said that he died in Crete and that he ordered his body to be burnt and the ashes thrown into the Sea lest his Relicks being brought back to Sparta they should account themselves freed from the Oath But * In Apologet. Tertullian writeth that he famished himself because the Lacedaemonians went about to alter his Laws The War with the Argives 21. Lycurgus being dead and the State setled after this great change it renewed the War formerly begun with the Argives and afterwards deluded with the ambignity of the Oracle commenced another against the Tegeata Pausan in Arcadicis Herod lib. 1. a people of Arcadia by whom they were worsted and Charilaus the King was taken prisoner through the especial valour of the women yet was he presently set at liberty upon his oath never to fight more against them which he but ill performed After this they overthrew divers Cities on which the Achaeans had seized some whereof made their peace as Pausanias telleth us and departed out of Peloponnesus Pausan in Messenicis The Colleague of Charilaus or Charillus for some time was Teleclus whose death gave one occasion to the famous Messenian War Charilaus was succeeded by Nicander his Son and Teleclus by Alcamenes In * Clemens Strom. lib. 1. the 34th year of Nicander was celebrated the first Olympiad The first Olympiad after the restitution of those Games by Iphitus in which Coraebus a Cook of Elis got the Prize in the Course These solemnities being of so great consequence in the knowledge of times must not be passed over without some observation The renewing of the Olympick Games 22. These exercises had in former times been held by divers others as Hercules both the Idaean and the son of Amphytrion as some think Pelops Endymion Neleus Pelias Lycurgus and others After the descent of the Heraclidae into Peloponnesus Oxylus the Aetolian also who as we said was chosen their guide and according to agreement Pausan in Eliacis had the Country of Elis given to him renewed the Games but they were interrupted as formerly or seldom observed for about 300 years till Iphitus the son of Praxonidas and Nephew of Haemon descended from him and one of his Successors again restored them after which they never intermitted but were kept up for many generations But the occasion of the last restitution was this Greece being almost ruined by seditions and pestilence Iphitus inquired of the Oracle at Delphos how those evils might be redressed A. M. 3229. Osiae 34. and it was answered that it was expedient for him and the Eleans to restore the Olympick Games whereupon he proclaimed them and for the better celebration of them procured a Truce to be made The place whence they had their name was Olympia a City situated in the territories of the Pisaeans upon the River Alpheus upon which account the Pisaeans contended a long time with the Eleans about their interest in them There was a Temple dedicated to Jupiter Olympius and a place for races and all sorts of exercises filled with many goodly buildings which resembled another City Near to the Town was also a place where the Eleans sate and judged of the controversies arising about Victories to which Crowns were given As long as the Eleans continued under a Monarchical Government their Prince of the posterity of Oxylus was sole Judge but afterwards there were two chosen by the votes of the people which were after increased to the number nine then to ten and last of all to twelve This Solemnity was held once every fifth year beginning so that from the commencing of one to the beginning of another passed four entire years by some mistaken for five because of the commencement of the Games The time was at the full of the Moon the change whereof immediatly preceded the Summer solstice in the moneth by them called Hecatombaeon 23. Upon this occasion meetings and consultations were had concerning the affairs of all Greece besides the Inhabitants of which many flocked from other Countries Care was here taken concerning the form of the year for the intercalation of a day at the end of every fourth Charge was given to the Priests of the Temple to take notice of every new Moon especially of that wherewith the moneth Hecatombaeon began and to proclaim it they were also not onely to register the names of the Victors in the several sorts of Games with other things that concerned them but also whatsoever memorable thing occurred in the intervals The account of time henceforth never failed and the affairs of Greece and other Countries were known in a most certain order And here the second interval of time amongst three reckoned by * Vide Censorinum de Die Natali cap. 21. Varro received it's period The first began with the beginning of things and ended at the Deluge called by him unknown the second began where the first ended and concluded with this restitution of the Olympiads which he termed Fabulous because the Storie thereof is mixed with Fables and the third commencing with the first Olympiad reached to his own time which he name Historical for that things done therein were truly and clearly related This happened 408 years after the destruction of Troy 774 before the Aera of Christ A. M. 3229. 24. Towards the later end of the seventh Olympiad A. M. 3256. V. C. 5. Jothami 10. a great change was made in the Government of Lacedaemon The bringing in of the Ephori into Sparta by the bringing in of the Ephori who according to Plutarch had their beginning 130 years after Lycurgus It seemeth that for all the means used by him to gain an equality and clip the power of the great ones yet it again grew extravagant within this time Arist Polit. l. 5. c. 11. so that the people to provide against that of the Kings and Senate for the future got these Officers created Five they were in number whereof one Elatus was the first chosen every year by and out of the people Val. Maxim lib. 4. without any distinction of birth or wealth insomuch that sometimes the meanest sort of men were elected which custom is noted as bad by Aristotle Plutarch in vita Licurgi But their use and end being onely to protect the liberty of the people such what ever they were must be preferred as made the greatest show of love to freedom of a sharp and bold wit and aversnesse towards the power of the great ones Plato de Legibus lib. 3. Theopompus the Son of Nicander and Grandson to Charilaus was King at this time who bringing in or giving way to this Office his wife rebuked him for so doing saying that he would leave the Kingdom to his Son of lesse value than he had it of his Father to which he answered Cicero de Legibus lib. 3. that on the contrary he should leave it so much the greater by how much more durable Indeed
he was torn in pieces in the Senate house Is made away by the Senators and the Senators by peece-meal carried out his body under their gowns so that it was never seen Others wrote that having drawn out the people to the place called Caprae Palus and there making an Oration to them a sodain darknesse and Tempest hapned wherein he vanished and departed from amongst mortals The Senators took occasion from the secrecy of their fact and concealment of his body to perswade the multitude that he was taken up amongst the gods and Julius Proculus a man of prime Nobility and credit amongst the Patricians put all out of doubt by swearing most religiously that he appeared to him in the high-way and told him that it pleased the gods from whom he came so long to let him continue amongst men till he had founded a City whose Empire and glory should excel and then again that he should return to heaven He bade him faâ—ewel and tell the Romans that if they did but use temperance and valour Called Quirinus they should in power excel all mortals And he would be a propitious god unto them under the name of Quirinus He lived 55 years and reigned 37 in which space he much advanced the Sate of the City which who first planted with him were not much above 2000 foot and scarce 300 horse but when he died he left of the one kind 46000 and almost 1000 of the other sort After his Grand-fathers death he succeeded in the Kingdom of Alba which he governed by Deputies continuing his residence at Rome The day on which he died was the Nones of Quintilis afterwards called July which answereth to the 26th of May as the Callendar was reformed by Julius Caesar It was named Nonae Caprotinae from the place where he vanished and Fâ—ga Populi because the people astonished at the King's death took them to their heels Tarrutius the Mathematician observed that the life of this Prince was signalized by three Eclypses of the Sun one at his conception which is also the first that is observed by Authors another the same day de founded Rome and the third on the day of his death concerning which for that the calculation of the former is rather founded upon Astrological than Astronomical Principles Jacobus Cappellus is to be consulted An Inter-regnum for a year 12. Romulus dying childlesse the Senate for a years space retained the power in their own hands which is called an Inter-regnum They governed by their courses each man five dayes but the People murmuring and giving out that for one tyrant they had got an hundred at length they resolved that a King should be chosen The Sabines thought it reasonable he should be of their Nation not having had any since Tatius and the other were averse to a stranger being desirous he should be some one of the Patricians but at length the Fathers fixed upon Numa Pompilius a Sabine A. M. 3291. V. C. 40. Ezechia 17. Olymp. 16. an 3. a man of almost forty years of age Numa and the most considerable for knowledg and ability of that time who by consent of the People was advanced to the Government At first he excused himself but sollicited by his Father and Marcius his kindsman not to let slip so fair an oportunity of his own and Countrie 's preferment he accepted of it He thought it policy to raise that City by Laws and religious customs which had been founded by force and Arms and to soften the Genius of it by diversion from warfare it being as necessary to employ a people well at home as exercise them abroad He built a Temple to Janus which was to stand open in time of War and be shut in peace as it continued all his reign But it onely hapned so to be twice from his time to that of Tiberius Caesar The first occasion was in the Consulship of Titus Manlius and Marcus Attilius after the ending of the first Punick War and the second in Augustus his reign after he had subdued Antonius and Cleopatra at what time there was an Universal peace Numa disbanded the Royal Guard of the 300 Celeres as standing in no need of them To the two Flamens of Jupiter and Mars he added the third of Romulus To him is also ascribed the bringing in of the Pontifies whereof he himself was one and the Original of which name is so much controverted He also ordained the Vestal Nuns and the Feciales a sort of Priests which judged concerning the equity of War His religion much suiting with that of the Pythagoreans and denounced it His religion much suited in the manner and strictnesse thereof with that of the Pythagoreans which caused the report of his being Contemporary and conversing with Pythagoras although this Philosopher was born 100 years after his death The reason of this mistake besides the ignorance of the times was his familiarity with Pythagoras a Lacedaemonian who gave him advice concerning the ordering of his Kingdom travelling in Italy in the sixteenth Olympiad the third year of which was the beginning of Numa's reign according to Plutarch 13. As Pythagoras taught that the principle of all things is not to be perceived by sense or lyable to motion but invisible immortal and to be apprehended by the understanding alone so Numa forbad the Romans to use the Image of any God whicn represented him after the form of a man or any other living Creature Neither in these antient times was there any painted carved or molten image amongst them but for the first 170 years though they built Temples and Sacred places yet had they no image at all because they thought it wickednesse to liken more excellent things to those below them and thought God no otherwise to be perceived than by the mind Numa divided those grounds amongst the poorer sort which Romulus had gained in his Wars causing his subjects to apply themselves to husbandry to cultivate their minds as well as the earth and that he might take away the distinction of Roman and Sabine which threatned the State with endlesse emulation and prejudice he distinguished them all according to their trades and occupations making every Art a particular Company and Fellowship He abated the rigour of that Law made by Romulus concerning the power of Fathers over their Children ordaining it should not be lawfull for them to sell such sons as by their leave had married because it was unjust that a woman which had married a free-man should be constrained to live with a slave He reformed the year which in the time of Romulus was quite out of all order some moneths had fewer then 20 dayes some had 35. and some above the variety of the several courses of Sun and Moon was not understood but onely this aimed at that the year should consist of 360 dayes He reformeth the year 14. Numa considering that a Solar year exceeded the Lunar by eleven dayes
