CHAP. VI. Of the Meridian THe Meridian is one of the greatest Circles in the Sphere passing thorow the Poles of the World and the Poles of the Horizon By the words thorow the Poles of the Horizon it is distinguished from the Horary Circles of which none but it self passes thorow the Poles of the Horizon It has acquired divers and sundry Names by reason of its manifold uses by Astrologers which are not fit to repeat now What was said above concerning the Colures and Circles of Declination to wit that they are in number equal to the Vertical Points the same may be said of the Meridian for as many of them may be imagined as there are Vertical Points which are infinite providing a man travel from East to West for if a man go from North to South or from South to North he travels round about the World without variation of his Meridian The Brasen Meridian in the Celestial or Terrestrial Globe supplyes the office of them all which are innumerable But in Geographical Tables and Mapps Geographers use to extend one Meridian thorow two and two opposite Degrees of the Equinoctial for finding out the more easily the Latitudes of Places Of all these Meridians there is a common beginning seâ—…led in the Fortunate or Canary Islands because the Antient Geographers deemed those Islands to be the Westmost part of the World and therefore they
which setteth with the Sun. Subtract the lesser from the greater and half the difference is the Ascensional difference which added to six Hours in the Summer half Year but subtracted therefrom in the Winter half Year gives half the Diurnal Arch whose double is the whole Diurnal Arch and the Complement of the Diurnal Arch to 24 Hours is the Nocturnal Arch. For Example The tenth day of April 1687 the Oblique Ascension of the Sun being in the first Degree of Taurus is 10 deg 21. m. the Oblique Descension is 45 deg 27 m. whose difference is 35 deg 6. m. whose half is 17 deg 33 m. the Ascensional difference which being added to 90 deg or 6 Hours is 107 deg 33 m. which make 7 hours 10 m. fere for the time of the Suns setting which is always half the Diurnal Arch. Therefore the Diurnal Arch is 14 hours 20 m. Which taken from 24 hours there remains 9 hours 40 m. for the Nocturnal Arch required Note That the Ascensional difference added to the Oblique Ascension in the Summer half Year but subtracted from it in the Winter half Year gives the right Ascension of the Sun or any of the Stars What is said of the Day in respect of the Sun may be most commodiously applyed to the Stars For the Day of a Star is rightly called the space of Time wherein it is above the Horizon and the Night of a Star the space of Time wherein it is below the Horizon Concerning the days of the fixed Stars let the following Theorems be observed 1. In a Right Sphere the Stars have a perpetual Equinox 2. But in an Oblique Sphere the fixed Stars whose North Declination is greater than the Complement of the Altitude of the Pole are said to have an Eternal Day but those Stars whose South Declination exceeds the Complement of the Altitude of the Pole are said to have an Eternal Night The intermediate Stars have the course of rising and setting 3. In a Parallel Sphere the fixed Stars are said to have Eternal Days and Eternal Nights Days Civil are called the space of Time of one Revolution of the Equinoctial which according to every Nation or Countrey is divers ways begun and made use of For as there are various and divers Nations in the World so each one hath a different way of beginning their Hours For the Iews by Divine Institution began their Day from the setting of the Sun which custom the Italians do observe The Babylonians began their Day from Sun rising whose practice the Norinbergers the People called the Umbri and the Egyptians do imitate The Arabians as the Astronomers begin their Day from the Meridian The Romans from Midnight The Germans the Frenches and Spainards begin their Day from the Meridian and Mid-night For their Clocks and Watches are so contrived that they return from one a Clock in the Night-time to twelve a Clock in the Day-time and from one a Clock in the Day-time to twelve a Clock at Night-time Their Days are divided as the Astronomical Days into one Artificial Day and likewise into Forenoon and Afternoon And because Hours are parts of the Days therefore we must speak a little of them The Hour is the twentieth and fourth part of the Natural Day or the space of Time wherein the twentieth and fourth part of the Equinoctial or 15 Degrees thereof riseth above the Horizon But this Definition is not sufficient because it doth not agree to all Hours for every twelfth part of every Day and every Night whatsoever