both after the setting and before the rising of the Sunne Of which the first is called the Evening Twilight and the other the Morning Now the beginning of the one and the ending of the other are perceived at the same equal space of time from the rising and setting of the Sun notwithstanding the continuance of each of them is sometimes greater and sometimes lesse For in Summer the Twilights are much longer then in the Winter The measure of them they commonly make to be whenas the Sunne is depressed 18 degrees under the Horizon But as P. Nonius rightly observeth there cannot bee any certain Measure or Tearme assigned them by reason of the various disposition of the air and the elevation of the vapours that are exhaled out of the earth which the same Author saith he findes to be also diverse sometimes higher and sometimes lower Vitelio and Alhazenus before him would have it to bee when the Sun is depressed under the Horizon nineteen degrees But how ever the truth be we shall follow the common rceived opinion herein Now therefore if you desire to know upon these grounds here laid down at what hour the Twilight begins and endeth at any time or latitude of place you must do thus First set your Globe to the latitude of that place and apply that degree of the Ecliptick wherein the Sunne is at that time to the Meridian and withall direct the point of the Index to twelve in the Hour-circle Then marking the degree of the Eclipticke that is directly opposite to the place of the Sun turn about your Globe till such time as the opposite degree of the Sunne be elevated eighteen gr above the Horizon toward the West part of it and forthwith the Index will shew in the Houre-circle the beginning of the Morning Twilight And if you turn about your Globe in like manner to the East you shall also have the houre when the Evening Twilight endeth PONT Our Northern regions have their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Twilight of above an houre long But those Countries where the Tropickes are very farre beneath their Horizon have in a manner no 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 no Twilight or breake of day And therefore those that inhabite neare the AEquator have not the beginning nor later part of the night enlightned at all neither is there any appearance of light before the Sunne bee risen Whereas on the contrary side those that have the Tropicke very near their Horizon must necessarily have Twilight almost all the night long in Summer And therefore when the Romans came into Brittain and perceived that at the Summer Sostice their nights were light almost all the night long they did not ac ount this Twilight to bee night but said Minimâ nocte contentos Britannos that the Britains were contented with a very short night Now this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as it is defined by Joseph Scaliger upon Manilius is nothing else but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a kind of Antiperistasis or Circumstipation as we may call it of the light which can be none at all in those places where the Tropicke and Horizon are farre distant For this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Scaliger in that place accurately observeth is onely found under those signes which are neare the Solsticiall point as Gemini and Cancer and that in those Countries too where the night is somewhat larger then it is under the Pole of the Ecliptick as for example to use Scaligers own words those that have not the Tropicke for their Articke circle nor where it toucheth the North point of the Horizou with them the night is so long darke as while the Tropicke commeth to strike upon the North point of the Horizon As wee know it hapneth an Scotland where our Countrie men that were Souldiers there could see to play at dice all night long without any Candle about the time that the dayes were at the longest Now the Tropick is distant from the Horzizon at Edenburge 9. gr 17. m. or thereabout And therefore so much is the distance betwixt the Sun and their Horizon at midnight in the Summer Solstice so that necessarily the rest of the night must bee Twilight and of 6. houres 23. minutes which is the length of their night not above 37 m. which is not much above halfe an hour are quite dark and all the rest of the night is light Whence you may perceive the reason of the long continuance of the day in those regions that have the Tropicke neare bordering on their Horizon And therefore the Romans being not well acquainted with this Antiperistasis of the light thought that in those parts they had had scarce any night at all And hence it necessarily followes that by how much the Tropick is more remote from the Horizon by so much are the nights lesse enlightned and those that inhabite neare the AEquinoctiall are so farre from having their day extended farther either before the Sun rises or after it sets as that with them there is no appearance of light at all before the Sun is up And there is scarcely any Twilight or dawning of the Day at all in those regions that lye within tenne degrees of the AEquinoctiall for which there can bâ—… no other reason given but onely the distance betwixt the Tropicke and their Horizon And if they have no Twilight in the Summer how much lesse will there be any when the Sun is in the other Tropicke So that we have no reason to give any credit to Alosiyus Cadamustus who when he had occasion to write of this argument gave this to be the reason of it because there are no mountaines there to hinder but that the Sun may be seen at the instant of his rising But this is a ridiculous reason and not worthy a consutation Thus Scaliger CHAP. XII How to find the length of the Artificiall Day or Night or quantity of the Sunnes Parallel that remains above the Horizon and that is hid beneath it for any Latitude of place and time assigned As also to find the same of any other Starre THe Day we have already shewed to to be twofold either Naturall or Artificiall The Naturall Day is defined by the whole revolution of the AEquator with that portion also of the same that answereth to such an Arch of the Eclipticke which the Sunne passeth over in one day Now the whole revolution of the AEquator besides that portion which answereth to the Sunnes proper motion is divided into twentie foure equall parts which they call equall hours because they are all of equal length fifteen degrees of the AEquator rising and as many setting every houres space Now the beginning of this Day being diverse according to the diversity of Countries some beginning iâ—… at Sun-set as the Athenians and Jewes soâ—…e at midnight as the Egyptians and Romanes others at Sun-rising as the Chaldeans or at Noon as the Umbrians and commonly our Astronomers do at this day this being
the Sun in the AEquinoctiall from 90. degrees the remainder sheweth the elevation of the Pole As for example The elevation of the Sun at noon when it is in the AEquinoxe is about 38. degrees with us here at London which being deducted out of 90. there remaines 52. Which is the elevation of the Pole with us So at Rome the AEquinoctiall altitude of the Sun is about 48. degrees which being substracted from 90 degrees which is a Quadrant there remaines 42. for the elevation of the Pole In two opposite points of this Meridian are fastened the two ends of aâ—… iron pin passing through the body of the Globe and its Center One of which ends is called the Arcticke oâ—… North Pole of the world and the other the Antarctick or South Pole and the pin it self is called the Axis For the Axis of the world is the Diameter about which it is turned And the extream ends of the Axis are called the Poles To either of these Poles wheÌ„ need shal require there is a certain brass circle or ring of a reasonable strong making to be fastened which circle is divided into 24. equal parts according to the number of the hours of the day night and it is therefore called the Houre-circle And this circle is to be apply'd to either of the Poles in such sort as that the Section where 12. is described â—…ay precisely agree with the points of mid day and mid-night in the superficies of the tâ—…ue Meridian There is also another little pin or stile to be fastened to the end of the Axis in the very center of the Houre-circle annd this pin is called in Latine Index Horarius and is so made as that it turnes about and pointeth to every of the 24. sections in the Houre-circle according as the Globe it selfe is moved about so that you may place the point of it to what hour you please PONT The use of this Houre-circle and Index is to denote the houres of the riseing and setting of the Sun and other Starrs which must be practised after this manner First you must set the Globe to your elevation or Pole and then apply the degree of the signe in which the Sun at the time is to the Meridian and the Index to the twelfth houre which is uppermost And so having thus done you must turne the Globe about till the degree wherein the Sun is come to the Eastern side of the Horizon which done the Index will point out the houre of his riseing and if you turne it about to the West side you shall in like manner have the houre of his setting There is also belonging to the Meridian a Quadrant of Altitude being made of a long thin plate of steele or brasse and fashioned crooked so that it may be apply'd to the conuexs Superficies of the Globe and having the fourth part of the circle in length And this Quadrant is made in such a sort as that it may be fastened on the Meridian and so be applyed to the Zenith of any place whatsoever being divided from one end to the other into 90. equall parts or degrees There is besides at the foot of the Globe a Mariners compasse placed which serves to shew how to place the Globe rightly according to the Foure winds or quarters of the world CHAP II. Of the Circles which are described upon the Superficies of thâ—… Globe ANd now in the next place we will shew whâ—… Circles are described upon the Globe it selfe And first of all there is dâ—…awn a circle in an equall distance from both the Poles that is 90. degrees which is called the AEquinoctiall or AEquator because that when the Suâ—… is in this Circle dayes and nights are of equal length in all places By the râ—…volution of this Circle is defended a Naturall day which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 For a day is 〈◊〉 Naturall and Artificiall A Naturall day is defined to be the space of time wherâ—… in the whole AEquator makes a full reuolution and this is done in 24. hours An Artificâ—…all day is the space wherein the Sun is passiâ—…g thorough our upper Hemisphaere to which is opposed the Artificiall night while thâ—… Sun is carried about in the lower Hemisphaere So that an Artificiall day and night are comprehenâ—…ed within a Naturall day The Parts of a dav are called houres which are either Equall or Vnequall An Equall houre is the 24. part of a Naturall day in which space 15. dâ—…grees of the AEquator do always rise and as mâ—…ny are depreâ—…ied on the opposite part An Vnequall hour is the 12. part of an Artificial day betwâ—…xt the â—…ime of the Suns rising and setting again Thâ—…se hours are againe divided into Minutes Now a Minute is the 60. part of an hour in which space of time a quarter of a degree in the AEquator that is 15. minutes do â—…ise and aâ—… many set PONT The use of the AEquâ—…tor consists chiefly in these things First it sheweth the time of the AEquinoxes which are alwayes when the Sun falies upon the AEquinoctiall circle And this is when as the Sun enters into the first degree of Aries and Libra according to that of Manilâ—…us Libra Ariesque parem reddunt noctemque diemque In English thus The Sun in Libra and Aries plac'd each yeare The day and night are equall every where Secondly â—…he AEquator divides the Heauens into two equall parts or Hemisphaeres whereof one is called the Septeutrionall or Northern Hemisphaere the other the Meridionall or Southerne Thirdly it sheweth the ascension and descension of the parts of the Zodiack whence the length of the Artificiall day and night for any position of Sphaere may be known Fouâ—…thly 〈◊〉 shewes what Starrs and parts of the Eclipticke have any Declination The AEquator is crossed or cut in two opposite points by an oblique Circle which is called the Zodiack The obliquity of this Circle is said to have been first observed by Anaximander Milesius in the 58. Olympiad as Pliny writeth in hiâ—… lib. 2. Cap. 8 who also in the same place affiâ—…mes that it was first divided into 12 parts which they call Signes by Cleostretus Tenedius in like manner as we see it at this day Each of these Signes is again subdivided into 30. parts so that the whole Zodiack is divided in all into 360. parts like as the orher circles are The first twelfth part whereof beginning at the Vernal Intersection when the AEquator and Zodiack crosse each other it assigned to Aries the second to Taurus c. reckoning from West to East But here a young beginner in Astronomy may justly doubt what is the reason that the first 30. degrees or 12 part of the Zodiack is attributed to Aries whereas the first Star of Aries falls short of the Intersection of the AEquinoctiall and Zodiack no lesse then 27. degrees The reason of this is because that in the time of the
