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day_n	fair_a	night_n	wether_n	5,493	5	13.9630	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A61855	The perillous and most unhappy voyages of John Struys Through Italy, Greece, Lifeland, Muscovia, Tartary, Media, Persia, East-India, Japan, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia. Containing, I. Most accurate remarks and observations of the distinct qualities, religion, politie, customs, laws and properties of the inhabitants: II. A due description of the several cities, towns, forts, and places of trust, as to their site and strength, fortifications by nature, or art, &c. with other things worthy of note: and, III. An exact memorial of the most disastrous calamities which befell the author in those parts (viz) by ship-wrack, robberies, slavery, hunger, tortures, with other incommodities and hardships. To which are added 2 narrativs sent from Capt. D. Butler, relating to the taking in of Astrachan by the Cosacs. Illustrated with divers curious plates, first designed and taken from the life by the author himself. Rendered out of Nether-dutch by John Morrison·; Reysen door Moscovien, Tartarijen, Oost-Indien. English	Struys, Jan Janszoon, d. 1694.; Morrison, John, 17th cent.; Butler, David, Captain.	1684 (1684)	Wing S6019; ESTC R216963	334,708	398

home I saluted him after the Persian manner withall manifesting my gratefullness to him for his many Favours which he had shown me althô without the lest deserts but he interpelling me in my discourse forbad me to talk any more of that saying I have not yet him so worthy as to give you the Reward I promised you which was to set you free when you came to Ispahan and now I understand you have redeemed your self with your own Money however I shall make it good to you by an Equivalent With that he opened a Chest and gave me 100 Dollars saying This I give you as part of Reward for your care to save my life when I was in danger of loosing it at the Caspian Sea This extraordinary great Bounty coming so besides my expectation put me to a stand what reply to make at first but considering how he might look upon it as an Ingratitude to be silent I expressed my self after this manner Sir I am not able ever to do you such service as may recompense your Goodness but I hope that GOD will remember your Bounty don in secret which is the truest Charity notwithstanding the unworthiness of my self on whom it is shown Great reason it is that I should record the worthy Deeds of this Turkish Christian or Christian Turk not only as don to me but as don to one of another Faith and that without vain Glory a thing he ever hated his calling me aside and forbidding me to make it known manifest the Absoluteness and Integrity of Charity well knowing that I was just upon my departure and consequently not likely to be his Trumpeter but the more he charged me to conceal it the more I reckon it my Office to publish it that Christians whose first and chief Duty towards their Neighbour is Charity and that the remissness of that Duty may be convinced by those who hold it as a voluntary and not an injoyned Act. In sum his fair Carriage towards me unfortunately thrown from a Condition of Freedom to a State of Slavery had so far ingaged me to love and honour him that had it not been for the Restriction and Care of a Wife and Children who lived all this time as Widdow and Orphans I could have bin more content to serv him all my Life as a Slave than to have the Liberty which I have before and since enjoyed with such Anxiety When with a faint Heart and Eies full of Tears I took my last leav of him he embraced me and told me he had yet hopes to see me once again and when I was at a distance cried out GOD in the highest Heavens conduct you GOD Almighty bring you in safety home which were the last words I heard him speak My two Companions to wit C. Brand and L. Fabritius were returned back again to Derbent with intent to go by way of Russia and I departed with the Caravan of the Honorable the East India Company from the Royal City Ispahan having a sufficient number of Camels and Mules to carry our Provision and Baggage to Gammeron The same day we travailed 8 Leagues and about 10 a Clock came to a village called Majar where we took up our nights Lodging We had also in our Company som of those Persians of whom I have already made mention that live still in Heathenism whom I found very civil and faithfull in all their Doings On the 18 it was very cold weather and snowy that we could hardly keep a Horseback The snow was here thicker than ever I have seen it to my knowledge in the Low-Countreys being between 4 and 5 Foot deep upon the Ground and the Path so narrow that the Horses oftentimes going out of the Way tumbled down in the snow with the Packs which happening so often mainly detarded that days Journey Before night we got the hilly Countrey and set down in the village Canischa where by reason of bad Weather we rested 3 days with the Caravan Upon the 22 we set forward again and had very hilly way which proved so incommodous that we travailed that day no more than 6 Dutch Miles and took our Nights rest at a Carawansera where we met another Caravan coming from Gammeron richly loaden with all sorts of Indian Commodities and bound for several Markets in Persia On the 23 we broke up and the same day had bad and slippery way insomuch that som of our Camels and Horses fell whereby the Chests and Goods were much endamaged The Heer Bent as I said before having appointed me as Caffil Abassi or Overseer it was my duty to look to the reparation of this Damage and to see the Chests effectually mended and therefore I went to see if I could meet with any Person who could help me in the Village letting the Caravan remain so long in a Carawansera At last after much enquiry I found one but coming back understood that my Portmantle and my Money was stole which put me in a great strait for I had not above the value of 25 gild or 55 sh sterling left I suspected that som of our Company was the Party that had committed the Theft and had also a privat hint given me of it The matter concerned me so far that I forthwith began to tax the Party with it that I had in suspicion but he stoutly denied it and was so displeased at me for blemishing his Reputation that he intimated the matter to som of his Companions who unanimously swore to be revenged on me and taking their opportunity fell all together upon me and used me in most cruel manner It was the Brother of the Party that told me averring that he had seen it but when he came to confront him denied every word he spoke to me insomuch that I was fain for the time being to be patient yet fully resolved to have it out of his Hide the first opportunity That day we travailed 7 Dutch Miles and came at night to a Village formerly called Jurgestan now Iesegas On the 24 we broke up again and that morning met a Post coming from Gameron and intending for Ispahan of whom I understood that the Director van der Dussen who had remitted the Money for my Redemption was gone for Batavia These Tidings I must confess were very unwelcom to me because I knew it would be 4 Moneths before any Ships would go for Batavia the more because I was to endure the hot season at Gameron This day we travailed 6 Dutch Miles and at night came to a fair new-built Carawansera The next day we broke up and passed thrô a fair Town called Surina About 12 a clock it began to snow very hard so continuing till the Evening when we met with a good Carawansera which was no small comfort to us having no stomach to lie such weather without a Roof in the open Field The same day we travailed 7 Dutch Miles On the 25 we had very good weather and the Way also

me from whence I came I told them from Surwan Scamachy but that being a place they had never heard of in their lives asked me further if that were as far as Ispahan I told them it was more than twice as far at which they greatly wondred thinking that I must needs com from the utmost bounds of the World these being a poor ignorant People and never travail farther than their Market Town which is a little Grange in the Valley and never heard tell of any Countrey than their own in short they would have had me to stay longer with them but my Time was too precious to spend in answering all they would have asked me At night we came to the City Laar where we took up our Resting place in the Dutch Lodge where we found very good Convenience and only an old Man and a Woman to look to the House and assist the Caravans who were set there by the Company Here I got the Chests and Cases repaired that were broken and endamaged by the often falling of the Camels thrô the rocky way Laar or Lar is a pretty big Town but has no Walls to resist or endure a strong siege save only such as are made of Bricks that are dry'd in the Sun but is reasonably strong in respect of its Scituation as well as for the Fort or Castle which is built upon a Hill on the North-side the Walls thereof are of solid stone and the Fort it self so seated that it can command the whole Town having one narrow Passage to enter it which is very steep it is supplyed with several pieces of great Ordnance which the King sent hither from Ormus when by the help of the English he took that City in About Laar grow abundance of Date-trees but no Wine and by reason that they have no Commerce or Traffic abroad but poor must supply themselvs with Water which as well as the Air here about is very unwholsom insomuch that many times Strangers who are to make use of it for want of Wine fall sick and are tormented with a small Worm but long which breeds between the Skin and the Flesh and cannot be taken out without great pain They show'd me one that was above 5 Foot long and not so thick as an ordinary Goos-quill The Inhabitants of Laar are very free and sociable to converse withall and great Lovers of Sciences and Learning Not far from the Castle is a certain Rock out of which issues a very precious Balsem called by the Persians Mummay Kobas This Balsem or Oil is gathered only in the Moneth of June about which time it runs stillatim or drop by drop out at a Vein The said Rock from whence it coms is continually guarded with a strict Watch by Order of the King and none is suffered to touch it upon pain of Death This Oil is reckoned and well known by experience to be the greatest Antidot against Poyson in the World althô never so strong and is therefore held by the King as an inestimable Tresure and never suffered to be exported out of his Dominions The King also willing to show any of his Subordinat Princes and Deputies an extraordinary and high Favour always sends them a few drops thereof to make it the greater in esteem and value and with one injoyns them not to send it out of the Kingdom upon pain of his displesure Without Laar are erected several Pillars for Monuments of the Execution of several Robbers who had made the high Ways unfree to Travel Half of their Bodies are set up on these Pillars and the other half buried in the Ground being cut asunder whilst they are still alive Having tarried here 3 Nights and 2 Days we set forward on the 22 and had very bad and rocky way We saw here great Flocks of wild Swine whereof our Company shot 2 with their Hand-guns but durst not fetch them for fear of the Persians that threatned to leav us if we did for they loath them more than Toads We also shot several Eagles which notwithstanding they prey upon the Pigs the Persians fed heartily upon them This day we travailed 7 Dutch Miles which we thought more than a diëta rationabilis or an