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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A68197	The first and second volumes of Chronicles. [vol. 1] comprising 1 The description and historie of England, 2 The description and historie of Ireland, 3 The description and historie of Scotland: first collected and published by Raphaell Holinshed, William Harrison, and others: now newlie augmented and continued (with manifold matters of singular note and worthie memorie) to the yeare 1586. by Iohn Hooker aliàs Vowell Gent and others. With conuenient tables at the end of these volumes.; Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande. vol. 1	Holinshed, Raphael, d. 1580?; Stanyhurst, Richard, 1547-1618.; Fleming, Abraham, 1552?-1607.; Stow, John, 1525?-1605.; Thynne, Francis, 1545?-1608.; Hooker, John, 1526?-1601.; Harrison, William, 1534-1593.; Boece, Hector, 1465?-1536.; Giraldus, Cambrensis, 1146?-1223?	1587 (1587)	STC 13569_pt1; ESTC S122178	1,179,579	468

and the faithfull report of such writers as haue left notice thereof vnto vs in their learned treatises to be perpetuallie remembred Howbeit whereas some in setting downe of these two lines haue séemed to varie about the placing of the same each of them diuerstie remembring the names of sundrie cities and townes whereby they affirme them to haue their seuerall courses for my part I haue thought good to procéed somewhat after another sort that is by diuiding the latest and best chards each way into two equall parts so neere as I can possible bring the same to passe wherby for the middle of latitude I product Caerlile and Newcastell vpon Tine whose longest day consisteth of sixtéene houres 48. minuts and for the longitude Newberie Warwike Sheffield Skipton c which dealing in mine opinion is most easie and indifferent and likeliest meane to come by the certeine standing and situation of our Iland Touching the length and bredth of the same I find some variance amongst writers for after some there are from the Piere or point of Douer vnto the farthest part of Cornewall westwards 320. miles from thence againe to the point of Cathnesse by the Irish sea 800. Wherby Polydore and other doo gather that the circuit of the whole Iland of Britaine is 1720. miles which is full 280. lesse than Caesar dooth set downe except there be some difference betwéene the Romane and British miles as there is indéed wherof hereafter I may make some farther conference Martianus writing of the bredth of Britaine hath onlie 300. miles but Orosius hath 1200. in the whole compasse Ethicus also agreeing with Plinie Martianus and Solinus hath 800. miles of length but in the breadth he commeth short of their account by 120. miles In like maner Dion in Seuero maketh the one of 891. miles but the other to wit where it is broadest of 289. and where it is narowest of 37. Finally Diodorus Siculus affirmeth the south coast to conteine 7000 furlongs the second to wit à Carione ad Promontorium 15000. the third 20000. and the whole circuit to consist of 42000. But in our time we reckon the breadth from Douer to Cornewall not to be aboue 300. miles and the length from Douer to Cathnesse no more than 500. which neuerthelesse must be measured by a right line for otherwise I see not how the said diuision can hold The forme and fashion of this I le is thrée cornered as some haue deuised like vnto a triangle bastard sword wedge or partesant being broadest in the south part and gathering still narrower and narrower till it come to the farthest point of Cathnesse northward where it is narrowest of all there endeth in maner of a promontorie called Caledonium Orchas in British Morwerydh which is not aboue 30. miles ouer as dailie experience by actuall trauell dooth confirme The old writers giue vnto the thrée principall corners crags points and promontories of this Iland thrée seuerall names As vnto that of Kent Cantium that of Cornewall Hellenes and of Scotland Caledonium and Orchas and these are called principall in respect of the other which are Taruisium Nouantum Epidium Gangacum Octapites Herculeum Antiuesteum Ocrinum Berubium Taizalum Acantium c of which I thought good also to leaue this notice to the end that such as shall come after may thereby take occasion to seeke out their true places wherof as yet I am in maner ignorant I meane for the most part bicause I haue no sound author that dooth leade mée to their knowledge Furthermore the shortest and most vsuall cut that we haue out of our Iland to the maine is from Douer the farthest part of Kent eastward vnto Calice a towne in Picardie 1300 miles from Rome in old time called Petressa and Scalas though some like better of blacknesse where the breadth of the sea is not aboue thirtie miles Which course as it is now frequented and vsed for the most common and safe passage of such as come into our countrie out of France and diuers other realms so it hath not beene vnknowne of old time vnto the Romans who for the most part vsed these two hauens for their passage and repassage to and fro although we finde that now and then diuerse of them came also from Bullen and landed at Sandwich or some other places of the coast more toward the west or betweene Hide and Lid to wit Romneie marsh which in old time was called Romania or Romanorum insula as to auoid the force of the wind weather that often molesteth seafaringmen in these narrowe seas best liked them for their safegards Betweene the part of Holland also which lieth néere the mouth of the Rhene and this our Iland are 900. furlongs as Sosimus saith and besides him diuers other writers which being conuerted into English miles doo yeeld 112. and foure od furlongs whereby the iust distance of the neerest part of Britaine from that part of the maine also dooth certeinlie appéere to be much lesse than the common maps of our countrie haue hitherto set downe Of the ancient names or denominations of this Iland Cap. 3. IN the diligent perusall of their treatises who haue written of the state of this our Iland I find that at the first it séemed to be a parcell of the Celtike kingdome whereof Dis otherwise called Samothes one of the sonnes of Iaphet was the Saturne or originall beginner and of him thencefoorth for a long while called Samothea Afterward in processe of time when desire of rule began to take hold in the minds of men and ech prince endeuouted to enlarge his owne dominions Albion the sonne of Neptune Amphitrite surnamed Marioticus bicause his dominions laie among the Ilands of the Mediterran sea as those of Plutus did on the lower grounds neere vnto shore as contrariwise his father Iupiter dwelled on the high hils néerer to heauen hearing of the commodities of the countrie and plentifulnesse of soile here made a voiage ouer and finding the thing not onelie correspondent vnto but also farre surmounting the report that went of this Iland it was not long after yer he inuaded the same by force of armes brought it to his subiection in the 29. yeare after his grandfathers decease and finallie changed the name thereof into Albion whereby the former denomination after Samothes did grow out of mind and fall into vtter forgetfulnesse And thus was this Iland bereft at on time both of hir ancient name and also of hir lawfull succession of princes descended of the line of Iaphet vnder whom it had continued by the space of 341. yeres and nine princes as by the Chronologie following shall easilie appeere Goropius our neighbor being verie nice in the denomination of our Iland as in most other points of his huge volume of the originall of Antwarpe lib. 6. whom Buchanan also followeth in part is brought into great doubt whether Britaine was called Albion of

of errour as there cannot yet be had such number of able pastours as may suffice for euerie parish to haue one there are beside foure sermons appointed by publike order in the yeare certeine sermons or homilies deuised by sundrie learned men confirmed for sound doctrine by consent of the diuines and publike authoritie of the prince and those appointed to be read by the curats of meane vnderstanding which homilies doo comprehend the principall parts of christian doctrine as of originall sinne of iustification by faith of charitie and such like vpon the sabbaoth daies vnto the congregation And after a certeine number of psalmes read which are limited according to the daies of the month for morning and euening praier we haue two lessons wherof the first is taken out of the old testament the second out of the new and of these latter that in the morning is out of the gospels the other in the after noone out of some one of the epistles After morning prater also we haue the letanie and suffrages an inuocation in mine opinion not deuised without the great assistance of the spirit of God although manie curious mindsicke persons vtterlie condemne it as superstitious and sauoring of coniuration and sorcerie This being doone we procéed vnto the communion if anie communicants be to receiue the eucharist if not we read the decalog epistle and gospell with the Nicene créed of some in derision called the drie communion and then procéed vnto an homilie or sermon which hath a psalme before and after it and finallie vnto the baptisme of such infants as on euerie saboth daie if occasion so require are brought vnto the churches and thus is the forenoone bestowed In the after noone likewise we méet againe and after the psalmes and lessons ended we haue commonlie a sermon or at the leastwise our youth catechised by the space of an houre And thus doo we spend the sabaoth daie in good and godlie exercises all doone in our vulgar toong that each one present may heare and vnderstand the same which also in cathedrall and collegiat churches is so ordered that the psalmes onelie are soong by note the rest being read as in common parish churches by the minister with a lowd voice sauing that in the administration of the communion the quier singeth the answers the créed and sundrie other things appointed but in so plaine I saie and distinct maner that each one present may vnderstand what they sing euerie word hauing but one note