Ancient Greekes who first of all observed the places and situation of the fixed Starrs and expressed the same by Asterismes and constellations the first Star of Aries was then a very smal space distant from the very Intersection For in Thales Milesius his time it was two degrees before the Intersection in the time of Meton the Athenian it was in the very Intersection in Timocharis his time it came two degrees after the Intersection And so by reason of it's vicinity the Ancients assigned the first part of the Zodiack to Aries the second to Tauruâ—… and so the rest in their order as it is observed by succeeding ages euen to this very day PONT Thales Milesius was the first that calculated the time of the AEquinoxe and Eclipses and he flourished about the yeares of the Creation 3370. which was about 634. yeares before Christ Meton lived about 431 yeares before Christ in the yeare of the Creation 3517. He was the Son of 〈◊〉 and was a man of excellent knowledg in Astronomy He also first invented the Moones Circle of 19 yeares whose first new Moon fell upon the 13 day of the month Scriophorion which is the same with our 16 of June being on a Friday Vid Dâ—…dorum Siculum Censorinus writes of him thus Praeterea sunt c. There are saith he besides many other great yeares as the Metonicall yeare which Meton the Athenian invented and consisted of 19. common yeares c. Timochares was by nation an Alexandrian and he lived 300 yeares before Christ. Vnder this Circle the Sun and the rest of the Planeâ—…s finished their severall courses and periods in their severall manner and time The Sun keepes his course in the midedst of the Zodiaque and therewiâ—…h describeth the Ecliptick circle But the rest hâ—…ve all of them their latitude and deviations â—…rom the Suns course or Ecliptick By reaso of which their digressions and extravagations the ancients assigned the Zodiaque 12. Degrees of Latitude But our moderen Astronomers by reason of the Evagations of Mars and Venus have added on each side two degrees more so that the whole latitude of the Zodiaque is confined within 16. degrees But the Ecliptick onely is described on the Globe and is divided in like manner as the other circles into 360. degrees PONT The whole latitude of the Zodiaquâ—… is divided into two parts by the Ecliptick which is the circle or Circumference under which the Sun steeres his course continually whence it is called in Latine Via Solis Orbita Solis the Sunâ—… high way And in Gâ—…eek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Circle divideing the Zodiack in the middest And it is called the Ecliptick because the Eclipses of the Sun and Moon never haeppen but when they are either in conjunction or opposition under this line or very near the same The Sun runneth thorough this Circle in his yearly motion finishing every day in the yeare almost a degree by his Meane motion that is 59. minutes 8. seconds And in this space he twice croâ—…seth the AEquator in two points equally distant from each other So that when he passeth over the AEquator at the beginnings of Aries and Libra the dayes and nights are then of equall length And so likewise when the Sun is now at the farthest distance from the AEquator and is gotten to the begining of Cancer or Capricorne hee then causeth the Winter and Summer So Isticeâ—… I am not ignorant that Vitruvius Pliny Thcoâ—… Alexandrinus Censorinus and Columolla are of another opinion but they are upon another ground when as they say that the AEquinoxes are when as the Sun passeth through the eighth degree of Aries and Libra and then it was the midst of Summer and winter when the Sun entered into the same degree of Cancer end Capricorne But all these Authors defined the Solstices by the returning of the shadow of Dials which shadow cannot bee perceived to return back again as Theon saith till the Sun is entered into the eighth degree of Libra and Aâ—…ies PONT The office and use of the Zodiack is Fiâ—…st in that it is a rule or measure of the proper motion of the Planets Secondly By the helpe of the Zodiack the true place of all the Starrs are sound besides it may be knowne in what signe any fixed Starr or Planet may be said to be Thirdly It sheweth the Latitude of the Planets and fixed Starrs Fourthly All Eclipses happen when the Sun and Moon are under the Ecliptique Fifthly The obliquity of the Ecliptique is the cause of the inequality of the artificial dayes and nights The space wherein the Sun is finishing his course through the Zodiack is defined â—…o be a Yeare which consists of 365. dayes and almost 6. hours But they that thinke to find the exact measure of this period will find themselves frustrate for it is finished in an unequall time It hath been alwayes a controversie very much agitated among the Ancienâ—… Astronomers and not yet determined Philolaus a Pythagoraean determines it to bee 365. dâ—…yes but all the rest have added something more to this number Harpalus would have it to be 369. dayes and a halfe Democritus 365. dayes and a quarter adding besides the 164 parts of a day Oenopides would have it to be 365. dayes and almost 9. hours Meton the Athenian determineth it to be 365. dayes 6. hours and almost 19. minutes After him Calipius reduced it to 365. dayes and 6. hours which account of his was followed by Aristarchus of Samos and Archimedes of Syracusa And according to this determination of theirs Julius Caesar defined the measure of his Civile yeare having first consulted as the report goes which one Sosigines a Peripatetick and a great Mathematician But all these â—…xcept Philolaus who came short of the just measure assigned too much to the quantity of a yeare For that it is somewhat less then 365. dayes 6. houres is a truth confirmed by the most accurate observations of all times and the skilfullest Artists in Astronomicall affaires But how much this space exceedeth the just quantity of a yeare is not so easie a matter to determine Hipparchus and after him Ptolomy would have the 300. part of a day substracted from this measure for Jacobus Christmannus was mistaken when he affirmed that a Tropicall 〈◊〉 according to the opinion of Hipparchus and Ptolomy did consist of 365. dayes and the 300 part of a day For they doe not say so but that the just quantity of a yeare is 365. dayes and 6. hours abating the 300. part of a day as may be plainly gathered out of Ptolomy Almagest lib. 3. Cap. 2. and aâ—… Christmannus himselfe hath else where rightly observed Now Ptolomy would have this to be the just quantity of a yeare perpetually and immutably neither would he be perswaded to the contrary notwithstanding the observatiâ—…s of Hipparchus concâ—…ning the inequality of the Suns periodiacall revolution But yet the observations of succeeding times compared with those of Hipparchus
accidents common with our Perioeci For we both inhabit the same temperate Zone and have Summer Winter increase and decrease of daies and nights at the same time Only this difference is betwixt us that when it is noon with us it is midnight with them Those Authors that have added this differnce also that when the Sun riseth with us it setteth with those that are our Perioecij have betrayed their own ignorance For if this were so it would then follow that when the day is longest with us it shall be at the shortest with them but this is most false They have committed the like error concerning our Antoeci also when as they will have the Sun to rise with us and them at the same time The ground of which their errour perhaps may be in that they conceived us and our Antoeci to have the same Horizon but that ours was the uppermost Hemisphaere and theirs the lower the like they conceived of our Perioeci But this is an errour unworthy of those that are but meanâ—…ly versed in Astronomy We agree with our Antoeci in this that we have midday and midnight both at the same time But herein we differ that the seasons of the yeare are cleane contrary For when we have Summer they have Winter and our longest day is the shortest with them We also inhabite temperate Zones both of us though different from each other in the time and seasons But with our Antipodes all things are quite contrary both daies and nights with their beginnings and endings as also the seasons of the yeare For at what time we through the benefit of the Sun enjoy our Summer and the longest day then is it winter with them and the dayes at the shortest So likewise when the Sun riseth with us it setteth with them and so contrary wise when it setteth with us it riseth with them For we inhabite the upper Hemisphaere and they the lower divided by the same Horizon CHAP. VII Of Climates and Parallels ACcording to the different quantity of the longest dayes Geographers have divided the whole earth on each side of the AEquator to the Poles in Climates and Parallels A Climate they define to be a space of earth comprehended betwixt any two places whose longest dayes differ in quantity halfe an houre And a Parallel is a space wherein the dayes increase in length a quarter of an houre so that every Climate containeth two Parallels Those Climates as also the Parallels themselves are not all of equall quantity For the fiâ—…st Clime as also the Parallel beginning at the AEquator is larger thâ—…n the second and the second is likewise greater thâ—…n the third Only herein they all agree that they differ equally in the quantity of the longest day The Ancients reckoned but 7 Climates at the first to which number were afterward added two more so that in the first of these numbers were comprehended 14 Parallels but in the later 18. Ptolomy accounting the Parallels by the difference of a quarter of an hour reckoneth in all 24. by whole hours difference 4 by whole months 6 So that bâ—…ides the AEquator reckoning he whole number of Parallels on each side they a mount to 38. In the Meridian of a Materiall Globe there are described nine Climates differing from each other by the quantity of halfe an hour After these there are other also set according to the difference of an whole hour and last of all those that differ in whole monthâ—… are continued to the very Pole each of them expressed in their severall latitudes The distance of all both Climates and Parrallelâ—… together with their latitudes from the AEquator and differences of the quantity of the longest dayes are here fully exprest it this Table following Ampihscij Climates Parallels The longest Summers day Hour Scr. Latitude and Elevation of Pole Hour Scr. The bredth of the Climates Deg. Scrup. 