ordinary Stage in regard of the badness of Way and Weather and at night had a good Carawansera On the 23 we broke up and passed by a fair Town called Pharate which we left on the right hand The said Town was pleasantly seated in the middest of a Grove of Date-Orange-and Lemmon Trees By the way we met with a Party of Robbers who furiously set upon us but finding themselves too weak betook themselvs to flight leaving 7 Dead behind them We also lost 2 Men of our Company that were outright killed in this Bickering and had six wounded The Dead we buried near the Way and bound up the wounded At night we came to a small Village called Sarap where we took up our nights rest having that day advanced 6 Miles On the 24 we set forward again and at night came to a great Village which we took up for our Stage having a fair and spacious Carawansera in it We had no sooner disburthened the Camels but had 50 or 60 Women who came and proffered us Milk to sell and were so importunat and troublesom that we could not get rid of 'em till we set the Doggs upon them These went all with their Face uncovered which I had not seen any Honest Women in all Persia do except in one Village between Scamachy and Ispahan This day we had furthered our Journey by 7 Miles On the 25 we had a great and wearisom Mountain to travail over at the Foot whereof was a River which we were forced to wade thrô by reason that the stone-bridge which had formerly lain over it was broken down After we had travailed 5 Dutch Miles we took up ou● nights rest in a Carawansera But we could here get no manner of Refreshment the Countrey round about being dry and barren producing nothing but Date-trees that we could see On the 26 towards night we came to a Grange of Fisher-men of whom we bought a few for our use We were no sooner set down but came Monsr Kasenbroot with his Slaves riding into the Town being sent for from Ispahan to Suratte The night being very still we could easily hear the rushing of the main Ocean That day we had travailed 7 Miles On the 27 we went onwards and about Noon came to a Carawansera which lay close to the shore and could see Ships a sailing which filled me with a more than ordinary Joy not having seen such a comfortable sight in a long time Hence we saw Gammeron and could distinctly discern the English and Dutch Flaggs fly abroad that were planted upon the Lodges However we thought good to tarry there that night having only advanced 4 Dutch Miles that we might enter Gammeron the fore part of the Day On the 28 for the

Sea into which its disgorges its self Tweer is something greater than Torstock and is built on the side of a Hill from whence it has it's name Here is also the Place where the River of Torstock incorporates with the Wolga making a great and loud noise where the Floods are hurried in together This City like Torstock makes a greater Show abroad than it does within being neither well built nor at all fortified save only with a Wall of Wood and 2 or 3 Brass Cannon on the Land side Here we took out our Baggage and laid it again upon Sledges taking our way through the Woods where we were assail'd by two Russians a foot but upon what account I know not First they began to make a quarrel and so boldly offered to strike with their Axes saying that they were upon their own Ground and that we were a parcel of Rogues and Vagabonds c. To which some of our Company who could speak the Language prai'd them not to molest us as they tendred their Welfare and that we had no time to stand disputing and answering their impertinent Objections This not availing or perswading them to be quiet but rather made them worse for they came closer and closer to us which Capt. Butler observing fell a caning them whereupon they retired a litle as if they would go away but all on a sudden came running in upon us full drive with their Axes upon which three of our Company levelled their Musquets but the Captain forbad to fire and let the Mastive loose upon them The Mastive flies directly at one of them and had him so fast by the Throat that we had much ado to get him off the other seeing his Mate so hard put to it ran away as fast as he could but the Dog being loose flew after him and tore off his left ear and had we not done our indeavour to take him off had rent him all to pieces So soon as we had got rid of them we proceeded on our way and at night came to Gorodna where we staid till morning On the 24 ditto we went forward passing over 2 Rivers where we came to a Village called Sawidowa and at night came to Saulka Spaz which was our Stage Here we provided our selves again with fresh Horses but not without much difficulty for in the mean time we were very uncivilly treated by the Inhabitants whom we found mightily inclined to quarrel with us although without occasion On the 25 we took our leaves of Saulka Spaz going over a large plain and at night came to a village called Klien where for want of Moneys we were forced to stay till we had an Express from Moscou which came not before the 4 of December following at which time came also one of the Domesticks of the Heer van Sweden Kinsman to Captain Butler bringing the unwelcom news of his Masters Sickness whom the Physicians judged to be past recovery The Captain upon the opening of the Letter was sadly dejected and immediatly took Horse and rode post for Moscou leaving us Order the next day to follow with the Baggage In the mean time it began to snow hard insomuch that we were forced to tarry 6 days at Klien On the 11 we set forward having fair Weather which at our setting out seemed to be durable On this days Journey we met with Rivers which we were to pass over that hindred us not a litle by reason that the Floats were so litle not able to carry above 3 or 4 Horses at a time with Sledges and Wagons At night we arrived at Serkisowo where we took up our Night-lodging In the mean time it froze so hard that we were all benummed and fain to run after the Waggons to keep our selves Warm On the eleventh ditto we went through several thick Woods of Juniper where we saw abundance of Foxes playing together in the Sun About 3 in the afternoon we arrived at Nicholo Direverno from whence we could see the long-wish'd-for Moscou About Evening we entred the Suburbs where by one of our own Nation we understood that the Heer van Sweden was deceased and that the Ship was fit for Lanching On the 12 th we had order to come into the City and had Appartments provided us near the House of the Heer van Sweden Our Landlady had so little satisfaction in the Guests that were appointed to have quarters with her that she addressed herself to Court to desire that we might be brought some where else but instead of obtaining her Request was sent home with a hundred strokes on the Ribs for her pains When she came in she ran into a back-room where was the Image of St. Nicholas painted upon a Plank and falling down prostrate before it shed a shower of Tears However she was forced to content her self for 14 days longer during which time we made good chear and spared not for Fewel in the Stoves And albeit the Woman was so dissatisfied at our being there yet her Husband could have wish'd us there the whole year round for our Brandy and Tabacco sake On the 27 we had order to go into the House of the late deceased Gentleman even now remembred which was a very commodious House and provided with a great Stove which was by reason of the bitter Weather very welcome to us the more because the said House was well furnished with Wood and other fewel for the Winter We stayd here three weeks during which time there was care taken for what we had need of when that time was expired we received sudden Orders forthwith to depart for our wharf at Astrachan On the 19 of Ianuary we brought our Baggage aboard a small Ship that lay about 3 Miles without Moscou At this Place was the Court of the Emperours Sister being a fair Palace but of Wood built after a quaint and artificial manner Here was also the Emperours Bear-Garden being accidentally when we were there a great Concourse of Gentry from Moscou and other places to see the Pastime and the Evening before came the Emperour with the whole Court and Retinue The Theatre was only environed with Stakes and Pales that the People might also see that were without Before they began were brought out about 200 Wolves and Bears and almost twice the number of Dogs all which were drawn in their Kennels set upon Sledges The Emperour and the prime of his Nobles sate in a Gallery made on purpose in a very convenient place to see on every side So soon as the Emperour was set a sign was given upon which a litle Wolf and an old Bear were turned out loose together that after they had encountered about half a quarter of an Hour were parted which notwithstanding their being in the heat of the Fight were easily brought asunder and led to their Kennel The Wolves were afterwards engaged with Dogs of which many lay dead upon the place and others so wounded that they were no

Convention or Exchange of Whores The Common Place of Sepulture and Metzid of Scach Beslade the Son of Hosseyn by which the Persians swear The Offering of a Camel FOurteen Days we staid in Ardebil during which time I had leisure to see what was worthy of Remark and Opportunity besides being apparreled like a Persian so that none distrusted me to be a Musulman but allowed me access over all When these 14 days were expired the Caravan made preparation to break up and pursue the Journey for Ispahan for which end many fresh Camels and Horses were taken in When the Caravan was ready we observed that the Company was considerably increased with new Passengers and Merchants On the 25 by sound of Trumpet all was warned to joyn themselvs with the Caravan that intended for ●spahan and accordingly left Ardebil and came to Busun which lies about 14 Miles from Ardebil where we staid that night The day following we broke up and had that day a very rocky and uneasy Way insomuch that most or all allighted from their Horses and Camels and went a foot By the way we met several Troops of Robbers who probably had understood what a Prey and Purchase we had yet finding the Caravan so very numerous durst not assail us At night we came to Sengoa a beautifull Village where we had very good Wine and made our selvs merry but not to excess for that is in general odious to the Persians Here I saw the best Beauties and most comly Faces that I have seen in all Persia their Women seem to have a greater Liberty than in most places where they do not only go covered abroad but are also denied the converse with Men for here they go bare with their Face and are very familiar with those of the Masculine Gender and if I be not mistaken were too familiar with some who within a few daies after began to scratch their Heads and this is the first time I knew that the Persian Women understood French In sum our Company enjoy'd themselvs here so contentedly and well that som of 'em thought the Sun had mistaken himself and was risen an hour too soon The day following leaving Sengoa we had high and rocky way but towards the Evening came into a most sweet and pleasant Dale or Plain through which a River glided very swiftly This Valley was very pleasant and notwithstanding the season appeared as if it were in May. This River is called Kis●loseyn having a very fair Stone Bridge over it over which we passed and pitched on the South side in the open Field for there were no Houses to be seen On the 28 th we broke up and went over the famous Taurus being a very rough and dangerous way insomuch that all the Company were fain