was called by the Iews and the Antients an Hour But 15 Degrees of the Equinoctial do not always ascend above the Horizon every one of these Hours but sometimes more and sometimes fewer as will appear afterward Therefore an Hour may rather be defined thus a certain part of the Artificial Day and Night made use of by divers Nations after a divers manner that it may be known generally what the Hour is For in effect that definition agrees only to to those Hours which are called Horâ—… Aequales equal Hours The Hours then which are called unequal ought to be defined thus The twelfth part of every Artificial Day and Night therefore according to the divers Seasons of the Year the Hours are sometimes shorter and sometimes longer in Summer longer and in Winter shorter as are thâ—… Iewish Hours for they divide both the Day and the Night into twelve parts both in Summer and in Winter calling the rising of the Sun the beginning of the first Hour and consequently nine their third Hour twelve their sixth Hour three a Clock in the Afternoon their ninth Hour and the setting of the Sun the end of their twelfth Hour by which means their Hours must be far longer in Summer than in Winter The equal Hours are of three sorts for some take their beginning from the setting of the Sun as the Italian Hours Others take their beginning from the rising of the Sun as are the Babylonish Hours and the Hours of the City of Norimberg who from the rising of the Sun begin the number of the Hours of the Day the Circles of which Hours do lightly touch the greatest Parallels of all which do appear above the Horizon and of all which do not appear Lastly Others do take their beginning from the Meridian which Astronomers make use of and these Nations which either take their beginning of Hours from the superior part of the same Circle or from the inferior part CHAP. XIII Concerning Years AS Hours make up Days so Days make up Years therefore we must speak somewhat of Years The Year then is twofold Astronomical and Political The Astronomical Year is the space of Time wherein the Sun returns either to the same Point of the Ecliptick or to the same fixed Star. And this is twofold the Tropical Year called Annus Vertens or the Syderial Year Annus Vertens is a space of Time wherein the Sun leaving some Point of the Ecliptick returns again to the same Point The quantity of this Year is changeable for sometimes it is more and sometimes it is less Between these two extreams the middle Year contains 365 days hours 5 m. 49 sec. 15. thirds 46. But the true or apparent Year is sometimes 365 days hours 5 min. 56. sec. 53 thirds 1. Sometime it is 365 days hours 5 min. 42 sec. 28 thirds 27. The Syderial Year is a space of Time wherein the Sun under the Starry Sky returns to the same fixed Star. The quantity of this Year is 365 days hours 6 min. 6 sec. 39. It is always equal to it self and therefore the measure of the Year called Annus Vertens The beginning of this Annus Vertens is taken from the Vernal Equinox but the beginning of the Syderial Year from the first Star of Aries The Political Year is an Annual space of Time which is either accommodated to the course of the Sun or the Moon or to both according to the common reckoning of several Countries
do set and do not set are greater than the Tropicks 2. They have an Equinoctial as other parts of the Earth But when the Sun is in that Parallel whose Declination from the Equinoctial is equal to the distance of the Poles of the World from the Zenith the Day is twenty and four Hours and the Artificial Day excresceth and shoots out into many Natural Days 3. The Sun being in the same Parallel he lightly toucheth the border of the Horizon and coming to it she shines only with an half Orb. 4. They have but only one Solstice in the Tropick of Cancer for the other in the Tropick of Capricorn cannot be seen But Analogically and â—…n similitude there are six Solstices Two high when the Sun is in the Tropick of Cancer for there as well to the â—…outh as to the North the hight of â—…he Sun in the Meridian is highest alâ—…eit the Northern be greater than the â—…outhern and four lowest when the â—…he Sun toucheth lightly the Horizon â—… They have one Summer and one â—…inter but their Summer may be so â—…alled only Analogically for these â—…laces of the Earth are perpetually stiff â—…ith Snow and Yce 6. They have four different Shadows one from the East one from the West one from the South and one from the North. Here are the Periscii 7. The Gnomons and stiles of their Dials describes with their Points Elliptical Figures CHAP. XXI Of the Phenomena of the seventh and last Position 1. THere are here no Stars which either