0 0 12 0 0 0 4 18 1 12 15 4 18 1 〈◊〉 12 30 8 34 8 25 〈◊〉 12 45 1â—… 43 2 4 13 0 16 43 7 50 5 13 15 20 33 3 6 13 30 23 10 7 3 7 13 45 27 36 Heteroscij 4 8 14 0 30 47 6 9 〈◊〉 14 15 33 45 5 10 14 30 30 30 5 17 11 14 45 39 2 6 12 15 0 41 22 4 30 13 15 15 43 32 7 14 15 30 45 29 3 48 15 15 45 47 20 Heteroscij Climates Parallels The longest sumers day Hour Scr. Latitude and Elevation of the Pole Degr. Scr The breadth of the Climates Degr. Scr. 8 16 16 â—…0 49 1 3 13 17 16 15 50 33 9 18 16 30 51 58 2 44 19 16 45 53 1â—… 10 20 17 0 54 29 2 17 21 17 15 55 34 11 22 17 30 56 37 2 0 23 17 45 57 34 12 24 18 0 58 26 1 40 25 18 15 59 14 13 26 18 30 59 5â—… 1 26 27 18 45 60 40 14 28 19 0 61 18 1 13 29 19 15 61 53 15 30 19 30 62 25 1 1 31 19 45 62 54 16 32 20 0 63 22 0 52 33 20 15 63 46 17 34 20 30 64 〈◊〉 0 46 35 20 45 64 3â—… 18 36 21 0 69 49 0 36 37 21 15 65 6 19 38 21 30 65 21 0 29 39 21 45 65 35 20 40 22 0 65 47 0 22 41 22 1â—… 65 57 21 42 22 30 66 6 0 17 43 22 45 66 14 22 44 23 0 66 20 0 11 45 23 15 66 25 23 46 23 30 66 â—…8 0 5 47 23 45 66 â—…0 24 48 24 0 66 31 0 0   Moneths Periscij Here the Climates begin to be accounâ—… ted by months from 66 gr 3â—… 〈◊〉 where the day is 24 hours lonâ—… to the Pole it self whoâ—…e it is 6. months in length 1 67 15 2 69 30 3 73 20 4 78 20 5 84 0 6 90 0 The second Part CHAP. I. Of such things as are proper to the Coelestiall Globe and first of the Planets HItherto hath our discourse been concerning those things which are common to both Globes We will now descend to speak of those that properly belongs to each of them in particular And first of those things that only concern the Coelestiall Globe as namely the Stars with their severall configurations The whole number of Starrs hath been divided by the Ancient Astronomers who first applied themselves to the diligent observing of the same into two kinds The first is of the Planets or wandering Stars the other of the fix'd The first of which they therefore called Planets or Wanderers because they observe no constant distance or situation neither in respect of each other nor in respect of those that are called fixed Starrs And these were so called because that they were observed alwayes to keep the same situation and distance from one another as is at large proved Ptolomy in his Almagest lib. 7. cap. 1. out of his owne observations diligently compared with those delivered by Hipparchus PONT The Starrs are divided into Planets or wandring
at London to be 52. degrees and at Edenburgh 56. gr 20. m. Now if you substract the lesser number which is 52. from the greater 56. gr 20. m. the difference wil be 4. gr 20. m. which being resolved into minutes it will be found to be the 260. distance of miles betwixt London and Edenburgh Therefore we must now say that as 4. gr 20. m. is to 260. miles so is 360. degrees to 21600. English miles The fourth Part CHAP. I. Of the Use of Globes HItherto wee have spoken of the Globe it self together with it's dimensions circles and other instruments necessarily belonging there to It remaineth now that we come to the practise of it and declare it's several uses And first of all it is very necessary for the practise both of Astronomy Geography and also the Art of Navigation For by it there is an easie and ready way layd down for the finding out both of the place of the Sun the Longitudes Latitudes and Positions of places the length of daies and houres as also for the finding of the Longest Latitude Declination Ascension both Right and Oblique the Amplitude of the rising and setting of the Sunne and Starrs together with almost an infinite number of the like things Of the chiefe of all which wee indeed here briefely to discourse omitting the enumeration of them all as being tedious and not sutable to the brevity we intend Now that all these things may be performed farr more accurately by the help of numbers and the doctrines of Triangles Plains and Sphaericall bodies is a thing very well known to those that are acquainted with the Mathematicks But this way of proceeding besides that it is very tedious and prolix so likewise doth it require great practise in the Mathematicks But the same things may be found out readily and easily by the help of the Globe with little or no knowledg of the Mathematicks at all PONT For the better understanding of those things which shall bee spoken hereafter there are two things especially to be promised the first whereof is concerning the position of the Globe and the other Climates Now touching the position of the Globe you are first of all to take care that it bee plaâ—… perpendicularly to the true Horizon 2. That the distinction of the winds answere directly to the winds of the reall Horizon that so the East on your materiall Globe may look directly toward the true East of the World For which purpose especially there is usually placed a Nauticall Compasse in the bottome of the frame When you have thus placed your Globe so that it may be turned about any way at pleasure yet so that the base or foot bee not moved out of its place the next thing that is to bee enquired after is the Latitude of the place Wherein you live which according as it is greater or lesser you must elevate the Pole of your Globe above the Horizon proportionally As for example if the Latitude be 50. 51. or 52. grad or lesse Northward then must you elevate the Arctick Pole just so many degrees above the Horizon And so likewise if the latitude be Southern you must doâ—… the like by the Antartick or South Pole But under the AEquator where there is no latitude at all both the Poles must bee placed in the very Horizon at opposite points 2. A Climate is a space of the habitable parts of the Earth comprehended betwixt two circles Parallel to the AEquator in which space there is halfe an hours difference in the longest day Now those that inhabit under the AEquator have a perpetuall AEquinoxe for the day with them is alwaies twelve hours longer and the night as much But as their situation is removed from the AEquinoctiall nearer to either Pole the further they are from the AEquinoctiall the greater is the the inequality of the Artificiall day and night out of which variation of Artificiall daies the diversity of Climates also is takon and distiuguished For wheresoever this difference amounteth to halfe an houre there presently beginnes another Climate Now the ancient Geographers constitutede in every Clime three Parallels 〈◊〉 which the two outwardmost namely the first and the third do comprehend and terminate every Climate and the second divideth it in the midst So that the proportion betwixt the Clime and the Parallels was Duple for the Climes as wee have said were distant from each other halfe an houres space in the length of the day but the Parallols were distinguished by quarters of an houre Now as concerning the number of Climates The Ancients at first reckoned but seven but Ptolomy in his Tables of Ascensions in the 2. lib. May. Construction acknowledgeth nine all of which derived their names from some eminent place either hill or river situate in the midst of the said Climate The first Clime to ward the Arctick Pole beginning from the AEquator they called Diameroës because the midst of this Clime runneth through Meroë which is an Island in Africke encompassed about with the river Nilus where the longest day is thirteen hours in the beginning therefore of this Clime it must be 12½ hours long On the opposite part of the AEquator the first Southern Climate may inâ—… manner be called Antidiameroës But these other Climes were not constituted neither by Prolomy nor any of the ancient Geographers Yet by the like reason that part of the world also may as well be deseribed into Climate reserving the same names that the Northern Climes are known by and onely adding to them the preposition 〈◊〉 which signifies as much as Opposite or over against And theâ—… the Scheme of them all will be thus Northern Climates Southern Climates 1. Diameroës 1. Antidiameroës 2. Diasyenes 2. Antidiasyenes 3. Dialexandrias 3. Antidialexandrias 4. Diarhodu 4. Antidiarhodu 5. Diarhomes 5. Anididiarhomes 6. Diapontu 6. Antidiapontu 7. Diaboristhenes 7. Antidiaboristhenes 8. Diabritanias 8. Antidiabritanias 9. Diatanaidos 9. Antidiatanaidos Yet some there are that do not approve of this distinction of Climates among whom is John Gigas in his lib. 24 System Geograph cap. 2. probl 12. And the reasons they alledg are these 1. Because of their great in equality in so much that the latitude of the first is above 570. English miles whereas the last of all is scarce a mile 2. Because that the increase of hours is but a weake ground to build upon and of no great use seeing it is as easie to enquire out the length of the day as the number of the Climate And therefore hee thinkes it were farr better that every Hemisphaere were equally distinguished by tenn degrees into nine Climates So that the first Climate should begin at the AEquinoctiall and end where the Elevation of the Pole is tenn gr which might be called the AEthiopian Climate The second should reach to the 20. gr and should bee named the Arabian Clime because that part of Arabia Foelix is situated therein The third should
not a thing sutable to our present purpose I shall not proceed any further in the explanation of the same The Artificiall day is defined to bee that space of time that the Sun is in our upper Hemisphaere to which is opposed the Artificiall Night while the Sun remaineth in the lower Hemisphaere The Artificiall day as also the Night are divided each of them into 1â—… parts which they call unequall hours because that according to the different seasons of the year they are greater or lesse and are never always of the same length The length of the Artificial day is thus sound out The Globe being set to the latitude of the place you must find out the degree of the Ecliptick that the Sun iâ—… in at that time and apply the same to the Meridian and direct the Houre-Index to the number of 12. in the Circle And then turning about the Globe till that the place of the Sun touch the Horizon at the Easterne part the Index will shew the houre in the Circle of the rising of the Sun and if you but turn it about again to the West you shall in like manner have the hour of his setting and so by this means find out the length of the Artificiall day Now if you multiply the number of the hours by 15. for so many degrees as we have already often said are allowed to one equall AEquinoctiall houre you shall presently have the number of degrees of the Suns Parallel that appears above the Horizon which if you substract out of 360. the remainder will bee the quantity of that part of the same Parallel that alwayes is hid under the Horizon Or else you may proceed the contrary way and first find out the quantity of the Diurnal Arch and afterward by the same you may gather the number of the hours also For the Globe being set to the latitude of the place and the degree of the Eclipticke that the Sunne is in being known you may find out in the manner now set down the difference of the Right and