to allight and lead their Camels and Horses till we came into a Valley where we took our Rest for an Hour or two This Valley is very deep and a Nest of Robbers and Vagabonds who find many lurking Places to hide themselvs in out of which they assail and surprise Travailers if they think themselvs strong enough but we as was said before being increased to a considerable Number knew our selvs sufficiently out of peril Out of this Valley ariseth the River Kisiloseyn which running very swiftly and beating thorow the Rocks makes a very hideous Murmur so that one cannot hear another speak thus receiving as it were inlargement runs through the Champain Countrey of K●lan and thence is hurried with an admirable celerity into the Caspian Lake into which it empties it self On the Banks of this River is a Village bearing the same name where is a fair Stone Bridge of 9 Arches or Bows All along the Way side grow great plenty of Almond Cypress and other Trees which served us all the way in stead of Parasols but when we were come over the River found the Way very bad being forced to clamber over Rocks the Path being so narrow that only one Camel at once could go on it On each side were many great Clefts and deep Caves which with the rattling of the Horses feet made a dreadfull and horrid Eccho and being come to a place which was the fullest of those Caverns all the Company gave a Shout which with an Eccho resounded from one Place to another that it seemed as if there had been 10 or 12 Troops of Men in so many several Places calling to one another On this way it happened that a Camel broke the Leathers wherewith his Pack was fastened to the Crutchet or Saddle being just at the Brink of a wide and deep Pit where no Bottom could be seen It cost the Slaves who attended him much labour to save him and were in struggling once in great hazard themselvs of tumbling down Camel and all yet at last with loss of the Pack which in spite of all they could do fell down they got clear The Pack was very rich and the loss thereof so concerning to the Merchant that if others had not hindred him he had thrown the Slaves after it for their Negligence This ill way much detarded us on this Days Journey for we were more than 5 Hours in travailing one Mile Being got over this bad way we found a Village where it was designed that we should take our nights rest The name of the Town was Keyntze being very poor and not in a Condition to supply us with such Necessaries as we desired for our Money On the 29 we broke up and had that day very good way coming at night to the village Hortzimur where we were very ill at ease being cold Weather and the Place not able to supply us with House-room The next day leaving Hortzimur we travailed thrô a very dry and barren Heath meeting by the way with som Robbers who being but few in number durst not make any attempt upon us However night coming upon us here we were fain to set down on the Heath and for fear of Robbers forced to watch all night but were so benummed with cold that we many times wished for break of day On the first of the next Moneth we came into a litle City called Senkan which is reputed the best Refreshing place between Derbent and Ispahan there being plenty of Oranges Lemmons Pomegranats Melons divers sorts of huge Grapes and many other Fruits then out of season Veal and Mutton was here very cheap as also Bread Thus finding Provision here very cheap we bought what we thought necessary As for the City it self there is not much worthy of Remark about it save onely a very fair and beautifull Metzid It is situated in a Plain and a flat Ground but near the Town very barren and dry It has been formerly a great Emporium and flourished more than 4 Centuries of years in Traffic and Commerce with the circumjacent Countreys but since it was demolished by the great Tamerlan is so run to decay that it is out of Hopes ever to arrive to it's

that althô he was a Musulman I would give him a Christian Token With this he began to howl out and I seeing the Coast clear thought good to get out of the way betimes being fain to abscond till such times as the Caravan was to set forward which was 24 Hours after On the 1 of Ianuary we left Khom and came that night to Carawansera Kosmabath where we set down That night it began to freez harder than is usual in those Countreys but was by day very fair and lovly weather The next day we got the Village Sensen lying about 5 Dutch Miles distant from Kaschan where on the 3 day of Ianuary we arrived towards the Evening taking up our Quarters at a very noble and commodious Carawansera seeming rather a Palace than an Inn. Kaschan lies in 33 degr 51 min. It is built long wise and points East and West being munited with strong Walls and round Redoubts after the old manner of Fortification on the South side of the Tow● is a place where they exercise the Spear in Tilt and Tournament where are also several Pillars set up for Butts or Marks to shoot at O● the other side of the Town are several Royal Gardens and Summe● Houses and amongst the rest one of a stately Fabric having a Thousand Windows Kaschan is at this day the most populous and emine● Marts in all Persia having also a very famous Basar and Maydan wit● Piazzas and stately Galleries wherein are many rich Shops It i● the staple for the most part of the Silk stuffs that are made in Persi● They have also many that work in Velvets and Sattins but not altogether so good as those in Europe so that the King has sent often to Venice expresly for Workmen to come and reside there which nevertheless he cannot accomplish The Carawanseras which are here very numerous do surpass all others that ever I have seen elsewhere tha● where we took up our Quarters being more like a Palace than an In● as I have said before having 65 spacious Rooms besides many Conveniences which others want Below it was all Arched and mad● into stable use and above with Galleries to entertain the common so● of People Hither resort many Indian and other Merchants coming very far and bringing with them many rich Wares and precious Commodities There are abundance of Looms for Cloth of Gold and Silver as also many that make Tapestry and no less is the number of Idle Persons who swarm hither from all Parts and like Drone● are maintained by the sedulous Labours of those that take Pains and here have I seen more Beggars than ever I have seen in any Town in all my Travels As for the Countrey of Kaschan it is very fertile and of an excellent Soil producing vast Quantities of Wine Fruit Corn and is very rich of Cattel insomuch that it is very cheap living there But this is also concomitated with other Annoyances to wit the Extreme Heat of the Climat and the Multitudes of Scorpions which haunt the Town those being both great and dangerous yet both in shape and colour differing from those in Italy The Inhabitants for fear of that venemous Animal dare not ly upon the Floor as in other Places where they only throw a Quilt upon the Tapestry but have high Couches hanging from the Roofs of the Rooms like Hammocks and althô this Creature be very venemous and many are stung by it yet few die they having found out a ready Medicin against it which is made of the Filings of Copper tempered with Vinegar and Honey which is a very speedy remedy yet if neglected the Party stung is in danger of his Life This I presume has bin first found out by an Antipathetical quality which seems to be between those Scorpions and Copper for not far from the City is the Copper-mint where if one of these be brought it dies immediatly Besides these Scorpions they are pesterd with another venemous Creature which they call Enkurekan being very much like a Spider but bigger than a Mouse som of these are speckled and som have long streaks over the Back These keep most in stony Places and haunt the Herb Tremne almost like our Wormwood The venemous Matter which they have in them they spit out as som say Toads do which wheresoever it lights whether on man or Beast it immediatly penetrates and incorporates with the Blood and so proceeds to the Head and Heart So soon as the Patient is touched he falls immediately into a deep sleep in such sort that all the calling and beating him will not avail or awake him or if by chance it do he remains still senceless The best and speediest Remedy for this is the Enkurekan it's self pounded into a Cataplasm and applied but when these are not to be had they use another mean which is thus The Patient is laid upon his Back and his Mouth set open into which they pour much Milk as they can make him digest which done they put him in a square Chest having on each side a Ring through which are four Cords put and made fast at one Ring on the Cieling This Chest thus hanging they whirl it about for a quarter of an Hour together till the Patient breaks up and vomits all he has within him This commonly lucks if the Patient can be brought to swallow the Potion yet they feel the vigorous force of the Poyson for a long time after These nevertheless do not much annoy the Town unless when they are brought in with the Faggots which they use for Fewel But wha● is most worthy of Remark is that Sheep covet them more than an● thing else and if they chance to spy one run in at a hole will not lea● throwing up Earth till she gets it and so snapp it up yet ail nothing at all After we had lay Eight days in Kaschan and bought Wares and Pr●vision we broke up and on the 13 at night came to Carawanser● Chotza Cassim which stands in the middle of a Grove of Cypres● and other Trees which Winter and Summer grow always green In the said Carawansera we found very good Accommodation Her● my Patron was taken with a sudden Fit of the Cholic which hel● him so hard that we very much doubted of his Recovery althô at last to my unfeigned Joy it went over On the 14 th we had very bad travailing way thrô dry and sand Ground and found no Villages nor Towns to refresh our selvs a● till we came at Natens which is a very pleasant little City Here w● set down and took up our Carawansera for that night The Countre● close by Natens is very fertile and affords great plenty of good Wine The Inhabitants being diligent Propagaters of the Vineyards Nea● this City is a Hill upon which is erected a very high Tower of squar● and polished stone which was built by Schach Abas as a Monumen● of a Battail between an Eagle and a