though the whole harmonie consist of manie parts and those verie cunninglie set by the skilfull in that science Certes this translation of the seruice of the church into the vulgar toong hath not a litle offended the pope almost in euerie age as a thing verie often attempted by diuers princes but neuer generallie obteined for feare least the confenting thervnto might bréed the ouerthrow as it would in déed of all his religion and hierarchie neuerthelesse in some places where the kings and princes dwelled not vnder his nose it was performed maugre his resistance Uratislaus duke of Bohemia would long since haue doone the like also in his kingdome but not daring to venter so farre without the consent of the pope he wrote vnto him thereof and receiued his answer inhibitorie vnto all his proceeding in the same Gregorius septimus Vratislao Bohemorum duci c. Quia nobilitas tua postulat quòd secundū Sclauonicā linguā apud vos diuinum celebrari annueremus officium scias nos huic petitioni tuae nequaquàm possefauere ex hoc nempe se voluentibus liquet non immeritò sacram scripturam optimo Deo placuisse quibusdam locis esse occultam ne si ad liquidum cunctis pateret fortè vilesceret subiaceret despectui aut prauè intellecta à mediocribus in errorem induceret Neque enim ad excusationem iuuat quòd quidam viri hoc quod simplex populus quaerit patienter tulerunt seu incorrectum dimiserunt cum primitiua ecclesia multa dissimulauerit quae à sanctis patribus postmodum firmata christianitate religione crescente subtili examinatione correcta sunt vnde id nè fiat quod à vestris imprudenter exposcitur authoritate beati Petri inhibemus téque ad honorem optimi Dei huic vanae temeritati viribus totis resistere praecipimus c. Datum Romae c. I would set downe two or thrée more of the like instruments passed from that see vnto the like end but this shall suffice being lesse common than the other which are to be had more plentifullie As for our churches themselues belles and times of morning and euening praier remaine as in times past sauing that all images shrines tabernacles roodlofts and monuments of idolatrie are remooued taken downe and defaced onelie the stories in glasse windowes excepted which for want of sufficient store of new stuffe and by reason of extreame charge that should grow by the alteration of the same into white panes throughout the realme are not altogither abolished in most places at once but by little and little suffered to decaie that white glasse may be prouided and set vp in their roomes Finallie whereas there was woont to be a great partition betwéene the quire and the bodie of the church now it is either verie small or none at all and to saie the truth altogither needlesse sith the minister saith his seruice commonlie in the bodie of the church with his face toward the people in a little tabernacle of wainscot prouided for the purpose by which means the ignorant doo not onelie learne diuerse of the psalmes and vsuall praiers by heart but also such as can read doo praie togither with him so that the whole congregation at one instant powere out their petitions vnto the liuing God for the whole estate of his church in most earnest and feruent manner Our holie and festiuall daies are verie well reduced also vnto a lesse number for whereas not long since we had vnder the pope foure score and fiftéene called festiuall and thirtie Profesti beside the sundaies they are all brought vnto seauen and twentie and with them the superfluous numbers of idle waks guilds fraternities church-ales helpe-ales and soule-ales called also dirge-ales with the heathnish rioting at bride-ales are well diminished and laid aside And no great matter were it if the feasts of all our apostles euangelists and martyrs with that of all saincts were brought to the holie daies that follow vpon Christmasse Easter and Whitsuntide and those of the virgine Marie with the rest vtterlie remooued from the calendars as neither necessarie nor commendable in a reformed church The apparell in like sort of our clergie men is comlie in truth more decent than euer it was in the popish church before the vniuersities bound their graduats vnto a stable attire afterward vsurped also euen by the blind sir Iohns For if you peruse well my chronologie insuing you shall find that they went either

friends though he be the woorst scholer is alwaies surest to spéed which will turne in the end to the ouerthrow of learning That some gentlemen also whose friends haue beene in times past benefactors to certeine of those houses doo intrude into the disposition of their estates without all respect of order or estatutes deuised by the founders onelie thereby to place whome they thinke good and not without some hope of gaine the case is too too euident and their attempt would soone take place if their superiors did not prouide to bridle their indeuors In some grammar schooles likewise which send scholers to these vniuersities it is lamentable to see what briberie is vsed for yer the scholer can be pr●ferred such bribage is made that poore mens children are commonlie shut out and the richer sort receiued who in time past thought it dishonor to liue as it were vpon almes and yet being placed most of them studie little other than histories tables dice and trifles as men that make not the liuing by their studie the end of their purposes which is a lamentable hearing Beside this being for the most part either gentlemen or rich mens sonnes they oft bring the vniuersities into much slander For standing vpon their reputation and libertie they ruffle and roist it out excéeding in apparell and banting riotous companie which draweth them from their bookes vnto an other trade And for excuse when they are charged with breach of all good order thinke it sufficient to saie that they be gentlemen which gréeueth manie not a litle But to proceed with the rest Euerie one of these colleges haue in like maner their professors or readers of the toongs and seuerall sciences as they call them which dailie trade vp the youth there abiding priuatlie in their halles to the end they may be able afterward when their turne commeth about which is after twelue termes to shew themselues abroad by going from thence into the common schooles and publike disputations as it were In aream there to trie their skilles and declare how they haue profited since their comming thither Moreouer in the publike schooles of both the vniuersities there are found at the princes charge and that verie largelie fiue professors and readers that is to saie of diuinitie of the ciuill law physicke the Hebrue and the Gréeke toongs And for the other lectures as of philosophie logike rhetorike and the quadriuials although the latter I meane arythmetike musike geometrie and astronomie and with them all skill in the perspectiues are now smallie regarded in either of them the vniuersities themselues doo allow competent stipends to such as reade the same whereby they are sufficientlie prouided for touching the maintenance of their estates and no lesse incoraged to be diligent in their functions These professors in like sort haue all the rule of disputations and other schoole exercises which are dailie vsed in common schooles seuerallie assigned to ech of them and such of their hearers as by their skill shewed in the said disputations are thought to haue atteined to anie conuenient ripenesse of knowleledge according to the custome of other vniuersities although not in like order are permitted solemnlie to take their deserued degrees of schoole in the same science and facultie wherein they haue spent their trauell From that time forward also they vse such difference in apparell as becommeth their callings tendeth vnto grauitie and maketh them knowne to be called to some countenance The first degree is that of the generall sophisters from whence when they haue learned more sufficientlie the rules of logike rhetorike and obteined thereto competent skill in philosophie and in the mathematicals they ascend higher vnto the estate of batchelers of art a●ter foure yeares of their entrance into their sophistrie From thence also giuing their minds to more perfect knowledge in some or all the other liberall sciences the toongs they rise at the last to wit after other thrée or foure yéeres to be called masters of art ech of them being at that time reputed for a doctor in his facultie if he professe but one of the said sciences beside philosophie or for his generall skill if he be exercised in them all After this they are permitted to choose what other of the higher studies them liketh to follow whether it be diuinitie law or physike so that being once masters of art the next degrée if they follow physike is the doctorship belonging to that profession and likewise in the studie of the law if they bend their minds to the knowledge of the same But if they meane to go forward with diuinitie this is the order vsed in that profession First after they haue necessarilie proceeded masters of art they preach one sermon to the people in English and another to the vniuersitie in Latine They answer all commers also in their owne persons vnto two seuerall questions of diuinitie in the open schooles at one time for the space of two hours and afterward replie twise against some other man vpon a like number and on two seuerall daies in the same place which being doone with commendation he receiueth the fourth degree that is batch●eler of diuinitie but not before he hath beene master of art by the space of seauen yéeres according to their statutes The next and last degrée of all is the doctorship after other three yeares for the which he must once againe performe all such exercises and acts as are afore remembred and then is he reputed able to gouerne and teach others likewise taken for a doctor I haue read that Iohn of Beuerleie was the first doctor that euer was in Oxford as Beda was in Cambridge But I suppose herein that the word doctor is not so strictlie to be taken in this report as it is now vsed sith euerie teacher is in Latine called by that name as also such in the primitiue church as kept schooles of catechists wherein they were trained vp in the rudiments and principles of religion either before they were admitted vnto baptisme or anie office in the church Thus we sée that from our entrance into the vniuersitie vnto the last degrée receiued is commonlie eightéene or peraduenture twentie yéeres in which time if a student hath not obteined sufficient learning thereby to serue his owne turne and benefit his common wealth let him neuer looke by tarieng longer to come by anie more For after this time 40 yéeres of age the most part of students doo commonlie giue ouer their woonted diligence liue like drone bées on the fat of colleges withholding better wits from the possession of their places yet dooing litle good in their own vocation calling I could rehearse a number if I listed of this sort aswell in the one vniuersitie as the other But this shall suffice in sted of a larger report that long continuance in those places is either a signe of lacke of friends or of