Oblique Ascensions of the same degree of the Eclipticke for the Latitude of that place For this difference will be the half of that wherein the Artificiall day for that time and place is either deficient or exceeds the length of our AEquinoctiall day And therefore you must add it when the dayes are longer then the nights which is from the 11th of March to the 12th of September but substract all other times of the year when as the nights are longer then the dayes As for example On the 12 day of June according to the old account the Sunne enters into Cancer the Right Ascension of which degree of the Ecliptick is 90. degrees But if in the latitude of 52 gr the first degree of Cancer bee applied to the Horizon wee shall finde the Oblique Ascension of it to bee fiftie sixe gr and about tenne m So that the difference betwixt them is 33. gr 5â—… m which if you adde to nintie gr the halfe of the AEquinoctiall day the length of the Artificiall day will then bee 123. gr fiftie m. and the whole Diurnall Arch 247. gr 40. m. which if you divide by fifteene the quotient will be sixteen and almost an halfe which is the number of houres in the Artificiall day on the twelfth of June for the latitude of fiftie two degrees And by this means may you also find out the quantity of the longest or shortest or any other intermediate day together with the increase and decrease of the same for any time or latitude of place Cleomedes would have the quantity of the dayes to increase and diminish after this manner that the month immediatly before and also after the AEquinox the days should increase and decrease the fourth part of the whole difference betwixt the length of the longest and the shortest dayes of the whole yeare and the second moneth they should differ a sixth part and the third a twelfth part that is if the whole difference betwixt the longest and the shortest day bee sixe houres So that the moneth going immediately before and after the AEquinoxe the dayes increase and decrease an hour and an half that is to say the four 〈◊〉 part of 6. hours the second month an whole hour and the third month half an houre But suppose we this to be exactly agreeable to some certain determinate latitude yet it is not generally so in all places For according to the diverse Inclination of the Sphaere the days also are observed to increase and decrease diversly For seeing that the Parallels in every severall Latitude are cut by the AEquator in a different manner it must needs follow that the proportion of the increase and decrease of the dayes must be also different I shall not here need to set down the manner how to find the apparent Arch of the Parallel of any Star seeing that it is found out in the same manner as the Diurnall Arch of the Suns Parallel is CHAP. XIII How to find out the houre of the Day and Night both equall and unequall for any tâ—…me and Latitude of place IF you desire to find out the equall hour of the Day first set your Globe to the latitude of the place you are in and also observe the latitude of the Sun Which done apply the place of the Sunne to the Meridian and set the Index to the twelfth hour in the Circle and then turn about the Globe either to the East or West as your observation shall require untill that the place of the Sunne bee elevated so many degrees above the Horizon as shall agree with your observation as hath been already shewed in declaring how to find the Azimuth And the Globe standing in this situation the Index will point out in the Hour-circle the hour of the day wherein your observation was made After the same manner also you may find the hour of the night by observing the Altitude of any known Star that is exprest in the Globe For the Index must stand â—…il as it did before when it was fitted to the place of the Sun and the Globe must be turned about till the Star bee observed to have the same Elevation above the Horizon of the Globe as it had in the Heavens and then the Index will shew the hour of the Night Now the manner how to find out the unequall hour of the day is this First you are to find out as we have already shewed the quantity or number of the houres of the Artificial day and also the equal hour of the same whence by the Rule of Proportion you may also come to the knowledge of the unequall houre PONT The unequall hours do answer to the Artificiall day which as you have heard before is defined to be the space of time that the Sun remains in the uppper Hemisphoere to which is opposed the Artificiall night comprehending all that time while the sun is hid from us Which space of
time seeing that it is always divided into 12. intoâ—…4 â—…4 equall parts which are therefore called equall houres because they are alwayes of equall length fifteen degrees of the AEquator rising setting every hour For the whole AEquator being divided into 24. parts there are contained in the revolution of it 15. parts of time which is the measure of an hour so that an equall hour is the 24th part of the while AEquinoctiall circle In the latitude of 49. degrees the longest day containeth 16 houres Now therefore when it is 10 of the clock before Noon or the sixth hour after Sun-rising on this day 〈◊〉 to know what unequall hour of the day it is I therefore dispose my proportionall tearms thus 16 give 6 therefore 12. which is the number of equall hours in every day or nigh give 4. and and an half And if we desire to know how many degrees of the AEquator do answer to one unequall hour we may do it thus namely by dividing the whole number of degrees of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Arch by 12. As if the Artificiall day 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 equall houres in length then the Arch of the Diurnall Parallel will be 240 degrees Which if we divide by 12 the quotient which 〈◊〉 will shew the number of degrees in the AEquator that answer to one unequall â—…ou 〈◊〉 like method also is to be observed in finding out the length of the unequall hour of the Night CHAP. XIV To find out the Longitude Latitude and Declination of any fixed Star as it is expressed in the Globe THe Longitude of a Starre is an Arch of Eclipticke intercepted betwixt two of the greater Circles which are drawne thorough the Poles of the Eclipticke the one of which passeth through the intersection of the AEquator and Ecliptick and the other through the Center of the star The Latitude of a Starre is the distance of it from the Eccliptick which is also to bee reckoned in that circle which passeth through the Center thereof Now if you desire to find out either of these you must take the Quadrant of altitude or any other Quadrant of a circle that is but exactly divided into 90 parts and lay one end of it on either Pole of the Ecliptick either Northerne or Southern as the Latitude of the Star shall require Then let it passe through the Center of the Starre to the very Ecliptick and there the other end will shew the degree of Longitude of the same which you must reckon from the beginning of Aries and so that portion of the Quadrant that is contained betwixt the Starre it selfe and the Eclipticke will also shew the Latitude of the Star PONT The manner how to find the longitude and latitude of Starres may bee shewed by this example First let us propose the head of Medusa which is found in the Tables to bee in the twentie one gr 8. and it hath in Northerne latitude twentie three degrees Now therefore in the superficies of the Globe wee must looke for the signe 8. and reckon 21. gr from the beginning of the same on the Eclipticke And the circle that shall bee drawn from the Pole of the Ecliptick through this degree shall be called the the circle of longitude of the head of Medusa After this reckon the latitude of the Starre also in the same circle among the Parallels of latitude beginning from the Eclipticke and so forward toward the Articke Pole because the latitude of it is Northerne untill you have accounted 23. gr which is the number of the degrees of latitude and sheweth the place of that Star Now because that all the circles of Longitude and latitudes neither are nor indeed can conveniently be expressed on the Globe therefore the Quadrant of altitude is to serve in stead of the same for the finding out of the longitudes and situations of the Starres that are set in the Globe and that after this manner Let us take our former example of Medusa 's head the latitude of which being Northerne I apply the end of the Quadrant to the North Pole of the Zodiack otherwise had it been Southern it must have been fitted to the Southern Pole which doâ—…e I seeke in the Eclipticks for the 21 gr of Taurus which is the logitude of the Starre and having found it I lay the other end of my Quadrant over it For by this means the Quadrant shall supply the office of the circle of Longitude of Medusa's head 〈◊〉 therefore if I reckon 23 degrees on the said Quadrant beginning from the Eclipticke I shall have the true situation of this Starre in the Globe In like manner may we find by a Globe that hath the Starres described on it the longitude and latitude of any Starre in the Heavens For if we fit the Quadrant to the Northern Pole of the Zodiaque if the Starre have Northerne latitude and then let it passe through the center of any Starre the degree of the Ecliptick that the other end of it shall point out will be the longitude of the said Starre and the degrees that are contained betwixt the ECliptick and the Starre will shew you the latitude of the same A for example if the Quadrant being first applied to the Northern Pole of the Zodiaque bee afterward laid along over the the bright Star in the Crown the other end of it will fall on the 6. gr m. which is the longitude of this Starre And then if you reckon the number of degrees betwixt the Eclipticke and the same Starre you shall find them to bee 44½ which is the Northern latitude of the same The Declination of a Starre is the distance of it from the AEquator which distance must bee reckoned on a greater circle passing through the Poles of the AEquator And therefore if you but apply any Starre to the Meridian you shall presently have the Declination of it if you account the degrees and minutes of the Meridian if there be any that are contained betwixt the Center of the Star and the AEquator PONT The Declination of Starres as also their Right Ascension may be known by the Globe in this manner The Star proposed must be applied to the Meridian and forthwith the same Meridian will discover among the degrees of the AEquator the Right Ascension of the same and it will also give you the Declination if you reckon upon it the number of degrees that are comprehended betwixt the AEquinoctiall and the Star proposed And for an example of this let us propose the Great Dog whose right Ascension and Declination wee desire to know First therefore we set the Starre it selfe directly under the Meridian and find the Meridian to cut the AEquinoctiall at 97. gr 15. min. And this is the right Ascension of this Star And then reckoning the number of the degrees comprehended betwixt it and the AEquinoctiall Southward we find them to be 16 degrees which we conclude to bee the Southern latitude of the Starr The same also may be demonstrated