with a Hook and Line for they were alwaies provided therewith to use when occasion and opportunity concurred The next day it blew hard and was intermixed with showers of Rain so that we had very bad travailing and almost wearied out Towards the Evening I happened to espy som persons driving on very hard after us and coming nearer to my great joy and happiness I descryed that it was Father Felisello the Carmelite and Doctor Robine who were going for Gameron to direct som affairs they had there Besides my good Fortune to enjoy the Company of such Friends I was further obliged by fresh kindnesses they offering me alwaies to eat with them till we came to our Journeys end which was no small happiness for me considering my mean Condition and great strait being very short of Moneys and almost in despair of coming to Gameron with the Charge I had upon me I cannot but tell you how much I was ashamed to be so caressed by Strangers who had nothing to expect from me and loath I was to be so burthensom to them of whose hands I had not deserved the smallest friendship and kindness that they manifested towards me yet being so cruelly straitned on every hand I was forced to accept of their Offer They held a very noble Table and had taken along with them a great Case of Bottles full of Scyras Wine which they spared not so long as it lasted The Doctor had with him 3 Men to attend him and was every where highly respected being a Gentleman of a sweet Temper discreet and and sociable so that my Journey seemed much shorter for his Company This day being as I said very bad weather we hardly travailed 6 Dutch Miles The next day setting forward we came at night to a Village called D●bba where we set our Caravan down This Village appeared like a Camp or Army with their Tents the Cottages being so mean and the highest house hardly sufficient for a tall man to stand upright being built only of Reeds and Twigs plated like Basket-work and ●aubed over with clay The Inhabitants like the Cottages they lived ●n were very poor and despicable People insomuch that we had not much Divertisement or accommodation there This day we hardly ●vanced 5 Dutch Miles On the 4 we set forward and went over very Rocky and hilly way ●ssing through several villages Upon those Hills grow great ●ore of Dates and are so cheap that one may buy 100 lb. weight for the ●lue of 2 Shillings Sterl and are both of an excellent tast and lovely ●lour The Date-tree seems to have som harmony with living Ani●als in their Procreation and have also their Sexes The Female will ●ot bear any Fruit if planted alone so that they are always planted ●y Pairs together all along and indeed do naturally grow so But ●he Female growing old will not bear Fruit unless they take a piece of the Top-branch of the Male and ingraft it in the Female which they also do to som young Trees to make them bring forth good Fruit which would otherwise be of a bitter and odious Tast I have ●●rther remark'd that when the Male and Female are planted a small distance asunder they will lean towards each other as if there were som mutual sympathy between them The Inhabitants who have bin from one Generation to another used to plant and propagate these Trees told me many remarkable things about them which because I will not be prolix I shall ommit This day we travailed 7 Dutch Miles and at night got a fair Carawansera to take our rest in The next day we had very dry ground and a barren Countrey to pass thrô and in som places rocky so that we travailed that day no more than 5 Miles On our way and near the Carawansera which we took up for that night we saw great Flocks of wild Goats which som of our Company had a great mind to tast and went out in th● Evening upon the Chace but the Creatures were too cunning to b● catch'd so that our Hunters were fain to return to the Carawanse● hungry and weary The season being sharp and cold we laid on great pile of wood and warmed our selvs throughly The day following in the Afternoon we came to a Town call● Scharim which I presume had bin anciently a City and walled i● it stood in the middle of a grove altogether of Date-Trees It is all a Town of considerable Traffic in consideration of their Manufact●rie in Cottons there being very many Weevers There is also a ve● fair Market-place where besides the many Shops of their own M●nufactories are several rich Ware-houses of Silks and Persi● Stuffs in which they also drive a great Trade and have correspo●dence with the greatest Marts in all the Countrey round Besides t● great Concourse of Trading-people they have a Market twice a we● for the Boors which is no small advantage to the Town Findi● this a very commodious place to rest in we tarried here 3 days refresh our selvs and ease our Camels Horses and Mules having f● 3 or 4 days had very bad way and weather Having sufficiently taken our rest at Scharim we set forward a● had very good weather travailing all the day long thrô a flat Cou●trey and by the way saw many Noblemens houses and here a● there a Grove of Date trees and many fair Orchards so that th● was the most pleasant days Journey we had from Ispahan Here 〈◊〉 met a huge Caravan consisting of a great Troop of Men Camels Mules and Sumpter-Horses loaden with rich Indian Wares T● said Caravan came from Gammeron and intended to go by the same Po● we came being bound for Scamachy and Surwan In this company met accidentally with a Persian who had bin our Neighbour at S●machy and delivered him two Letters the one for my Master H● Byram which was written in Turkish and the other for my Wife whi● he promised to send for me by way of Smyrna At night we ca● to have very rocky and ill way but found a Carawansera where we to● our rest having travailed that day about 24 English Miles When we were lay down to sleep we were surprized with abo● 30 Robbers that came boldly into the Carawansera with intent as 〈◊〉 had reason to beleev to murther us all whilst we were asleep ' T● true they did not at first make any assault but deferred their purpose till midnight thinking perhaps that we not suspecting them might grow supine and judging our selvs secure grow so negligent as to fall asleep but we thought good to set a narrow Watch and kept our selvs in a readiness all the Night with Weapons in our hand for fear of a sudden assault About midnight they fell in and fought outright so that 5 of our Men lay presently under Feet being in all 37. We fought joyntly together with good Courage so that we speedily allayed their Fury Our Party as we could

that Island A Description of the said Island It 's Unfruitfullness and want of fresh water A Debate held among the English to leav the Dutch upon the Island Departure from Ascension Arrival at Kingsale in Ireland Their Departure from thence Arrival at Bristol and finally at Home Pag. 354. DIRECTIONS For the BOOK BINDER How to place the PLATES The City Judia Pag. 27 The Massacring of the Mandorins and great Personages in Syam Pag. 45 Tenedos Pag. 91 Pathmos Pag. 93 Delos or Delphos Pag. 110 Astrachan Pag. 177 Radzin throwing the Persian Lady into the Wolga Pag. 187 Sturgeon-taking Pag. 199 The Tartars on Horseback Pag. 204 Mount Ararat Pag. 214 The Card of the Caspian Sea Pag. 222 The City Scamachy in Persia Pag. 239 The manner of bringing the Kings Concubines in Persia to Court Pag. 260 A Woman flea'd alive Pag. 270 Ispahan Pag. 316 Persepolis Pag. 332 Scyras or Sieras Pag. 338 Gammeron Pag. 35● Moschate Pag. 352 The Massacre in Astrachan Pag. 360 THE Perillous and most Unhappy TRAVELS of JOHN STRUYS Through Italy Turky Persia Tartary East-India Moscovia c. CHAP. I. The first Occasion of the Authors going to Travel A Sea-Storm Arrival at Gibralter at Genua with it's Description at Velez Malaga Rescontre with 9 Corsairs of Algiers Arrival at Boa Vista A Description of the Salt Islands Ilha Mayo Ilha del Fuogo St. Jago and Ilha del Brava Proper Climat of those Isles Arrival at Sierra Liones The great Incivilitie of the King allured to come aboard fettered and afterward thrown over board A Description of Sierra Liones WEll worthy of remark is that Observation of a modern Sage Despair drives a man either to the Camp or a Convent With no less reason may we add That the insubid Resolutions and Praecipitance of youth lead either to illicit Arts or Travel which last was a Misfortune fatal to my self My Fathers sole Care was to see me train'd up in some laudable Vocation or other whereby I might for the future be in a capacity to acquire my necessary sustenance without being burthensom to my Relations or the use of any dishonourable Mean or Practise And to that end put me out to a Sail-maker He now perceiving some hopeful Prospect of Good in my Undertakings was ever studious to give me all the Incouragement he could on his part and to show the Affection incumbent on a Parent restrain'd me as far as in him lay from going abroad or associating my self with such Company as might be obnoxious or destructive to those good Maxims he had given me But various are the Tempers and Dispositions of Youth and sometimes their frame of spirit so occult that the piercing Judgements of riper Years cannot sound it although it were with the Eies of Eagles My Father whose Rigour was somewhat more than tolerable was never remiss in reprehending me for any noted Vice so that for some bad deportment he once took occasion to Chastise me and that with such severity that I resolved to take my leave both of him and my native Land At that time there were two Ships fitted out and bound for Genua the one was called The St. John Baptist Henry Christansz of Amsterdam Master the other The St. Bernard Iohn Benning of VVesep Vice-Commander and Herman Voogd of Schiedam Master Over both these Ships was Mr. Iohn Maas of Dunkirk as Upper-Commander The former was mounted with 28 Guns the latter carried 26. I hired my self aboard the St. I. Baptist for Under-Sailmaker being then about 17 years old never troubling my self either whither we were bound or how long we were to be out On the 26 of December 1647. By Gods good Conduct we set Sail from the Texel but were hardly got without the Gaats ere we found that our Ships were not duly poiz'd and thereupon were fain to Tack about and put in at the Texel again where we unloaded part of the Ships-burthen and took in a considerable quantity of Pewter some Boxes of Quicksilver and other ponderous Materials to Ballast us well at the Keel which when we had done and all ready we set out the second time that was upon the 4 day of Ianuary 1648 and with a brave Wind we passed the Spaniards Gat driven with some Shoals of Ice it being then Frosty weather Seawards On the 10 of Ianuary we were forced by a contrary wind to put in at the Downs where after two days aboad we weighed anchor having both Wind and Weather favourable But soon after by a heavy Storm and rough Sea we were forced again to put into some other Harbour which we did at the Isle of VVight there we stay'd till the 25 th when the Weather began to grow more moderate and the high Winds abated Under hopes that this good Weather would continue we fet sail but were no sooner out of the Bay before the Weather changed and we now the third time forc'd to look out for a Harbour On the 6 of February we came to Anchor at Portland where we road three days and then set sail directly for the Bay of Gibralter where we arrived on the 10 th of that moneth The next day with a brisk gale we entred the Straits and with a constant and favourable wind made Genua in 15 days where arriving we dropp'd Anchor behind the Mold On the 32 th we got Prattica and Licence to unload both the Ships which done the Men were paid off and dismiss'd The Ships as we said before were sold to the Duke of Genua which he furnished with Provision of Victuals Powder Shot and other Ammunition for 2 years Aboard each Ship were a Hundred Dutch taken into service the rest for the most part Italians amongst which were a few of the Banditti Here I hired my self for Upper-Sailmaker and had 18 Livers per Moneth although neither I nor any else that went before the Mast knew whither or upon what Design Having now regain'd my liberty I long'd to satisfy my curiosity in taking a view of the Town with what else was worthy of remark Genua is seated on the Sea side having a very commodious and complete Haven on the South facing the Co●st of Affrica The City is built partly on montanous and hilly ground and partly on a Level seated between two velleys and is computed to be abut 6 Italian Miles in circumference being very well and close built munited with strong Walls sufficient enough to resist a small Attacque but would not secure the Town in a long and durable Siege or violent Storms without the Militia Their Militia consists of some Dutch and Corsican Companies together with a few small Troops of Horse which are constantly in motion either on the Sea-side or thro the City to prevent if need require any silent Attacque and suppress Mutinies as also to secure the Coasts from Turkish and other Pyrats which sometimes come ashoar in their Shalops to get Slaves and Spoil They have alwaies