is the most excellent yet the water that standeth in either of these is the best for vs that dwell in the countrie as whereon the sunne lieth longest and fattest fish is bred But of all other the ●ennie and morish is the worst and the cléerest spring water next vnto it In this busines therfore the skilfull workeman dooth redeeme the iniquitie of that element by changing of his proportions which trouble in ale sometime our onelie but now taken with manie for old and sickmens drinke is neuer séene nor heard of Howbeit as the beere well sodden in the bruing and stale is cleere and well coloured as muscadell or malueseie or rather yellow as the gold noble as our potknights call it so our ale which is not at all or verie little sodden and without hops is more thicke fulsome and of no such continuance which are thrée notable things to be considered in that liquor But what for that Certes I know some aleknights so much addicted therevnto that they will not ceasse from morow vntill euen to visit the same clensing house after house till they defile themselues and either fall quite vnder the boord or else not daring to stirre from their stooles sit still pinking with their narrow eies as halfe sleeping till the fume of their aduersarie be digested that he may go to it afresh Such slights also haue the alewiues for the vtterance of this drinke that they will mixe it with rosen and salt but if you heat a knife red hot and quench it in the ale so neere the bottome of the pot as you can put it you shall sée the rosen come foorth hanging on the knife As for the force of salt it is well knowne by the effect for the more the drinker tipleth the more he may and so dooth he carrie off a drie dronken noll to bed with him except his lucke be the better But to my purpose In some places of England there is a kind of drinke made of apples which they call cider or pomage but that of peares is named pirrie and both are groond and pressed in presses made for the nonce Certes these two are verie common in Sussex Kent Worcester and other stéeds where these sorts of fruits doo abound howbeit they are not their onelie drinke at all times but referred vnto the delicate sorts of drinke as metheglin is in Wales whereof the Welshmen make no lesse accompt and not without cause if it be well handled than the Gréekes did of their Ambrosia or Nectar which for the pleasantnesse thereof was supposed to be such as the gods themselues did delite in There is a kind of swish swash mad also in Essex and diuerse other places with honicombs and water which the homelie countrie wiues putting some pepper and a little other spice among call mead verie good in mine opinion for such as loue to be loose bodied at large or a little eased of the cough otherwise it differeth so much frō the true metheglin as chalke from cheese Trulie it is nothing else but the washing of the combes when the honie is wroong out and one of the best things that I know belonging thereto is that they spend but litle labour and lesse cost in making of the same and therefore no great losse if it were neuer occupied Hitherto of the diet of my countrimen somewhat more at large peraduenture than manie men will like of wherefore I thinke good now to finish this tractation and so will I when I haue added a few other things incident vnto that which goeth before wherby the whole processe of the same shall fullie be deliuered my promise to my fréend in this behalfe performed Heretofore there hath béene much more time spent in eating and drinking than commonlie is in these daies for whereas of old we had breakefasts in the forenoone beuerages or nuntions after dinner and thereto reare suppers generallie when it was time to go to rest a toie brought into England by hardie Canutus and a custome whereof Athenaeus also speaketh lib. 1 albeit Hippocrates speake but of twise at the most lib. 2. De rat vict in feb ac Now these od repasts thanked be God are verie well left and ech one in maner except here and there some yoong hungrie stomath that cannot fast till dinner time contenteth himselfe with dinner supper onelie The Normans misliking the gormandise of Canutus ordeined after their ●rriuall that no table should be couered aboue once in the daie which Huntingdon imputeth to their auarice but in the end either waxing wearie of their owne frugalitie or suffering the cockle of old custome to ouergrow the good corne of their new constitution they fell to such libertie that in often féeding they surmounted Canutus surnamed the hardie For whereas he couered his table but thrée or foure times in the daie these spred their clothes fiue or six times and in such wise as I before rehearsed They brought in also the custome of long and statelie sitting at meat whereby their feasts resembled those ancient pontificall bankets whereof Macrobius speaketh lib. 3. cap. 13. and Plin. lib. 10. cap. 10. and which for sumptuousnesse of fare long sitting and curiositie shewed in the same excéeded all other mens feasting which fondnesse is not yet left with vs notwithstanding that it proueth verie beneficiall for the physicians who most abound where most excesse and misgouernement of our bodies doo appéere although it be a great expense of time and worthie of reprehension For the nobilitie gentlemen and merchantmen especiallie at great méetings doo sit commonlie till two or three of the clocke at afternoone so that with manie is an hard matter to rise from the table to go to euening praier and returne from thence to come time inough to supper For my part I am persuaded that the purpose of the Normans at the first was to reduce the ancient Roman order or Danish custome in féeding once in the daie and toward the euening as I haue red and noted And indéed the Romans had such a custome and likewise the Grecians as may appeere by the words of Socrates who said vnto the Atheniens Oriente sole consilium occidente conuiuium est cogitandum although a little something was allowed in the morning to yoong children which we now call a breakefast Plato called the Siciliens monsters for that they vsed to eat twise in the daie Among the Persians onelie the king dined when the sunne was at the highest and shadow of the stile at the shortest the rest as it is reported went alwaies but once to meat when their stomachs craued it as the Canariens and Indians doo in my time who if appetite serue refuse not to go to meat at anie houre of the night and likewise the ancient Caspians Yet Arhianus noteth it as a rare thing li. 4. cap. 16. that the Tyrhenians had taken vp an ill custome to féed twise in a daie

Howbeit at the last they fell generallie to allow of suppers toward the setting of the sunne in all places bicause they would haue their whole familie to go to meat togither and wherevnto they would appoint their guests to come at a certeine length of the shadow to be perceiued in their dials And this is more to be noted of antiquitie that if anie man as Plutarch saith did féed before that time he incurred a note of reprehension as if he had beene gluttonous and giuen vnto the bellie 8. Sympos 6. Their slaues in like sort were glad when it grew to the tenth foot for then were they sure soone after to go to meat In the scripture we read of manie suppers few dinners onelie for that dining was not greatlie vsed in Christs time but taken as a thing latelie sproong vp when pampering of the bellie began to take hold occastoned by idlenes and great abundance of riches It is pretie to note in Iuuenal how he taunteth Marius for that he gaue himselfe to drinke before the ninth houre of the daie for thinking three houres to be too little for the filling of his bellie he began commonlie at eight which was an houre too soone Afterwards when gurmandise increased yet more amongst the Romans and from them was dispersed vnto all nations vnder their subiection it came to passe that six houres onlie were appointed to worke and consult in and the other six of the daie to feed and drinke in as the verse saith Sex horae tantùm rebus tribuantur agendis Viuere post illas littera Zetha monet Wherevnto Maximus Planudes except my memorie faile me addeth this scholie after his maner saieng that from morning vnto noone which is six of the clocke after the vnequall accompt each one dooth trauell about his necessarie affaires that being doone he betaketh himselfe to the refreshing of his bodie which is noted and set downe by the Gréeke letters of the diall wherewith the Romane horologies were marked as ours be with their numerall letters whereby the time is described for those which point 7 8 9 and 10 are written with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and being ioined yéeld 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which in English signifieth so much as liue as if they should meane eat that thou maist liue But how Martial diuided his daie and with him the whole troope of the learned wiser sort these verses following doo more euidentlie declare Prima salutantes atque altera 〈…〉 Exercet raucos tertia causidicos In quintam varios extendis Roma labores Sexta quies lassis septima finis erit Sufficit in nonam nitidis octaua palestris