and when the Phoenicians began to tow their Fleet together to fall on they hoised up their Sails and departed After this pattern the Lesbians and a great part of the Ionians withdrew themselves onely the Chians stood to it who taking many of their Enemies ships lost more of their own and at length fled to Land Some of them running their Gallies on ground at Mycale went on foot by night unto Ephesus where the women then celebrating the Thesmophoria the Inhabitants taking them for thieves issued out and slew many of them But Dionysius having light on the Persian Gallies retreated not home knowing his own Country would go to wrack with the rest but going into Phoenicia there robbed certain ships of burthen of much wealth and thus inriched sailed into Sicilie 23. The Persians having thus done their work at Sea presently laid siege to Miletus which by undermining the walls and using all sorts of Batteries It is taken Idem ibid. Capp 18 c. they utterly destroyed in the sixth year after the Rebellion was first begun by Aristagoras Some of those Inhabitants which survived their Country together with the Samians transported themselves into Sicilie the rest being brought to Susa before Darius he without any punishment inflicted on them placed in the City Ampia situated where the River Tigris falleth into the Red Sea As for their grounds the Persians took to themselves the Champain Country and gave the Mountainous parts to the Carians of Pedasus Histiaeus seeing what was befallen Miletus with some Lesbians subdued Chius easily being weakened before Capp 26 c. whence with many Ionians and Aeolians he undertook an Expedition against Thasus but hearing that the Phoenicians were gone from Miletus into the other parts of Ionia he returned back to Lesbus Here his forces not trusting themselves he went over into the Province of Atarnes as it were thence and from the Territories of the Mysians adjoyning to gather forrage where Harpagas the Persian then lying with a considerable force Histiaeus taken and put to death ingaged with him in a fight at Malena and having cut off the greater part of his men took him alive Being carried to Susa unto Artaphernes they nailed his body to a crosse and sent his head as a present to Darius who was displeased that they had not presented him alive and caused his head to be buried as of a friend and one that had Well deserved of the Persians Now not onely Caria but all the Islands and Cities on the continent were also recovered without much trouble the most beautiful of the Boyes being made Eunuchs and of the Girls sent to the Persian Court. And thus the Ionians were subdued the third time once by the Lydians and twice by the Persians the tributes were established by Artaphernes according to Darius his former prescription and all things setled at the cost of the revolters 24. Two years after the destruction of Miletus and in the 26th of his reign Darius withdrawing the commissions of all his late Captains sent Mardonius the son of Gobryas who had married his daughter Artozestra Capp 43 44 c. with a great power to the Sea Mardonius coming into Cilicia sent away all his Land Forces towards the Hellespont and passing by Sea into Ionia there dissolved all the Tyrannies as they were called or powers of single men and brought in the Democratical Government into the Cities After this with his Fleet he subdued the Thasians and with his Land Army other Macedonians besides them that formerly obeyed his Master A. M. 3509. Ol. 71. an 1. V.C. 258. Darâ—i 26. but loosing from Acanthus and coasting by the Mountain Athos such a Tempest fell upon the Navie as sunk three hundred Vessels wherein perished above 20000 men Then quartering his Foot in Macedonia the Thracians called Brygi fell in upon him by night and killing many wounded him also whereupon he turned his Forces upon them and subduing them carried back the Army into Asia The year following Darius constrained the Thasians Capp 46 c. who were accused by their neighbours of having an intention to revolt to pull down their walls and carry all their ships to Abdera Then to try of what temper the Graecians were he sent throughout Greece to demand Earth and Water The Lacedaemonians and Athenians threw the Messengers into pits bidding them thence to take Earth and Water to carry to their Master Earth and Water demanded by the Graecians but the Inhabitants of Aegina and other Islands out of fear complied for which they were accused by the Athenian Ambassadors at Sparta as intending with the Persians to fight against Athens Hereupon Cleomenes one of the Kings was sent to chastize the principal revolters but such a contention fell betwixt him and his Colleague Demaratus about it as ended at length in the deprivation of the latter who thus unjustly outed of his Patrimony betook himself to Darius by whom he was bountifully entertained Darius sendeth forces into Greece 25. When Darius sent into Greece to demand Earth and Water he gave order to the Cities upon the Sea-coasts to build long ships and flat bottomed boats for the transportation of Horse The burning of Sardis by the means of the Athenians and Eretrians was thrice every time he went to meat still sounded in his ears Hippias the late Prince of Athens was yet provoking him against that City and at length procured forces to reduce him into his former place Under colour of restoring him Darius intended if possible to subdue all Greece and therefore removing Mardonius under whom the Fleet had of late miscarried he put in his room Datis a Mede and Artaphernes his brothers son to whom he gave in charge to lay waste Athens with Eretria and bring the inhabitants thereof prisoners into his presence In their passage they burnt Naxos took some Forces and Hostages out of the Islands and landed their Horse upon the Coasts of Eretria They prepared to fight but the Enemy keeping himself within the walls they strongly attempted the storming of the City for six dayes and on the seventh had it betrayed into their hands by Euphorbus and Philagrus two of the principal Citizens The Athenians hearing of their approach sent Phidippides a famous though ordinary Foot-post to Lacedaemon to desire that State to hasten their succorurs They resolved to send aid but said it was impossible speedily to do it for that they could not break the Law which forbad them to go forth on the ninth day of the moneth Or except the Moon was at the full Whilst they expected that season the Athenians made choice of ten Captains for the War and by this time the Persians now Masters of Eretria sailed into Attica wherein they were conducted by Hippias to the plains of Marathon as most convenient for Horse After the Athenians had taken the field the Plataeans came in to their aid but a great dispute there was amongst the
this time were Artabazus and Megabysus still Generals of the Forces of Persia the former lay with 300 ships in the Road of Cyprus and the other with a Land-Army of 300000 men quartered in Cilicia Cimon when he had besieged Citium sent some messengers to Delphos to enquire something of the Oracle but ere they got to their journeyes end he died before the place either of sicknesse Cimon dieth in Cyprus or by some wound both which are affirmed When he saw he should die he counselled his men forthwith to depart and conceal his death and they doing so it hapned that neither the Enemy nor Associates knew any thing of it At this time came back the Fleet sent into Aegypt so that all joyning together again they sailed to Salamine a Town in Cyprus where they fought with the Phoenicians and Cilicians who were come to aid their friends of Cyprus In a Sea-fight they sunk many of their Vessels took 100 with the men in them and pursued the rest as far as Phoenicia The Persians with that part of the Fleet which yet remained fled into Cilicia where Megabysus lay but the Athenians followed them with speed and landing fell upon them and making great slaughter amongst the rest slew Anaxicrates the Sea-Captain who most gallantly fought whilst life lasted Then the Greeks victorious got them to their ships and sailed home 14. The King understanding what losse he had received in Cyprus Diodorus ad Olymp. ejusdem ann 4. called a Council to deliberate what should be done thereupon at which when all was considered it was resolved that it was requisite to procure a Peace if possible He wrote then to his Captains about Cyprus to make peace upon as good terms as might be according to which order Artabazus and Megabyzus sent to Athens to treat about it The Athenians not being averse from hearkning to them both sides sent their Commissioners with full power to conclude Herod lib. 7. cap. 101. at which time also the Argives sent to Artaxerxes to demand of him whether the confederacy into which they entered with his Father remained or they were accounted by him as Enemies to which he answered that he did not doubt of it's continuance and as for his part he accounted no City more friendly to him than that of Argos The Articles of Peace concluded with the Athenians were That all the Greek Cities in Asia should be free Plutarch Diodorus ut priùs though in the Peace with Lacedaemon it was agreed they should be under the Persian that the Persian Generals should not come within three dayes journy of the Sea that none of the Persian Subjects should come with a long ship between the Cyanian and Chelidonian Islands The Athenians on the other part took an Oath not to invade the King's Territories For the joy conceived about this Peace they built an Altar of Peace and graced Callias the principal of the Embassie with the greatest honours Cimon was dead and with him in a manner the true gallantry of the Greekish Nation for none of their Captains after him did any thing to purpose against the Barbarians as they termed all except themselves but being drawn by their Orators to intestine differences Diod. ad Olymp. 84. 3. and none after him being left to take them up they fell one upon another and so afforded an happy occasion to the Persian to breath himself and for a good time to effect his own security with the impairment of their interest For though Agesilaus afterwards as will be seen passed over his Army into Asia and made a short War with the Persian Commanders on the Sea-Coasts yet without doing any thing of much consequence was he recalled by Seditions at home leaving the Persian Officers behind him who exacted impositions from the Cities confederate with Greece whereas whilst Cimon was in command not so much as a Carrier appeared in these quarters nor an Horse came within 400 furlongs distant from the Sea 15. In the twentieth year of Artaxerxes Nehem. 1.11 c. Nehemiah his Cup-bearer the son of Hachaliah the Jew received a message that the remnant of the Captivity left in Judaea were in great affliction and reproach that the wall of Jerusalem was broken down and the gates thereof burnt with fire Because of this he wept Nehemiah obtaineth leave to repair Jerusalem fasted and mourned certain dayes and praying to God to make the King favourable to him obtained to be sent with ample commission to build up the walls Now was no new Edict promulgated in behalf of the Jews which had been done sufficiently thirteen years before by the consent of the Princes onely letters were written to the Keeper of the King's Forest to furnish Nehemiah with wood sufficient for the building of the gates and walls of the City for the Temple and an house for himself and the Governours beyond the river were ordered to convey him over till he came into Judah By virtue of this authority he came to Jerusalem and notwithstanding the indignation and opposition of the Enemies of the Jews by his great diligence and valour finished the work of the wall in 52 dayes From the new Moon of the moneth Nisan which followed this repairing of the walls to that new-new-Moon of the same moneth in which Christ suffered passed 475 Julian years which make up 490 Lunar years consisting each of twelve Lunar moneths This being not without a providence that as from the going out of the decree to the death of Christ intervened 490 Solar years so also from the rebuilding of the walls to his death should intervene so many consisting each of twelve Lunary moneths This gave occasion to many eminent men both Antient and Modern to follow the opinion of Africanus in placing the beginning of the 70 weeks in the twentieth year of this King and concluding them with the death of Christ although he reckoneth from that time to the fifteenth of Tiberius 475 years whereas there are to be accounted but 472 and Christ died not in the fifteenth year of his reign but was then baptized 16. Nehemiah not thinking it sufficient to repair the walls whilst the frame of the State was out of frame Nehem. 7 c. restored both the Ecclesiastical and Civil Polity thereof Taking notice how all ranks of men and especially the Priests were out of order no certainly being of their Pedigrees he caused to be sought for and read the Register of those who returned with Zorubbabel from which whosoever could not prove his descent from some Priestly Family was cast off from the Priesthood Twelve years staied he at Jerusalem governing with great moderation and self-denial and reforming abuses both in Religion and the State The Rulers of the People dwelt at Jerusalem the rest of the People cast lots to bring one of ten to dwell therein for that it was little inhabited and nine parts to dwell in other places the People
upon their publick faith that all Justice shall be duely executed From this League it appeareth that the Carthaginians speak of Africk and Sardinia as absolutely their own but far otherwise concerning Sicily expresly distinguishing of that part thereof which they had subdued The Romans also include in this League onely Latium making no mention of the rest of Italy which was not in their power After this another League was made or rather this renewed wherein the Carthaginians comprized the Tyrians and the people of Utica To the Fair Promontory were added Mastia and Tarseium beyond which it was neither lawfull for the Romans to make any depredations nor build a Town These things Polybius observeth concerning these Leagues which he also exemplifieth and to which we referre Students in History 17. Tarquinius after that great battel wherein he lost his son Aruns in a Combat with Brutus betook himself to Clusium the King whereof Porsena by name one of great account for his power and munificence amongst the Kings of Italy he procured to take upon him his quarrel He first sent to Rome Porsena warreth against Rome commanding them to receive their King according to their duty Livius lib. 2. and upon refusal both threatned and made War upon them Plut. ut priùs Now were created Consuls Poplicola the second time being absent and T. Lucretius Tricipitinus on the Calends of October according to the Pompilian year which answered to September 14. of the Julian in the new Moon Ad A.M. 3492. 3507. Jacobus Cappellus observeth that the Consuls Commenced at this time of the year from the first of Poplicola till fifteen years after in the 261st year of the Citie Sp. Cassius and Posthumius Cominius began their Office a moneth sooner viz. on the Calends of October The reason might be for that the new Moon sell in with the Autumnal Aequinoctial on the 29th of Julian September from which the Pompilian or Numan September seemeth to have Commenced that year the Moon increasing although without order For the Calends of October ought rather to have been on that day but such errors were frequent in the Pompilian year either through the negligence or wilfull neglect of the Priests After the third year the Calends or first day of January recovered their true place viz. the next new Moon to the Winter Solstice but September obtained to be the beginning of the year untill the 278th year of the Citie wherein the Comitia for Creation of Consuls were cast back to the Calends of the moneth Sextilis afterwards called August at what time A. Virginius Tricostus and Sp. Servilius Structus were made Consuls in the Summer Solstice as Dionysius observeth 18. Poplicola returning to Rome first resolved in magnanimity to outvy Porsena and for that purpose when the King was now approaching founded the Citie Sigliucia or rather Signia which with great expence he fortified and then planted it with 700 Inhabitants making hereby a show that he could without any trouble or fear sustain the War Plut. in Poplicol Dionys lib. 5. Livius lib. 2. Florus lib. 1. cap. 10. Aurel. Victor de viris Illustr Val. Max. lib. 3. cap. 2 3. Vide etiam Polyb. lib. 6. But Porsena laying close siege to Rome very fiercely with all his might set upon the Citie The two Consuls with much ado repelling the Toscans at length were both so wounded as they must needs be carried off after which the Romans fled from before their Enemies who in their retreat into the Town followed them close and flocked upon the bridge Horatius Cocles There Horatius sirnamed Cocles either for that he had but one eye having lost the other in War or because his Nose was so depressed that both his Eyes seemed to go into one whence intending to call him Cyclops by ignorance of the language they pronounced it Cocles together with Herminius and Lartius opposed himself against the Toscans Cocles stood