rise or set but all of them are whirled about equally distant from the Horizon The Artick and Antartick Circles are one and the same with the Horizon and Equinoctial which are now united Understand this of the fixed Stars only for the Planets absolving their course rise and set in their appointed times 2. The Artificial Day is extended to half a Year so is the Artificial Night and therefore the quantity of the Natural Day and the whole Year is one and the same 3. When the Sun is in the Equinoctial he shines only with half his Orb and toucheth lightly the Horizon and there he riseth and setteth only at those times 4. No point of the Heavens can be called either West East South or North seing the Pole of the World doth not incline to any part of the Horizon by which Inclination the four Points of the Universe have their distinction 5. They have only one Solstice to wit in Cancer but Analogically two other may be added to wit when the Sun is in the beginning of Aries and Libra 6. There is one Summer and one Winter but their Summer is rather to be called a slender slaking of the Cold. They have one Winter because the Sun is under their Horizon a whole half Year together 7. The Gnomons of their Dials describe with the extremity of the Shadow upon an Horizontal Plain perfect Circles FINIS Proteus Bound with Chains OR A Discovery of the Secrets of Nature which are found in the Mercurial-Weather-Glass unfolding the Reasons and Causes why before Fair Weather the Quicksilver Ascends and before Foul Weather it falls down and Descends A Subject not hitherto Treated of TOGETHER With some brief Observes upon the Parisian Weather-Glass and an Explanation of the Sealed Weather-Glass and common Weather-Glass To all which is Added The Theory of the Weather according to the Perpendicular Weather-Glass By GEORGE SINCLAR sometime Professor of Philosophy in the Colledge of GLASGOW Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas Edinburgh Printed by the Heir of Andrew Anderson Printer to His most Sacred Majesty Anno Dom. 1688. Proteus bound with Chains OR A Discovery of the Secrets of Nature which are found in the Mercurial Weather-Glass c. THere are many excellent Questions to be Refolved and Causes of the various Phenomena of Nature to be rendred before a man can have knowledge to mount the Mercurial-Weather-Glass Yet there are many who rashly adventure and bring upon that unerring and infallible Master-piece of Nature the scandalous and odious Character of Falibility either by raising the Mercury too high or fixing it too low in the Cylindrical-Glass both which Extreams must be cautiously shunned For if it be not ordered according to the Authentick Observations of the Weather for many Years past it cannot but err And herein its infallibility and perfection consists to give the Theory of the Weather a just and determinate hight according to long Observation and by consequence the top of the Cylinder the same hight none of which no ignorant person can do The Questions to be resolved are such as follow 1. What sustains the Mercury in the Glass-Tube whilst the Orifice is always downward and open 2. Why the Glass must exceed in length one and thirty Inch 3. Why the Mercury falls not down if it be shorter than twenty and eight 4. Why the Mercury is carried up with violence to the top of the Glass-Tube whilst the Orifice is raised above the surface of the stagnant Mercury 5. Why as much Mercury in hight is sustained in the wide Glass as in the narrow 6. Why tho the Glass were in hight many Foot yet the whole Mercury falls down to twenty and nine or thirty Inch above the Cistern 7. What fills up the space left empty behind 8. Why the Mercury subsides by degrees as the Weather-Glass is carried up some high Mountain and why it rises again as it is carried down 9. Why a Glass of thirty six Foot high is required to make a Weather Glass with Water in it 10. What 's the reason I do not find the weight of the Mercury within the Glass whilst I poise it between my Fingers and yet I find another weight exactly the weight of it 11. What that other weight is All these and many more are fully and clearly resolved in my Philosophical Experiments twenty years ago But there is a late Question which troubleth all the Learned to resolve which now I intend shortly to explain viz. What 's the reason why the Quicksilver in the Weather-Glass creeps up before Fair Weather and falls down before Foul Weather For an answer to this considerable Question it is to be observed that in the foulest Weather I have found the Quicksilver fall down to twenty and eight and in the dryest and fairest Weather I have found it up at thirty and one Inch. From this excellent Phenomenon only it is called the Weather-Glass Kat'exohen by way of excellency because before this alteration was found in it it was called by the most part of Philosophers the Torricellian Experiment For clearing the Question in hand I suppose that in the Beginning there went up a Damp from the Earth to water the whole face of the Ground Moses Gen. 2. relates now the ordinary means appointed by God in Nature for bringing forth of Herbs Bushes and Trees out of the Ground viz. the Damp which causeth the Rain and moistneth the Earth which Damp being by the heat of