Imperat extructos frangera nona thoros Hora libellorum decima est Eupheme meorum Temperat Ambrosias cum tua cura dapes Et bonus aethereo laxatur Nectare Caesar Ingentíque tenet pocula parca manu Tunc admitteiocos gressu timet ire licenti Ad matutinum nostra Thaleia Iouem Thus we sée how the ancient maner of the Gentils was to féed but once in the daie and that toward night till gluttonie grew on and altered this good custome I might 〈◊〉 remember also their maner in pulling off their shooes when they sat downe to meat whereof Martial saith Deposui soleas affertur protinus ingens Inter lactucas oxygarmúque liber c. And Tullie also remembreth where he saith Seruum à pedibus ad te misi which office grew of the said custome as Seruus ad limina did of kéeping the doore though in most houses both these were commonlie one mans office also Ad pocula of attending on the cup. But bicause the good writers of our time haue obserued these phrases and such like with their causes and descriptions in their infinite and seuerall treatises I shall not need to discourse anie farther vpon them With vs the nobilitie gentrie and students doo ordinarilie go to dinner at eleuen before noone and to supper at fiue or betweene fiue and six at afternoone The merchants dine and sup seldome before twelue at noone and six at night especiallie in London The husbandmen dine also at high noone as they call it and sup at seuen or eight but out of the tearme in our vniuersities the scholers dine at ten As for the poorest fort they generallie dine and sup when they may so that to talke of their order of repast it were but a néedlesse matter I might here take occasion also to set downe the varietie vsed by antiquitie in their beginnings of their diets wherin almost euerie nation had a seuerall fashion some beginning of custome as we doo in summer time with salets at supper and some ending with lettice some making their entrie with egs and shutting vp their tables with mulberies as we doo with fruit and conceits of all sorts Diuerse as the old Romans began with a few crops of rue as the Uenetians did with the fish called Gobius the Belgies with butter or as we doo yet also with butter and egs vpon fish daies But wheras we commonlie begin with the most grosse food and end with the most delicate the Scot thinking much to leaue the best for his meniall seruants maketh his entrance at the best so that he is sure therby to leaue the worst We vse also our wines by degrees so that the hotest commeth last to the table but to stand vpon such toies would spend much time and turne to small profit wherfore I will deals with other things more necessarie for this turne Of their apparell and attire Chap. 7. AN Englishman indeuoring sometime to write of our attire made sundrie platformes for his purpose supposing by some of them to find out one stedfast ground whereon to build the summe of his discourse But in the end like an oratour long without exercise when he saw what a difficult péece of worke he had taken in hand he gaue ouer his trauell and onelie drue the picture of a naked man vnto whome he gaue a paire of sheares in the one hand and a peece of cloth in the other to the end he should shape his apparell after such fashion as himselfe liked sith he cuold find no kind of garment that could please him anie while togither and this he called an Englishman Certes this writer otherwise being a lewd popish hypocrite and vngratious priest shewed himselfe herein not to be altogether void of iudgement sith the phantasticall follie of our nation euen from the courtier to the carter is such that no forme of apparell liketh vs longer than the first garment is in the wearing if it continue so long and be not laid aside to receiue some other trinket newlie deuised by the fickle he aded tailors who couet to haue seurall trickes in cutting thereby to draw fond customers to more expense of monie For my part I can tell better how to inueigh against this enormitie than describe anie certeintie of our attire sithence such is our mutabilitie that

lands and goods of the ancestors being dispersed amongst their issue males of one strong there were raised sundrie weake whereby the originall or generall strength to resist the aduersarie became infeebled and brought almost to nothing Vis vnita saith the philosopher fortior est eadem dispersa and one good pursse is better than manie euill and when euerie man is benefited alike each one will séeke to mainteine his priuate estate and few take care to prouide for publike welfare Burrow kind is where the yoongest is preferred before the eldest which is the custome of manie countries of this region also the woman to haue the third of hir husbands possessions the husband that marieth an heire to haue such lands as moue by hir during his naturall life if he suruiue hir and hath a child by hir which hath béene heard crie thorough foure wals c of such like to be learned elsewhere and sometimes frequented generallie ouer all Prescription is a certeine custome which hath continued time out of minde but it is more particular than customarie law as where onelie a parish or some priuat person dooth prescribe to haue common or a waie in another mans soile or tithes to be paid after this or that maner I meane otherwise than the common course and order of the law requireth whereof let this suffice at this time in stéed of a larger discourse of our owne lawes least I should seeme to enter farre into that whereof I haue no skill For what hath the meditation of the law of God to doo with anie precise knowledge of the law of man sith they are seuerall trades and incident to diuerse persons There are also sundrie vsuall courts holden once in euerie quarter of the yeare which we commonlie call termes of the Latine word Terminus wherein all controuersies are determined that happen within the Quéenes dominions These are commonlie holden at London except vpon some great occasion they be transferred to other places At what times also they are kept both for spirituall and temporall dealing the table insuing shall easilie declare Finallie how well they are followed by sutors the great wealth of lawiers without anie trauell of mine can readilie expresse For as after the comming of the Normans the nobilitie had the start and after them the cleargie so now all the wealth of the land dooth flow vnto our common lawiers of whome some one hauing practised little aboue thirteene or fourtéene yeares is able to buie a purchase of so manie 1000 pounds which argueth that they war rich apace and will be richer if their clients become not the more wiser warie hereafter It is not long since a sergeant at the law whome I could name was arrested vpon an extent for thrée or foure hundred pounds and another standing by did greatlie maruell that he could not spare the gaines of one terme for the satisfaction of that dutie The time hath béene that our lawiers did sit in Powles vpon stooles against the pillers and walles to get clients but now some of them will not come from their chambers to the Guildhall in London vnder ten pounds or twentie nobles at the lest And one being demanded why he made so much of his trauell answered that it was but follie for him to go so farre when he was assured to get more monie by sitting still at home A friend of mine also had a sute of late of some valure and to be sure of counsell at his time he gaue vnto two lawiers whose names I forbeare to deliuer twentie shillings a peece telling them of the daie and houre wherein his matter should be called vpon To be short they came not vnto the barre at all whervpon he staied for that daie On the morrow after he met them againe increased his former gifts by so much more and told them of the time but they once againe serued him as before In the end he met them both in the verie hall doore and after some timorous reprehension of their vncourteous demeanour toward him he bestowed either thrée angels or foure more vpon each of them wherevpon they promised peremptorilie to speake earnestlie in his cause And yet for all this one of them hauing not yet sucked enough vtterlie deceiued him the other in déed came in and wagging a scroll which he had in his hand before the iudge he spake not aboue thrée or foure words almost so soone vttered as a good morrow and so went from the bar and this was all the poore man gat for his monie and the care which his counsellours did séeme to take of his cause then standing vpon the hazard But inough of these matters for if I should set downe how little law poore men can haue for their small fées in these daies and the great murmurings that are on all sides vttered against their excessiue taking of monie for they can abide no small gaine I should extend this treatise into a farre greater volume than is conuenient for my purpose Wherfore it shall suffice to haue set downe so much of their demeanour and so much as is euen enough to cause them to looke with somewhat more conscience into their dealings except they be dull and senselesse This furthermore is to be noted that albeit the princes heretofore reigning in this land haue erected sundrie courts especiallie of the chancerie at Yorke and Ludlow for the ease of poore men dwelling in those parts yet will the poorest of all men commonlie most contentious refuse to haue his cause heard so néere home but indeuoureth rather to his vtter vndooing to trauell vp to London thinking there soonest to preuaile against his aduersarie though his case be neuer so doubtfull But in this toie our Welshmen doo excéed of all that euer I heard for you shall here and there haue some one od poore Dauid of them giuen so much to contention and strife that without all respect of charges he will vp to London though he go bare legged by the waie and carie his hosen on his necke to saue their feet from wearing bicause he hath no change When he commeth there also he will make such importunate begging of his countrimen and hard shift otherwise that he will sometimes carie downe six or seuen writs with him in his pursse wherewith to molest his neighbor though the greatest quarrell be scarselie worth the see that he hath paid for anie one of them But inough of this least in reuealing the superfluous follie of a few brablers in this behalfe I bring no good will to my selfe amongst the wisest of that nation Certes it is a lamentable case to sée furthermore how a number of poore men are dailie abused and vtterlie vndoone by sundrie varlets that go about the countrie as promoters or brokers betwéene the pettie foggers of the lawe and the common people onelie to kindle and espie coales of contention whereby the one side may reape commoditie and the other