before the bridge and repulsed the Enemy so long till it was broken down behind him which done he cast himself armed as he was into the River and swom out to his friends having received a wound with a Spear To require him for the lamenesse he contracted by this wound and in admiration of his valour Poplicola caused all the Romans to give him every one so much provision as would serve one for a day then conferred he on him so much ground as he could plow round about in one day and they erected to his memory a Statue in the Temple of Vulcan But Porsena drawing out the siege in length sore straitned the Citie Poplicola now executing his third Consulship together with his last year's Collegue M. Horatius Pulvillus led forth his men and giving the King battel overthrew him and killed 5000 of his men Yet this little availed the honour of finishing this War being reserved for the valour and policy of Mutius Cordus 19. Mutius a man of excellent courage and no lesse skill in War resolving with himself to ly in wait for the life of Porsena Mutius Scaevola put on the Tuscan habit and using that language came into the King's Camp where observing the place in which the King was but being ignorant of his person A.M. 3498. Ol. 68. ann 2. V.C. 247. Darii 15. he stabbed his Secretary who sate with him amongst several others Being taken in the act when they went about to examine him he thrust his right hand into the fire as intending to punish it for so great a mistake and whilest it burned beheld Porsena with a stedfast and angry countenance who admiring his resolution dismissed him and reached him back his sword from his seat Mutius took it with his left hand whence he had the name of Scaevola which word signifieth one that useth his left hand saith Plutarch and telling the King that he was now overcome by his bravenesse of spirit whose threats he had contemned he said in way of requital he would reveal a thing to him which no force of torment could have compelled him to discover He affirmed there were 300 Romans now in his Camp watching an opportunity to kill him As for his part having been by lot destined to make the first attempt it did not trouble him that he had failed in killing him a right good man one much worthier of the friendship than hatred of the Romans Porsena hearing this inclined presently to a composure of the difference not so much out of fear of the 300. as admiration of the Roman courage Poplicola having notice hereof was glad of such a friend and content to make him Umpire betwixt the Commonwealth and Tarquinius He often challenged Tarquinius to put the matter to arbitration to which the King answered couragiously that he vvould not admit of any Judge much lesse of Porsena vvho having promised him aid now basely falsified his word Peace made with Porsena Porsena hereat displeased especially through the solicitation of
to so constant a work When they were at a stand the whole family of the Fabii by the procurement of the Consul voluntarily offered to take both the charge and trouble upon it self onely which was gratefully accepted The family of the Fabii ingage against the Veientes The Fabii then under conduct of Marcus the last year's Consul fortified a Castle near the River Cremera and not far from Veii Their whole number was at first 4000 whereof their Clients and friends made up the greater part and of such as bore the name of the Family there were 306 afterwards another Company followed being led by Caeso Fabius the Consul Out of this Castle which they named Cremera from the River they made excursions and much endamaged the Enemy This caused the Veientes again to implore the aid of all Hetruria which making preparations news came that the Aequi and Volsci also had agreed upon an invasion The Senate hereupon ordered their Armies to be provided whereof L. Aemilius the next year's Consul led one against the Hetrusci with whom joyned Caeso Fabius as Proconsul C. Servilius the other Consul marched with another part against the Volsci and Ser. Furius with the third against the Aequi having also the power of Proconsul Furius no lesse happily than sodainly finished his work Servilius rashly managing his affaires lost many men and not daring to adventure all in a battel drew out the War in length But Aemilius giving battel to the Veientes and their Associates overthrew them and then storming their Camp forced them to beg Peace 68. Having purchased a Truce by the grant of provisions for two moneths to the Consul's Army and six moneths pay they had leave to send to the Senate The Fathers upon reading of Aemilius his letters who advised them by all means to finish the War resolved to make Peace and left the conditions thereof to him He having a respect rather to equity than the profit of the Conquerours made a League with them neither taking from them any grounds nor any more money nor receiving any Hostages to secure their obedience which procured him much evil will and deprived him of the due honour of a Triumph They ordered him to assist his Colleague against the Volsci but he complaining grievously of them to the People and suggesting to the multitude that they were angry because the War was finished out of a desire to have the Peoples thoughts diverted from the Agrarian Law disbanded his Army as also that of Furius and hereby afforded much matter for contention betwixt the Nobility and Commons The year following being the first of the 76 Olympiad wherein Scamander of Mitylene was Victor in the course and Phaedon Archon at Athens the new Consuls C. Horatius and T. Menenius found some obstruction in the Levies the Commons still complaining that the Agrarian Law was not executed But necessity cut off the dispute eleven several Cities of Hetruria having declared against the Veientes for making Peace without publick consent and forced them to break it The pretence was for that the Fabii were not drawn off from Cremera who sending intelligence to the Senate of this intended breach it ordered Menenius to march into Hetruria as Horatius against the Volsci While Menenius loitered in his Expedition Cremera was taken and the Fabii all cut off Some wrote that it was by an Ambush as they were returning to Rome to sacrifize for the whole family according to their custome But others delivered more probably that being accustomed to make depredations they were drawn into snares by the Hetruscans who caused herds of Cattel to be driven thither where they had bestowed a sufficient quantity of men and being overpowered were all at length destroyed All the adventurers are cut off though with the great losse of the assaliants except such as they had left to keep the Cattel These were so far from being discouraged at what had befallen their fellows that they also stood it out to the last man enduring all extremity and fighting when half dead with weapons wrested from the hands of their Enemies 69. A tradition remained to posterity that 306 of this family being cut off none remained except one Boy who for his youth could not serve in the Expedition Dionysius sheweth the vanity hereof by these reasons 1. All except one could not be unmaried or without children for an ancient Law commanded all at a legitimate age to mary and provide for Posterity which being diligently observed till their age the Fabii alone would not contemn but Whether only one Boy remained of the family 2. Grant this it is not to be granted A. M. 3528. Ol. 15. an 4. V. C. 277. Xerxis 9. that none of those had a brother of young years 3. If their Fathers had been so utterly deprived of their Sons yet certainly all would not have been so old and dry as to despair of any more issue and consequently make no provision for it by mariage 4. And if they had no fathers living yet would it be a prodigious thing to suppose that none of them left any son as yet an Infant a Wife with Child or a young brother This is true that of the three brothers Caeso Marcus and Quintus in the family of whom the Consulship had continued for seven years Marcus onely left a young son besides whom none of this name afterwards being famous thence the report might rise that none else was preserved Concerning the time of this defeat Authors something differ (a) Lib. 1. c. 16. Macrobius maketh the day to have been the 17th of the Calends of Sextilis (b) In Camillo Problem Plutarch after the Summer solstice and about the full Moon in the middle of the moneth Quintuis (c) Lib. 6. Livy and (d) Lib. 18. Tacitus on the fifteenth of the Calends of Sextilis which suiteth with that of Plutarch and (e) Fast 2. Ovid on the Ides of February 70. The Veientes having recovered the Castle went confidently against the Roman Legions which lay incamped not far of and as was thought might have relieved the Fabii but that Menenius the Consul out of envy would not make use of the opportunity They took the advantage of his unskilfulnesse and seized on an Hill near unto him where placing a Guard they made sallies upon the Camp and so straightned it that they brought him to fight upon very unequal terms and put his Army to the worst The Romans forsook their Camp and fled in so tumultuous a manner that had the Veientes not been too greedy of plunder they might utterly have destroyed them The day following they invaded the Roman Territories and came as far as the Hill Janiculus The Veientes peirce within two miles of the Citie two miles from the Citie whereon they seized and thence made excursions to the great disgrace of the Romans Horatius the other Consul returning from the Volsci overthrew them twice and gave the
for some time to the Ceremonies of it After the death of James the Apostles from every quarter (e) Euseb l. 3. cap. 11. gathered themselves together at Jerusalem for the Election of a Bishop and chose Simon Cleopas In an assembly of the Apostles certain Canons were agreed on and published by Clemens as 't is said But (f) Concil tom 1. those that now go for them are corrupt the corruption of the Apostolical constitutions and of Ignatius his Epistles having proceeded from the same hand as reverend Usher sheweth in his Dissertation concerning the said Epistles who as to this matter is therein most worthy to be consulted About the time of Nerva the Emperour were two (g) Euseb l. 3. c. 23. Synods summoned in Asia for reformation of the Churches and Consecration of Bishops where St. John the Apostle being sent for was present About the beginning of Marcus Antoninus was a Synod at (h) Idem l. 5. cap. 16. Ancyra in Galatia where the figments of Montanus were confuted by Apollinarius And there were held in Asia sundry Synods in which Montanus was excommunicated and his Heresie condemned The brethren in (i) Lib. 5. c. 3. France also assembled together and censured the opinions of Montanus writing to Eleutherius Bishop of Rome that he would maintain the Peace of the Church there against such Hereticks (k) Lib. 5. c. 19. Serapion also Bishop of Antioch held a Synod there about the middle of Commodus his reign where together with many other Bishops he condemned the Montanists or their Heresie called the Phrygian Heresie because Montanus was of that Countrey Not long after was held a Council at (l) Idem l. 5. cap. 23. Rome by Victor the Bishop about the Celebration of Easter in Palaestine also in Pontus and Gall were Synods called about the same matter Controversie concerning Easter 38. This controversie about Easter is mentioned by Eusebius not till the last year of the 243 Olympiad which fell in with the fourth of Severus but â—appellus thinketh it first arose in the first of the 242 Olympiad and the tenth of Commodus wherein this feast was celebrated by the Jews and the Churches of Asia Minor at a wrong time as Theophilus Bishop of Caesaraea thought viz. by the Jews on the fifteenth of Nisan March 20. but by the Christians of Asia on the fourteenth of Nisan March 19. on the fourth Feria three dayes before the Vernal Aequinox Beda de natura rerum cap. 28. 46. de Aequinoctie Theophilus supposing that the Aequinox hapned on March the 25. and that so it ever did and for this cause that the Sun was on that day created and that Christ arose again the same day as also that the Lords Supper was instituted on the 22 of March contended that is was utterly against reason to prevent the Epoche of the Aequinox so many dayes and the day whereon the Lords Supper was instituted Wherefore he procured the Fathers of Palestine assembled in a Synode to make these Canons 1. That never except after March 21. 2. That never but after the fourteenth Moon 3. That never after April 24. 4. That never except on the Lords day Easter should be celebrated on that day which next followed the fourteenth Moon hapning next after March 21. Hereby he hoped it would come to passe that Easter would ever be observed within the moneth of Aries In the Synode of Palaestine where these Canons were made the aforesaid Theophilus Bishop of Caesarea and Narcissus of Jerusalem presided Of that at Rome Victor the Bishop was President In that of Pontus Palmas as the most antient did govern In that of the Bishops of Gall Irenaeus presided There was another of the Bishops throughout Ostroena and the Cities therein contained and especially held by Bauchillus Bishop of Corinth with many others all which saith Eusebius with one and the same sentence and judgement ordained the same Decree With those also consented Cassius Bishop of Tyre and Clarus Bishop of Ptolemais They affirmed that it was the Apostolick tradition and custom as yet retained that the fasting dayes should be broken up on no other day than that wherein our Saviour arose from the dead And the Church of Alexandria celebrated Easter on the self-same day with them 39. But all the Churches throughout Asia as of an antient tradition thought good to observe the high-feast of Easter in the 14th Moon on which day the Jews were commanded to offer their Paschal Lamb. As much as to say that upon what day soever in the week that Moon fell the fasting dayes were finished and ended Polycrates of Ephesus chief of these Bishops in his Epistle to the Church of Rome sheweth the custom of Asia observed unto his time in these words We observe the unviolated day of Easter neither adding any thing thereto neither taking any thing from it For notable pillars of Christian Religion have rested in Asia which shall arise at the last day when the Lord shall come home from Heaven with glory and restore all the Saints to joy Philip one of the twelve Apostles now lying at Hierapolis and his two daughters who kept themselves Virgins all the dayes of their lives the third also after the end of her holy conversation rested at Ephesus John also who lay on the Lord's breast and wore the Priestly Attire both a Martyr and a Doctor slept at Ephesus Moreover Polycarpus Bishop of Smyrna and a Martyr Thraseas an Eumenian both a Bishop and a Martyr slept at Smyrna What shall I speak of Sagaris both a Bishop and a Martyr lying at Laodicea Also of blessed Papirius and Melito an Eunuch who was led and guided in all things he did by the holy Ghost and now resteth at Sardis waiting the message from Heaven when he shall arise from the dead All these celebrated the Feast of Easter according to the Gospel in the fourteenth Moon swarving no where but observing the rule of faith To be short and I Polycrates the meanest of you all do retain the tradition of my forefathers of which also I have imitated some For there were seven Bishops before me and I am the 8th which alwayes have celebrated the Feast of Easter on that day in which the people remove the leaven from amongst them I therefore my brethren who now have lived 65 years in the Lord have conferred with the brethren throughout the World and have read and over-read the holy Scriptures yet will not be moved at all with those things which are made to terrifie us For my Ancestors and Elders have said that we ought rather to obey God than men Afterwards he speaketh of the Bishops that consented and subscribed to his Epistle after this manner I could repeat the Bishops that were present whom you requested me to assemble whom also I have assembled together whose names if I should write would grow unto a great number they have visited me a simple Soul and a man