fixed their first March-stone there whence they begin to reckon But the later Geographers have removed this March-stone 10 Degrees more Westerly and have made the common beginning of the Meridian to pass thorow one of the Islands called Osores whence they begin to reckon from West to East imitaâ—…ing the order of the 12 Signs The uses of the Meridian are these 1. It distinguisheth the Eastern part of the World from the Western part the Anterior part from the Posterior part 2. It lets us know the South part of the World and the North part For when the Sun is in the Meridian â—…en is Mid-day and when the Sun is in the Northern part of the Meridian then is Mid-night 3. It divides the Nocturnal and Diurnal Time into two halfs that is when the Sun is come to the Meridian in our Hemisphere as much of the day is past as what is to come and when the Sun is come to the Northern part of the Meridian as much of the Night is past as what is to come 4. The Meridian supplies in every Oblique Sphere the place of the Right Horizon therefore as the Stars do ascend above the Right Horizon so they pass over the Meridian and those â—…ransitions are called the Right Ascensions of the Middle Heaven 5. From the Meridian Astronomers begin their Time. 6. In the Meridian we find out the Zenith therefore when the Stars come to it they are either highest above the Horizon and are said by Astrologers to culminate or they are in the lowest and opposite part of it which is the Nadir 7. In the Meridian we find out the distances between the Tropicks and the whole Obliquity of the Ecliptick 8. Upon the Meridian we number the Latitude of Places upon the Earth and likewise the Elevation of the Pole and Equinoctial The Elevation of the Pole is defined an Arch of the Meridian measured between the Horizon and the apparent Pole of the World which may be found out after the following manner Observe the greatest and least Altitude of any of the Stars which do not set Subtract the least Altitude from the greatest and divide the difference This difference being subtracted from the greatest Elevation or added to the least gives the true height of the Pole. December 17. 1669 I observed with a large Quadrant half 9 a Clock at night the foremost Guard-star when it was in the Meridian and lowest to have 41 Degrees 22 Minuts of Altitude And on Ianuary 7. 1670 at 7 a Clock in the Morning I found it when it was in the Meridian and heighest to have 70 Degrees 27 Minuts I subtract 41 Degrees 22 Minuts from 70 Degrees 27 Minuts and the difference is 29 Degrees 5 Minuts Divide this and you have 14 Degrees 32 Minuts and 30 Seconds This being added to 41 Degrees 22 Minuts gives you 55 Degrees 54 Minuts 30 Seconds Or subtract 14 Degrees 32 Minuts and 30 Seconds from 70 Degrees 27 Minuts and there remains 55 Degrees 54 Minuts and 30 Seconds for our height of the Pole at Edinburgh 9. The Meridians do terminate and bound the Longitudes of Places as well in the Terrestrial Globe as in the Mapps and Cards projected in Plano 10. The Meridians do terminate and bound the Breadths and Latitudes of the Zones and also of the Climats 11. We find out in the Meridian the Antipodes the Anteci and Perieci CHAP. VII Of the Tropicks THe Tropicks are lesser Movable Circles of the Sphere described from the Solsticial Points by the moâ—…ion of the Primum Mobile They are called Lesser because there are in the Sphere Greater Circles than they are They are called Movable that they may be distinguished chiefly from the Paralâ—…els of their Horizon called Almicanâ—…ars who live under the Poles and â—…rom the antient Polars of those who â—…ive under the Polars with whom the Tropicks are equal to those Circles which comprehend the Stars which never come above the Horizon nor ever go under it They are two in number to wit the Tropick of Cancer and the Tropick of Capricorn The Tropick of Cancer is a lesser movable Circle described from the Summer-Solstitial-Point of the Ecliptick by the motion of the Primum Mobile The Tropick of Capricorn is lesser movable Circle described froâ—… the Winter-Solstitial-Point