most places they descend no lower than the halfe quarter or quarter of the houre and from whence they proceed vnto the houre to wit the foure and twentith part of that which we call the common and naturall daie which dooth begin at midnight and is obserued continuallie by clockes dialles and astronomicall instruments of all sorts The artificiall varietie of which kind of ware is so great here in England as no place else in mine opinion can be comparable therein to this I le I will not speake of the cost bestowed vpon them in perle and stone neither of the valure of mettall whereof they haue béene made as gold siluer c and almost no abbeie or religious house without some of them This onelie shall suffice to note here as by the waie that as antiquitie hath delighted in these things so in our time pompe and excesse spendeth all and nothing is regarded that bringeth in no bread Of vnequall or temporall houres or daies our nation hath no regard and therefore to shew their quantities differences and diuisions into the greater and the lesser whereof the later conteineth one vnequall houre or the rising of halfe a signe the other of a whole signe which is in two houres space wherof Marke seemeth to speake cap. 15 c 25 as the rest of the euangelists yea and he also ibid. vers 33 doo of the other Matth. 27 e 45 Luke 23 e 44 Iohn 19 b 14 it should be but in vaine In like sort wheras the elder Aegyptians Italians Bohemians latter Atheniens and Iews begin their daie at the sun set ouer night the Persians Babylonians Grecians and Noribergians at the sun rising ech of them accompting their daies and nights by vnequall houres also the elder Atheniens Arabians Dutchmen Umbers Hetrurians and Astronomers at high noone and so reckon from noone to noone we after Hipparchus and the latter Aegyptians or to speake more properlie imitating the Roman maner vsed in the church there of long time choose the verie point of midnight from whence we accompt twelue equall houres vnto middaie insuing and other twelue againe vnto the aforesaid point according to these verses Manè diem Graeca gens incipit astrasequentes In medio lucis Iudaeis vespere sancta Inchoat ecclesia media sua tempora nocte And this is our generall order for the naturall daie Of the artificiall we make so farre accompt as that we reckon it daie when the sun is vp and night when the sun leaueth our horizon Otherwise also we diuide it into two parts that is to saie fore noone and after noone not regarding the ruddie shining burning and warming seasons of thrée vnequall houres a péece which others séeme to diuide into spring time summer autumne and winter in like curious manner and whereof I read these verses Solis equi lucis dicuntur quatuor horae Haec rubet haec splendet haec calet illa tepet Indéed our physicians haue another partition of the daie as men of no lesse learning no doubt than the best of forren countries if we could so conceiue of them And herein they concurre also with those of other nations who for distinction in regiment of our humors diuide the artificiall daie and night in such wise as these verses doo import and are indéed a generall rule which ech of them doth follow Tres lucis primas noctis tres sanguinis imas Vis cholerae medias lucis sex vendicat horas Dátque melam primas noctis tres lucis imas Centrales ponas sex noctis phlegmatis horas Or thus as Tansteter hath giuen them foorth in his prelections A nona noctis donec sit terita lucis Est dominus sanguis sex inde sequentibus horis Est dominans cholera dum lucis nona sit hora Post niger humid inest donec sit tertia noctis Posthaec phlegma venit donec sit nona quietis In English thus in effect Three houres yer sun doo rise and so manie after blud From nine to three at after noone hot choler beares the swaie Euen so to nine at night swart choler hath to rule As phlegme from thence to three at morne six houres ech one I saie In like sort for the night we haue none other parts than the twilight darkenight midnight and cocks crowing wheras the Latins diuide the same into 7 parts as Vesper or Vesperugo as Plautus calleth it as Virgil vseth the word Hesper the euening which is immediatlie after the setting of the sun Crepusculum the twilight which some call Prima fax because men begin then to light candles when it is betwéene daie and night light and darkenesse or properlie neither daie nor night Concubium the still of the night when ech one is laid to rest Intempestum the dull or dead of the night which is midnight when men be in their first or dead sléepe Gallicinium the cocks crowing Conticinium when the cocks haue left crowing Matutinum the breach of the daie and Diluculum siue aurora the ruddie orenge golden or shining colour séene immediatlie before the rising of the sun and is opposite to the euening as Matutinum is to the twilight Other there are which doo reckon by watches diuiding the night after sun setting into foure equall parts Of which the first beginneth at euening called the first watch and continueth by thrée vnequall houres and so foorth vntill the end of the ninth houre whereat the fourth watch entreth which is called the morning watch bicause it concurreth partlie with the darke night and partlie with the morning and breach of the daie before the rising of the sun As for the originall of the word houre it is verie ancient but yet not so old as that of the watch wherof we shall read abundantlie in the scriptures which was deuised first among souldiors for their better safegard and change of watchmen in their camps the like whereof is almost vsed among our seafaring men which they call clearing of the glasse and performed from time to time with great héed and some solemnitie Here vnto the word Hora among the Grecians signified so well the foure quarters of the yéere as the foure and twentith part of the daie and limits of anie forme But what stand I vpon these things to let my purpose staie To procéed therefore Of naturall daies is the wéeke compacted which consisteth of seauen of them the fridaie being commonlie called among the vulgar sort either king or worling bicause it is either the fairest or foulest of the seauen albeit that I cannot ghesse of anie reason whie they should so imagine The first of these entreth with mondaie whereby it commeth to passe that we rest vpon the sundaie which is the seauenth in number as almightie God hath commanded in his word The Iews begin their wéeke vpon our saturdaie at the setting of the sun and the Turks in these daies with the

saturdaie whereby it commeth to passe that as the Iews make our last daie the first of their wéeke so the Turks make the Iewish sabaoth the beginning of their Hebdoma bicause Mahomet their prophet as they saie was borne and dead vpon the fridaie and so he was indéed except their Alcharon deceiue them The Iews doo reckon their daies by their distance from their sabaoth so that the first daie of their wéeke is the first daie of the sabaoth and so foorth vnto the sixt The Latins and Aegyptians accompted their daies after the seauen planets choosing the same for the denominator of the daie that entreth his regiment with the first vnequall houre of the same after the sun be risen Howbeit as this order is not wholie reteined with vs so the vse of the same is not yet altogither abolished as may appéere by our sunday mondaie and saturdaie The rest were changed by the Saxons who in remembrance of Theut sometime their prince called the second day of the wéek Theutsdach the third Woden Othin Othon or Edon or Wodensdach Also of Thor they named the fourth daie Thorsdach and of Frea wife to Woden the fift was called Freadach Albeit there are and not amisse as I thinke that suppose them to meane by Thor Iupiter by Woden Mercurie by Frea or Frigga as Saxo calleth hir Uenus and finallie by Theut Mars which if it be so then it is an easie matter to find out the german Mars Uenus Mercurie and Iupiter whereof you may read more hereafter in my chronologie The truth is that Frea albeit that Saxo giueth hir scant a good report for that she loued one of hir husbands men better than himselfe had seauen sonnes by Woden the first father to Wecca of whome descended those that were afterwards kings of Kent Fethelgeta was the second and of him came the kings of Mercia Baldaie the third father to the kings of the west Saxons Beldagius the fourth parent to the kings of Brenicia or Northumberland Weogodach the fift author of the kings of Deira Caser the sixt race of the east Angle race Nascad originall burgeant of the kings of Essex As for the kings of Sussex although they were of the same people yet were they not of the same streine as our old monuments doo expresse But to procéed As certeine of our daies suffered this alteration by the Saxons so in our churches we reteined for a long time the number of daies or of sabaoth after the manner of the Iews I meane vnstill the seruice after the Romane vse was abolished which custome was first receiued as some thinke by pope Syluester though other saie by Constantine albeit another sort doo affirme that Syluester caused the sundaie onelie to be called the Lords day and dealt not with the rest In like maner of wéekes our moneths are made which are so called of the moone each one conteining eight and twentie daies or foure wéekes without anie further curiositie For we reckon not our time by the yeare of the moone as the Iews Grecians or Romans did at the first or as the Turks Arabians and Persians doo now neither anie parcell thereof by the said planet as in some part of the west Indies where they haue