Then returning into the West Victor Orosius he bent his endeavours against Tetricus who reigned in Gall. Tetricus being vexed by his Seditious Soldiers desired him whom he termed Invincible to rescue him from such evils and betrayed his Army into his hands Euseb Hist l. 7. cap. 30. in Chron. Valerian growing proud upon such successe first of all Romans set a Diadem on his head and adorned himself with Gold and Pearl He began also to persecute the Christians but undertaking a War against the Persians he was slain betwixt Byzantium and Heraclea through the malice of his Secretary in the sixth year of his reign In his first year Agathias Hormisda the third Persian King began his reign which lasted but one year Him succeeded Varane and reigned three years and him followed Narses who continued 28. In his first year also died Plotinus the Platonist who deriding all religion perished through the just judgement of God by a filthy and painfull disease although he had chosen a pleasant and wholesom place wherein to live in Campania Firmicus lib. 1. Now also flourished Porphyrius his Scholar who of a Christian became a great Enemy to Christianity and wrote 15 books against it to which Eusebius answered in 30. of which 20 were extant in the time of Jerome but at this day not one Tacitus 8. There was an inter-regnum after the death of Valerian for 8 moneths Orosius lib. 7. cap. 24. Eutrop. lib. 9. the Senate and Army straining courtesie the one with the other at length the Senate made choice of Tacitus a man of Consular Dignity who in his sixth moneth died of a Feaver at Tarsus The Senate desired him that in case he should die presently he would not leave his Children his Successors Fl. Vopiscus but some man of approved worth and valour as the necessity of the State required This man was Probus Zozimus Pomponius Laetus yet notwithstanding Florianus the brother of Tacitus invaded the Empire but was cut off by Probus near Tarsus within the space of two or three moneths Probus Probus unwillingly receiving the burthen upon him managed the Government with great commendation He recovered Gall out of the hand of the Francones a people of Germany which now first seized on it after many bloudy battels and after this was ingaged in Civil Wars For Saturninus was saluted Emperour in Egypt who was overthrown also and killed also against his mind and the same successe he had against Proculus in Gall and Bonosus a Britain born He overthrew the Sarmatians subdued several barbarous Nations about Thrace by the terrour of his name onely quieted all Asia and forced the Parthian King to desire peace which he granted Returning afterward into Thrace he planted several barbarous people within the Roman Empire whereof some revolting he chastized and reduced them Now all things flourished exceedingly through peace and security which made him something slight the Soldiers who thereupon as he was marching through Illyricum against the Persians murdered him at Syrmium though he fled for safety into a fortified Tower That saying undid him Si vixero non opus erit ampliùs Romano Imperio militibus a speech of great despair for the Soldiers Witty and sharp speeches fallen from Princes have often given fire to Seditions Surely saith the most learned Viscount of St. Albans Princes had need in tender matters and ticklish times to beware what they say especially in those short speeches which fly abroad like Darts and are thought to be shot out of their secret intentions For as for large Discourses they are flat things and not so much noted Carus 9. M. Aurelius Carus of the Province of Narbon in Gall Olymp. 265. ann 3. V. C. 1036. A. D. 283. succeeded him who when he had created Caesars his two sons Carinus and Numerianus restrained the Sarmatians that upon the death of Probus threatned Italy But going against the Persians after he had recovered Mesopotamia and taken the two noble Cities of Parthia Ctesiphon and Cochis he was slain by a Thunder-bolt in his Tent near to the River Tigris Orosius Eutrop. Vopiscus Of his two sons Numerianus was with him and Carinus was left behind to look to Gall. Numerianus returning out of the East as Conquerour and lying sick in his Litter was killed by Arius Aper his father-in-law who gaped after the Empire Scarcely after some dayes was this wickednesse detected by the stench of the Carkase Diocletian and then the Author of it being also discovered Valerius Deocletianus who governed the family of Carus was chosen Emperour and rewarded Aper as he had deserved On the 15th before the Calends of December and 10 dayes after he entred Nicomedia in Purple From the beginning of this Diocletian the Egyptians began a new Aera fetching its rise from the new Moon of Thoth the preceding moneth August 29 which they called the Aera of Grace for some reason or other Cappellus observeth that the fluctuating and vitious Chronology of Baronius henceforth beginneth to be right For thinking saith he that he exhibited the years both of the true and received Aera of Christ in truth he exhibited neither the one sort nor the other Beginning the Aera of Diocletian from the 284 year of our Lord its true and right so that it be understood of the received not of the true Aera of Christ and the same is to be said concerning the years of the following Emperours But after this Carinus and Diocletian fought for the Soveraignty and Carinus after much ado was slain by his own Soldiers for his lasciviousnesse which made an end of a bloudy and laborious War 10. Diocletian then enjoyed the Dignity alone but great stirs arising in Gall Carausius also who was set to defend the Sea-Coasts from the invasion of the Franks and Saxons rather taking part with them than otherwise he was constrained to create Caesar Maximianus Herculeus Orosius ubi suprà cap. 25. Eutrop. lib. 9. Festus Rufus He suppressed the motions in Gall but commanding Carausius to be killed this man put on the Purple though a man of mean condition and seized upon Britain Achilleus rebelled in Egypt Africk was in trouble and Narses King of Persia invaded the Eastern parts Diocletian awakened with these dangers promoted Maximianus to be Augustus and they two adopted for Caesars Maximianus Galerius and Constantius Chlorus who married Theodora the wive's daughter of Herculeus and by her had six sons as the other the daughter of Diocletian Carausius valiantly held Britain for seven years and then was slain by Allectus who having kept possession of the Island three years was overthrown by Asclepiodorus Constantius fighting against the Allemans in Gall at first was worsted but afterwards got a great victory wherein 60000 of them are said to have been slain Maximianus Herculeus reduced Africk Diocletian himself besieging Achillens in Alexandria 8 moneths at length slew him therein gave up the
year of the life of Noah God seeing all flesh to have corrupted it selfe and as well the posterity of Seth as that of Cain to be given up to all wickednesse it repented him that he had made Man He resolved not alwaies to strive with him yet gave him the space of 120 years to repent in If no amendment appeared in that time he fully determined by an universall Deluge to destroy Man and Beast with the creeping thing and the Fowls of the air Yet Noah a just man found grace in his sight Noah and his family preserved in the Ark. and being a Preacher of righteousnesse to the wicked World the Lord was graciously pleased to make choice of him and his family to be a remnant and a seed out of which Mankind and his Church might be propagated and repaired He commanded him to build an Ark of * Some interpret it Cedar others Cypress than which no wood is stronger of which the doors of the Temple of Ephesus were made the coffins of those that died in the service of their Country Jupiter's scepter ships in Babylon and Assyria Gopher wood into which he was to take his wife his sons and their wives with some of every living thing of all flesh of the clean by seven and the unclean by two On (e) Vide Ludov Capellum in Chronologia sacra the tenth day of the second Month he commanded him to bring the living Creatures into the Ark The order of the Deluge On the seventh after he entred it and on the same day the rain began to fall and so continued for 40. dayes and as many nights For 150 dayes the waters prevailed upon the Earth reckoned from the first fall thereof insomuch that fifteen Cubits upward the Mountains were covered and all flesh died that moved upon the Earth both of Fowl and of Cattel and Beast and of every Creeping thing that creepeth upon the Earth and every Man But God remembring Noah and every living thing and all the Cattell that was with him in the Ark after the fourty dayes the windows of Heaven were stopped and the rain from Heaven was restrained and at the end of 110 more which make up the 150 the waters were abated This fell out on the 29th day of the 7th moneth and the 196 of the year consisting of Lunar moneths or the 17th day of the 7th moneth if they were Solar The Ark resteth on Ararat 6. On the 17 th day of the 7th moneth the Ark rested upon the Mountains of Ararat according to the Hebrew if in this place the version of the 70th and Hierome in the vulgar be not rather to be credited which have the 27th seeing it is not probable that the Ark should rest the same day or two dayes before the waters began to decrease On the first day of the 10th moneth were the tops of the Mountains seen and fourty dayes after Noah sent forth a Raven which went to and fro untill the waters were dried up from off the earth The Raven returning no more unto him seven dayes after he sent forth a Dove to see if the waters were abated which finding no rest for the sole of her foot returned unto him He stay'd yet other seven dayes and again sent forth the Dove which in the evening brought in her mouth an Olive leaf so that he knew the waters to be abated Then seven other dayes passed he sent her out the third time and she returned not to him any more the waters being now so much faln that the ordinary Hills might be uncovered wherein she might continue and feed although the Plains and Vallies were still overwhelmed On the first day of the first moneth of the 601 year of Noah's life the waters were dried from off the face of the earth yet so as it still remained moist and dirty having been so long a time soaked with such quantity of moisture Therefore he stay'd yet 55 dayes more till the 27th day of the second moneth before he went out of the Ark so much time having been requisite for drying the ground especially in low places and for the growth of grasse and other things necessary for the sustenance of living Creatures which had now continued in the Ark 365 dayes or a full solar year which exceedeth the lunar eleven dayes Where Ararat is 7. The Ark rested upon the Mountains of Ararat Vide Bochaâ—ti Phaleg lib. 1. cap. 3. by which place most understand Armenia rejecting the pretended Verses of Sibylla which place it upon a Mountain of Phrygia near to the Citie Celaenae and out of which the two Rivers Marsyas and Meander do issue Some will have it to have rested about Araxene a Plain of Armenia through which the River Araxes runneth by the foot of the Mountain Taurus But the far greater number consisting both of Heathens Jews and Christians pitch upon the Mountains of the Gordyaans otherwise called Carduchi Cardiaei Cordyaei Cordueni Gordi Cordaei Curdi c. the Hill it self being variously named Kardu Cardon Kurud Kardynus Cordyaeus c. What Hill soever it was it must have stood Eastward of the Countrey of Shinar or Babylonia and the Vine must have naturally grown there upon which and other accounts these Gordyaean Mountains are rejected by a learned (*) Sir Walter Raleigh lib. 1. cap. 7. Sect. 10. Writer of modern times who affirmeth that Ararat named by Moses is not any one Hill so called no more than any one Hill among those Mountains which part Italy from France is called the Alpes and will have the same ledge of Hills running from Armenia to India to keep the same name all along and even in India to be called Ararat For that the best Vine naturally groweth on the South-side of the Mountains Caucasi and because of other excellencies of that soyl he thinketh it most probable that Noah there setled himself and planted his Vineyard And he alloweth best of the opinion of Goropius Becanus The Testimony of the Heathen concerning Noah's Flood who conceived the Ark to have rested on the highest Mountains of that part of the World 8. Of this Deluge a tradition remained amongst the Heathen (e) Josephus Antiqu. lib. 1. cap. 3. Berosus the Caldaean Priest of Belus and contemporary with Alexander the Great wrote of the Ark's resting upon the Cordyaean Mountains of Armenia and how those that came to see the Reliques of it which yet were to be seen in his time plucked off some pitch which they used to carry about them as an Antidote against infection Hierome the Aegyptian who wrote the Antiquities of Phoenicia related the same besides Mnaseas and many others amongst whom Nicolas of Damascus is considerable who in his 96 book spake of the Hill Baris in the Countrey of the Mynians a people in Armenia upon which many saved themselves in a Deluge and one being carried thither in an Ark there rested who might saith he be the