with the changing of their declination What the Arctick and Antarctick Circles are Of the Verticall Circles and Quadrant of Altitude Chap. 3. Of the three positions of Sphere Right Parallel and Oblique with their severall affections Chap. 4. Of the Zones and their number The vaine opinions of the Ancients concerning the temperature of the Zones are rejected both by the Testemonies of some of the Ancients themselves as also by the experience of later times Chap. 5. Of the Amphiscij Periscij and Heteroscij Chap. 6. Of the Perioeci Antoeci and Antipodes compared to each other Chap. 7. Of Climats and Parallels The Second PART Chap. 1. OF such things as are proper to the Coelestiall Globe as namely of the Stars And first of the Planets or wandring Stars Chap. 2. Of the fixed Starres and their constellations Chap 3. Of the Constellations of the Northern Hemisphaere Chap. 4. The signes of the Zodiack and first of the Northern Chap. 5. The Constellations of the Southern Hemisphaere and first of those in the Zodiack Chap. 6. Of the rest of the Constellations of the Southern Hemisphaere Chap. 7. Of the other Stars which are not expressed in Globes Why the Stars appear sometimes in greater number then at others times and sometimes greater and at other times lesse with the confutation of some vaine opinions concerning the same The idle relations of Americus Vespasius Cardan and Partcis concerning the extraordinary greatness of the Stars about the South Pole are refuted out of the Authors owne experience The third PART Chap. 1. THe Geographicall description of the Terrestriall Globe with the parts of the world that are yet known The errours of Ptolomy concerning the Southerne bounds of Africa and Asia as also of the Northerne limits of Europe are condemned out of the Writings of the Ancients and various experience of later Writers Chap. 2. Of the compasse of the Earth and the measure of a Degree with divers opinions concerning the same of the Greeks as namely Eratosthenes Hipparchus Posidonius Cleomedes and Ptolomy as also of the Arabians Jtalians Germans English and Spanish Posidonius and Eratosthenes are confuted out of their owne observation and propositions Ptolomyes opinion is preferred before the rest and he freed from the Calumnies of Maurolycus who is also taxed in that without cause favouring Posidonius he unjustly condemnes Ptolomy The Fourth PART Chap. 1. HOw to find out the Longitude Latitude distance and Angle of position or situation of any places expressed in the Terrestriall Globe Chap. 2. Of the Latitude of any place Chap. 3. How to find the distance and Angle of position of any two places Chap. 4. To find the Altitude of the Sunne or Starrs Chap. 5. To find the place and declination of the Sun for any day given Chap. 6. To find the Latitude of any place by observing the Meridian altitude of the Sunne or Stars Chap. 7. How to find the Right and Oblique Ascension of the Sun and Stars for any Latitude of Place and Time Chap. 8. How to find the Horizontall difference betwixt the Meridian and the verticall circle of the Sun or any other Starre which they call the Azimuth for any time or place assigned Chap. 9. To find the hour of the day as also the amplitude of rising and setting of the Sun and Stars at any time and Latitude of place Chap. 10. Of the threefold rising and setting of Stars Chap. 11. How to find the beginning and end of the Twilight for any Latitude of place and time Chap. 12. To find for any Latitude of place and time the length of the Artificiall day or night or the quantity of the Suns Parallell that remains above the Horizon and that is hid beneath it and to perform the same by any other Star Chap. 13 To find the hour of the Day and Night both Equal and Unequal for any time Latitude of place Chap. 14. To find the Longitude Latitude and declination of the fixed Stars as they are expressed in the Globe Chap. 15. To find the declination of the Needle from the true Meridian which they commonly call the Variation of the Compasse for any Latitude assigned Where the errours of those are discovered who assign to the Magneticall Needle a certain Meridian and fixed poâ—…nt which it always respects and that affirme this change of variation to be regular All which vaine conjectures of theirs and ungrounded Hypotheses are refuted both by more certain observations of others as also of the Authour himself Chap. 16. How to make a Sun Diall by the help of the Globe for any Latitude of place The fifth and last PART OF the Rumbes that are described upon the Terrestriall Globe wherein their nature Originall and use in Navigation is declared The Preface THere are two kinds of Instruments by which Artificers haue conceived that the figure of this so beautifull and various fabricke of the whole Universe might most aptly bee expressed and as it were at once presented to the view The one exhibiting this Idea in a round solid is called a Globe or Sphaere The other expressing the same in a plaine they tearme a Planisphaere or Map Both of which having been long since invented by the Ancients have yet even to our times in a continued succession received still more ripenesse and perfection The Sphaere or Globe and the use thereof is reported by Diodorus Siculus to have been first found out by Atlas of Libya whence afterward sprung the Fable of his bearing up the Heavens with his shoulders Others attribute the invention of the same to Thales And it was afterward brought to perfection by Crates of whom Strabo makes mention Archimedes and Proclus but most of all by Ptolomy according to whose rules and observations especially succeeding times composed their Globes as Leontius Mechanicus affirmes And now there hath been much perfection added to the same in these our later times by the industry and diligence Gemma Frisius and Gerardus Mercator as it may appear by those Globes that were set forth at London Anno 1593. so that now there seemes not to bee any thing that may be added to them The Planisphaere indeed is a fine invention and hath in it wonderfull variety of workmâ—…nship if so bee that the composition of it be rightly deduced out of Geometricall and Opticall principles and it wants not it's great delightfullnesse and beauty also But yet that Other being tbe more ancient hath also the priority in Nature and is of the most convenient forme and therefore more aptly accommodated for the understanding and fancy not to speak any thing of the beauty and gracefulnesse of it for it representeth the things themselves in proper genuiue figurs For as concerning the figure of the Heavens whether it were round was scarcely e-ever questioned by any So likewise touching the figure of the Earth notwithstanding many and sundry opinions have been broached among the ancient Philosophers some of them contending for a plain others an hollow others
a Cubic all and some a Pyramidall forme yet this opinion of it's Roundnesse with greatest consent of reason at length prevailed the rest being all exploded Now wee affirme it to be round yet so as that wee also admit of it's inequalities by reason of those so great eminences of hills and depression of vallies Eratosthenes as hee is cited by Strabo in his first book saith that the fashion of the Earth is like that of a Globe not so exactly round as an artificiall Globe is but that it hath certain inequalities The earth cannot be said to be of an exact orbicular forme by reason of somany high hilles and low plaines as Pliny rightly observes And Strabo also in his first book of his Geography saith that the Earth and the water together make up one sphaericall body not of so exact a forme as that of the Heavens although not much unlike it This assertion of the roundnesse of the Earth with the intervening Sea is confirmed also by these reasons For first that it is round from East to West is proved by the Sun Moon and the other Stars which are seen to rise and set first with those that inhabit more Eastwardly and afterward with them that are farther West The Sun riseth with the Persians that dwell in the Easterne parts foure hours soonner then it doth with those that dwell in Spaine more Westward as Cleomedes affirmes The same is also proved by the observing of Eclipses especially those of the Moon which although they happen at the same time are not yet observed in all places at the same houre of the day or night but the hour of their appearing is later with them that inhabite Eastward then it is with the more Westerne people An Eclipse of the Moon which Ptolomy reports lib. 1 Geogr. cap. 4. To have been seen in Arbela a town in Assyria at the fift houre of the night the same was observed at Carthage at the second houre In like manner an Eclipse of the Sun which was observed in Campania to be betwixt 7. and 8. of the Clock was seen by Coâ—…bulo a Captain in Armenia betwixt 10â—… and 11. as it is related by Pliny Now that it is also of a sphaericall figure from North to South may be clearly demonstrated by the risings settings elevations and depressions of the Stars and Poles The bright Star that shines so resplendently in the upper part of the sterne of the Ship Argo and is called by the Greeeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is scarcely to bee seen at all in Rhodes unlesse it bee from some eminent high place yet the same is seen very plainly in Alexandria as being elevated above the Horizon about the fourth part of a signe as Proclus affirms in the end of his book de Sphaera For I read it Conspicuè cernitur not as it is commonly Prorsus non cernitur notwithst anding that both the Greek text and also the Latine translation are against it Another argument may bee taken from the figure of the shadow in the Eclipse of the Moon caused by the interposition of the Earths opacous body Which shadow being Sphaericall cannot proceed from any other then a round Globous body as it is demonstrated unto us out of Opticall principles But this one reason is beyond all exception that those that make toward the Land at the Sea shal first of all descry the tops of the hilles onely aâ—…d afterwards as they draw nearer to shore they see the lower parts of the same by little and little Which cannot proceed from any other cause then the gibbosity of the Earths superficies As for those other opinions of the hollow Cubicall Pyramidall and plaine figure of the Earth you have them all largely examined both in Theon Ptolomies Interpreter Cleomedes and almost in all our ordinary Authours of the Sphaere together with the reasons why they are rejected Yet that old conceit of the plainnesse of the Earths superficies is again now at last tanquam Crambe recocta set forth in a new dresse and thrust upon us by Franciscus Patricius who by some few eold arguments and misunderstood experiments endeavours to confirme his own and consequently to overthrow that other received opinion of the sphaericall figure of the Earth I shall onely lightly touch at his chiefest arguments my present purpose and intention suffering mce not to insist long on the confutation of them And fâ—…rst of all the great beight of Hills and the depression of vallies so much disagreeing from the evennesse of the plain parts of the Earth scem to make very much against the roundnesse of the Earth Who can hear with patience saith hee that those huge high mountains of Norway or the mountaine Slotus which lies under the Pole and is the highest in the world should yet be thought to have the same superficies with â—…he Sealying beneath it This therefore being the chiefest reason that mâ—…y seem to overthrow the opinion of the Earth and Seas making up one sphaericall body let us examine it a little more nearly and consider how great this inequality may bee that seems to make so much against the evennessc of this Yerrestitall Globe Many strange and almost incredible things are reported by Aristotle Mela Pliny and Solinuâ—… of the unusuall height of Athoâ—… an Hill in Macedonia and of Casius in Syria as also of another of the same name in Arabia and of the monntaine Caucasus And among the rest one of the most miraculous things which they have observed of the mountain Athos is that whereas it is situate in Macedony it casts a shadow into the market place at Myrrhina a Town in the Island Lemnos from whence Athos is distant 86. miles But for as much as Athos lies Westward from Lemnos as may appeare out of Ptolomies Tables no marvail that it casts so large a shadow seeing that wee may observe by dayly experience that as well when the Sunriseth as when it sets the shadowes are always extraordinary long But that which Pliny and Solinus report of the same mountain I should rather account among the rest of their fabulous Stories where as they affirm it to be so high that it is thought to be above that region of the aire whence the rain is wont to fall And this opinion say they was first grounded upon a report that there goes that the ashes which are left upon the Altars on the top of this hill are never washed away but are found remaining in heapes upon the same To this may be added another testimony out of the Excerpts of the seventh booke of Strabo where it is said that those that inhabite the top of this mountain do see the Sun three hours sooner then those that live neare the Sea side The height of the mountâ—…in Caucasus is in like manner celebrated by Arisâ—…otle the top whereof is enlightned by the Suns bâ—…ames the third part of the night both morning and evening No lesle fabulous is that which is reported