neither weeke moneth nor yéere but onlie a generall accompt of hundreds and thousands of moones Wherefore if we saie or write a moneth it is to be expounded of eight and twentie daies or foure wéeks onelie and not of hir vsuall period of nine and twentie daies and one and thirtie minuts Or if you take it at large for a moneth of the common calender which neuerthelesse in plées and sutes is nothing at all allowed of sith the moone maketh hir full reuolution in eight and twentie daies or foure weeks that is vnto the place where she left the sun notwithstanding that he be now gone and at hir returne not to be found verie often in that signe wherin she before had left him Plutarch writeth of diuers barbarous nations which reckoned a more or lesse number of these moneths for whole yeares and that of these some accompted but thrée as the Archadians did foure the Acarnans six and the Aegyptians but one for a whole yeare which causeth them to make such a large accompt of their antiquitie and originall But forsomuch as we are not troubled with anie such disorder it shall suffice that I haue generallie said of moneths and their quantities at this time Now a word or two of the ancient Romane calender In old time each moneth of the Romane calender was reckoned after the course of the moone and their enterances were vncerteine as were also the changes of that planet whereby it came to passe that the daie of the change was the first of the moneth howsoeuer it fell out But after Iulius Cesar had once corrected the same the seuerall beginnings of euerie one of them did not onelie remaine fixed but also the old order in the diuision of their parts continued still vnaltered so that the moneth is yet diuided as before into calends ides and nones albeit that in my daies the vse of the same bée but small and their order reteined onelie in our calenders for the better vnderstanding of such times as the historiographers and old authors doo remember The reckoning also of each of these goeth as you sée after a preposterous order whereby the Romans did rather note how many daies were to the next change from the precedent than contrariwise as by perusall of the same you shall more easilie perceiue The daies also of the change of the moneth of the moone are called Calendae which in time of paganisme were consecrated to Iuno and sacrifice made to that goddesse on the same On these daies also and on the ides and nones they would not marie Likewise the morow after each of them were called Dies atri blacke daies as were also diuerse other and those either by reason of some notable ouerthrow or mishap that befell vnto the Romans vpon those daies or in respect of some superstitious imagination conceiued of euill successe likelie to fall out vpon the same Of some they were called Dies Aegyptiaci Wherby it appeareth that this peeuish estimation of these daies came from that nation And as we doo note our holie and festiuall daies with red letters in our calenders so did the Romans their principall feasts circle of the moone either in red or golden letters and their victories in white in their publike or consularie tables This also is more to be added that if anie good successe happened afterward vpon such day as was alreadie blacke in their calender they would solemnlie enter it in white letters by racing out of the blacke whereby the blacke daie was turned into white and wherein they not a little reioised The word Calendae in Gréeke Neomenia is deriued of Calo to call for vpon the first day of euerie moneth the priest vsed to call the

a castell in that countrie and after went into the borders of Wales and builded another castell neere vnto the riuer of Seuerne but being driuen out of that countrie they returned againe into Essex Those that had besieged Excester vpon knowledge had of king Alfreds comming fled to their ships and so remaining on the sea roaued abroad séeking preies Besides this other armies there were sent foorth which comming out of Northumberland tooke the citie of Chester but there they were so beset about with their enimies that they were constreined to eate their horsses At length in the 24 yéere of king Alfred they left that citie and fetcht a compass about Northwales and so meaning to saile round about the coast to come into Northumberland they arriued in Essex and in the winter following drew their ships by the Thames into the water of Luie That armie of Danes which had besieged Excester tooke preies about Chichester and was met with so that they lost manie of their men and also diuerse of their ships In the yéere following the other armie which had brought the ships into the riuer Luie began to build a castell néere to the same riuer twentie miles distant from London but the Londoners came thither and giuing battell to the Danes slue foure of the chiefe capteins But by Simon Dunel and Matt. Westm. it should seeme that the Londoners were at this time put to flight and that foure of the kings barons were slaine in fight Howbeit Henrie Hunt hath written as before I haue recited and further saith that when the Danes fled for their refuge to the castell king Alfred caused the water of Luie to be diuided into thrée chanels so that the Danes should not bring backe their ships out of the place where they laie at anchor When the Danes perceiued this they left their ships behind them and went into the borders of Wales where at Cartbridge vpon Seuerne they built another castell and lay there all the winter following hauing left their wiues and children in the countrie of Eastangles King Alfred pursued them but the Londoners tooke the enimies ships and brought some of them to the citie and the rest they burnt Thus for the space of thrée yéeres after the arriuing of the maine armie of the Danes in the hauen of Luie they sore indamaged the English people although the Danes themselues susteined more losse at the Englishmens hands than they did to them with all pilfering and spoiling In the fourth yéere after their comming the armie was diuided so that one part of them went into Northumberland part of them remained in the countrie of Eastangles another part went into France Also certeine of their ships came vpon the coast of the Westsaxons oftentimes setting their men on land to rob and spoile the countrie But king Alfred tooke order in the best wise he might for defense of his countrie and people and caused certeine mightie vessels to be builded which he appointed foorth to incounter with the enimies ships Thus like a worthie prince and politike gouernor he preuented each way to resist the force of his enimies and to safegard his subiects Finallie after he had reigned 29 yéeres and an halfe he departed this life the 28 day of October His bodie was buried at Winchester he left behind him issue by his wife Ethelwitha the daughter vnto earle Etherlred of Mercia two sonnes Edward surnamed the elder which succéeded him and Adelwold also thrée daughters Elfleda or Ethelfleda Ethelgeda or Edgiua and Ethelwitha How Elfleda king Alfreds daughter being maried contemned fleshlie pleasure the praise of Alfred for his good qualities his lawes for the redresse of theeues his diuiding of countries into hundreds and tithings of what monasteries he was founder he began the foundation of the vniuersitie of Oxford which is not so ancient as Cambridge by 265 yeeres king Alfred was learned his zeale to traine his people to lead an honest life what learned men were about him the pitifull murthering of Iohn Scot by his owne scholers how Alfred diuided the 24 houres of the day and the night for his necessarie purposes his last will and bequests the end of the kingdome of Mercia the Danes haue it in their hands and dispose it as they list Eastangle and Northumberland are subiect vnto them the Northumbers expell Egbert their king his death the Danes make Guthred king of Northumberland priuileges granted to S. Cuthberts shrine the death of Guthred and who succeeded him in the seat roiall The xvj Chapter IN the end of the former chapter we shewed what children Alfred had their number names among whome we made report of Elfleda who as you haue heard was maried vnto duke Edelred This gentlewoman left a notable example behind hir of despising fleshlie plesure for bearing hir husband one child and sore handled before she could be deliuered she euer after forbare to companie with hir husband saieng that it was great foolishnesse to vse such pleasure which therwith should bring so great griefe To speake sufficientlie of the woorthie praise due to so noble a prince as Alfred was might require eloquence learning and a large volume He was of person comelie and beautifull and better beloued of his father and mother than his other brethren And although he was as before is touched greatly disquieted with the inuasion of forren enimies yet did he both manfullie from time to time indeuour himselfe to repell them and also attempted to sée his subiects gouerned in good and vpright iustice And albeit that good lawes amongst the clinking noise of armor are oftentimes put to silence yet he perceiuing how his people were gréeued with theeues and robbers which in time of warre grew and increased deuised good statutes and wholsome ordinances for punishing of such offendors Amongst other things he ordeined that the countries should be diuided into hundreds and tithings that is to say quarters conteining a certeine number of towneships adioining togither so that euerie Englishman liuing vnder prescript of lawes should haue both his hundred and tithing that if anie man were accused of anie offense he should find suertie for his good demeanor and if he could not find such as would answer for him then should he tast extremitie of the lawes And if anie man that was giltie fled before he found suertie or after all the inhabitants of the hundred or tithing where he dwelt shuld be put to their fine By this deuise he brought his countrie into good tranquillitie so that he caused bracelets of gold to be hanged vp aloft on hils where anie common waies lay to sée if anie durst be so hardie to take them away by stealth He was a liberall prince namely in relieuing of the poore To churches he confirmed such priuileges as his father had granted before him and he also sent rewards by way of deuotion vnto Rome and to the