the Mountain Paropamisas at a vast distance from the Ocean Their seat Great Bochartus therefore placeth them in the Mediterranean parts of Arabia the happy the inhabitants whereof if they may be heard challenge Joctan for the founder of both the Arabian Nation and Language calling him otherwise Cahtan Almodad 1. From Almodad then descended the Almodaeans by the Greeks called Allumaeotae whom Ptolomie placeth in the middle of Arabia near the head of the River Lar which emptieth it selfe into the Persian Sea Sheleph 2. From Saleph the Salapeni who lived more remote upon the borders of Arabia Desert not far from the spring of the River Betius Hatsarmaueth 3. From Hatsarmaueth which word is variously written and by the Arabians called Hadramauth or Chadramauth were named the regions Adramyta Chatramis Chatramitis and the Inhabitants Athramotitae Chatramotitae Chatramotae Aâ—ramitâ—ae and Adramitae whose Metropolis was antiently called Sabota Sabbatae Saubata at this day Sebam From Jerach came the Alilaei Jerach 4. a people inhabiting near the Red Sea Jerachaei in Hebrew and Alilaei in Arabick being the Sons of Jarlach Hilal or the Moon Hadoram 5. Uzal 6. 16. From Hadoram issued the Drimanti placed by Pâ—iny upon the Persian gulfe near the Macae From Uzal the Inhabitants of the Kingdom of Alieman in the eastern part of Arabia seem to be descended Sanaa the Metropolis being by the Jews still called Uzal Dicklah 7. Dicla in the Chaldaean and Syrian tongues signifying a Palm from him must that part of Arabia have been called wherein that Tree most grows inhabited by the Minaei Obal 8. Obal in the Arabian tongue Aubal and Abal seemeth to have passed over the gulf into Arabia Troglodytica and to have given name to the mart-Town and Bay of Abalites or Analites Abimael 9. Abimael was the Father of the Malitae whom Theophrastus maketh to have inhabited one of the four Regions fruitfull in spices Shebah 10. Of Seba came the Sabaeans properly so called named also Sabatae who dwelt by the Red Sea betwixt the Minaeans and Catâ—banes which Nations also together with the Chatramotae are by Writers often included amongst the Sabaeans Besides this Seba there were three others of that name and founders of Nations As (o) Gen. 10.7 one the Son of Chus another his Nephew by Ragmah and the (p) Gen. 25.3 third the Son of Jockshan and Nephew of Abraham Seba the Son of Joctan joyned to the Arabian Sea the rest to the Persian so that the Sabaeans of whom the Greeks and Romans know no distinction are said by Pliny to live from Sea to Sea The Son of Joksan lived on robberie but the rest by Commerce with other Nations Ophir in Arabick Ophir 11. Auphar signifying most rich gave name to that part of Arabia near the Sabaeans which was inhabited by the Cessanitae Casandres or Gasandrae so called from the Treasures gold for it's plenty being here in little request Another Ophir there was also in India in the Island Taprobane as most probable the Phoenicians being accustomed to give old names to new-found places Hauilah 11. From Chauila the Son of Joctan for there was another of this name Son to Chus descended the Chaulonitae called otherwise Carbi and Cerbani the most warlike of the Arabians whose seat is yet called Chaulan Jobab 13. Of Jobab the last of the thirteen came the Jobabitae placed by Ptolomy next to the Sachalites This was the habitation of the Sons of Irelan from Mesha called otherwise Musa and Muza a famous port upon the Red Sea as one goeth to Saphar a mountain Eastward where was a City of the same name both Port and City being well known to the Aegyptians and Aethiopians who used to trade into these parts This was the inheritance of the Sons of Sem the choisest of all though contained onely within Asia Japthet's portion 17. To Japhet fell a very considerable part of Asia and all Europe the least of the divisions of the Earth but better improved than the rest and far more populous of later times the seat of learning of two Empires which extended their power to the inwards both of Asia and Africa and in an especial manner blessed with more than worldly prosperity since Japhet dwelt in the tents of Sem. The Greeks acknowledged him for their Founder by the name of Iapetus Iapetus Japhet's 7. Sons Gomer 1. than whom they thought nothing more ancient Moses reckoneth seven of his Sons and as many Nephews The Sons are (q) Gen. 10.2 Gomer Magog Madai Javan Tubal Meshech and Titas Josephus maketh Gomer the Father of the Galatians which if so the same Originall must be extended to the Gauls of whom the other were but a colonie and to some the names of Cimmerii and Cimbri whereby the Inhabitants of the Western parts have been known as also those of Kumero Kumeri and Cymbro which our antient Brittains of the same stock with the Gauls called themselves seem to own no other originall Bochartus lib. 3. cap. 8. But another thinketh the Land of Gomer to be that part of Phrygia called Catecaucemene lying upon the rivers Cayster and Maeander and the City Philadelphia the Plains of which consist of a burnt kind of Earth like to ashes and the hilly parts are all stonie the whole Country being brittle adust and easie to be inflamed This he gathereth from the signification of Gomer and Phrygia both which import burning Moses according to his judgment not alwaies calling the Founders of Nations by their true and proper names but by the names of the Countries which they planted Ever when the word is of the plural number as of the Sons of Javan Citthim and Rodauim and all the Sons of Mâ—scaim and Canaan except Sidon and Heth must needs be names of peoples nor of particular Men. Hatsarmaueth he proveth to be the name of a place onely for that it signifieth the region of Death as Dikla a place of Palm-trees Ophir a rich Jobab so called from the desart and severall others Gomer's three Sons Askenaz 1. 18. Gomer hath three Sons mentioned by Moses Ashkenaz Riphath and Togarmah From Ashkenaz those descended according to Josephus by the Greeks called Rhegines which who they were is not to be understood Most probably by Ashkenaz is signified Bithynia in which is the Bay Ascanius besides a Lake and River of the same name or Troas and Phrygia the lesse in which were Ascanea both Country and City and Island Ascaniae Form Riphat Riphath 2. Togarmah 3. Josephus deriveth the Paphlagonians a people of Asia the lesse near Pontus and neighbours to the Phrygians Togarma is variously expounded by Writers It appeareth out of Ezekiel (r) chap. 58. chap. 27. v. 14. that Gomer and Togarma were not far distant both North of Judaea and that from Togarmah came Horses and Mules to be sold at Tyre Hereto well agreeth the opinion of Josephus who placeth Togarmah
Nephew or Grand-son to the former Some think Joseph some Moses the true Mercury What ever he was his Works lost and * Translated by Facinus Apulcâ—us those yet extant shew him to have been a Man very well skilled in true Divinity and have gained him the credit to be numbred amongst the Prophets and Sibylls for that he wrote many things of God worthy of admiration nay also it 's believed of the coming of Christ of the Trinity and the last Judgement Of the Learning of the Egyptians he is (n) Jamblichus said to have written 36525 Books if Pages be not rather meant hereby And (o) Clemens Stromat l. 6. telleth us that in his time were extant 36 of his Books viz. of the wisdom of the Egyptians sixteen of Physick six of the Orders of Priests ten and four of Astrology The antient Government of Egypt 35. The most antient Government of Aegypt though Monarchicall yet left not Princes to the liberty of their own wills which were restrained by the Laws and Customs that had such authority over their private and domestick actions as they could not exceed the bounds of Temperance and Moderation prescribed to them thereby For no slaves were they suffered to entertain which might prove instruments for debaucherie but were attended by the Sons of the most noble Priests excellently educated Their hours both night and day were destined and set over to particular businesses In the morning when first awake Letters were brought in to them that having perfect intelligence they might be better able to provide for the publick safety When washed and royally apparelled they sacrificed during which devotion the chief Priests prayed for them and their subjects extolled their vertues cursing at last their sins of ignorance committed without their faults and reflecting upon their Advisors and Councellors Then did the Priests read out of the Records famous Presidents of Council or Action performed by their most Illustrious Predecessors which were to them proposed as Copies to take out Their time was prescribed not onely of speaking to the people and distributing Justice but also of walking washing and other more secret imployments Their diet was very moderate usually Veal and Goose with a moderate quantity of Wine as if ordered by an exact Physician No liberty was there of punishing any man in passion or choler either of acting any otherwise unjustly every case being determined by the Laws Yet neither did they hereby account themselves straitned of true liberty but rather happy in that they indulged not their appetites like other men Hereby obtained they the love of their subjects who held them more dear alive or dead than their own relations and the Government continued for many Generations as long as they submitted to those Rules and Orders The divisions of the Land and its Inhabitants 36. Sesocsis or Sesostris divided Egypt into 36 Nomi which word Diodorus lib. 1. p. 35. c. Strabo l. 17. whether Greek or Egyptian signified several Cities with certain Villages and Grounds thereto belonging Of these 10 belonged to the Province of Thebes or to Thebais other 10 to Delta Aristot Oeconom lib. 2. and the rest to the Midland Countreys lying betwixt them all which had their several Nomarchae or Governours who ruled them and took care of the King's Tributes The Lands were divided into three portions whereof the first belonged to the Priests who were in great Authority Diodorus and high esteem with the people Of their Revenues they maintained Sacrifices throughout the Land and their own families being exempted from all burthenâ— and impositions They were chief Counsellors to the Kings alwayes assisting with their advice judging of things out of their deep skill in Astrology and suggesting usefull matter out of the Records their function hereditarily descending upon their Children The second portion of Land belonged to the Kings by which they maintained their State waged War rewarded deserving persons and which affording them sufficient Treasure they burthened not their Subjects by any Taxes The third portion belonged to the Souldiers who were at all occasions ready for the War it seeming reasonable that such as ventured their lives for the safety of their Countrey should be well rewarded and good policy not to commit the safeguard thereof to any that had nothing dear or precious in it and hereby they were incouraged to be carefull in behoof of their posterity which succeeded them in their possessions As for the rest of the people they were divided into three Ranks or Orders viz. Shepheards Husband-men that farmed the grounds and Artificers who all attending their businesse and not medling with State-affaires neither having any right to Offices thereby the more improved their Arts and saved the Commonwealth harmlesse from such distempers as are bred by the violence of an heady and ignorant multitude The Courts of Justice 37. Their Courts of Justice were furnished with the most upright and able men that could be procured Thirty Judges were chosen from Heliopalis or On Thebes and Memphis each of them 10. Which Assembly would not give place either to that of the Areopagites at Athens or the Senate at Lacedaemon One of these thirty being chosen President the Citie for which he served made choice of another to sit in his place All had maintenance from the King but the President in larger proportion who also wore about his neck in a Chain of Gold an image of Truth made of precious stones as a badge of his Office When they were sate and the Codes wherein the Laws were contained laid before them then the Plaintiff exhibited his Bill of the Crime the manner of it and the estimate of the dammage The Defendant having a Copy of the Bill answered particularly to it either that he did not the thing committed no Crime in doing it or else had not deserved so great a punishment The Plaintiff had liberty to reply and the other to rejoyn his answer but after this the 30 proceeded to judgement and the President set the image of Truth towards one of the parties No Lawyers were suffered to plead as being thought rather to cast a mist upon the Cause and darken the Evidence Particular Laws 38. As for particular Laws Perjury was punished with death as a great offence both against God and man If one man suffered another to be murdred in the high-way or undergo any other violence without giving his assistance he was to die for it and if he could give him no help he was bound to discover the Robber and follow the Law against him under pain of enduring a certain number of stroaks and being deprived of all sustenance for three dayes False accusers underwent the punishment due to that fault they accused of Every one was bound to give in an account to the Magistrate how he lived under pain of death which Law was made by Amasis Wilfull murder either of Bond or Free was death
killed by one Celer who oversaw the work Romulus compassed in the Palatine Hill and made that the Rudiments of the Citie with an Heifer and a young Bullock joyned together plowing up a furrow where the Wall should be reared which use was afterwards observed by the Romans both in the building and razing of Cities This is the most common and received opinion about the Original of Rome Several opinions concerning the builder of Rome which some make built at another time and by other founders Cephalon Gergithius a most antient Historian wrote that it was built in the second age after the Trojan War by Romus one of the four sons of Aenaeas with whom many other Authors agreed Others made the founder of it to be Aeneas himself whom they will have come in company with Ulysses into Italy Aristotle the Philosopher wrote that part of the Achaeans themselves in their return from Troy were by Tempests driven upon Italy and forced to plant themselves in Latium Callias the Historian who Recorded the Acts of Agathocles mentioned a Trojan woman called Roma that being married to Latinus King of the Aborigenes bare to him two sons Remus and Romulus who building the Citie named it Rome after their mother Xenagoras reckoned up three sons of Ulysses by Circe Romus Antias and Ardea all which built Cities of their own name Dionysius of Chalcis with others would have this Romus to be the son of Ascanius some of Emethion and some of Italus by Electra the daughter of Latinus Besides these many other Greek Authors dissented about the founders of the Citie 11. Neither have Roman Writers agreed amongst themselves Some of them would have the sons of Aeneas to be founders of the Citie viz. Romulus and Remus others his Nephews by his daughter which he gave up as Hostages to Latinus King of the Aborigines Some write how Ascanius being left Heir by his father divided his inheritance with Romulus and Remus his brethren he himself built Alba and other Towns Romulus Capua so called from Capys his great Grand-father Anchisa from Anchises his Grand-father and that place afterwards called Janiculum which he named after his father Aeneas then lastly Rome after his own name which being afterwards desolate the Albans repeopled by a Colony led thither by Romulus and Remus According to this History this Citie should have been twice founded First not long after the Trojan times and then again in the fifteenth age after but more than this Antiochus of Syracuse mentioned a third Rome that must have been before the War of Troy writing that from Rome came a certain Sicilian fugitive to Morges the son of Italus King of Italy By reason of this uncertainty of the founders some whose prejudice against the Empire of the Citie moved them with envy accounted it no other than a receptacle and fortresse of Barbarians Fugitives and Vagabounds and were ready to call into question the History of Romulus as a meer invention