of the Ecliptick by the motion of the Primum Mobile The uses of the Tropicks are these 1. They demonstrate to us in the Ecliptick the two Tropical or Solstic Points to wit the beginning of Cancer and the beginning of Capricorn 2. They terminate and bound the Sun greatest Declination and consequently the greatest Obliquity of the Ecliptick 3. When the Sun comes to either of thâ—… two Tropicks he is either nearest tâ—… our Vertical-Point or furthest removed from it 4. In an Oblique Sphere they ly Parallel to the longest and shortesâ—… Day 5. Between the Tropicks iâ—… comprehended the Torrid Zone as well in the Heavens as in the Earth and by the same Tropicks the Torrid Zone is divided from the Temperate Zones CHAP. VIII Of the Polars THe Polars are lesser Circles of the Sphere movable described from the Poles of the Ecliptick by the motion of the Primum Mobile For this cause they are called the Polar Circles They are two in number the Polar Artick and the Polar Antartick The Polar Artick is a lesser Circle of the Sphere movable described from the North Pole of the Ecliptick by the Motion of the Primum Mobile The Polar Antartick is a lesser Circle of the Sphere movable described from the South Pole of the Ecliptick by the motion of the Primum Mobile They let us see first the Poles of the Zodiack and they measure their distance from the Poles of the World. 2. They bound the Temperat Zones and separats them from the Cold Zones which are bounded and inclosed by their circumferences It is to be observed that the antient Astronomers Proclus Cleomedes and the rest had not the same description of the Polars which we have For the Antients did not describe them as passing thorow the Poles of the Ecliptick but thorow the common Sections of the Meridian and Horizon equidistant to the Equinoctial and therefore so much was their distance from the Poles of the World aâ—… the height of the Pole was above the Horizon And by this means where there is no Elevation of the Pole as in a Right Sphere there are no Polars But from thence they are more and more gradually augmented and enlarged according to the increment of the Poles Elevation The uses of the Polars according to the Antients are these 1. They comprehend the Arch of the Elevation of the Pole. 2. Of all the Parallels of the Equinoctial which are always seen above the Horizon they are the greatest and of all the Parallels of the Equinoctial which ly hid under the Horizon they are the greatest also But contraâ—…iwise of all the Parallels of the Equinoctial which arise and set in twenty four Hours they are the
least Therefore 3. the foresaid Polars comprehend within their Compass and Circle â—…he whole Stars and Points of Heaven which are always in sight and do not â—…et Hence there ariseth a threefold â—…istinction of the Stars 1. There are â—…ome which have a perpetual Day and â—…ever set or fall under the Horizon to â—…it those which are comprehended within the Circle of the Polar Artick 2. There are others which have a perpetual Night which never rise or come â—…p above the Horizon to wit all those which are included within the Circle of â—…he Polar Antartick There are 3. others which both rise and set in four â—…nd twenty Hours to wit those which â—…ither on this side or that side of the Equinoctial tend towards and come nearest to the foresaid Polars CHAP. IX Concerning other Circles of the Sphere both greater and lesser which cannot be conveniently drawn upon it BEside the Circles of the Sphere hitherto explained there are yet innumerable more both of the greatest and lesser sort which Astronomers have excogitated for attaining a more perfecâ— knowledge of the Heavenly Motions 1. There are of the greatest sort Verticals which pass thorow every point oâ— the Horizon cutting one another there which by the Arabians are called Azimuths 2. There are the Horary Circles which divide the Heavens into four and twenty parts which are oâ— three sorts For either they have the beginning in the Meridian and paâ—â— thorow the Poles of the World or the have their beginning in the East oâ— West-part of the Horizon by whicâ— means they touch lightly the two Circles lying parallel to the Equinoctial of which one is the greatest of all which are always seen above the Horizon the other the greatest of all which are not seen above the Horizon or lastly they have their beginning in the Horizon but neither go thorow the Poles of the World nor go near to the foresaid Parallels but divide all the Segments of the Parallels which are above or below the Horizon into twelve equal parts 3. There are Circles of Declination which pass thorow the Poles of the World and every point of the