bodie of saint Thomas in India Sighelmus the bishop of Shireborne bare the same and brought from thence rich stones and swéet oiles of inestimable valure From Rome also he brought a péece of the holy crosse which pope Martinus did send for a present vnto king Alfred Moreouer king Alfred founded three goodlie monasteries one at Edlingsey where he liued sometime when the Danes had bereaued him almost of all his kingdome which was after called Athelney distant from Taunton in Sumersetshire about fiue miles the second he builded at Winchester called the new minster and the third at Shaftesburie which was an house of nuns where he made his daughter Ethelgeda or Edgiua abbesse But the foundation of the vniuersitie of Oxford passed all the residue of his buildings which he began by the good exhortation and aduise of Neotus an abbat in those daies highlie estéemed for his vertue and lerning with Alfred This worke he tooke in hand about the 23 yéere of his reigne which was in the yéere of our Lord 895. So that the vniuersitie of Cambridge was founded before this other of Oxford about 265 yeeres as Polydor gathereth For Sigebert king of the Eastangles began to erect that vniuersitie at Cambridge about the yéere of our Lord 630. King Alfred was learned himselfe and giuen much to studie insomuch that beside diuerse good lawes which he translated into the English toong gathered togither and published he also translated diuerse other bookes out of Latine into English as Orosius Pastorale Gregorij Beda de gestis Anglorum Boetius de consolatione philosophiae and the booke of Psalmes but this he finished not being preuented by death So this worthie prince minded well toward the common wealth of his people in that season when learning was little estéemed amongst the west nations did studie by all meanes possible to instruct his subiects in the trade of leading an honest life and to incourage them generallie to imbrace learning He would not suffer anie to beare office in the court except he were lerned and yet he himselfe was twelue yéeres of age before he could read a word on the booke and was then trained by his mothers persuasion to studie promising him a goodlie booke which she had in hir hands if he would learne to read it Herevpon going to his booke in sport he so earnestlie set his mind thereto that within a small time he profited maruellouslie and became such a fauorer of learned men that he delighted most in their companie to haue conference with them and allured diuerse to come vnto him out of other countries as Asserius Meneuensis bishop of Shirborne Werefridus the bishop of Worcester who by his commandement translated the bookes of Gregories dialogs into English Also I. Scot who whiles he was in France translated the book of Dionysius Ariopagita intituled Hierarchia out of Gréeke into Latine and after was schoolemaister in the abbeie of Malmesburie and there murthered by his scholers with penkn●ues He had diuerse other about him both Englishmen strangers as Pleimond afterward archbishop of Canturburie Grimbald gouernor of the new monasterie at Winchester with others But to conclude with this noble prince king Alured he was so carefull in his office that he diuided the 24 houres which conteine the day and night in thrée parts so that eight houres he spent in writing reading and making his praiers other eight●● emploied in relieuing his bodie with meat drinke and sléepe and the other eight he bestowed in dispatching of businesse concerning the gouernement of the realme He had in his chapell a candle of 24 parts whereof euerie one lasted an houre so that the sexton to whome that charge was committed by burning of this candle warned the king euer how the time passed away A little before his death he ordeined his last will and testament bequeathing halfe the portion of all his goods iustlie gotten vnto such monasteries as he had founded All his rents and reuenues he diuided into two equall parts and the first part he diuided into thrée bestowing the first vpon his seruants in houshold the second to such labourers and workemen as he kept in his works of sundrie new buildings the third part he gaue to strangers The second whole part of his reuenues was so diuided that the first portion thereof was dispersed amongst the poore people of his countrie the second to monasteries the third to the finding of poore scholers and the fourth part to churches beyond the sea He was diligent in inquirie how the iudges of his land behaued themselues in their iudgements and was a sharpe corrector of them which transgressed in that behalfe To be briefe he liued so as he was had in great fauour of his neighbours highlie honored among strangers He maried his daughter Ethelswida or rather Elstride vnto Baldwine earle of Flanders of whome he had two sonnes Arnulfe and Adulfe the first succéeding in the erledome of Flanders and the yoonger was made earle of Bullogne The bodie of king Alured was first buried in the bishops church but afterwards because the Canons raised a fond tale that the same should walke a nights his sonne king Edward remoued it into the new monasterie which he in his life time had founded Finallie in memorie of him a certeine learned clarke made an epitath in Latine which for the woorthinesse thereof is likewise verse for verse and in a maner word for word translated by Abraham Fleming into English whose no litle labor hath béene diligentlie imploied in supplieng sundrie insufficiences found in of this huge volume NObilitas inhata tibi probitatis honorem Nobilitie by birth to thee ô Alfred strong in arme● Armipotens Alfrede dedit probita que laborem Of goodnes hath the honor giuen and honor toilesome harmes Perpetuúmque labor nomen cul mixta dolor● And toilesome harmes an endlesse name w●ose io●es were alwaies mext Gaudia semper erant spes semper mixta timori With sorow and whose hope with feare was euermore perplexe Si modo victor eras ad crastina bella pauebas If this day thou wert conqueror the next daies warre thou dredst Si modo victus eras in crastina bella parabas If this day thou wert conquered to next daies war 〈◊〉 spedst Cui vel●es sudore iugi cul sica cruore Whose clothing wet wit● dailie swe●● whose blade with bloudie staine Tincta ●ugi quantum sit onus●egnare probarunt Do pra●e how great a burthan ti● in roialtie to raine Non fuit immensi quisquam per climata mundi There hath not beene in anie part of all the world so wide Cui tot in aduet sis vel respirare liceret One that was able breath to take and troubles such abide Nec tamen aut ferro contritus ponere ferrum And yet with weapons wearie would not weapons lay aside Aut gladio potuit vitae fimisse labores Or with the sword the ●oile

submitted themselues vnto him and so both Scots and Northumbers receiued an oth to be true vnto him which they obserued but a small while for he was no sooner returned into the south parts but that Aulafe which had beene chased out of the countrie by king Edmund as before ye haue heard returned into Northumberland with a great nauie of ships and was ioifullie receiued of the inhabitants and restored againe to the kingdome which he held by the space of foure yéeres and then by the accustomed disloialtie of the Northumbers he was by them expelled and then they set vp one Hirke or Hericius the sonne of one Harrold to reigne ouer them who held not the estate anie long time For in the third yeere of his reigne Edred in the reuenge of such disloiall dealings in the Northumbers out of the countrie by king Edmund as before ye destroied the countrie with fire swoord sleaing the most part of the inhabitants He burnt the abbeie of Rippon which was kept against him As he was returning homeward an host of enimies brake out of Yorke and setting vpon the rereward of the kings armie at a place called Easterford made great slaughter of the same Wherefore the king in his rage ment to haue begun a new spoile and destruction but the Northumbers humbled themselues so vnto him that putting awaieout of the countrie by king Edmund as before ye their forsaid king Hirke or Hericius and offering great rewards and gifts to buy their peace they obteined pardon But bicause that Wolstane the archbishop of Yorke was of counsell with his countriemen in reuolting from king Edred and aduancing of Hericius king Edred tooke him and kept him in prison a long time after but at length in respect of the reuerence which he bare to his calling he set him at libertie and pardoned him his offense Matth. Westm. reciteth an other cause of Wolstans imprisonment as thus In the yéere of Grace saith he 951 king Edred put the archbishop of Yorke in close prison bicause of often complaints exhibited against him as he which had commanded manie townesmen of Theadford to be put to death in reuenge of the abbat Aldelme by them vniustlie slaine and murthered After this when Edred had appeased all ciuill tumults and dissentions within his land he applied him selfe to the aduancing of religion wholie followingWestm reciteth an other cause of Wolstans imprisonment the mind of Dunstane by whose exhortation he suffered patientlie manie torments of the bodie and exercised himselfe in praier and other deuout studies This Edred in his latter daies being greatlie addicted to deuotion religious priests at the request of his mother Edgiua restored the abbeie of Abington which was built first by king Inas but in these daies sore decaied and fallen into ruine Finallie after he had reigned nine yéeres and a halfe he departed this life to the great gréeuance of men and reioising of angels as it is written and was buried at Winchester in the cathedrall church there ¶ Heere is to be noted that the foresaid Edred when he came first to the crowne vpon a singular and most especiall fauour which he bare towards Dunstane the abbat of Glastenburie committed vnto him the chiefest part of all his treasure as charters of lands with other monuments and such ancient