made to hide the despicable Original of so great a Commonwealth 12. Whether it was a new Plantation or reparation of an old Town there is great variety of opinions concerning the time thereof Timaeus the Sicilian made its foundation contemporary with that of Carthage and the 38 year before the first Olympiad Several opinions concerning the time of the building But of those which seem to approach nearer to truth some place the foundation of it in the sixth Olympiad whereof Velleius Paterculus assigneth the first year others the third and Varro from the opinion of Tarcutius a most excellent Mathematician the fourth which opinion is followed by many Authors of great note besides Augustus Claudius Severus and Philip Emperours in their Saecular Games as Plutarch Tacitus Dio Gellius Censorinus Onuphrius Caesar Baronius Torniellus Joseph Scaliger and Jacobus Cappellus Solinus will have Pomponius Atticus and Cicero to reckon from the third year of this Olympiad but as Pliny Paterculus and Livy so Cicero varieth sometimes counting from the Calends of January of the foregoing one while of this and another of the following year M. Porcius Cato knowing that Rome was built something before the seventh Olympiad not standing upon minute and scrupulous deductions began the Aera of the Citie from the first of January that fell in the first year of that Olympiad and so the year of his own Consulship he said to be the 758 year of the Citie This Aera is followed by the Fasti Capitolini Solinus Eusebius Dionysius of Halicarnassus who taketh pains to prove the account good Polybius Sigonius Pighius Occo Goltzius Isaacus Casaubonus upon Polybius and others Fabius Pictor wrote that Rome was built in the eighth Olympiad the reason whereof as Cappellus thinketh is because Romulus might then have finished the Wall and Ditch some deriving the Aera of a building from laying of a foundation and others from the finishing of the structure Lastly L. Cineius as Dionysius informeth us held that the Citie was built in the second year of the twelfth Olympiad SECT 2. In this great variety of opinions we have rather more reason to approve that of Varro the most learned of all Romans A.M. 3252. Ol. 6. an 4. Jothami 6. Pekachi 7. which placeth the beginning of Rome in the fourth year of the sixth Olympiad the sixth of Jotham King of Judah and the seventh of Pekah King of Israel about the time that the Ephori were made at Sparta in the dayes of Charops the first Archon at Athens for ten years A.M. 3252. SECT II. From the building of the Citie to the destruction of the Kingdom the space of 245 years The founding of Rome 1. ROmulus being 18 years old laid the foundation of the Walls on the (a) Solinus cap. 2. Cicero de divin lib. 2. Plutarch in Romulo eleventh day before the Calends of May which answereth to the fourth of October after the Julian account betwixt the hours of two and three The Sun being in Libra and the Moon in Taurus Jupiter in Pisces Saturn Venus Mars and Mercury in Scorpio according to the Computation of Tarrutius the most noble of Mathematicians (b) De re Rustica l. 2. c. 1. Varro (c) Lib. 4. Fast Vide Joseph Scalig. de Emend temp l. 5. pag. 362. Ovid and several others write that Rome was founded on the Parilia or Palilia Festus telleth us that Parilia were so called a Pariendo from bringing forth those Stars in the head of Taurus or which make up the head of themselves as Gellius criticizeth against Tiro named Hyades and under which Rome was founded being also called Parilicium and Palilicium Sydus Servius noteth that Pales was the Roman Goddesse of fodder to whom a solemnity being observed on the eleventh of the Calends of May it had the name of Palilia Cappellus thinketh that according to the mind of Tarrutius the first year of the Citie commenced from the first of January and Capricorn in the new Moon
the one consisting of 354. and the other of 365 doubled these eleven dayes and every other year inserted a moneth after February consisting of 22 dayes and by the Romans called Mercedonius because at that time wages were wont to be paid He changed the order of the moneths assigning to March formerly the first the third place to January the first and February the second whereof this was the last and the other the 11th in the dayes of Romulus Many have been of opinion that Numa added January and February to the rest of the moneths and that formerly the Romans had but 10. which appeareth by the name of December the last moneth and because the fifth and sixth moneths from March were called Quintilis and Sextilis Thus March must have been the beginning of the year which Romulus so named from Mars his supposed father The second was April so called from Venus as some thought because her superstitious worship was performed in it when the women were Crowned with Myrtle as they washed or as others gathered from the opening of Plants at that time of the year The third was May named from Maia and sacred to Mercury the fourth was June from Juno as some thought others deriving the names of these two from Majores and Juniores the Elder and younger The rest had their names from their order as Quintilis Sextilis September October November December Afterwards Quintilis was from Julius Caesar called July Sextilis August from Augustus September and October the Emperour Domitian changed into his own names but presently after he was killed they recovered their former Onely the two last ever retained their first appellations Of those moneths which Numa either added or ranked February was so called from the expiations which used to be in it signified by the word Februa then they were wont to make parentations to the dead and celebrate the Lupercalia certain Sacrifices and Games in honour of Pan much like to the Sacrifice of Expiations January was named of Janus which Numa seemeth to have set before March because he would shew that Civil vertue is ever to be preferred before what is exercised in War For Janus was accounted one of the most antient Gods or Kings from whom reigning in Italy some make the Romans descended very studious for civil society and humane converse and who changed the course of mans life from brutish and savage to an humane and gentle kind He is therefore feigned to be double faced because he brought in another fashion of life than what formerly had been and had a Temple built by Numa with two doors that were shut in peace and open in vvar as was before said These things Plutarch relateth in the life of Numa 15. But Livie and other considerable Authors (a) C. 3. Solinus (b) Satur. lib. 1. c. 12. Macrobius and (c) c. 20. Censorinus write that the first Roman year consisted but of ten moneths and 304 dayes six of the moneths having 30 dayes and the other four 31 apiece But this account differing from the course of the Sun Numa to make them agree added 51 dayes to the year That he might make up the twelve moneths from the six consisting of thirty dayes he took one day apiece and therewith made up 57. which were divided into two moneths whereof the one contained 29. and the other 28 dayes and so the year began to have 355. Of this opinion besides Junius Grauhanus and Fulvius both Varro and Suetonius were as appeareth out of Censorinus Yet Licinius Macer and Lucius Fenestella by the same testimony two antient Writers of Annals delivered that the first Roman year consisted of 12 moneths agreeable to the former opinion related by Plutarch This a * Joseph Scaliger de Emendatione Temp. lib. 2. Lidyatus de variis annorum formis cap. 17. noble pair of modern Criticks prove to have been the truer opinion affirming that January and February were not added by Numa but transferred from the end to the beginning of the year and endeavouring to shew that they who would have the year but to consist of 10 moneths make it no shorter than they that are for 12. distinguishing it not so much in number as placing of dayes for the Romans in Romulus his time filled up the year either by assigning more dayes than thirty to the moneths or adding so many in the end thereof as seemed to be wanting But it sufficeth to have touched these things for the direction of beginners 16. Numa to gain credit and obedience to his constitutions feigned that he had converse with the Goddesse Egeria He married Tatia daughter to Tatius the King by which he had a daughter named Pompilia Some said he neither had any other wife nor any more Children but others both as to wife and children dissented from them He lived above 80. reigned 43 years and at his death was buried with great honour His body was not burned which he forbad but buried in a stone Coffin under the Janiculum and the Books of his Ceremonies laid by him in another which being twelve written in Latine and as many in the Greek tongue were 400 years after when Publius Cornelius and Marcus Baebius were Consuls by water wrought out of the earth and for that it was thought wickednesse to have such things discovered to the multitude from which he also kept them after the fashion of the Pythagoreans not communicating discipline by writing but onely by word of mouth burned by command of the Senate He kept the State in constant peace and his ability herein contributed to the general quiet of Italy so that by the example of his reign Plutarch judgeth that saying of Plato to be verified that the onely means whereby men should be made happy would be to have a Philosophical mind and regal power concur in a Prince who would make vertue superiour to dishonesty But the fortune of the succeeding Kings added to the lustre of his glory For of the five which followed the last was cast out and died in exile and none of the rest obtained a natural and quiet end according to Plutarch Tullus Hostilius 17. Numa being dead and the Government devolved upon the Senate after several Interreges at length Tullus Hostilius was created King by the Universal consent of the Citie His Grand-father was that Hostilius A. M. 3333. V.C. 82. Olymp. 27. an 1. who most gallantly behaved himself against the Sabines at the Cittadel and married of that Nation the daughter of Hersilia After much valour shewn he was slain in battel and left a young son who at ripenesse of age of a noble Matrone begat this Tullus Hostilius the third King of Rome whose beginning according to the account of Dionysius was in the second year of the 27th Olympiad wherein Eurybates the Athenian was Victor when Leostratus was Archon at Athens in the 83 year of the Citie and the 31 of Manasses King of Judah At his first beginning he
knowledge of it In the midst of the way he encountred Ambassadours sent to him from the Cyrenaeans Diodorus ad Olymp. 112. ann 2. who brought a Crown with other great gifts amongst which were 300 excellent horses trained up and taught for the War which receiving in good part he entred into confederacy with them Two great dangers especially to be met with in this journey viz. want of water in so dry a place Justin lib. 2. and of being overwhelmed by heaps of sand which the South-wind threw upon 50000 of Cambyses his army he escaped wonderfully by abundance of rain which is said to have falln whereby the way was made more firm and passable Goeth to the Temple of Jupiter Hammon and two Crows are reported to have been his Guides and in the night-time when they could not be seen by their croaking to have given notice which way they tended When he arrived at the Temple the Priest either hired to it or mistaking the Greek language as it is thought saluted him by the name of Jupiter's son Hereupon he took the name upon him and to his Mother Olympias as well as others wrote with that Title She facetiously checked him for slandering and bringing her in danger with Juno by making her an Whore to Jupiter By the terrour hereof he hoped to do wonders with the Barbarians Gellius lib. 13. cap. 4. because Hammon was painted with the upper parts like a Ram and the nether like to a man he also would appear to be horned for which reason amongst the Arabians he obtained the name of Dulcarnaijn When he received an answer satisfactory as he pretended he returned into Egypt the same way he came or as another wrote by a more direct one towards Memphis 51. Being come to Memphis he received many Embassies from Greece whence also came a new supply of Forces viz. 400 Greekish Mercenaries from Antipater and 500 horse out of Thessaly Arrianus Curtius Justin Josephus de bello lib. 2. Antiquit. lib. 11. cap. â— The neighbouring Cities he exhausted for the peopling of his new one which he ordained should be the Metropolis of Egypt Amongst other sorts of people the Jews also whose fidelity he approved were inrolled inhabitants having equal privilege with Graecians and obtaining the name not onely of Alexandrians but of Macedonians also and to the Souldiers of Sanballat the Cuthaean who followed him into Egypt caused he Lands to be assigned Thebais which Province he committed to their defence He greatly desired to see not onely the remoter parts of Egypt but Aethiopia also but the War depending yet with Darius hindred him and therefore disposing of Egypt he removed in the Spring thence to Tyre in Phoenicia Curtius Over Egypt he left Aeschylus the Rhodian and Peucestes the Macedonian with 4000 Souldiers and the care of the River Nile he committed to Polemon with 30 Gallies As for the Civil Goverment he left it to Dolaspes the Egyptian to rule according to the antient Laws 52. Ere his departure he understood of the death of Andromachus the Governour of Syria whom the Samaritans burnt alive With all expedition then he removed to revenge his death but being on his way the murderers were delivered up to him whom he punished according to their deserts and placed Memnon in his room Taking the Citie Samaria he gave it to the Macedonians to inhabit but the Countrey about it to the Jews Eusebius for their fidelity to him with immunity from Tribute Coming to Tyre Josephus contra Apionem lib. 2. he celebrated Games as he had done at Memphis and sacrifized again to Hercules and nominating several Governours over the places already Conquered took his journey towards Euphrates 53. Darius having understood of his design to find him out whithersoever he should go gave out orders for all his Forces to meet at Babylon Arrianus Curtius c. whereof some consisted of such Nations as rather seemed to fill up the names of men than to make resistance This Army being almost greater by the half than that which perished at Issus many wanted Arms which were sought for with all diligence Some have reckoned 1000000 foot and 400000 horse bedes 200 Chariots and 15 Indian Elephants whereas Alexander his Forces amounted but to 40000 foot and 7000 horse In the moneth Hecatombaeon Alexander came to Thapsacus where he found two bridges on the River Euphrates but such as reached not quite over to the further side Mazaeus was sent thither to hinder his passage with order also if he could not do this to spoyl and destroy all things in his way but upon his approach he made haste away Alexander passeth Euphrates and Alexander then making up the bridges transported over all his Forces and so proceeding through Mesopotamia having Euphrates and the Armenian Mountains on his left hand made for Babylon not the nearest way but that which was more convenient for provision and moderation of heat As he went forwards he was given to understand by some Scouts which he took that the King had pitch't his Camp on the further side of the River Tigris And Tigris with intentions to hinder his passage but coming thither he neither found him nor any opposition at all This River was so swift being upon that account by the Persians called the Arrow that by the violent force of its stream it drave many weighty stones before it and those that lay in the bottom were made so round and well pollished by continual rolling that no man was able to fight on so slippery a footing so that the Macedonian foot-men to wade the River were forced to enterlace their Arms thereby making one weighty body to resist the fury of the stream so deep the Chanel was on the further side that to keep their Bowes from being weâ— as also their Arrows and Darts they were inforced to lift them above their heads so that Darius might here have easily resisted the Macedonians and given a check to the fortune of the Conquerour had not the fate of the dying Persian Empire besotted his mind and deprived him of all common prudence 54. Having though with great danger passed the River without any losse save of a little of the Baggage he led on through Assyria having on the right hand the River Tigris and on the left the Gordian Mountains On the fourth day after his passage Mazaeus sent a party of 1000 horse upon him which was easily repelled by the Paeonian Captain Ariston who slew their Captain and bringing his head to Alexander demanded a Cup of Gold as his fee according to the custom of their Countrey to whom he replied smiling That an empty one was due but he would give him one full of good liquor Two dayes he here continued giving orders for a march the next morning but it hapned that in the first watch the Moon was Eclypsed and seemed of a bloudy colour An Eclypse of the Moon discourageth his
