wast-ground it is watered by the Rivers Scheld and Ley which run through the City and make 26 Islands which are conjoyned by 98 Bridges This place is particularly famous for being the Birth-place of John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster 2. Bruges seated on a large and deep Channel of the Sea from which it is distant about three Leagues once a famous Mart Town but now of small account as to matters of Traffick 3. Ipres seated on a River so called a Town of great strength 4. Graveling or Gravelines feated on the Sea-shoar a place of good strength and 5. Lisle of some account The four principal Ports in Flanders are 1. Dunkirk now in the possession of the French a place of good strength especially of late when the English were Masters of it nigh to which is the impregnable Fort of Mardike also so made by the English The Inhabitants of this Town are found very troublesom on the Seas to those that are their Enemies 2. Ostend an exceeding strong place as is manifest by its holding out a Siege of three years three months three weeks and odd days against the Arch-Duke nigh to which was fought that bloody Battel in 1660 between the Arch-Duke Albertus and the States where by the valour of the English the Victory was gained and 3. Sluce seated at the Mouth of the Channel of Bruges where it enjoys a fair and commodious Haven capable to receive about 500 Sail of good Ships now subject to the States of Holland Throughout all Flanders are a great many Religious-houses and Nunneries which are filled with vertuous Gentlewomen for the most part Maidens who live a Religious life and at spare times makes curious Works which are disposed of by the Lady Abbess Earldom of Artois The Earldom of ARTOIS North of Flanders is divided into Wallone and Flamingat and said to contain about 750 Villages and 12 walled Towns the chief among which are 1. Arras where the Tapestry Hangings and Cloths of Arras were first invented and made 2. Hesdinfert a very strong Frontier Town towards Picardy 3. Bappaumes 4. St. Omer and 5. Aire Earldom of Haynault The Earldom of HAYNAVLT West of Flanders is said to number about 900 Villages and 24 Towns the chief amongst which are 1. Mons an ancient and strong Town 2. Valenciennes so seated on the Scheld that it cannot be besieged except with three Armies at one time 3. Maubeugel 4. Avesnes about which are digged excellent white Stones for building 5. Landrechies and 6. Philippeville Earldom of Namur The Earldom of NAMVR North of Brabant hath about 180 Villages and 4 walled Yowns viz. Namur Charlemont Bovines and Valencourt This Country is very fertil in Grains hath store of Mines of Jasper all sorts of Marble and abundance of Iron Under the subdivision of the Provinces upon the Rhine may be comprehended Alsatia the Palatinate of the Rhine the Archbishopricks and Electorates on the Rhine the Estates of the Succession of Cleves and Julier and the Vnited Provinces of the Low Countries c. Province of Alsatia ALSATIA Westwards of Lorrain hath for its chief places 1. Strasbourg formerly Argentina because here the Romans received the Tribute of the Conquered Nations seated in Lower Alsatia near the Rhine from which here is a Channel cut for the conveyance of Commodities This City is about 7 miles in circuit is a good place of strength and famous for its many Rareties as its admirable Clock a description of which I shall here set down which was given me by an Ingenious person who took this particular account thereof FOR the curiousness of the Work it self I cannot set it forth neither can any man take pleasure of the Workmanship but such as see it In the whole work there are Nine things to be considered which ascend up one above another as the description sheweth whereof eight are in the Wall the ninth and that the most wonderful standeth on the ground three foot or such a matter from the Ground and Wall and that is a great Globe of the Heavens perfectly described in which are three Motions one of the whole Globe which betokeneth the whole Heavens and moveth about from the East to the West in four and twenty hours the second is of the Sun which runneth through the Signs there described by that Artificial motion it hath once every year the third is of the Moon which runneth her course in 28 days So that in this Globe you may view as if you had the Heavens in your hand the Motions of the whole Heavens the motion of the Sun and Moon every Minute of an hour the rising and falling of every Star among which Stars are the Makers of this work Dassipodius and Wolkinstenius described yea better than in the true Heavens because here the Sun darkneth them not by day nor the Moon by night The Instruments of these Motions are hid in the Body of a Pelican which is portraied under the Globe The Pole lifted up to the Elevation of Strasburgh and noted by a fair Star made in Brass the Zenith is declared by an Angel placed in the midst of the Meridian The second thing to be observed which is the first on the Wall are two great Circles one within another the one eight