princelie iewels as belonged to the former kings with other such as he got of his owne willing him to lay the same inthis life to the great gréeuance of men and reioising safe kéeping within his monasterie of Glastenburie Afterward when king Edred perceiued himselfe to be in danger of death by force of that sickenesse which in déed made an end of his life he sent into all parties to such as had anie of his treasure in kéeping to bring the same vnto him with all spéed that he might dispose thereof before his departure out of this life as he should sée cause Dunstane tooke such things as he had vnder his hands hasted forward to deliuer the same vnto the king and to visit him in that time of his sickenesse according to his dutie but as he was vpon the waie a voice spake to him from heauen saieng Behold king Edred is now departed in peace At the hearing of this voice the horsse wheron Dunstane rode fell downe and died being not able to abide the presence of the angell that thus spake to Dunstane And when he came to the court he vnderstood that the king died the same houre in which it was told him by the angell as before ye haue heard Edwin succeedeth Edred in the kingdome of England his beastlie and incestuous carnalitie with a kinswoman of his on the verie day of his coronation he is reproued of Dunstane and giueth ouer the gentlewomans companie Dunstane is banished for rebuking king Edwin for his vnlawfull lust and lewd life the diuell reioised at his exile what reuenging mischiefs the king did for displeasure sake against the said Dunstane in exile the middle part of England rebellethye haue heard against king Edwin and erecteth his brother Edgar in roiall roome ouer them he taketh thought and dieth Edgar succeedeth him he is a fauourer of moonks his prouision for defense of his realme his policie and discretion in gouernment what kings he bound by oth to be true vnto him eight princes row his barge in signe of submission the vicious inconueniences that grew among the Englishmen vpon his fauouring of the Danes a restraint of excessiue quaffing Dunstane is made bishop of Worcester and Ethelwold bishop of Winchester iustice in Edgars time seuerelie executed theft punished with death a tribute of woolfs skins paid him out of Wales and the benefit of that tribute The xxiij Chapter AFter the deceasse of Edred his nephue Edwin the eldest sonne of king Edmund was made king of England and began his reigne ouer the same in the yeere of our Lord 955 in the 20 yeere of the emperor Otho the first in theiustice in Edgars time seuerelie executed 28 and last yéere of the reigne of Lewes king of France and about the twelfe yeere of Malcolme the first of that name king of Scotland He was consecrated at Kingston vpon Thames by Odo the archbishop of Canturburie On the verie day of his coronation as the lords were set in councell about weightie matters touching the gouernment of the realme he rose from the place gat him into a chamber with one of his néere kinswomen and there had to doo with hir without anie respect or regard had to his roiall estate and princelie dignitie Dunstane latelie before named abbat of Glastenburie did not onlie without feare of displeasure reprooue the K. for such shamefull abusing of his bodie but also caused the archbishop of Canturburie to constreine him to forsake that woman whom vnlawfullie he kept There be that write that there were two

a notable rebell and pirat his troubled conscience his wicked life and wretched death The third Chapter THE king hauing perfect knowledge that earle Goodwine had refused to come to the court in such order as he had prescribed him and that he was departed the realme with his sonnes he proclaimed them outlawes and gaue the lands of Harold vnto Algar the sonne of earle Leofrike who guided the same verie woorthilie and resigned them againe without grudging vnto the same Harold when he was returned out of exile Also vnto earle Oddo were giuen the counties of Detionshire and Summersetshire Moreouer about the same time the king put his wife quéene Editha from him and appointed hir to streict keeping in the abbeie of Warwell This Editha was a noble gentlewoman well learned and expert in all sciences yet hir good name was stained somewhat as though she had not liued so continentlie as was to be wished both in hir husbands life time and after his deceasse But yet at the houre of hir death which chanced in the daies of William Conqueror she cleared hir selfe in taking it vpon the charge of hir soule that she had euer liued in perfect chastitie for king Edward as before is mentioned neuer touched hir in anie actuall maner By this streict dealing with the quéene that was daughter to earle Goodwine now in time of hir fathers exile it hath séemed to manie that king Edward forbare to deale with hir in carnall wise more for hatred of hir kin than for anie other respect But to proceed In the second yéere to Goodwines banishment both he and his sonnes hauing prouided themselues of ships and men of warre conuenient for the purpose came vpon the coasts of England and after the maner of rouers tooke preies where as they espied aduantage namelie on the coasts of Kent and Sussex In the meane time also Griffin the K. of Wales destroid a great part of Herefordshire against whom the power of that countrie also manie Normans that lay in garrison within the castell of Hereford comming to giue battell were ouerthrowne on the same day in the which about two and twentie yéeres before or as some ropies haue thirtéene yéeres the Welshmen had slaine Edwine the brother of earle Leofrike Shortlie after earle Harold and his brother Leofwine returning out of Ireland entered into the Seuerne sea landing on the coasts of Summersetshire and Dorsetshire where falling to spoile they were incountred by a power assembled out of the counties of Deuonshire and Summersetshire but Harold put his aduersaries to flight and slue thirtie gentlemen of honor or thanes as they called them with a great number of others Then Harold and his brethren returning with their preie and bootie to their ships and coasting about the point of Cornwall came and ioined with their father their other brethren then soiorning in the I le of Wight King Edward to withstand their malice had rigged and furnished foorth sixtie ships of warre with the which he himselfe went to the water not sticking to lie aboord at that season although he had appointed for capteines and admerals two earles that were his coosins Odo and Rafe who had charge of the whole armie Rafe was his nephue as soone to his sister Goda by hir first husband Gualter de Maunt. But although they were knowne to be sufficient men for the ordering of such businesse yet he thought the necessitie to be such as his person could not be presentlie spared Therefore he was diligent in foreséeing of things by good aduise although age would not giue him leaue to execute the same by his owne hand and force of bodie But as the nauies on both parts were readie to haue ioined they were seuered by reason of a thicke mist that then rose wherby their furious rage was restreined for that time and immediatlie therevpon Goodwine and his complices were forced by a contrarie wind to returne to the places from whence they came Shortlie after by mediation of friends a peace was made and earle Goodwine restored home and obteined againe both the kings sauour and all his former liuings for he was such an eloquent wise man that he clered and purged himselfe of all such crimes and accusations as in anie sort had béene laid against him Thus haue some written concerning this agréement betwixt king Edward and erle Goodwine where other make somewhat larger report thereof as thus At the same time that the two sonnes of erle Goodwine Harold and Leofwine came foorth of Ireland and inuaded the west countrie king Edward rigged foorth fortie ships the which throughlie furnished with men munition and vittels he sent vnto Sandwich commanding the capteines there to wait for the comming of erle Goodwine whom he vnderstood to be in a readinesse to returne into England but notwithstanding there wanted no diligence in them to looke to their charge erle Goodwine secretlie with a few ships which he had got togither ariued in Kent and sending foorth his letters and messengers abroad to the citizens of Canturburie to them of Sussex Southerie others required aid of them who with one consent promised to liue and die with him The capteines of the nauie at Sandwich aduertised hereof made towards the place where they thought to haue found erle Goodwine but he being warned of their comming escaped by flight and got him out of their danger wherevpon they withdrew to Sandwich and after returned to London Earle Goodwine aduertised thereof sailed to the I le of Wight and wasted vp and downe those seas till his sonnes Harold and Leofwine came and ioined their nauie with his and ceassing from spoile onlie sought to recouer vittels to serue their turne And increasing their power by such aid as they might any where procure at length they came to Sandwich wherof king Edward hauing knowledge being then at London he sent abroad to raise all the power he might make But they that were appointed to come vnto him lingred time in which meane while earle Goodwine comming into the Thames so vp the riuer arriued in Southwarke on the day of the exaltation of the crosse in September being monday and their staieng for the tide solicited the Londoners so that he obteined of them what he could desire Afterwards without disturbance he passed vp the riuer with the tide through the south arch of the bridge at the same instant a mightie armie which he had by land mustered in the fields on that south side the same riuer and herewith his nauie made towards the north side of the riuer as if they ment to inclose the kings nauie for the king had also a nauie an armie by land but yet sith there were few either on the one part or the other that were able to doo anie great feat except Englishmen they were loth to fight one against another wherevpon the wiser sort on both sides sought meanes to make an atonement and