they rarely rince As for rubbing and scouring they are meer strangers to it as also to ornaments and Toys unless it be a Figure which they call St. Nicholas or perhaps some other Saint for whom they have some particular or extraordinary veneration Slaves they are by nature and born to servitude and Bondage seldom ever aspiring so high as to indeavour to make themselves franc and yet will be excited to nothing by fair means or use diligence about any affair save what they are driven to by constraint and blows and yet so sweet this Slavery seems to be to them that rather than to become free upon the Decease of their Lords to whom they ow allegiance by nature or otherwise that they will immediatly sell themselves durante vitâ to some other Patron They are very prone to Theft yea and to Murther when they think that they can do it clandestinly or to any advantage how poor soever it be which seems to be primordially occasioned from the Penury of their Lords who hardly allow them what is requisit to support and sustain human Bodies as for Brandy and Tobacco they hold it but a venial Transgression to filch when they can come at it notwithstanding the strict and severe Laws against Theft in the lowest nature and lest importance This only is to be applied to the Vulgar sort as for those of greater Ability and Rank they spare not for what tends to a voluptuous Life and indulge their sences as much or more than is tolerable Free they are and indeed generous enough at their Table especially when they treat or welcom Strangers who are very welcom and received with all imaginable Urbanity on Condition that they observe the Countrey fashion which is to bring a Present with them that may countervail more than thrice the value of what is set before them and this if you forget to bring you may take my word they 'l forget to make you welcom The Slaves in Moscou are very hardly dealt withall and poorly fed but much harder those that are in the open Countrey where their Lords are sparing of their Allowance and therefore connive at their Filching thinking it falls out at last to their own profit especially if it be any thing of Food The Russes feed most of Roots Pulse and Fish use much Onions and Garlick in their Pottage and also for sauces Their Bread is mostly of Course Ry. As for Fish they eat it rather pickled than fresh which is plentifull in their Markets and by reason that washing and making clean the shambles is a kind of an Abomination to those people you cannot come within a hundred paces of the Market unless you stop your nose so nauseous and hatefull is the smell Those of the greatest Rank and ability do in general hold good Tables but eat most Spoon-meat although it were but bread out of Water that Fish has been boil'd in Cavear is a great Dainty amongst them but not so high in esteem there as abroad When they have drunk more than well agrees with them so that their stomach be surcharged they prepare a certain Dish which they call Pochmelie made up of cold Beef or Mutton sliced very thin and Quas Quas is a Liquor which they use as Beer of which it is made with a Composition of Water Beer-Vinegar Garlick and Pepper this Quas being so prepared they put their meat into it and seeth it a litle which afterwards they eat with Spoons The poorer sort have a certain Liquor much in use among them which they also call Quas this is made of Water with a litle Bran and Barley-meal which according to their ability they temper thicker or thinner The Gentry drink Beer that there is very strong and heady but more commonly Metheglin which they make of the best Honey adding Cloves Cinnamon Pepper Galangal Cardamom and other Spices This is a very strong and stealing Liquor of it self yet they think good to mix it with Brandy to make it more effectual Brandy which they call Wina they covet above all other Liquors which without any discretion or noted difference is drunk both by Spiritual and Temporal Nobles and Plebeïans Men and Women Young and Old and that at all times of the Day before and after Meals Sometimes to add a medicinal vertue they put a litle Pepper amongst it Nay so besotted are the Vulgar with Brandy that in the sharpest Weather they will not only part with their Caps or Coats for the Reckoning but likewise with their Boots Shirts and Stockings so that I have seen some of them come mother-naked out of the Kaback or Tipling-House The Common people were formerly so irregular and void of Order that they would drink themselves full and afterwards the men and Women setting aside all Reputation and Modesty commit sensual and beastly Actions together This great Disorder was lately remedied by the care of the Czar who by the advice of the Patriarch put down all the small Tap-houses throughout the whole Empire appointing in every Town and Village one public House or Kaback which they are to farm of the Emperour himself They are very covetous of Tobacco as has been elsewhere said notwithstanding the Tenure of a Decree or Mandate promulgated about the year 1634 which strictly forbids every person of what degree or quality he may be to smoke it which nevertheless is done privately The Russians are generally gross of Body yet subtile enough in affairs of Merchandise which they can manage very well Their Women are much inclined to Gossiping and busie Tatlers often beat by their Husbands who sometimes use them unkindly upon which they sometimes address themselves to Court where the men once convicted over such Crimes are sent to Syberia The Emperour considering the multitude of Complaints of this nature has ordained that if any Woman makes complaint without sufficient Evidence that the Man is to be tortured on the Rack which if he stands out the Wife is condemned to exile her self before which Law the Court was dayly troubled with such like Differences Few people there are in the World that are more accustomed to scolding railing and calumny than these although 't is very rare to see them come to blows yet much more rarely do they make use of their Weapons This evil custome of abusing one another oftentimes is the occasion of Quarrels with Strangers to whom it seems a Novelty The ordinary Habit of the Citizens is first an upper Coat of a dark green red brown or violet-colour'd Silk open before and on the sides and garnished with loops having behind great Capes almost like old-fashioned Cloaks in the Low-Countreys Under that they wear another coat of Say or Silk with a high and stiff Collar these have long sleeves which are tied up round with loops and stand Cooks in good stead to remove hot Pots and Cauldrons from the fire Those that have an intent or design to steel or murther usually have

Kopeke the Couple and satisfyed my Chapman to the full On the 13 we came to Omula which is a Village about 40 English Leagues from Dydenof After two days Sailing we came to Pereslaf which is a small City rebuilt as I have been told out of the Ruins of Resanski which formerly was a famous Town surprized by the Tartars demolished and the Inhabitants removed to Pereslaf On the 17 we came close to Resanski where we viewed the Ruins of the City which testified the former Greatness and Strength of the Town From hence we sailed to the Eastern side of the River where we saw many famous Houses and stately Buildings with Fair Orchards and Groves On the 18 we saw many goodly Towns and Religious Houses and at night arrived at Novosolki a Place solely belonging to the Arch-Bishop Here we bought provision and all kinds of Refreshments that the place affoarded finding all things very cheap and good and from hence we sailed away passing by Schilko Tericho Tinersho Slavada Koponaw and other fair Towns On the 22 we came to Kassienie-gorod a beautifull litle City and the Residence of Prince Reskitski Our Captain and Master intended to visit the said Prince and for that end came here to Anchor but coming a shoar understood that he was departed for Moscou with the old Princess his Mother However they went to view the Palace and were magnificently entertained by the steward of whom after the Exchange of some Rarities on both sides by way of Presents they took their leaves Kassieme-gorod has been formerly a Hold of the Tartars but the present Prince at the age of 12 years surrendred it up to the great Duke of Moscovy whom he as then obtained to be his Protector On the 23 we sailed past many fair Villages Churches Monasteries and other Houses built for Religious uses coming the next morning to anchor before Leshi which is a very great Town but not walled On the 24 we came before Moruma a Town inhabited partly by Russes and partly by Mordwin-Tartars whose Countrey begins here although both the City Moruma and the Circumjacient Land-ship is at present under subjection of his Majesty of Russia On the 27 we sailed by Prewas Palo and some other lesser Towns Near this Place are two Rivers which vent themselves into the Wolga the one called Morsna Reka on the starboard and the other Klesna on the larboard-side in sailing downward which last comes from the City VVolodomur The Bank on the one side is very high Land and steep yet above level and fair Land but to the Northward the Bank is level with the Water and the Land woody and desert nether inhabited nor tilled to any purpose On the 28 we sailed past Isbuilets and Troitska dropping anchor before Slowoda On the 24 we set Sail and came that day before Dudwina where we were forced to remain 4 days and 4 nights by reason of the tempestuous weather The boistrous Winds and Rain somewhat abated we set sail and on the 3 of Iune came before Nofunki and the 8 before the great City Nisen Novogorod situate on an angle of the great River Wolga which is there conjoined with the Oka Nisen-gorod lies in the Latitude of 36 degr and 28 min. under a wholsome climat and in a fertile Countrey It is well fortified with Walls Bulwarks Towers Men and Ammunition of War About 2 English miles without the City live more Inhabitants than within being Russes and Tartars but in subjection to the great Duke The Germans had formerly built two Churches here one for the Lutherans and another for the Calvinists both which went to decay upon their leaving the Town It is here very cheap living and all things necessary for the sustenance of Human Bodies may be procured at easy Rates The Pastures abound with Cattel the Villages with Poultry the Woods with Venison the Rivers with Fish and the Land with Corn Fruit Roots and Plants Butter we bought there for 10 gl the 100 lb. which is after the rate of 2 d per pound and yet we esteemed that the dearest Purchase we bought there We bought there a good sort of Linnen for 2 stivers the Ell which served us well for shirting and other uses aboard the Ship And by reason of the Cheapness of Provision and all necessaries we received here 6 Moneths pay and because that they had here an excellent Ropeyard the Heads of our Company thought good to leave the Lieutenant Schack with our chief Boatswain to look after some Ropes which we had given order to be made as also to fit us with new Anchors On the 21 dito we put off from Nisen and left the Wolga This is reputed one of the greatest and longest Rivers in the whole World taking it's beginning in the highest Mountains of Nova-Zembla running past Ierislaf or Ierislaw Tweer and other eminent Cities whence with many Windings