foot the other nine foot broad the uttermost moveth from the North to the South once in a year and hath two Angels the one on the North-side which pointeth every day in the Week the other on the South-side which pointeth what day shall be one half year after The Inner circle moveth from South to North once in a hundred years and hath many things described about it as the Year of the World the Year of our Lord the circle of the Sun the processions of the Aequinoctials with the change of the Solstitial points which things fall out by the motion which is called Trepidationis the Leap-year the Movable Feasts and the Dominical Letter or Golden Number as it turneth every year There is an immovable Index which incloseth for every year all these things within it the lower part of which Index is joyned to another round Circle which is immovable wherein the Province of Alsatia is fairly described and the City of Strasburgh On both sides of these Circles on the Wall the Eclipses of the Sun and Moon are which are to come for many years even so many years as the Wall might orderly contain The third thing which is to be seen a little above this is a weekly motion of the Planets as they name the day as on Sunday the Sun is drawn about in his Charriot accordingly as the day is spent and so drawn into another place so that before he be full in you shall have Monday that is the Moon clean forth and the Horses of Mars's Charriot putting forth their heads and so it is for every day in the week On this side there are nothing but dumb Pictures to garnish the Wall
apprehend it from his words neither do I see how it can follow from his Hypothesis It is probable that the Sun and general winds do very much contribute to this intumescency of the water and seeing that the Sun in the Aequinoctials doth incumb on the middle of the Sea of the Torrid Zone therefore either he or the winds cause that the Sea then swelleth more than at another time But as concerning the Solstices we must say in a contrary mode or that the same is the cause of the greater intumescency of the Sea in the time of the Aequinoctials either of the Spring or Autumn which is the cause of more frequent rains winds and inundadions in those seasons Proposition XIV In some parts of the Ocean Gulphs and Shoars great is the encrease and decrease of the water in the influx and deflux in other some it is very small in some not discernable and so there is no flux and reflux or intumescency and detumescency The increase and decrease of the water in several parts of the Ocean Those places receive great Augmentation and decrease 1. That are under the Torrid Zone between the Tropicks for then the Moon pressing for the most part is there carried round 2. In places that are directly extended from East to West or nigh the Collateral quarters 3. In those Gulphs that are long and less broad the Augmentation is the more sensible 4. In those places in which few Islands or procurrents adjoyn to the Earth The greatest flux and deflux in the Streight of Cambaja The greatest flux and deflux hitherto observed is that which is in the Streight of Cambaja in one of the inlets of the River Indus and it hath struck many with admiration for the water recedeth to an high distance and that very speedily Whence not without reason the River Indus or the Gulph of Cambaja is thought to be that unto which when that Alexander the Great came and endeavoured to pass his Army over as it is there related the water presently went back and left his Ships a ground hence he went no farther but judged that the Gods had here fixed the bounds of his Expedition with a prohibition of proceeding any farther The cause is the small or narrow and deep depression of the Channel but yet 't is probable there was some other cause Fluv and reflux at Damman At the City Damman in India not far from Surat the Altitude of the water by flux and reflux is varied at two and a half Orygas and the Sea departeth from the shoar the space of half a mile In the Gulph of Cambaja the flux augmenteth the Altitude five Orgyas others say seven which unusual augmentation hath been the cause of the loss of many Ships by unexperienced Mariners for the water falling they have been split on the Rocks No constant time of the flux and reflux in the Streights of Magellan The flux and reflux in the Red-sea In the Gulphs and shoars of the Streights of Magellan no constant time of the flux and reflux is observed for sometimes the water floweth and refloweth in three hours othersome in twelve hours which inconstancy is to be ascribed to the violent irruption of the Ocean into that Streight and from the various agitations of the wind About Malacca also at the Streight of Sunda a notable flux and deflux is observed In the Arabian Gulph or Red Sea some of the Ancients have written that there is so great a reflux as Scaliger writeth that Moses and the Israelites passed over without any Miracle But it is false because the reflux is not there so great as to leave the Channel dry On the Coasts of China the flux and reflux is