and Ptolomy doâ—… evince the contrary The Indians and Jewes substract the 110. parte of a day Albategnius the 600. part the Persians the 115. part according to whose account Messahalah and Albumasar wrote the tables of the Mean motion of the Sun Azaphius Avarius and Arzachel affirmed that the quantity assigned was too mcch by the 126. parte of a day Alphonsus abateth the 122. part of a day some others the 128. and some the 130. part of a day Those that were lately imployed in the restitution of the Romane Calendar would have almost the 133. part of 1. day to be substracted which they conceived in 400. yeares would come to three whole dayes But Copernicus observes that this quantity fell short by the 115. part of a day Most true therefore was that conclusion of Censorinus that a year consisted of 365. dayes and I know not what certain portion not yet discovered by Astrologers By these divers opinions here alledged is manifestly discovered the error of Dion which is indeed a very ridiculous one For he had a conceit that in the space of 1461. Julian yeares there would be wanting a whole day for the just measure of a yeare which hee would have to bee intercaled and so the Civile Julian yeare would accurately agree with the revolution of the Sun And Galen also the Prince of Physitians was grossely deceived when he thought that the yeares consisted of 365 dayes 6. hours and besides almost the 100. part of a day so that at every hundred yeares end there must be a new intercalation of a whole day Now because the Julian yeare which was instituted by Julius Caesar and afterward received and is still in 〈◊〉 was somewhat longer then it ought to have been henâ—…e it is that the AEquinoxes and Solstices have gotten before their ancient situation in the Calendar For about 432. yeares before the incaâ—…nation of our Saviour Christ the Vernall AEquinoxe was obserued by Meton and Euctâ—…mon to fall on the eighth of the Kalends of Aprill which is the 25. of March according to the computation of the Julian yeare In the year 146. besore Christ it appeares by the observations of Hipparchus that it is to be placed on the 24. of the same month that is the 9. of the Kalends of Aprill So that from hence we may observe the error of Sosigenes notwithstanding he was a great Mathematician in that above 100. yeares after Hipparchus in instituting the Julian Calendar he assigned the Equinoxâ—… to be on the 25. of March or the eight oâ—… thâ—… Kalends of Aprill which is the place it ought to have had almost 400. yeares before his time This error of Sosigenes was derived to succeeding ages also in so much that in Gallens time which was almost 200. yeares after Julius Caesar the AEquinoxes were wont to be placed on the 24. day of March and September as Theodorus Gaza reports In the yeare of our Saviours Incarnation it happened on the 10. of the Kalendâ—… of Aprill or the 23 of March. And 140. yeares after Ptolomy obserued it to fall on the 11. of the Kalends And in the time of the Councill of Nice about the yeare of our Lord 328. it was found to be on the 21. of March or the 12. of the Calends of Aprill In the yeare 831. Thebit Ben Chorah observed the Vernal AEquinoxe to fall on the 17. day of March in Alfraganus his time it came to the 16. of March Arzachel a Spaniard in the year 1090. observed to fall on the Ides of March that is the 15. day In the year 1316. it was obserued to be on the 13. day of March. And in in our time it is come to â—…he 11. and 10. of the same month So that in â—…he space of 1020. yeaâ—…s or thereabout the AEquinoctiall points are gotten forward no lesse then 14. dayes The time of the Solstice also about 388. yeares before Christ was observed by Meton and Euctemon to fall â—…pon the 18. dav of June as Joseph Scaliger and Jacobus Christmannus have observed But the same in our time is found to be on the 12. of the same month The Ecliptick and AEquator are crossed by two great circles also which are call'd Colures both which are drawn through the Poles oâ—… the world and cut the AEquator at â—…ght Angles The one of them passing thorough the pointes of both the Intersections and is called the Equinoctiall Colure The other passing through the points of the greatest distance of the Zodiack from the AEquator is therefore called the Solsticiall Colure PONT The office of the Colures in general is First to show the foure principall points of the Zodiack in which by reason of the motion of the Sun there are caused the great changes of the Seasons of the year Of which points two are in the AEquator at Aries and Libra determining the place of the AEquinoctial Colure and Capricorn which constitute the Solsticiall Colure Secondly To distinguish the AEquator Zodiack and the whole Sphaere of the Heavens into foure equall parts The use of which is principally seen in examining the ascensions of the Signes These Colures differ from each other in that the Solsticiall Colure passeth through the Poles of the world and also of the Zodiack but the AEquinoctiall Colure passeth through the Poles of the world only Now that both the Colures as also the AEquinoctiall points have left the places where they were anciently sound to bee in the heavens is a matter agreed upon by all those that have applyed themselves to the observations of the Coelestiall motions onely the doubt is whether fixed Starrs have gone forward unto the proceeding Signes as Ptolomy would have it or else whether the AEquinoctiall and Solsticiall points have gone backward to the subsequent Signes according to the Series of the Zodiack as Copernicus opinion is PONT What the opinion of Joseph Scaliger was concerning the procession of AEquinoctial points thus diversly thought on by Ptolomy and Copernicus you have expressed in an epistle of his â—…o Isaac Casaubon there having been not long before a disputation holden concerning some certain Mathematicall question at the intreaty of some of the chiefest of the States of the Low Countries among which number Scaliger was chosen also as an Arbitrator which Epistle of his was afterwards Printed amongst some other of his Epistles at Paris What the Illustrious Tycho also thought concerning this point you have in his Progymâ—…asmata Instaur Astron. p. 255. But I will first set down Scaliger's opinion and afterward adde Tychoe's and some others also Scaliger speakes thus Alterae literaetuae c. I received saith he â—…eur second letters the next day aster your former In which you make mention of one that undertakes â—…o discourse of the Magneticall direction of the Needle Many indeed have endeavoured in this matter and doc daily endeavour being thereto incouraged by the rewards proposed by the Illustrious States To whose hands some have delivered
For whereas in his lib. 6. cap. 22. having discoursed of the Mâ—…gnitude of the Isle Taprobane which is now thought to be Sumatra and lyeth directly under the line out of Eratosthenes and Megasthenes he presently adds that besides the testimony of the Antients the Romans had better knowledg of the same in the time of the Emâ—…eror Claudiuâ—… there being Embassadors sent from thence to Rome who among other things should relate that with them Gold Silver was in high account and that they had greater wealth then the Romans themselves but yet that the Romans had greater use of riches then they Which words of Pliny with many other there at large set down by him if they be but compared with what himself elsewhere writeth in his 2d book chap. 68. he will be found manifestly to contradict himself For disputing in this place and inquireing how great a part of the earth is inhabited Tres saith he terrae partes abstulisse nobis coelum c. Three parts of the world the Heaveus have robbed us of to wit the Torrid or middle Zone â—…bat is whatsoever lieth betwixt the two Tropiques and the two outmost or Frigid Zones that is to say whatever ground lieth betwixt either Pole and the Arctique and Antarctique circles According to that which the Poët sung of old Quarum quae media est non est habita bilis aestu Nix tegit alta duos In English thus The midst of these is not inhabited Through heat and two with snow are covered For this is that which Pliny meaneth that those two outwardmost are not habitable by reason of extremity of â—…old nor the other through too violent heat But that which is more to be wondred at in so great an Author who not withstanding indifferently took up aswel the common popular fables as the extravagant fixions of the Poëts also is that which he very confidently relates out of Corlius Nepos how that one Eudoxus taking Ship in the Arabian gulf came as farr as the Gades two Isles upon the confines of Spain Which voyage if we should but throughly examine wil be found to be as much 〈◊〉 that all the Fortugals and our Countrymen at this day performe in their Sea voyage to the East Indâ—… when as touching upon the Cape of good hope they twice crosse the line and passe through the whole Torrid Zone Not to speak any thing of that which he writes in his first book twenty third Chapter Namely that there is never a yeare that India doth not suck out of the Romane Empire at the least 500000. Sestercies by sending in such commodities as they sell to the Romanes for an hundred times as much as they are worth in India And that there is yearly Traffique by Shippe through the Red Sea betwixt them and the Romanes who are saine for their safer passage to defend themselves from Pirats by going provided with bands of Archers And here all that can be said in Plinies defence is thaâ—…those things which he relates in this second book were written by him long before the rest which followeh and that at that time these Indian voyages were not so frequently undertaken or the passages so well known unto the Romans especially for that in the bookes following as namely the sixth book 17. and 23. Chapters he saith that the whole course of the voyage from Egypt into India began but then first to be discovered when as he was writing the same and that Seneca having not long before begun a description of India reckoned up therein 60. great rivers and 122. Nations to be contained within the same The principall cause of the habitablenesse