and Turnings it runs through the Land till it come at Astrachan where it divides it self into several Heads like the Nile and so looses it self into the Caspian Sea receiving by the way many great and navigable Rivers and those mostly on the Northeast side from whence by reason that the River receives it's Water it is subject to rising and falling as at Iune it is at highest and in Iuly begins again suddenly to decrease insomuch that it is in all places full of Banks and Sand-beds as hereafter in the pursuit of my Journal shall more particular and ample mention be made whereas when it is increased to it's heighth one may sail over several Islands This said River is in some places more than 3 English miles broad and proving in other places very narrow makeing at each side of the River a Whirl-pool which cannot be avoided without great difficulty The course of this River from Nisen to Casan is mostly East and South-East but from Casan to Astrachan and so to the Mare Hyrcanum or Caspian Sea altogether South On each side the River you have for the most part very good Land and many fair Towns as I have already noted whose Inhabitants are sedulous in their Husbandry and are well supplyed with the particular Products of all the several Landships adjacent on this noble River as also with many sorts of excellent Fish In times past the Wolga was much incommodated by the Cosaks of Don who being very strong in small shipping would sometimes surprize assail and take the Russian Fishermen and Strougs On the 22 we passed by the Islands Tlerinski and Subsinski but towards the Evening were fain to drop anchor by reason of the many Sands and Banks On the 23 we weighed but found our Anchor fast among the Roots of the Trees which cost us some pains to get clear About mid-day we got the Island Dioploy about 3 in the afternoon Musa and about the Evening Kremonsky where we anchored On the 24 we proceeded forward and got Parmino where we took in Provision which we found

and could very well see into my neighbours Court or Garden where his Wives walked and played together being undrest The man saw me several times and I him but he not knowing how to prevent it went and told my Master that I hurled Stones among his Wives which was not true for considering what circumstances I was under and sensible of the Condition of a Slave in those Places it had been a Token of the greatest imprudence in the World to hazard my self so far as to offend such men who were both void of Reason and had my Life in their hands My Master told him he did not beleev that I would do any such thing Well replies the other take your Slave away or I shall bring him down for you Upon this my Patron warned me to take heed of looking down any more not knowing what might come of it I was very curious to know what course the Infidel would take in hand to fetch me down and accordingly went down to the old Place where I saw several long Hand-guns ready levelled and cock'd laying out at the Window which made me in all hast to turn about and out of the way but was no sooner turned before I heard him fire althô it did not the mischief he hoped and expected The Inhabitants as was said before are in this place somthing currish-natured but the Persians in general do not use their Slaves so unkindly as the Turks which I could well observ the time I was on the Galleys nor yet so inhumanly as they do at Argiers Tripoli Tunis Salee and other maritim Towns in Barbary according to the universal report given by those that fall into the hand of these cruel Men for here when they do use them so hard it is more to make them renounce their Faith and become Mahometans than innate Cruelty Most proud they are and lofty boasting in their honorable descent and Pedigrees from their ancient Nobility famous in History and renowned from the Monarchy of the Medes The Soldiery which they call Kissil-basschen are very unruly and take the lest word that one can speak for an affront yea such is the aw they have gained of the People that they dare not speak without great reverence sure I am they have taught me silence since they are accustomed to be the Interpreters of other Mens Words and are as apt to misconstrue what is said whence consequently they fall to blows On the 30 th of Iuly my Patron brought me again to Market where he sold me to one Hadzi Biram Ali A very rich Merchant in Jewels The same Hadzi Biram had 9 Wives 5 at Derbent and 4 at Scamachy The Chief of these 9 was a Polish Gentlewoman by birth and a Christian but her Father was an Amsterdammer by name Iohn Flusius who had a Command of Horse under Casimire K. of Poland and married there a Gentlewoman of that Countrey by whom he had 4 Children Upon a time when these People lived in the Countrey it happened that the Tartars made an irruption into Poland and among many others carried away my said Patronesse being then a Damosel of 12 years old and sold her for a Slave She was a Gentlewoman of a very fair complexion and a well proportioned Body at that time for which reason alone I suppose my Patron bought her and made her his Wife promoting her shortly after above the rest It was my Masters custom to bath himself once a day in the Sea which the Inhabitants of those Parts do account very wholsom and his custom was alwaies to take me with him to hold his Horse till he had don It happened that one time he went a litle farther in than was usual and lighting accidentally in a Whirl-pool he was forcibly overturn'd and not able to recover himself I seeing him then immerge made all the hast I could to get him out and coming to the Place could not get a sight of him for it was as I supposed in a Quicksand but at last by accident I felt his head with my Foot which I endeavored to take hold of with my hand and at last got him out brought him to the Land and lay him over a Stone till abundance of water came gushing out of his Mouth but no appearance of Life was left in him when I thought he was rid of the most part of the Water I set him upon the Horse and got up my self behind him in the mean while he continued bleeding at the Nose and Ears and so weak that I had much ado to hold him upright upon the Horse After he came home he was put to bed which he kept for 14 days together before he recovered his Strength It was no small cause of Joy to me that things fell so well out as that he lived to declare the true cause of this dismal accident whereas if he had died 't would certainly have cost me my Life among those bruitish furious and unreasonable People especially in consideration of of the Condition I was in not only a Stranger both to their Religion and Manners as well as their Countrey and Persons but likewise a Slave for whose Death and Slaughter a man is no more accountable than for the slender Value and Market price whilst on the contrary it fell out that I got the Credit of saving his Life and his Benevolence ever after for an act of such merit having run the jeopardy of my own Person So much kindness he professed for me that he promised to take me with him to Ispahan where he said he would bestow me upon some of my own Nation This Motion liked me exceeding well but my chief Patroness who spoke very good Low-dutch advised me to the Contrary saying My Husband your Lord 't is true goes for Ispahan but from thence he intends to go on a Pilgrimage to Meccha and bestow 200000 Gil. on the Sepulchre of Mahomet for which Gift he and his Son Hadzy Kan will be canonized and registred among the Saints for a perpetual memory of themselvs and Honor of their Posterity and now you are not sensible what Danger hangs over your head in regard of your Religion This said she told me if I would vow Silence she would impart me a Secret which perhaps would be of more importance than that and without doubt I should judge it more worthy of Acceptance I promised her I would not detect her Council be what it would but for accepting it desired her not to injoyn me till I had heard and well considered of it To this she replies See if you can prevail with your Patron to excuse you on this Journey or if you can counterfeit with Dexterity feign your self sick To which if he gives his assent we will trip off together after he has been a few weeks upon his Journey and being you are well acquainted with the Caspian Sea we will take our Bark with us I have means enough to Maintain us in any part of

the Persians And do you not know what Dishonour it is to all the Musulmans and the whole Kingdom in general Or are you indeed becom a Christian c. This Innovation he meant was an Interdiction which the Chan or Governour had issued 3 days after the Procession That none should hew and cut as was their Custom with Swords in the Streets like as we have spoke more amply in the Feast of Aly. The Father som said durst not but make complaint lest it should have been imputed to himself as Misprision it being well known by others that it was his Son who sent the Libel But it may be observed that those who would put the affair in that Posture were either prejudic'd or byassed Persons But others who were indifferent looked upon it as an Example of Unmercifulness and Ambition where he only did it for Hopes of Favour from the Chan which be esteemed a Purchase aequivalent to his sons Life The next day was another Man beat to Death by 7 of the Chans Domestics before the Gates of the Palace but for what I could not learn Upon the 26 we got another Narrativ which confirmed the former News from Astrachan as also how that Radzin was carried to Moscou In the mean while Mr. van Termund makes preparation to go for Ispahan and with all diligence makes up a Company to the end that he might travel more secure there being then a great rumor of many Insolencies perpetrated by the Wood-rangers and on the 29 set forward taking with him Peter Arentsz of Schevelingen one of our Ships-Company and a Polish Jew who had been taken by the Scemkal-Tartars and made his Escape On the 30 arose a most hideous Tempest of Wind Thunder Hail and Lightning which continued for two days together after which all was very calm and still and the air very serene The Hail did much damage to the Fruit every Hailstone being of an unusual bigness som as large as the Egg of a Hen or Turky On the 6 of June I went with a Venetian who had bin a Slave in Turky and run away about 15 Miles w●thin Land where we found an Armenian Friary The Monastics received and treated us very kindly when they understood that we were Christians and in Slavery to the Mahometans They intreated us to tell them all the passages we had met with abroad which the Venetian first did and afterwards desiring me to do the like I related all in brief which they took great delight to hear especially about the taking in of Astrachan They desired us further to tarry with them for som time which we promised to do and accordingly stay'd there two nights All the time they caressed us with all kindness imaginable neither sparing for Victuals nor good Drink professing themselvs sorry that our condition would not allow them the happiness of a longer enjoyment of our Company Their manner of Life was very single without any Incumbrance of the Mahometans their Hous-holding regular and gentile and the Men among themselvs mutually loving one another and sociable with strangers very charitable to all that were in necessity of what Opinion or Faith soever they were Right loath we were to leav them but not daring to stay any longer we took our leavs of them thanking them for their kindness and civility they had shown us In taking our way to Scamachy we were fain to climb over some Hills