very sensible as also at the Isles of Japan At Panama on the Coast of America lying at the Pacifick Ocean the Sea is very much exalted The Sea at the flux much exalted at Panama and by and by depressed again in the full Moons the flux is so much augmented that water entreth into the Houses of the City Yea in almost all the shoars of the South Sea the Altitude of the water is wonderfully augmented and diminished so that in the reflux the decrease is sensible for two miles In the Gulph of Bengala at the shoar of Sâ—am the flux augmenteth the Altitude ten foot The flux not perceivable in the Mediterranean Sea But in the Mediterranean Sea which floweth in through the Streights of Gibralter from the West to the East the flux is not perceivable because the scituation is contrary to the quarter into which the Sea is moved and therefore the water of it is little augmented by the flux so that it is not discernable unless in the Gulph of Venice which by reason of its long extension and small Latitude sheweth the flux and reflux when in the other part of the Mediterranean Sea by reason of its notable Latitude that little augmentation and decrease is not discovered Whence this flux and reflux was unknown to the Grecians as also to the Romans in the time of Scipio Africanus And the Grecians as well as the Romans accounted it as miraculous what sometimes they discovered in other places as is manifest from the Expedition of Alexander the Great and of Scipio in the expugnation of Carthage but in the time of Cicero it was known to the Romans Yet some observed it a little at Massilia also at certain Coasts of Barbary it is noted enough The flux and reflux in the Baltick Sea not yet found out In the Baltick Ocean as also in the whole Northern Sea beyond England towards Norway and Greenland the flux and reflux of the Sea is not yet found out as neither in the North Coast of the Pacifick Ocean But the cause is not yet sufficiently known unless you will say that those Seas are remote from the course of the Moon and also that they are extended from the West to the East and North moreover that many Isles and procurrencies of land do hinder These three must be conjoined to impede the flux of the Sea in these places Proposition XV. The flux and reflux of the Sea is a violent motion viz. an impulse but the reflux is a natural motion of the water For the flux is caused by the pression of the Moon or matter between the Moon and the Earth or also because that the Sea doth not remain in that scituation which is received in the flux this is a sign that it was a violent motion But in the reflux the Sea is moved from a more high place to a more depressed place which is the natural motion of water Lemma The place of the Moon being given in the Ecliptick and the Latitude and hour of the day from an Ephemerides or by Supputation or Astronomical observation to find on the Terrestrial Globe the place unto which the Moon at the hour given is vertical also to exhibit all those places of the Earth unto
which the Moon will be vertical that day viz. one after another See Proposition 13. in Chap. 19. The use of this Problem is great yea very necessary in the Doctrine concerning the flux and reflux of the Sea The mode of performing of the same you shall find in the Nineteenth Chapter and the Thirteenth Proposition For there it is more conveniently explained yet the Explication of that Proposition may be anticipated and demonstrated to the studious in this Chapter Proposition XVI In those places of the Sea to which the Moon is vertical the flux and deflux is greatest except that there be other impediments which we have reckoned up in the XIV Proposition And by how much the parts of the Sea are more remote from the place by so much the flux and deflux is lesser other things being equal For because in that place the pressure is greater and the tumour of the water greater which is more vicine to the Moon pressing and the Celestial matter thence followeth that that the Proposition intimateth the objections concerning some other places in the comparison of which the contrary is found are to be excused by the admixtion of other causes Proposition XVII The quantity of the flux and reflux is unconstant in every place and divers on several daies and by so much the greater or lesser by how much the Moon is more remote or near unto that place The Moon every day changeth her place in the Ecliptick For the Moon every day changeth her place in the Ecliptick and so on other daies is vertical to other places and by consequence is more remote from any place or more near Which being observed we conclude from the preceeding Proposition that there is a divers quantity of the flux and reflux in one and the same place on divers daies whether that the diversity be sensible or insensible Proposition XVIII The greatest intumescency of water in any place and term of the flux ought to be when that the Moon doth occupy the Meridian of the place But in many places it is found to be in another scituation of the Moon For then is the Moon most