and fortility of the parts under the Torrid Zone iâ—… in that the Sun shineth upon them but 12. houres so that the nights beeing alwayes as long as the daies the coldnesse of the one doth very much attemperate the excessive heat of the other In like manner that both the Frigid Zones are habitable is to be attributed to the Sun which in his course through the six Northern signes of the Zodiaque never sets in six months space so those that live under 84 degrees of latitude so that by his continuall preseneâ—… the extream rigidity of the Clime iâ—… mitigated and the cold by this meanes dispelled CHAP. V. Of the Amphiseij Hereroscij and Periscij THe inhabitants of these Zones in respect of the diversity of their noonshadowes are divided into three kinds Amphisâ—…ij Heteroscij and Periscij Those that inhabit betwixt the two Tropiquâ—…s are called Amphiscij because that their noon shadowes are diversly cast sometime toward the South as when the Sun is more Northward then their Verticall point and sometimes toward the North as when the Sun declines Southwaâ—… from their Zenith Those that live betwix the Tropiques and Aâ—…ct que circles are called Heteroscij because the shadowes at noon are cast onely one way and that â—…ither North or South For the Sun never comes farther North then our Summer Tropick nor more Southward then the Winter Tropick So that those that inhabit Northward of the Summer Tropique have their shadowes cast alwayes toward the North as in like manner those that dwell more Southward then the Winter Tropick have their Noon-shadows cast alwaies coward the South Those that inhabit betwixt the Arctique or Antarctique circles and the Poles are called Periscij because that the Gnomons do cast their shadowes circularly and the reason hereos it for that the Sun is carried round about above their Horizon in his whole diurnall Revolution PONT The Heterosciall Zone is therefore two fold either Northern or Southern The Northern is comprehended betwixt the Tropique of Cancer and the Artik circle and â—…s called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Septentrionalis because that in it the Sun beames at noon are alwayes cast to that part only that byoth toward the â—…ole Articks The Southern Hetorosciall Zone containeth all that space of ground that lieth betwixt the Tropique of Capricorn and uâ—…e Antarctique circle And it is callâ—…d 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Meridonalis because the Noon shadowes are projeâ—…ed toward the South Pole only The properties of these severall Zones are these that follow First they that inhabit the midst of the Torrid Zone are in a Right Sphaere for with them both the Poles of the world lie in their Horizon and their Zenith or Verticall point falleth in the AEquinoctiall Circle So that their peculiar Accidents are these First All the Sâ—…arres do rise and set in an equall space of time except the Arctique and Antarctique Poles as we have demonstrated out of Lerius in our notes upon the third Chapter Secondly They have a perpetuall AEquinoxe Thirdly They have the Sun verticall unto them twice in a yeare namely when hee entered into ♈ and ♎ Fourthly In the Suns periodicall motion through the Zodiaque look how much he goeth Southward from their Zenith in his returne hee declines as farr northward srom the same Fiâ—…thly They have
Starrs and fixed not as if these were indeed fixed in one certain place and altogether without motion and the other only moveable and erraticall but these appellations are onely given then comparatively in which sence also they are to be understood For seeing that the fixed Starrs were observed alwayes to keep the same places in the eighth Sphaere and the same distance srom each other notwithstanding that they are alwayes in continuall motion caused by the vertue of the first Moveable which carrieth them about in the space of twenty foure hours But the Planets besides this motion have a proper motion of their owne so that they keep neither their the same distance from the fixed Starrs nor yet the same aspect to each other for these reasons were the one called Fixed and the other Planets For otherwise if the Planets be considered severally each one by himselfe there is nothing more certain then their periodicall motion So that Tully alluding hereto would have the Planets to bee called Errantes by Antiphrasis quam minimè errantes The Planets exceeding those two greater lights the Sun and Moon are five in number Aâ—… which beside the Diurnal motion by which they are carried about from East to West by the Rapture of the first Moveable have also a free proper motion of their owne which finish from West to East according to the succession of the Signes upon the Poles of the Zodiaque each of them in a severall manner and space of time Their order in the Heavens and periods of their motions being such as followeth Saturne called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and by Julius Higinus Stella Solis the Star of the Sun is the highest of all the Planets and 〈◊〉 about the greatest 〈◊〉 but doth not therefore appear to be the least of all the Planets as Pliny hence conjectured Hee finisheth his Periodical course in twenty nine yeares five months fifteen dayes according to Alfraganus Jupiter in Greek Zeus and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 moveth through the Zodiaque in the space of eleven yeares ten moneths and almost 16. dayes Mars 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is also cal-called by some Hercules his Star finisheth his course in two yeares Sol the Sun in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 performeth his course in a yeare that is to say three hundered sixty five dayes and almost sixe hours Venus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 called by some June's Starr by thers Isis and by others The Mother of the Gods when it goeth before the Sun it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the day Star appearing like another 〈◊〉 Sun and as it were matuâ—…g the day But when it followeth the Sun in the Evening pâ—…otracting the light after the Sun is â—…er and supplying the place of the Moone it is then called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Evening Star The names of which Star Pythagoras Samius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 first to have observed about the thiâ—… ie 2d. Olympiad as Pliny relates lib. 2. cap. 8. It pâ—…meth its course in a yeares space or thereabout and is never distanâ—… from the Sun above forty six degrees according to Timaeus his computation Notwithstancing our later Astronomers herein much more 〈◊〉 then hâ—… allow it two whole signes or 60 degrees which is the utmost limit of its deviation from the Sun Mercury in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 called by some Appollo's Star 〈◊〉 his course through the Zodiaque in a yeare also And according to the opinion of Timeus and Sosigenes 〈◊〉 ever distant from the Sun above 25. gr or 〈◊〉 our later writers will have it not above a whoâ—…e 〈◊〉 or 30. degrees Luna 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Moon is the lowest of all the Planets and finisheth her course in twenty seven dayes and almost eight hours The various shapes and appearances of which Planets seeming sometimes to bee â—…ned sometimes equally divided into two halfes sometimes finished like an Imperfect circle and sometimes in a respect circular 〈◊〉 together with the other diversities of this Star were first of all observed by Endymion as it is related by Pliny whence sprung that Poëticall fiction of his being in love with the Mâ—…on All theâ—…e Planets are carried in Orbes which are Eccentrical to the earth that is which have not the same center with the earth The Semidiameter of which Orbes compared to the Semidiameter of the earth have this proportion as is here set down in this Table Of what parts the â—…emidiameter of the Earth i. 1. Of tâ—…e same the 〈◊〉 ter of the Orbe of Luna 1. 48. 56 m. Mercury 116. 3 m. Venus 641. 45. m Sol 1165. 23. m. Mars 5022. 4. m Jupiter 11611. 31. m. Saturne 17225. 16. m The Eccentricities of the Orbes compared to the Orbs themselves have this proportion Of whatparts the Semidiameter of the Deferent is 60. Of the same the Eccentricity of Luna 18 12. 28. m. 30 sec Maurolycus out of Alphons Mercury 2. 0. m. Venus 1. 8. m. Sol 2. 16. m 6. sec. Mars 6. 0 m. Jupiter 2. 45 m. Saturne 3. 25 m. The Eccentricities of some of the Planets especially of the Sun are found to have decreased and growne less since Ptolomyesâ—…ime â—…ime For Ptolomy sets down the Eccentricity of the Moon to be 12. gr 3â—… m. but by Alphonsus it was found to be but 13 gr 28. m. and an halfe Ptolomy assigned Eccentricity to Venus 1 gr 14. m Alphonsus 1. gr 8. m. Ptolomy found by his owne observations and also by those that Hipparchus had made that the Eccentricity of the Sun was 2 gr 30. m. Alphonsus observed it in his time to be but 2 gr 16. m. and the 10th part of a minute In the year of ouâ—… Lord 1312 it was found to be 2. gr 2. m. 18. sec. Copernicus found it to be lesse yet then that and to be but 1 gr 56 m 11. sec. So that without just cause did the Illustrious Julius Scaliger think Copernicus his writings for this reason to deserve the Sponge and the Author himself the Bastinado heâ—…ein dealing more hardly with Copernicus then he deserves PONT Besides the Eccentricities of the Planets it is worth our paines also to observe their Magnitudes And this consists especially in the knowledge of their Diameters and what proportion they beare to each other For the Diameter of a Planet compared to the Diameters of the Earth is after this manner following The Diameter of Saturne Compared â—…o the Diameter of the Earth is as 9 10 2 Jupiter 32 7 Mars 7 6 Sol 11 2 Venus 3 10 Mercury 1 28 Luna 5 17 The Diameter of the Sun compared to the Diameter of the Moon beareth the same proportion that is betwixt 187. and 10. And now that which is said may be demonstrated by an example let us suppose the Diameter of the Sun in proportion to the Diameter of the Earth to be