Equinoctial There are 4. Circles of Latitude which pass thorow the Poles of the Ecliptick and every one of his Degrees The lesser Circles are infinite also for there is no great Circle which hath not his own Parallels As first the Horizon which hath Circles of Altitude called by the Arabians Almicanthars The Equinoctial hath its own Parallels to wit described by the Primum Mobile from all and whatsoever Points are in the Heavens So hath the Zodiack his Parallels described about the Poles of the Ecliptick which Parallels every Star or point of the Heavens according to the proper motion of the eight Sphere do describe and many more are there invented by Astronomers for Astronomical uses CHAP. X. Of the Zones TO the Doctrine of the Sphere is commonly annexed the Geographical Tractat of the Zones The Zones therefore are nothing else but as much bounds of the Heaven or of the Earth as is comprehended between both the Tropicks or between either of the two Tropicks and the next Polar or between either of the two Polars and the neighbouring Pole. Therefore the Zones are either Celestial or Terrestrial The Celestial Zones are bounded by themselves and their own Circles in the Heavens The Terrestrial Zones ly directly under the same places of the Heavens They are five in number one Torrid two Temperate and two Frigid The Torrid Zone is that space of the Heavens or the Earth comprehended between the two Tropicks This is divided into two parts of which one is called the Northern the other the Southern part It is called Torrid because here the Rays of the Sun are more perpendicular and so hotter that the Inhabitants are in a manner scorched and burnt up with Heat The Temperate Zones are that space of the Heavens or of the Earth comprehended between either of the two Tropicks and the neighbouring Polars and that which is included between the Tropick of Cancer and the Polar Artick is called the Temperate Northern Zone wherein are contained all Europe almost and a great part of Asia and also a part of America But that which is included between the Tropick of Capricorn and the Antartick Polar is called the Southern Temperate Zone This contains more Sea and less Land. They are called Temperate because the Rays of the Sun being more oblique there is not such a reflection of Heat but offer a most commodious Dwelling to the Inhabitants The Frigid Zones are that space of the Heavens and of the Earth comprehended between either of the Polars and the neighbouring Pole of the World. And that bounds which is included between the Polar Artick and the North Pole is called the Northern Frigid Zone and that bounds which is included between the Polar Antartick and the South Pole is called the Southern Frigid Zone They are called Frigid because the Rays of the Sun are most Oblique and are absent almost half a Year so that all things become rigid and stiff with Frost Yce and Snow In this Zone lyes Island and Greenland but in the Southern cold Zone the parts are unknown to us The Inhabitants of the five Zones have obtained divers names For those who inhabite the Torrid Zone are called Amphiscii as having a shadow on both sides I say on both sides in respect of the Vertical Point For the Sun with them is sometimes on this side and sometimes on that side of their Vertical Point sometimes the shadow of their Dials is projected from South to North and sometimes from North to South when he is in the Meridian The Inhabitants of the Temperate Zones are called Heteroscii as having but one shadow For at 12 a Clock in the Day the shadow is either casten towards the North as with us or towards the South as with those who dwell in the Southern Temperate Zone But those who live in the Frigid Zones are called Periscii as having a shadow which goes round about them because they have the Sun for several Months of the Year above their Horizon and the Heavens there like a Milstone is whirled about so that the Sun and Stars describe Parallels to the Horizon and therefore in four and twenty Hours he runs about without rising and setting and projects his shadow into an Orb or Circle There are likewise the Antipodes Anteci and Perieci Antipodes are those who have the same Meridian but dwell in points of it diametraliter opposite and are under opposite Parallels to wit in an oblique Sphere of which the one is Southern the other Northern These following Phenomena are proper to them 1. Though they have the same Rational Horizon yet beholding the opposite Faces all things fall out to them contrariwise For when we have Day and Mid-day our Antipodes have Night and Mid-night When we have Summer they have Winter When the Sun rises to us he sets to them We have