nigh to any place of the Earth when that it is in the Meridian of that place because that the Hypotenusa of a right angled Triangle is lower than the Cathetus Whence it is inferred by the XVI Proposition that when the Moon is in the Meridian See Proposition 16. there ought to be the greatest intumescency and Altitude of water and immediately a decrease to succeed But when the Moon is in the lowest of the Meridian then the narrowest of the vortex of the Earth opposite to it in the upper Meridian and therefore doth effect the same as if that the body of the Moon were present But here ariseth a great difficulty For there are many places and Coasts of the Earth in which we find that the term of the flux is not when that the Moon cometh to the Meridian as the Philosophers held before this age but sooner or later viz. when that the Moon cometh to a certain quarter not Cardinal and this quarter is not constantly observed but in new and full Moons for the most part the greatest intumescency is and the begining of a detumescency before the Moon cometh to this quarter or vertical Circle So at London the water is at the highest when the Moon cometh to the quarter which is between the South and West or North and East that is to the South West or North East quarter At the Coast of China in the Port of the City Maccau The greatest flux at the Coast of China observed by a Portugal a certain Portugal Mariner observed the time of the greatest intumescency by this mode The Elevation of the Pole is 22 degrees 20 minutes in the Year 1584 on the 19 of September the Moon was at full then the intumescency or Altitude of the highest water was observed in the morning at ½ or ¼ of an hour past 8. therefore then the Moon was removed from the Meridian 3 ¼ hours Whence the quarter or vertical Circle in which the Moon at that moment of time was is found according to the Problem of the 30 Chapter Anno 1585 on the 16 of February in the full Moon the greatest hight of water was observed at half an hour past a eleven a Clock at Noon Certain observations taken by a Dutch Mariner of the flux of the Sea in many places A certain Dutch Mariner on the daies of the new and full Moon noted the hours of divers places for the term or intumescency of the flux from which I have extracted these At the twelfth hour on the daies of the new and full Moon on the Coast of Flanders at Enchusen in Holland at Horn at Embden in East Freezland at the mouth of the Elve at Eider at the Isles of Jutland and at Dover at England At 45 minutes past 12 at Flushing in Zealand half an hour after one a Clock at the Occidental Coast of the Isle of Wight at Calis at the mouth of the River of Thames at the shoar of Zeland in the mouths of Scald in Mosa and at Gored A quarter after two before the mouth of Scald and the mouth of Mosa At three a Clock at Amsterdam Roterdam Dort in Holland at Newcastle in England at Arment in Flanders in the mouth of the River of Burdeaux in the South Coast of Britain Gallocia Gascoyn Biscay Portugal and Spain and on the Western Coast of Ireland even to Hitland A quarter after four in the evening at Roan in France between Mosa and Rochel in the River of Burdeaux in the Bays of the Spanish Portugal and Gallecian Coast in the South Coast of Britany in France Gascoyn and on the Western Coast of Ireland Half an hour past four from the Texel at the South Coast of Ireland A quarter past five in all the Ports of the Southern Coast of Ireland at Plymouth in England and other Southern places of it even to the Coast of Wales At six in the evening and morning before Hamburgh in the Elbe before Bremen the Texel Antwerpe in the Channel between England and Brabant without Sorlis A quarter before seven in the evening between Fawick and Vaelmuya in the Channel even to Bristol before St. Nicholas and Podessembe even to Waymouth and Hartepole At half an hour past seven in the Haven at the Texel at Kilduyna in the middle of the Channel nigh Plymouth and in the Sea even to the Promontory of the Lizard A quarter past eight in the evening nigh the Isle of Wight in the Channel even to Bevesier without the Fly on the Coast of Holland At nine before the mouth of the River Ems in Freezland before the Fly before the Coast of Freezland at the Eastern Coast of the Isle of Wight At half an hour past ten before the mouth of the River Thames on the Coasts of Normandy and Picardy And at a quarter