yeare 1598. upon the eleventh day of February at foure of the Clock and sixteen minutes in the morning and that at Regiomont a City in Borussia whose longitude or distance from the Canary Islands is 41. gr 16. m. For this Longitude where these Tables calculated Now I set my self to observe this same Eclipse at Marpurg and find it to happen at three of the Clock and twelve minutes on the same day of February Now because the number of hours here is lesse it appeares that Marpurg is more Westward then Regiomont Therefore I take away a lesse number from the greater that is 3. h. 12. m. from 4. h. 16. m. and the remainder is 1 h. 4. minutes which sheweth the difference of longitude in hours which makes up sixteen degrees Therefore I again substract these degrees of difference from the longitude of Regiomont as being more Eastward then Marpurge and so I find the Latitude of Marpurge from the Canary Island to be 25. gr 16. minutes CHAP II. How to find the Latitude of any place THe latitude of a place is the distance of the Zenith or the verticall point thereof from the AEquator Now if you desire to find out the latitude of any place expressed in the Globe you must apply the same to the Meridian and reckon the number of the degrees that it is distant from the AEquator For so much is the Latitude of that place And this also you may observe that the Latitude of every place is alwayes equall to the elevation of the same place For look how many degrees the verticall point of any place is distant from the AEquator just so many is the Pole elevated above the Horizon as you may prove by the Globe if you so order it as that the Zenith of the place be 90. degrees distant every way from the Horizon PONT Seeing that the Latitude of every place is alwayes equall to the elevation of the Pole It will not be amisse to shew how the elevation of the Pole or the Latitude of any region may be found out by the observing of the same fixed Star in the Heavens which is so neare the Pole aâ—… that it never sets in that region which to doe you must work thus You must observe both the least and also the greatest altitude of the sad Star both which must necessarily happen in the Meridian the least whereof will be beneath the Pole and the greatest above it Which done you must adde the least altitude of it to the greatest and so the halfe of the degrees thus numbered together will bee the latitude of the Pole and latitude of that plaee An example whereof may be this The first Star of the three in the taile of the great Beare is in his least altitude observed at London to be about 11. gr and the greatest altitude of the same when it is above the Pole is found to be neare upon 92. degrees Both which numbers being added together do make up 103. halfe of which Summ namely 51â…“ is the true elevation ond Latitude of London CHAP. III. How to find the distance of two places and angle of position or situation IF you set your Globe in such sort as that the Zenith of one of the places bee 90. gr distant every way from the Horizon and then fasten the Quadrant of Altitude to the Verticall point and so move it up and down untill it passe through the Vertex of the other place the number of degres intercepted in the Quadrant betwixt the two places being resolved into furlongs miles or leagues as you please will shew the true distance of the places assigned And the other end of the Quadrant that toucheth upon the Horizon will shew on what wind or quarter of the World the one place is in respect of the other and what Angle of Position as they call it it hath For the Angle of Position is that which is comprehended betwixt the Meridian of any place and a greater circle passing through the Zeniths of any two places assigned and the quantity of it is to be numbred in the Horizon As for example The Longitude of London is twenty six degrees and it hath in Northern latitude 51. degrees and an halfe Now if it be demanded what distance and angle of position it beareth to Saint Michaels Island which is one of the Azores we must proceed thus to find it First let the Northern Pole be elevated 51½ degrees which is the latitude of London Then fastening the Quadrant of Altitude to the Zenith of it that is to say fifty one degrees and an halfe Northward from the AEquator wee must turne it about till it passe through Saint Michaels Island and wee shall find the distance intercepted betwixt these two places to be 11. gr 40. m. or thereabout which is 280 of our leagues And if we observe in what part of the Horizon the end of the Quadrant 〈◊〉 we shal find the Angle of Position â—…o sall neare upon 50. gr betwixt Southwest and by-west And this is the situation of this 〈◊〉 in respect of London PONT The 〈◊〉 of places â—…ring only in latitude may bee found after this manner First you must substract the lesser Latitude from the greater resolving a degree in minutes if the substraction cannot be done otherwise conveniently Then multiply the degrees by 15. and divide the minutes by 4. and the summ produced will be the distance of those two places in common Germane miles one whereof containeth foure of our English miles As for example Basile in Germany and Geneva have both the same longitude but differ in Latitude which at Basile is 47. gr 30. m. and at Geneva 45. gr 45. m. Therefore substracting the lesser from the greater the remainder will bee 1. gr 45. m. which being reduced into Germane miles will amount to 26. and a quarter or a mile which is the distance of these two places assigned Now if the place proposed bee in diverse Hemispheres then the degrees and minutes of Latitude must first be added together and so the whole resolved into miles as formerly hath been said As for example The Cape of good hope in Africa and Constantinople are almost situate under the same meridian but in diverse Hemisphaeres Now the elevation of the Pole Articke at Constantinople is 43. gr or thereabout and at the Cape of good hope the Antarctick Pole is elovated aboue 35. gr the whole summ therefore is 73. degrees that is to say 1170. Germane miles The distance of places differing onely in longitude is found thus First substract the lesse number from the greater then look in the Table here under written how many miles answere to a degree 〈◊〉 every Parallel seeking for the degree of Latitude in the first columne descending and the number of miles over against it Then lastly let the difference of longitude be multiplyed into miles and minutes and you have your desire As for example Naples and Ilium or Troy are in
lesser Arch which falls short of thirtie degrees in rising or setting In a Right Sphaere foure signs onely ascend Rightly which are Gemini Cancer Sagittarius and Capricornus all the rest ascend Obliquely In an Oblique Sphaere six signes rise Rightly and the other six Obliquely The right are these Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpius Sagittarius and all the rest Obliquely Oblique ascension is when a lesse Arch or portion of the AEquator riseth then of the Zodiaque or else that Starre may be said to rise Obliquely with whom a lesse portion of the AEquator ascendeth above the Horizon And so the Oblique descention or setting of a Starre is where a lesse portion of the AEquator descendeth with it As for example At Rome with the Arch of Libra which containeth 30. gr in the Zodiaque there riseth an arch of the AEquinoctiall of 37 gr So that this sign is said there to rise rightly Because that a greater Arch of the AEquator ascendeth with it then of the Zodiaque But then at the same place with the Arch of Aries there arise only 17. gr of the AEquator Whence it followeth that Aries riseth Obliquely at Rome In our position of Sphaere also here at London which is Oblique like as that at Rome with Libra there ariseth an Arch of the AEquinoctial concoutaining about 41. gr but with the Arch of Aries there ariseth not above 13 degrees Therefore in our Sphaere Libra ascendeth or riseth rightly but Aries Obliquely Certain Rules for the Astronomicall rising in a right Sphaere THe Rules of Astronomicall rising in a right Sphaere are these 1. The whole Quadrants or quarters of the Zodiaque and AEquinoctiall rise and set in an equall space of time 2. But the the parts of the Quadrants rise and set unequally 3. Those signes that are equally distant from any of those points have also equall ascensions as Gemini and Cancer 4. The Ascension of a sign is alwayes equall to the Descension of the same 5. Four signs only rise rightly namely Gemini Cancer Sagittarius and Capricornus and all the rest Obliquely Rules for the Astronomicall rising in an Oblique Sphaere IN an Oblique Sphaere the two halfes that begin at the two AEquinoctiall points do rise together 2. The parts of these halfes do rise unequally 3. Those signs that rise rightly descend Obliquely and so contrarily 4. The Ascension of any sign is equall to the Descention of the same 5. The Ascensionall Arches of the Northern signs are lesse in a right sphoere but in the Southerne signes they are greater 6. The Ascension of Opposite signes in an Oblique Sphaere taken together are equall to the Ascension of the same in a right Sphaere 7. Those signes that are equidistant from either of the AEquinoctiall points have equall Ascensions because they decline equally from the AEquator CHAP. VIII How to sinde out the Horizontall difference betwixt the Meridian and the Verticall circle of the Sunne or any otheh Starre which they call the Azimuth for any time or place assigned HAving first observed the Altitude of the Sunne or Starre that you desire to know set your Globe to the Latitude of the place you are in which done turne it about till the place of the Sun or Starre which you have observed be elevated so much above the Horizon as the Altitude of the same you before observed Now you shall find that you desire if you take the Quadrant of altitude and fasten it to the Verticall point of the place you are in and so move it together with the place of the Sunne or Starre up and downe untill it fall upon that which you have set down in your instrument at your observation Now in this situation of the Quadrant that end of it that toucheth the Horizon will shew the distance of the Verticall circle in which you have observed the Sunne or Starre to be from the Meridian As for example In the Northern latitude of 51. gr on the 11th of March after the old account at what time the Sunne entreth into Artes suppose the altitude of the Sun before noone to be observed to be thâ—…rtiegr above the Horizon And it is demanded what is the Azamuth or distance of the Sun from the Meridian First therefore having 〈◊〉 the Globe to the Latitude of 51. gr and fastening the Quadrant of Altitude to the Zenith I turne the Globe about till I find the first degree of Aries to be 30 gr above the Horizon And then the Quadrant of Altitude being also applied to the same degree of Aries will shew upon the Horizon the Azimuth of the Sun or distance of it from the Meridian to be about fortie five degrees CHAP. IX How to find the hour of the day as also the Amplitude of rising and setting of the Sun and Starres for any time or Latitude of place THe Sunne we see doth rise and set at severall seasons of the yeare in diverse parts of the Horizon But among the rest it hath three more notable places of rising and setting The first whereof is in the AEquator and this is called his AEquinoctiall rising and setting The second is in the Summer Solstice when he is in the Tropique of Cancer and the third is in the Winter solstice when he is in the Tropique of Capricorne Now the AEquinoctiall rising of the Sun is one and the same in every Climate For the AEquator alwayes cutteth the Horizon in the same points which are always just 90 gr distant on each side from the Meridian But the rest are variable and change according to the diverse inclination of the sphaere and therefore the houres are unequal also PONT And here you are to understand that the Amplitude of the Sunnes rising and setting is an Arch of the Horizon intercepted betwixt the AEquator and the place of the rising and setting of the Sun And it is either Northerne or Southerne The Northern Amplitude is when hee sets and riseth on this side of the AEquator toward the North Pole and the Southern when he sets or riseth on the contrary side Now when the Sun is in the AEquator he hath no amplitude at all but when he is in the Solsticall points he hath then the greatest amplitude of all of which that in the Tropique of Cancer is called the AEstivall or summer solsticiall amplitude and the other the Brumall or Winter solsticiall amplitude And here it is to be noted that in all places the Ortive amplitude of any Starre is equall to the Occidentall amplitude of the same And likewise that two stars being equally distant from the AEquator the one Northward and the other Southward or both of them Northward or Southward have equal amplitude of rising and setting Now if you desire to know the houre or distance of time betwixt the rising and setting of the Sunne when he is in either of the Solstices or in any other intermediate place and that for any time or latitude of place you shal work