and one great Mountain flat at Top upon which was a Lake according to our guessing 3 miles in Circuit Going along the shore to our great amazement we found four Bodies of Men that had but newly been murthered having their throats cut we supposed them to be Anglers seeing Fishing Canes and other Implements about them However we thinking it for two reasons unsafe for us to stay there any longer made all the hast we could to get out of the way This Lake as we afterwards understood was very plentifull of many kinds of delicate Fish which are sold very dear and highly esteemed of abroad throughout all that part of the Countrey and indeed it was once our thoughts to make a Trial if we could take any thing till meeting with these new murthered Persons we chused rather to let the Fish remain in their Element than by the probable consequence to pay too great a price for our sport It happened once that my Patron received a sudden Message from the Prince to com to Court upon which he gave me Order to saddle his best Horse now the Saddle which he ordered me to set on being richly set with Pearls and Precious stones he kept it alwaies in the Chamber where his Plate was so that I must pass through three Chambers to fetch it but opening the Door of the second Room I found my Patroness standing naked in the Bath upon which being in a great amazement and fearful that this rash Action might be represented to my Master who might make me pay for my Peeping in all hast I retreated and offered to run out again which she seeing cried out Ho! ho don 't run away go thrô and fullfil your Lords Commands This she said with a smiling Countenance which cured me of the Palsie that the sight of her had already struck me into On the 10 th the Ambassadors Brother departed for Ispahan to make complaint against the Chan about the Money that the Ambassadour had upon Interest and disbursed for him which he could not get in slave- On the 11 th of Iuly is a great Fair at Scamachy upon which day above 500 Slaves were brought to Market that being their main Traff●ic Of these Slaves are of all sorts of People Men Women Children Christians and Pagans Polonians Russians Georgians and Circas-Tartars The Poles Russes are commonly stole by the Dagestan-Tartars as also the Circasses which are Heathens for according to the Voice of the Alchoran no Mahometan or Musulman may be made a Slave which mainly tends to the Propagation of Turcism On the contrary the Circas-Tartars in revenge do steal the Dagestans and sell them to the Russians And so the Tartars althô seemingly many Nations yet doubtless of old one People live in constant jarrs and private Hostility who if they had but Discretion and Conduct answerable to their Power were in a capacity to subdue both Russ and Persia But as for the Georgians they are generally such as are sold by their own inhuman Parents and in that out do both Turk and Pagan who will not make sale of such as are of their own Opinion or Nation much less their own Children which is a thing so besides Nature that the most savage Beasts do abhor it and will as soon part with their Life as with their Young This Fair which as I have said consists most in the Sale of stollen Booty is a great advantage to Derbent and Scamachy which of late years seem to flourish mainly and for this reason is frequented by many

pristin State On the 2 of Decemb. we set forward and came in good time to Sultanie a City lying in 36 degr and 30 min. Northerly Latitude It is situated between two rows of very steep Mountains and toward the West we saw the Mountain Keydar Peyamber whose lofty top seems to support the Heavens this being next to Ararat the highest Mountain I have ever seen The City Sultany affoards a most noble Prospect from abroad by reason of her many lofty Piles magnificent Churches high Towers Pyramids Obelisks and Cylinders which still remain notwithstanding the furious Irruption of the savage Tartars under conduct of the valiant Tamerlan who with many other Towns laid this level with the Ground save the great and stupendious Fabrics even now remembred which when one is within Town look like a set of Nine-pins or the Stones on Salisbury Plain so that this which was reputed one of the Royal Cities is meaner than most villages It was built by Sultan Choddabende a very rich and potent Prince who besides many famous Conquests in Persia and Usbec subdued the greatest part of Turky and many Indian Kingdoms and Provinces som of which still remain under the subjection of the Schach of Persia This City he called Sultanie from the Honorary Title of Sultan for so the Kings of Persia who are now called Schach were of old entitled as also at present the Ottoman Emperour Notwithstanding the abovesaid devastation of this City appear yet many signal Monuments of it's former Glory amongst which is the splendid Court and Palace of the great Choddabende called The Emarath This was fortified on each side with strong Walls and several grea● Bulwarks altogether built of huge square Stones of 3 Foot Diameter it had also 4 high Towers but strong and of neat Workmanship Within is a very noble Sepulchre built by Sultan Choddabende himself who lay here interred but the too great Piety of his Successor woul● not suffer his Bones to rest but removed them to the Meschaich● Ardebil In entring this Sepulchre one must pass thrô three very hig● Gates all made of Indian Steel very neatly polished and as smoot● as Glass this being the same Mettal of which the Damaskin or Ard●bil Scymiters are made and is praeferred before any other St● that is used That Gate which leads out to the Maydan as the Persia● would perswade themselvs and us cannot be opened by any Force bu● when one prays to GOD for the sake of his Servant Aly that may open it opens of it's self The Building is very high contractin● its self at top into the manner of a Tower and within is set wit● white and blew Tiles of Porceline Above where it begins to dra● its self into the form of a Tower is a Partition of Steel Barrs whic● makes a handsom Chore. In this Partition or Quire I saw many Books written in Arabic Characters some whereof were above 30 Inches long I opened one of them and found an interlineary change o● Gold and Black lines like the Rubrics in the Roman Breviaries L●turgies and Mass books Behind the Altar is the Tomb where Sult● Muhamed Choddabende lay interred but parted from the Body of th● Chore with great and massy Barrs of Indian Steel which the Persia● say was all of one piece no place appearing where it might seem t● be well'd or set together and that it was seven years a making i● India In this said Emarath are 20 pieces of Brass Ordnance every Carridge having 4 wheels a piece and the Balls lying by them o● white Marble these are made forsooth for defence of the H. Sepulchre The Tower above is 8 square and on each side a Gallery an● upon each Gallery a small Turret going up with Winding-stairs Before this Temple is a Fountain the curious Work whereof show● the great skill and dexterity of the Workman that ordained it it receives its Water by an Aqueduct from the Keydar and behind the Emarath is a very pleasant Garden with Walks and Rows of dive● sorts of Trees Besides this illustrious Pile of Sultan Choddabende is another built by Schach Ismael the first This is also to be ascended by stairs Within are seen many fair Pillars and Arches upon which the Roof leans and the inside of the Walls is all laid with white and blew Tiles of Porceline Right before the Door within the first Court stands a fair Pyramid of a reasonable Height There is also a very fair Plesure-garden adjoyning to this Palace Not far from thence is also a fair Arch but somthing dilapidated resting upon 2 Columns or Obelisks 162 Foot high About an English Mile and a half without Town are to be seen the Relicts of a Gate which they say was built by Sultan Choddabende whence it appears that the Extent of this City has been very great althô as was said is now not very great nor much frequented by Trading People subsisting mostly by the Caravans after which they long as greedily as a Landlord for Quarter day Five days we tarried in Sultante to rest having almost tired our Camels and Horses which by that time were again in a travailing Condition During our aboad here I was shorn after the Persian fashion and could pass Muster for a Musulman and with more freedom visit what was worthy of remark and by them reputed sacred being thereto perswaded by my Companion who was a Russ called Ferrath and that I might not be bewray'd by my speech he bad me counterfeit my self dumb and when occasion serv'd to make signs he taking upon him to interpret for me which at once both secured me from Affronts and gave me the occasion to see their Sanctuaries which was refused many Georgians notwithstanding considerable Sums they had proffered to see the Sepulchres On the 7 th we set out and came at night to Syllebek where we took up our Nights-lodging having this day very good way and with all pleasant for on each side were fair Meadows Pasture and Corn-fields and by the way many neat villages with Orchards Gardens and Summer-Houses which made the Time seem short and the Journey no way taedious Leaving Syllebek we came the next day at night to Choramdeky which for it's many Gardens seems to be a Paradise It is also watered with a good River which glides thrô the Town and by a Serpentine course thrô the Fields round about the City renders the Earth more fertile and of a very good soil insomuch that this is one of the most delightfull places we had hitherto seen The People confo●mable to the place they inhabit gave us great Satisfaction and we● very sociable and friendly to converse withall On the Ninth we set forward again and came at night to th● City Caswin which is a Town of no small repute It is situated in 3 degr 15 min. Northerly Latitude lying in the Countrey of Er● upon a level but dry and sandy ground having on the West