past eleven a Clock in the River Thames and other places of England A difficult task to explicate the cause of this difference Now it is a most difficult task to explicate the cause of this so notable a difference and that in all places although it be incumbent on the Philosopher or Geographer Yet it is probable that the various windings of the shoars the scituation of the Coasts in respect of the Sea the obstacles of Islands the mutual meetings of the water the distance of the places from the Lunary way various waies especially those that are constant and general the declining of the shoars and other things do very much conduce to this propriety of the flux For example at the Port of London in the Coast of England the water encreaseth until the Moon cometh unto the quarter of the South-West viz. when it declineth from the Ecliptick towards the South for then water begineth to flow back again but not when the Moon cometh to the Meridian Therefore we say that whilst the Moon moveth to the Meridian of London towards Brazile or from Brazile towards London the Sea doth not recede from London but is yet augmented by reason that the Coasts of America unto which the Ocean is moved by the Moon do repel that water towards England and this hapneth therefore because it affordeth not a passage for the water But why when the Moon is declining from the Ecliptick towards the North is the greatest Altitude of the water and the begining of the decrease observed before the Moon cometh to the Meridian viz. in the North-East I answer that this cometh to pass because that the Moon is then far more near to England than when it declineth from the Ecliptick towards the South and therefore then it more swiftly filleth but the cause why then the flux is no longer protracted even until the Moon cometh to the Meridian may be by reason that the Moon forceth the Sea more near the Sea of Mexico and Hudsons Streights where there is found a great intumescency and detumescency On the Coast of China we therefore say that the intumescency doth anticipate the appulse of the Moon at the Meridian by reason that a continnual East wind driveth that Sea towards the West But these allegations I leave to be farther examined by the searchers of nature But for the finding out of the true cause it is altogether necessary that we acquire accurate observations how the flux and reflux of the Sea is made in divers places viz. in what vertical the Moon is in that flux how the quarter is varied in a divers place of the Moon as in the full and new especially in those places where the Moon becometh vertical also in those which directly respect the East West and North. Also that must be diligently observed how the flux is here made in those hours of the day whilst that the Moon being in the North part of her Circle hath not the Sea placed vertically under her but Lands in a long tract viz. from Cambaja and China even to the Occidental Coasts of Africa For because then that it doth not directly press the water it being depended over the Mediterranean places I thence suppose that some variety must happen to this motion Also what then it doth whilst the Moon ruling in the South Hemisphere passeth over the Mediterranean parts of Brazile or Southern America Without these observations we shall hardly arrive at the true cause neither shall we neglect this argument Proposition XIX The Sea floweth to most Coasts in six hours and twelve minutes and refloweth also in so many hours The Sea in few places floweth in more hour and refloweth in less In very few places it floweth in more hours and refloweth in less and on the contrary in very few places it floweth in fewer hours and refloweth in more yet so that the time of the flux and deflux viz. between the two greatest intumescencies together make twelve hours with 24 ⅛ minutes and two such times make 24 hours with about 50 minutes 48 ¾ and therefore on every day the greatest intumescency falleth out later almost by an hour because that the Moon almost an intire hour returneth more slowly to the same Meridian every day We have sufficiently explained the first part of the Proposition in the Demonstration of the Eleventh Proposition although in this demonstration we have taken the Altitude of the Sea the Moon possessing the Meridian but in this Proposition by reason that in the proceeding we have shewed that in many places that Altitude doth happen the Moon being constituted without the Meridian we do not reckon in them the hours from the time in which the Moon possesseth the Meridian but for that time in which the Moon occupieth that vertical place in the which when that the Moon is it is manifest that the greatest intumescency is Yet in these places the period of the increment ot decrement doth not exactly observe these twelve hours witih twenty four minutes or twenty four hours with fifty minutes because that the Moon by reason of its various and mutable distance from the vertex either in more or fewer hours returneth to the same vertical which difference notwithstanding is not great Although therefore in all places the flux and reflux be compleated almost in twelve hours and twenty four minutes when that there are no tempests also in most this time is equally divided between the flux and reflux so that in six hours it floweth and in so many refloweth yet in some places the time of the flux is unequal to the time of the deflux viz. more or less The flux and reflux of the Ocean at the River Garumna in France The Ocean entereth Garumna a River in France in seven hours and resloweth in five So at the Port of Maccoa on the Coast of China the flux is in nine hours and refloweth in three yea in less if that the Eastern winds