branches whereof both retained the name as far as the Sea it self Alexander taking the right hand sayled down that Channel his Army being led according to the custom near the Rivers side The next day arose such a Tempest as exceedingly distressed the Fleet some ships being driven so far as scarcely could they be recovered whereupon for some time the King stayed here at a ceatain Island and sent men on shore to take up some Natives to be their Guides Coming lower where the Chanel was very broad another Tempest forced them into a certain Creek where as great a fear seized on them and so much the greater because they were unacquainted with the occasion of it It hapned that the Tide being exceeding high as it is at this day at Cambaia Is distressed upon the water where the River Indus falls into the Sea all the grounds near the River were overflown except certain Hills which appearing like so many Islands to them the Macedonians swom and left their Boats When the water fell again the Vessels were left on the drie ground some being overwhelmed and others turned upon their sides But the River according to the course of the Tide overflowing again at the due time such Vessels as stuck fast in the Mud were lifted up unhurt but those that the water found otherwise placed were either dashed against one another or miscarried after some other fashion 29. Repairing his Navy as he could he sent before two Boats to make discovery of another Island below by the Indians called Cilluta but by him Scillastis near which he must needs sayl down into the Ocean Hearing that it was large and very Commodious to harbour in he gave order for the Fleet to go thither but he himself proceeded further to search whether there was easie passage at the River's fall for the whole Navy into the Sea Having passed some 200 furlongs he discovered another Island and then returned to the Fleet where having sacrifized to some gods he went back and performed this service to others after another fashion saying he was commanded so to do by the Oracle of Jupiter Hammon Sayling out of Indus into the Ocean he sacrifized Bulls to Neptune and after the burning of Incense cast out a Golden Vial with Golden Cups into the Sea Passeth into the Ocean praying for a prosperous voyage to his Navy which he intended under command of Nearchus his Admiral should sayl through the Ocean into the Persian Gulf and so up Euphrates and Tigris and that no mortal after him might passe the bounds of his expedition Then returned he up the River to Pattala whither he found Pithon come with the Forces purposing to leave half the Fleet at the Citie to this day called Pattala in Cambaia he commanded Hephaestion there to make an Haven and provision for shipping He himself sayled down the stream on the left hand which first lead him to a Lake where he left Leonnatus with most of the Soldiers and with 30 ships passed through this Mouth of Indus into the Ocean 30. His design was to see whether the Fleet might not best sayl this way into the Sea and he satisfied himself that it might Then did he Travel up the shore and caused Wells to be digged thereon to furnish the Navy with water Returning then to Pattala he sent part of his Army to dig more and going to the Lake he caused Havens to be made and provision for shipping he also left there a Garrison with necessaries for 8 moneths At this time the Etesian vvinds in this Countrey blowing from the South though in other places from other quarters hindred Navigation wherefore he was constrained to leave Nearchus at Pattala with the Fleet till they should cease He journeyed through the Countrey of the Arabitae or Arbitae to the River Arabius or Arbis digging pits on the shore for the use of the Fleet in its passage by these Coasts Nearchus the Admiral sayleth the Ocean Nearchus and his followers were two moneths after Alexander's departure driven out by the Inhabitants of Pattalena and compelled to begin their Voyage ere the season of the year well served Coming to the mouth of the River they were forced to cut through a Rock for some way such a Ditch as by the help of the Tide might convey their ships safe into the Ocean The Arabitae hearing of Alexander's approach fled into the Mountains so that without opposition he passed over the River Arabius and came into the Countrey of the Oritae of whom killing some and taking others because they had not submitted themselves he thence marched into the Borders of the Gedrosians with whom the Oritae had joyned but upon his approach sent and begged peace which he granted on condition that they would depart to their dwellings He set over them Apellophanes with whom he left Leonnatus one of the keepers of his body with a party of horse and foot to expect the coming of the Fleet and in the mean while to build a new Citie and settle the affairs of the Countrey 31. In his passage through the Countrey of the Gedrosians greate losse and damage hapned to him than in all his expedition through Asia besides because what for want of water by excesse of heat ill diet and hunger he carried not out the fourth part of those forces he brought into India Alexander passeth the Countrey of the Gedrosians with incredible difficulty Yet was not this losse sustained through ignorance for some tell us that he knew of the danger very well but hearing that this Countrey had been formerly invaded both by Semiramis and Cyrus whereof the former was forced to fly but with 30 Attendants and the later with 7. he had an itching desire to passe through it and in the glory of his adventure to excell them After incredible trouble undergone for 60 dayes he came to Pura the chief Citie where as it was time he refreshed his Army and thence marched towards the Borders of Caramania Hither news came that Philip Governour of the Oxydracae and of other Indians vvas killed by the Mercenary Soldiers but that his death vvas revenged upon them by the Macedonians vvhereupon he vvrote to Taxiles and Eudemus to take care of the Countrey till such time as he could send one to succeed Philip. Coming into Caramania not far from Persia he animadverted upon the Governour as upon Cleander and Sitalces vvho being sent to kill Parmenio had after his death committed grievous outrages upon the people in those parts He also punished Ozines and Zariaspes who had solicited the Persians to revolt and Heracon who had rifled the Temple at Susa here also he made Peucestes one of the keepers of his body they being before this seven in number In the mean time Nearchus having passed the borders of the Arabii Oritae Gedrosians Ichthyophagi came into the Persian Gulf and arrived at Armusia now called Ormus where understanding that his Master was but distant five dayes journy
a legion shipped by Domitius Calvinus with provisions and arms from Syria landed on the African shoar a little above Alexandria which Caesar understanding went with his Fleet unmanned to fetch them in and the Enemie having notice of it drew out also against him He receiving the men aboard had no mind to ingage because it grew towards night but a Rhodian Gally not keeping up with the rest of the Fleet Caesar defeateth the Alexandrians at sea was set upon whereby he was constrained to go in to the rescue and so caried himself that day-light onely was wanting to his compleating the Victory by utterly destroying the whole Navy of the Alexandrians 31. They notwithstanding this defeat in which and other wayes of late Idem ibid. they had lost no fewer than 110 Vessels yet being encouraged thereto by Ganimedes set themselves to the rigging of another Fleet which being in a readinesse Caesar brought his about the Island Pharos and set it in order against them Both sides being ready to ingage yet a narrow passage lying betwixt them each expected till the other should enter first as then having a better advantage until the Rhodians desired of Caesar leave to enter the Streight This once granted and done they were presently set upon and then relieved till a total engagement ensued in which the Aegyptians were worsted not a ship of Caesar's receiving any hurt and in their flight took in in Pharos Again where they were received by their friends and kept off the Romans for some time but a length were forced to quit the Island with great losse This being joyned to the main by two bridges one of them in like manner was forsaken by the Towns-men but the Romans attempting to gain the other through the rashnesse of some in their company were beaten off and forced tumultuously to betake themselves to their ships Appian de bello civili lib. 2. Caesar himself in the hurry was glad to leap into the Sea and the Enemy following to dive under water He casteth himself into danger and take breath now and then as he could till having swom almost a quarter of a mile he was taken up into a ship He lost 400 of his Legionary Soldiers in this skirmish as many ship-men and rowers yet neither he nor his Army were discouraged at all but were rather incited to redeem their losse by some other exploit which the Alexandrians taking notice of sent to him desiring he would dismisse their King whom now they professed they were ready to obey and if he should command them to be friends with him they would presently yield He knew there was neither any trusting of him nor them but considering that if he dismissed him they would be nothing the stronger and if he should become the head of their party the War would be more honourable he gravely admonished him to act nothing contrary to the interest of his People or his confederacy with Rome Letteth the King go and then gave him leave to depart though he pretended an unwillingnesse to leave him and notably counterfeited sincere friendship with feigned tears 32. Though he being returned was very earnest for carying on the War Hirtius ibid. yet they seeing themselves nothing amended by the accession of his name or presence which the Romans despised and that they profited nothing by any of their attempts were greatly discouraged Josephus Antiquit. l. 14. cap. 14 15. de bello l. 1. cap. 7. yet understanding that great supplies of men and provisions were coming to Caesar they resolved once more to take the Sea and cut them off And they did much hurt to those that came by water till he sent out his Fleet under the command of Tiberius Nero and restrained them But by Land came Mithridates of Pergamus from Syria Aid sent to Caesar accompanied with Antipater the Governour of Judaea and Father to Herod the Great bringing down with him a great power of men and pierced as far as Pelusium which also was taken with great pains and industry by assault Thence marching down for Alexandria he took in the Country in his way the Jews inhabiting those parts though at first they made resistance yet being brought over by Antipater upon the producing of the letters of Hyrcanus the High-Priest When Ptolomy heard this and that he had nigh already reached Delta a place not far distant from Alexandria knowing he must needs passe the River he sent out a party to oppose him there which he received prudently after the Roman fashion being intrenched in his Camp and easily sustained it's violence till seeing them very disorderly and with great boldnesse to assail his fortifications he issued out and killing a great number had utterly defeated the rest but that by their knowledge of the Country and by the Vessels which had transported them they secured themselves Whereupon rallying again they once more charged him and a fight ensued in that place called The Camp of the Jews in which engagement the wing commanded by Mithridates himself was sorely oppressed Being opposed overcometh and had been totally overthrown but that Antipater who led the other came in in good time to the rescue put to flight the Aegyptians and took their Camp which Mithridates confessed by letters to Caesar acknowleging Antipater to have been the author both of his safety and the Victory But now by this time was Ptolomy himself coming against Mithridates and Caesar also to fetch him off 33. Both went by Sea but Caesar first got to him and took him in with his victorious Army Ptolomy and Caesar encamped then seven miles asunder the former in an high and most fortified place by nature having a narrow River with exceeding high and precipitous banks betwixt him and the Enemy which though the Alexandrians defended yet Caesar's men got over the Horse by passing the Foard and the Foot by laying over a bridge made of long trees so that Caesar sat down not far from the Kings Camp The next day he stormed a Castle in a Village near adioyning the defendants whereof flying a main to the Camp his men had well nigh entred with them but coming to hand-strokes were beaten back being severally laid at both from the fortifications and the ships But Caesar espying a very high place which by reason of it's natural strength was litle looked to by the Alexandrians set certain Companies to get up there Caesar stormeth the Aegyptian Camp which being performed and a great cry raised on purpose round about the Romans brake in in several places and made great slaughter Most of the defendants fled upon the irruption and in great heaps leaped down into the trenches wherein they first being overwhelmed the rest with great ease got over amongst which was the King but coming to take boat so many pressed in after him A. M. 3598. that the Vessel sunk and he thereby was drowned Orosius lib. 6. cap. 16.