they were in boiling Cauldrons or in sweeting Tubs so that I have known many who not able to endure the Heat would jump into the Sea and remain there till the Heat of the day be over During the time of my abode there the Heer Padberg came as Envoyé from the Lord General to establish the Commerce and Trade of the Company on a better foot at Moschate but he had not made an end of that Affair when we left the Place On the Third of August we set sail and on the 22 got sight of the fast Land and Cape Comorine which is a fair Promontory on the Malabar Coast We directed our course thence for Ceylon and so for Batavia On the 28 we got the Straits of Sunda where we met several Javaners that came aboard us and bartered Fish Coconuts Piesang Ananasses and other Fruits for Iron Hoops The Day following we got the height of Toppers Angle and on the 30 came into the Road of Batavia On the first of September I went ashoar and so directly to the General and Council to return them my humble Thanks for their unspeakable Favour and Goodness in redeeming me from the wofull Estate of Slavery with promise of returning the Moneys disbursed upon my return home which in the year 1673 I faithfully performed On the 27 I went to list my self in the Companies service for Sail-maker for 18 gild per Moneth aboard the Ship called De Hollandtsche Tuyn On the 15 of October we received Order with 6 other Ships to cruse upon the English and French Ships before Bantham Mean while I longed so to see my Wife and Children that I had no more enjoyment my self so long as we made such delay wherefore I assumed 〈◊〉 boldness to send 2 Letters one to the Heer Spelman then Ordin● Council for the Indies and another to the Heer Piete● van Hoorn hu●bly begging that I might be dismissed my present service and be se● home which they were graciously pleased to assent to and gave ord● that I should imbarque my self aboard the Flyboat Nieuw poort ● return to Batavia and so to go aboard the Ship Europa wherewith set sail on the 4 of February 1673 in Company with the Ship Te●veer as Admiral The Alphen Vice-Admiral and Pynaker Rere Admiral besides the Ships Starmeer and Papenburg We directed our Course W. and by S. thrô the Straits of Sunda On the 5 we came before Bantham and found there the 7 Ships which were crusing before that place for the English and French On the 6 we found our selvs without the Straits of Sunda and se● our Course directly South-South-West till we came in the height of ● degr then altered and bore up W. S. W. till we came at 28 degr a● then set our course directly South till we came at 32 degr which is the height of C. de Bona Esperanza where on the 15 of April we arrive● in the Bay and found theresom Ships that were bound for the Indi● coming from Holland Here we first heard the doleful news that the French had already made themselvs Masters of 3 of the 7 Province that the 2 De Witts the Pensionary and Ruart of Putten were sadly mass●cred in the Hague as also that his Royal Highness the Prince of Ora● was made Erf-Stadt-houder or Lord Deputy Haereditary CHAP. XXXVII Their Departure from the Cape of Good Hope The Ship Europa taken by th● English The English take the Island of St. Helena and 2 Dutch Ships more Th● Author warns the rest of the Ships Three Dutch Ships scape a scouring Arrival at Ascension Abundance of Tortoises on that Island A Descriptio● of the said Island It 's Vnfruitfullness and want of fresh water A Debate ●e● among the English to leav the Dutch upon the Island Departure from Ascension Arrival at Kingsale in Ireland Their Departure from thence Arrival at Bri● and finally at Home WE tarried here till the 17 of May on which day we received an Order from the Governour to depart with the Ship Europ● for the Island St. Helena which Island he had taken from the English about 14 Weeks before The rest of the Ships were to follow us in 7 or 8 days time and so to sail together for Holland Thus having a brisk Gale of wind we hoised sail and had aboard us one Captain Br●denbach who was to be Governour of St. Helena We set our course North-West and on the 21 of May being Whitsuntide came before Saint Helena but coming just in at the Bay we found we had got a wrong Sow by the Tail finding instead of our own 7 great English Men of War with a Fireship and 3 Merchant Men. The English finding us within Shot did so welcom us with their upper and lower Tires that we were presently quit of Hopes Ship and Goods They gave us Nutmegs enough but those were so cruel hard that we could not grate much less digest them with our wills In short they shot so hotly upon us that we had several Men on a sudden killed and many wounded We had aboard us about 50 Men and had not above 5 or 6 Guns that we could use Being thus in a great Strait and not knowing what to do having no leisure to consult it was resolved that we should board the Assistance an English Friggat of 48 Guns which followed us with the Fire-ship Hereupon our Captain gave order that the Hatches should be shut and nailed up that none might creep out of the way but unanimously to fall upon our Enterprise yet when all was don we came short of Ammunition and were at last fain to surrender our selvs Ship and Goods to the Mercy of the English who never left firing upon us with 12 and 18 Pounders The English were no sooner com aboard but they fell a plundering us searching so narrowly that I knew no longer how to conceal the Jewels which my Patroness Altine had given me being Ten Bruto or rough Diamonds for I had sold one at Batavia which was the meanest for about 1000 gl And now that good Treasure which I had so long hid and secured from Theevish hands lay at Stake for an Offering to impious Mars and finding that they began to make a new Search I called an Englishman aside and told him that I had so many rough Diamonds which if he would please to take and hide for me I would give him 5 upon further Condition that he would be faithfull to me and redeliver me the other back again when we arrived in England but abov all to keep the matter secret He promised me with many Protestations that he would In the mea● while the English continued plundering and breaking up the Chests throwing the rich Silks and Cottons so on Heaps that we coul● hardly yet a passage through My Tresurer was a while very faithfull and still but coming accidentally to get drunk revealed our Secrets to another of

Emperour 156. Kabelang a Province in Formosa 58. Kaliklefthan 252. Kamuschincha a Russian Town taken in by Craft of Radzin 193. Kasschan its Scituation and Description 310. A Key made of an Emerald shown in a Church at Genua 4. Keydar Peyamber a very high Mountain in Persia 301. Kieselarsche Kolthre 201. Kissel-bassched the Soldiery so called at Derbent their unruly and ill temper 2●9 Kisiloseyn a swift River in Persia 299. Knutter a form of Punishment in Russia 156. Kostar a great River running through the Mountains of Elbur 236. Koctep a village in Persia ibid. L. LAzaro Mocenigo fights the Argerines Tripoleezes c. 103. Killed 105. Laar or Lar a City in Persia described 246. Leghorn described 67. Lemnos attacqued by the Venetians and surrendred upon Articles 92. Described ibid. Lifelanders their Properties Habits and Customs 127. Linden-Tree its ' manifold use 165. A List of the Head-Officers in the Venetian Navy as they were ingaged against the Turks 83. Lorenzo Marcello General of thn Venetians killed 88. M. MAdagascar Situation of the Island 15. Customs of the Inhabitants 19. Their Marriages 18. Funerals 19. Religion Superstitions 21. Government 22. An odd passage where a Dutch Captain meets with a King of that Countrey who had formerly bin his Slave 13. Fertility of Madagascar ibid. Majo Insul Situation and Description 6. Malefactors how punished in Moscovia 156. Malhora a rock near Leghorn 67. Marco Bembo Admiral of the Ships of war in the Venetian Armade hotly ingaged with the Turks 80. Takes the Capitana 89. Killed 105. Mares-milk in great esteem by the Tartars 182. Marriages of the Madagascars 18 Of the Syammers 39. Of the Moscovians 131 seqq Merchants eight murthered in a Wood of Moscovia 126. Metellino see Mytelene Meynderts Island 203. Middleton an English Ship engaged with a Fleet of Turkish Galleys against which she valiantly defends her self 79. Milo Insul 74 75. Eminent for able Sea-men and Fishers 111. The prime place to Water at ibid. Mochan or Mokan a great Heath in Persia dangerous for Robbers 283. Moscou described 130. Mulbery Trees in great plenty at Tenos 111. Mummay Kobas a most costly Balsem proceeding out of a Rock 262. Murtherers delivered over to the Friends of the murthered Party in Persia 262. Muskar a City in Media 237. Muskettos many of those Flies in Lifeland Mytilene an Island in possession of the Turks 76. A bold Attempt of the Author and his Company to fetch off cattel from Mytilene ibid. A description of that Island 109. N. NAchay a little Fish of a wonderfull strength 225. Nagayan and Crim Tartars described 181. Nanguesaque or Nanguesaky a City in Japon built by the Portugueezes 60. Merchandise and Traffic of that Place ibid. A great Hurricano that happened there ibid. Situation and Description of Nanguesaky 61. Naphtha an oil running out of Rocks how got 237 238. Napoli di Malvazia attacqued by the Venetians 106. Natens a City in Persia 312. Naurus see New years day 257. Naysobath a fair village in Schirwan or Old Media where the Holsteyn Ambassadors suffered Shipwrack 237. Necromancy much practised in Lifeland 117. New years day celebrated by the Persians 257. Nicsia an Island famous for the Temple of Apollo w●ose Ruins still appear 10● Nieu meulen oppid 1●6 Nisen-Novogored 161. Nisobath see Naysobath Noah's Sepulchre 332. Novogorod described 123. O. OEtsjoege 199. Onions and Garlick much eaten in Russia 137. The great Orchard near Tzurbag how planted 213. Variety of fruit therein ibid. Oron the Primo Vizier comes down to see Ingagement between the Venetian and Ottoman Armada 104. Osmin a Province and Dominion of the Tartars 210. Their manner of chusing a Prince or Protector ibid. The Author and his Company taken hardly used made Slaves and brought to the Prince of Osmin 210 211. Taxed for Cosacs and Radzinists 212. P. PAdar the Inhabitants of Koctep in Persia so called much addicted to stealing 237. Pagods of Syam 35 36. Liberality of the Syamers to the Pagods and Bonzi ibid. Palm-Sunday how celebrated by the Russians 157. Palso Castro a Town in Lemnos 92. Paniegros a Polish Nobleman murthered in his Bed 243. Parmach or Barmach a Mountain where they get Naphtha or Petroleum 237. Patany assists the King of Syam against Ava 33. Pathmos the City and Island 93. Patriarch of Moscovia his Office Power Habit c. 152. Peace how treated upon and ratified by the Kings of Madagascar 23. Pelicans in great abundance about the Caspian Sea 201. Persepolis 332 seqq Petroleum see Naphtha Petzora a montanous Countrey in Russia 136. Pitsiora in Lifeland described Pisa described 68. Pletskow in Lifeland described 121 A shank-bone of a giant to be seen at Pletskow 122. Po flu 73. Pochmelie a Russian Dish 1●9 Poddowodda what it is 122. Polygamy allowed at Madagascar 18. In Syam 40. By the Crim-Tartars 164. Porto de Canisos 5. de Ribeirra Corea ibid. de Praye ibid. Prattelino a famous Pallace in Florence 69. Q. QUas a Russian Liquor 139. R. RAdzin his Offspring 183. The Reason of his Rebellion 184. The first Insolences he committed ibid. His Treachery and Cruelty on the Confines of Persia 185. He submits and obtains pardon from the Czar 186. Th●ows a Persian Princess into the Wolga 187. His strictness and Punishment of Adultery 188. Returns back for Don 189. The Russians that follow him are demanded by the Governor of Astrachan ibid. Which he refuses to send back 190. He gains the Astrachan Fleet by Treachery 191. His Power and Aw ibid. His cruelty when drunk ibid. The Increase of his Army ibid. He refuses the Title of King 192. Sends Legates to the King of Persia and their ill success ibid. Sends out Emmissaries into several Towns upon the Volga 193. Increases his Fleet and Army ibid. Takes in Kamuschinka by craft Revenues of the King of Syam 34. Of the Czar of Moscovia 156. Rheno flu 72. Rhesan a fertile Province in Moscovia 136. Riga described Rostof 136. Russes their Form Nature and Properties 138. Their Diet and usual Drink 139. Their Beastliness when drunk 140. Their great esteem of Brandy and Tobacco ibid. Addicted to Calumny and Jarrs ibid. Their usual Habit Painting or staining of the Face in practise among the Female kind 141. The Marriages of the Gentry ibid seqq Of the Pesantry 145. And of the Clergy 153. Their Divorcements and the occasion of the same 146. Their Superstitious opinion about cleanness and uncleanness 146 147. Of their Baths and Hardiness ibid. Their Peculiar Actions Gestures and Customs of the Russians from other People 148. Of the Visitation of their sick ibid. Ceremonies about their Dead 149. And the manner of their Funerals 150. Of their Religion and Church Government 151. S. SAbaksar 165. Sakky a Liquor used in Japon 60. Samos an Island in the Archipelago 93. Two Prizes taken there from the Turks ibid. The Author and 6 more there taken and made Slaves 94. Sariol Kurgan a Mountain famous for