blow On the contrary at the Coast of Zenega a River of Aethiopia the Sea floweth in four hours and refloweth in eight The causes of these differences are difficult Some refer them to the swift and valid efflux of the Rivers or also to a simple efflux for therefore the Shoar of Garumna discovereth the flux in seven hours because that its strong motion retardeth the flux but yet assisteth the deflux therefore the Sea refloweth in five hours Others have added those hours to the flux by reason that the Sea reflowing from the more Northern place hindreth least the Sea should hinder the egress from Garumna but rather be more forced on it But I suppose therefore to be by reason that Garumna poureth forth it self by a strong Motion from its inlet or mouth into the Ocean for some distance this efflux is prohibited on some part from the Sea and so the water of Garumna is at a stand also for some space before that the Sea by reason of the Moon entreth its
Channel As for the encrease of Zenega which only hath four hours whether the cause ought to be ascribed to the extension of the Channel from the West to the East or unto the swift deflux of Zenega which may prohibit the influx for two hours or whether to some other cause I question and require a more accurate observation viz. Whether it decreaseth eight hours or only six hours and in the other two do neither encrease nor decrease because the strong flux of the River hindereth the flux That also must be considered that depressed and low places may have the flux in more hours and the deflux in fewer Proposition XX. Whether the flux doth begin when the Moon toucheth the Horizon or in the increment be in the place whose the Horizon is So they commonly say but yet we hold the contrary in those places in which the water is at the highest when that the Moon is in the Meridian For when the Moon declineth from the Aequator towards the South then she arriveth at the Meridian in less than six hours and therefore the flux should begin when that the Moon is yet depressed beneath the Horizon On the contrary when that the Moon declineth from the Aequator towards the North she requireth more than six hours to come from the Horizon to the Meridian and therefore when that the Moon is elevated above the Horizon unto the horary Circle of the sixth hour then at length the flux begineth and so it is observed in most places but the contrary is at London as we have said in the precedent Proposition See Proposition xix And the reason seemeth to require that although the Moon decline from the Aequator towards the North yet that the flux should begin in the place where the Moon cometh to the Horizon for then the place is distant by a quarter from the place unto which the Moon is vertical And therefore the pressure of the Sea cometh or extendeth hither and here more accurate observations are required Proposition XXI The hour being given in which the greatest or least Altitude of the water is on the day of the new or full Moon in the place where the ordinary flux and reflux is viz. of six hours with twelve degrees to determine the hours of the days following after the new Moon in which the greatest or least Altitude shall be See the foregoing Propositions We have said in the foregoing Propositions that the time of the greatest increase and decrease if we have respect to the middle motion of the Moon from the Sun in one day after placeth 48 ¾ horary minutes in half a day 24 â…œ minutes If therefore the greatest increase in any place happen on the day of the new or full Moon on the twelfth hour of the day these hours of encrease shall be on the following daies The age of â—he Moon The hours of the day Scruples 1 12 48 2 1 37 3 2 27 4 3 17 5 4 5 6 4 55 7 5 59 8 6 49 9 7 23 10 8 12 11 8 56 12 9 51 13 10 40 14 11 29 14½ 12 Mid night  15 12 Mid day  Viz. In the end of the first day of the age of the Moon the greatest intumescency falleth out later by 48¼ Horary minutes But in practice it is sufficient to add to the hour of the new Moon for the end of the first day 48 minutes or ¼ of an hour For the end Hours of the second 1½ for the third 2½ for the fourth 3¼ for the fifth 4 for the sixth 5 for the seventh 5¼ for the eighth 6¾ for the ninth 7 for the tenth 8¼ for the eleventh 9 for the twelfth 9¼ for the thirteenth 10â…” for the fourteenth 11½ for the fifteenth 12¼ This Supputation of time supposeth the middle or equal motion of the Moon from the Sun which notwithstanding is unequal so that the Moon in her Perigee departeth more swiftly from the Sun than in her Apogee and therefore then the greatest encrease is longer protracted than six hours and twelve minutes But when the Moon is in the Apogee the encrease is more quick For certain true Lunary Months exceed 30 daies others are less than 29 daies True Lunary Months exceed 30. daies when that the mean of 29 daies twelve hours 44 minutes is assumed But in places where the greatest or least Altitude is made by the appulse of the Moon to a certain vertical place although it be done after the same manner yet for all