born in the Camp 't is certain that the sirname of Caligula he had for that reason because he was wont (f) Sueton ut prius to wear that habit of the ordinary Soldiers By the people he was gladly entertained out of their affection to Germanicus and commiseration of his family so grosly used by Tiberius whose cruelty he escaped meerly by his great dissimulation and taking in good part every thing so as it was said truely of him that never was there a better servant nor a worse Master than Caligula 2. Caius within a few dayes after the sumptuous funeral of Tiberius Josephus Antiq. l. 18. c. 8. made Agrippa King of that Countrey whereof Philip had been Tetrarch This Agrippa was the Grand-son of Herod the Great by his son Aristobulus whom he put to death Preferreth Agrippa being begotten of Berenice the daughter of Salome Having run through many straights for want of money by reason of his great profusenesse he became at length very dear to Caius who restored him to liberty being imprisoned by Tiberius for wishing his death that Caligula might succeed him and then set the Diadem on his head He had a sister named Herodias married to Philip Herodes not Philip the Tetrarch his and her Uncle and brother to Philip Antipas on the father's side his mother being daughter to Simon the High-Priest This woman Herod Antipas was so taken with that though he had already to wife the daughter of Aretas King of Arabia Petraea yet he divorced this and married her upon which account Aretas made War upon him and defeated his forces which * Idem ibid. cap. 7. was taken by the people as a judgement of God upon him for putting to death John Baptist Now Herodias envying exceedingly the promotion of her brother Agrippa importuned her husband to go to Rome and beg or buy the title of King Idem ibid. cap. 9. Agrippa smelling out their design before-hand wrote to Caius and accused him of having heretofore been of Seianus his conspiracy and of favouring at present the party of Artabanus King of Parthia whereof he said his Magazines could testifie being furnished with Provisions for 70000 men of War Herod Antipas banished to Lyons This furniture he could not deny and therefore Caius banished him to Lugdunum now Lyons in Gall whither Herodias would needs accompany him and gave his Principality and estate unto Agrippa Thus were these two punished for the death of John Baptist and so was Pilate for that of Christ For Euseb Eccles Hist l. 2. c. 7. Orosius l. 7. c. 5. being also banished by Caius to Vienna two years after he killed himself whereof the Gracians are witnesses Pilate killeth himself saith Eusebius who commit to memory in their Histories the Olympiads of times and so became the revenger of his wickednesse upon himself as he who betrayed Christ into his hands had been before 3. Sueton in Calig Capp 15 16 17 c. Josephus Antiquit lib. 18. cap. 9. Though the disposition of Caligula was from his Childhood tending to intemperance and cruelty yet at his first coming to the Goverment he used much moderation and equity as well towards publick as private persons He would not hear any accusations though said to be for his own safety permitted free and antient Jurisdiction to Magistrates attempted to bring in again the Comitia and restore the privilege of suffrages to the people payed the Legacies given by Tiberius Caligula beginneth well though his will was nulled and those given by Livia also though her son would never discharge them he remitted part of the Taxes to Italy relieved the necessities of such as received losses by fire and to such Kings as he restored he gave the Tributes collected in their absence At first he appeared a great Patron of virtue but degenerated into a Monster so that as far as a man could go in luxury and cruelty he seemed to proceed But turneth a Monster of men which made Seneca * De Consolat ad Albinam cap. 9. say that nature seemed to have brought him forth to shew what the greatest vitiousnesse backed with the greatest power could be able to do We may be more favourable to this opinion if we consider that the greatnesse of his estate made him so far surpasse the limits of all modesty as challenging to himself the title of Divinity he governed all things in contempt of God 4. He thought at first to have taken a Diadem Sueton ut suprà cap. 22. c. and changed his Principality into a Kingdom till by his flatterers he was told that he was above all such titles Assumeth divine honours At length he began to take to himself Divine honour For he caused the images of their Gods to be brought to Rome whereof the heads being taken off the image of his own was placed upon each in their stead He would offer himself to be adored amongst his brother gods as he called them and ordained Temples and Priests with sacrifice of no commoner things than Peacocks Turkies and Pheasants which were to be offered every day and he invited the Moon to his imbraces He could not endure to be accounted the off-spring of Agrippa because of his ignobility but gave out that his mother was conceived of the incest of Augustus with his daughter Julia. He himself committed incest with all his sisters and spared not the chastity of either Sex So imperious he was that he would make persons of greatest rank run by his Chariot and stand girt with Towels when he was at meat His Vices So cruel that he killed his Grand-mother Antonia by unkindnesse he murdered his brother Tiberius though he had adopted him with all his kindred except his Uncle Claudius whom he preserved for a laughing stock and he forced Macro and Ennia to kill themselves As for others he made havock of them causing some to be knocked in the head with Clubs if he were but disturbed in the shows He would cast old men or infirm to wild beasts and shutting up the Barns and Store-houses proclaimed a famine Many of quality being first stigmatized he condemned to the Mines or to repairing of High-wayes shut them up like beasts in a Den or sawed them asunder and that for no greater matters than if they had not high thoughts of his gifts and shews or had not sworn by his Genius 5. He forced Parents to be present at the death of their Children Idem ibid. Capp 27 28 c. To one that excused himself by sicknesse he sent a Litter to carry him A certain Knight whom he cast to wild beasts crying out that he was innocent he caused to be taken out and his tongue to be cut out of his head after this to be cast in again Demanding of one whom he had recalled out of banishment what he did all that time upon answer that he prayed for the death of Tiberius and
instructed in the same things by the same Masters he was thought also to have drunk some of the poyson which Nero gave to that Prince and that this was the cause of his want of health some conjectured He performed the Office of Tribune both in the Wars of Germany and Britain with great commendations and after that being Quaestor A. D. 79. V. C. 832. Titi 1. came to have the command of a Legion in Judaea After his father came to the Government he was suspected by some when he was yet in Aegypt as intending to establish himself whereupon he hasted to Rome to cut off all jealousies Taking then part with his father in the publick cares he triumphed with him over Judaea executed with him the Censorship Tribuneship and seven Consulships nay taking as it were all upon him he dictated letters in his fathers name published edicts spake in the Senate and that in the room of the Quaestor and took on him the Government of the Palace which never had formerly been discharged but by some Roman Knight and this Office he executed with such rigor that he contracted much envy and was accounted cruel He was suspected of luxury for feasting with voluptuous persons till midnight of incontinency also being amongst other arguments too familiar with Berenice the sister of King Agrippa to which Lady he is also said to have promised marriage but performed it not because of the distaste of the People Moreover rapacity was laid to his charge Hee was both accounted and openly talked of as another Nero and scarcely did any ever came with more fear or lesse favour to the Government 26. But so contrarily to expectation did he behave himself that his former cariage did but set him off with the greater lustre and so free was he from all vice His admirable virtues and adorned with so many virtues that he became the Love and delight of mankind and by an happy exchange was so called His temperance he shewed in the moderation of his diet the choice of his companions and putting away Berenice his moderation by abstaining utterly from other mens goods and refusing often ordinary benevolences although no man ever exceeded him in munificence He was the Mirrour of courtesy being wont to say that no man should go sorrowful from the presence of the Prince and on a day having done no courtesie for any man he said Amici diem perdidi My friends I have lost a day Several sad accidents hapned in his litle time so great a Pestilence as seldom had been known So great a fire there was in Rome and kindled from Heaven that it burnt three dayes together Several calamities in his time Vesuvius also the hill in Campania burst forth with great flames and destroyed all round about it all which miseries he lessened as much as he could neither sparing cost nor pains to relieve the distressed At the same time another War arose in Britain wherein Cn. Julius Agricola harrazed all the Country of the Enemies and first of all the Romans that we know of saith Dio * Apud Xiphil in excerpt l. 66. knew that Britain was compassed about by the sea For certain Soldiers in a Sedition having killed their Centurions and Tribunes fled to their ships and lanching out sailed about that part of Britain which lieth toward the West being caried by waves and wind when they had done this and by chance light upon the other Camp of the Romans on the other side Agricola sent out others to hold the same course from whom he also knew that it was an Island These things being done in Britain Titus was saluted Imperator the fifteenth time Agricola passed the rest of his life in ignominie and poverty because he had done greater things than were suitable for a Praetor and for that cause he was afterwards put to death by Domitian though by the permission of Titus he had triumphed But concerning these things Tacitus is rather to be consulted in the life of Agricola 27. Titus put down informers usually tollerated before His mercy was too great for he vowed he had rather perish than destroy another as according to the judgment of some it came to passe Amongst others that plotted his destruction he not onely spared his brother Domitian but had him in the same respect as from the beginning and owned him as his partner and successor onely betwixt them two he besought him with tears at length to relent to Love and Unity He was a man of excellent parts both outward and inward accomplishments but to the great losse of man-kind was presently taken away He dieth whether by the treachery of his brother or no is uncertain In the beginning of his sicknesse he is said to have look'd up to Heaven as taking it ill he should dye so soon being not conscious to himself of any sin save one which as he did not expresse so it is altogether unknown He was with good reason sadly lamented throughout the Provinces He died in the same Village his Father had ended his dayes near the Country of the Sabines in the 42 year of his age when he had reigned two years as many moneths and twenty dayes in the 834 year of the City A. D. 81. M. Plautius Silvanus and M. Annius Verus being Consuls Domitian his brother succeedeth him 28. Domitian so called from Domitilla their mother succeeded Titus Sueton Eutropius being more like to Nero Caligula or Tiberius than either father or brother His youth he passed disgracefully enough Doubting upon the death of his father whether he should not give a double donative to the Soldiers to obtain their good-will he never feared to boast that he was left partner in the Empire by his father but that his testament was corrupted He never ceased to plot against his brother secretly or openly A. D. 81. V. C. 834. Titi 3. and ere he was quite dead commanded him to be caried out as such In the beginning of his reign he restrained himself for his cruelty was then imployed upon flies which privately in a room hee was wont to catch and prick with a bodkin so that one asking whether any body was within with Caesar it was not unfitly answered by Vibius Crispus At his beginning dissembleth his Vices No not so much as a flie But though at present he strove to allay the fury of his vices by some forced virtue yet within a while he let fall also this vizard and became in appearance what inwardly his disposition inclined him to be 29. He undertook several Expeditions Sueton in Domitiano Eutropius ut suprà Orosius lib. 7. c. 16. as against the Catti and Sarmatians People inhabiting the Northern parts of Europe who had cut off a whole Legion Great difficulties in his time The Dacians also put him to much trouble and grievously afflicted the Roman State under conduct of Diurpaneus their King for they overthrew first Oppius Sabinus