that the time is not so accurately discovered For neither doth the same time in which the Moon is joyned to the Sun fall out on the hours of the day or the same moments of the same hour in divers new Moons How this is performed by the Terrestrial Globe See Chap. 30. and 37. we shall shew in the XXX Chapter And in the Thirty seventh Chapter we shall treat more of the use of Navigation concerning a more accurat Method We may also use this method for those places where the time of the flux is more or less than in the time of the deflux so that we are certain of the difference The consideration of the thing it self and practice will more easily teach this than our discourse Proposition XXII The winds do oftentimes protract and often diminish the time of the flux or reflux in some places Neither are winds of that place only able to do it but winds blowing in an other place may also effect the same The truth of the Proposition is so manifest that it needeth no demonstration Proposition XXIII Great is the variety of peculiar or proper motions of the Sea viz. in which a certain part of the Ocean is moved either perpetually or in some certain months Peculiar motions of the Sen. The first of those peculiar motions which are most considerable is that motion by which part of the Atlantick or African Ocean about Guinee is moved from Cape Verd towards the bending of Africa which is called Fernando Poo that is from the West to the East which is contrary to the general motion from the East to the West now this motion is vehement so that it violently tosseth the Ships approaching to the shoars unto this Gulph beyond the imagination of the Mariners and supputation of their Voyage Thence it cometh to pass that Ships which have sailed in two daies from the Coasts of Mourrae to Rio de Benin which are one hundred miles scarcely in six or seven weeks can return from Rio de Benin to Mourrie except they launch out into the middle Sea which is not easily to be performed seeing that the Sea is moved with a strong motion to the North-East quarter from the Isle of St. Thomas to the Gulph of Fernando Poo carrying in with it the Ships although they have a fair North East wind and they can hardly get from that Coast except they be forced thence by those sudden winds termed Travados which sometimes
the Meridian or setting After the same manner we must act with the other Planets Proposition XVII To shew on the Globe all those places in which the Moon ariseth at the given hour and in which she is in the Meridian and to which she setteth if that the Longitude and Latitude of the Moon be known By the Globe are shewed all the places in which the Moon ariseth and setteth at any hour Let the place of the Sun as also of the Moon be noted on the Ecliptick as aforesaid and the place of the Sun being brought to the Meridian and the Index to the 12th hour of the Circle let the Globe be turned until the place of the Moon come to the Meridian and let the hours be observed on the Circle which are noted or let a mark be made on the Circle for they shew how much later the Moon cometh to the Meridian than the Sun Moreover the place of the Moon being constituted in the Meridian let the eminent point be noted in this or let the Parallel of the Moon be described This done let the place of the Sun be brought to the Meridian and the Index to the 12th hour Let the Globe be turned until the hour be found in which the Moon toucheth the Meridian of the place Let the point also of the Meridian be noted which hangeth over the place of the Moon Moreover let the place whose hour is given be brought to the Meridian the Index to the hour given let the Globe be turned until the Index shew the 12th hour of noon or midnight so the places are those subject to the Semicircle of the Meridian in which the Sun maketh the Meridies at the hour given Let the Index be reduced to 12 and let the Globe be turned again until the Index come to the hour noted before in the Circle In this scituation of the Globe the place which is subject to the noted point of the Meridian is that to which the Sun is then Vertical Therefore let this place be constituted in the Globe in the Vertex of the Horizon all the places are those subject to the Superiour Semicircle of the Meridian to which the Moon is then in the Meridian but those places which are discerned in the Oriental Semicircle of the Horizon are those to which the Moon then setteth Lastly in those places which are discerned in the Occidental Semicircle of the Horizon the Moon riseth at the given moment of time After the same Mode we act with Saturn Jupiter and the rest of the Planets if that their Longitude and Latitude be known Proposition XVIII The day or hour being given in which the Ecliptick of the Moon shall be or hath been to exhibit on the Globe all those places which have seen it and in that species to whom the Moon shall in the Meridian to whom it shall arise and to whom it shall set Eclipsed This Problem little differeth from the precedent but yet it hath a more easy Solution From the day given let the place of the Sun be found except it be already known and let the Point opposite to it be noted on the Ecliptick of the Globe for this is the place of the Moon See Proposition 6. Chapter 28. Let the place be found in the Globe to which the Sun is Vertical at the hour and let the Antipodes of this place be found according to the VI. Proposition of the XXVIII Chapter for this shall be the place unto which the Moon being Eclipsed shall be Vertical Let this place be constituted in the Vertex of the Horizon the Pole being elevated or depressed for the Latitude of the place so all the places of the Globe which are above the Horizon may have seen that Eclipse and those which lie under the Brazen Meridian shall see it in the Meridian those which lie under the Oriental Semicircle shall see it in the West or setting with the Eclipse but those which lie in the Occidental Semicircle of the Horizon shall see it in the East or Noon to arise Eclipsed But seeing that an Eclipse is not performed in one moment of an hour but dureth for some hours therefore it is wont to be divided into the Beginning Middle and End and the Moments of the hours are wont to be noted therefore the consideration must be more especially concerning the middle time of the Eclipse Moreover seeing that the Moon is less than the Earth it will illustrate a lesser part than the Hemisphere is also it will be seen by the Inhabitants of a lesser part so that it will not be any more conspicuous to those which lie in the Oriental Semicircle of the Horizon but to those in the Occidental Semicircle it hath not yet appeared but a certain Circle Parallel to the Horizon is to be seen which terminateth the part illustrated Now how much this part is distant from the Hemisphere or how great a portion it is of the Superficies of the Earth shall be the enquiry of the following Proposition Proposition XIX The Semidiameter of the Moon and Earth being given See Scheme and the distance of them to find out how long a portion of the Earth is illustrated by the Moon at the Full. See Proposition 11. This Problem must be solved by the same Mode that we have used in the Eleventh Proposition For let the Center of the Earth be S the great Circle representeth the Superficies O F L H. The Center of the Moon A the greatest Circle C P B Q. Let the Tangents L B O C be drawn For these are the ultimate rayes that can come from the Moon to the Earth and therefore the Arch O H L will denote the part of the Superficies of the Earth which is illustrated by the Moon and whose Inhabitants may see the Moon together which by how much lesser it is than the Hemisphere we shall know if we find the Angle H S L or the Arch H L. Let B N be drawn from B Parallel to A S B A shall be equal to S N and N L the excess of the Semidiameter of the Earth S L above the Semidiameter of the Moon A B and B N is of an equal distance with A S but the the Angle N L B is direct or of 90 Degrees Therefore in the Triangle Streight Angle N B L we shall find the Angle N B L by this proportion As N B is to N L so are the whole Signs to the Signs of the Angle L B N whose Arch is that in which H L differeth from the Arch 90 or from the Quadrant of the Periphery of the Earth and so great an interval is the Periphery of the Earth distant from the greater Circle terminanating the part of the Earth illuminated by the Moon Let us suppose the Semidiameter of the Moon to contain four parts of such like the Semidiamiter of the Earth contains 15 or 4 15 of the Semidiamiter of the Earth now the greatest distance of
of the Planets as the beginning the middle the end of an Eclipse also the Conjunction of the Moon with other Planets her entrance into the Ecliptick Therefore being in the place of an unknown Longitude if we enquire the hour in which we behold the same Phoenomena in this place we shall thence find the difference of our hour from the hour of that place unto which the Tables are Calculated and hence moreover the distance of the Meridian from the Meridian in which we are or whose hours the Table sheweth and so we have the demanded Longitude of the place Neither doth the difficulty consist in the finding of the hour and Horary scruples for they are easily known from the quarter on Altitude of the Sun or Stars but the difficulty is in the defect of such Celestial appearances which may be so observed Now although there be also other Modes by which without the knowledge of the hours and consideration of the Planetary motions the Longitude of a place may be inquired yet they have no place here by reason that they do not first shew the Longitude but the place it self and require other things which are equally unknown in those cases with the Longitude which Modes we shall explain in the following discourse But now we seek such Modes in which that Longitude of the place may be found where the scituation of the place is unknown All which Modes presuppose a knowledge and comparison of the time in which any appearance of the Planetary motion is beheld in divers places But those Motions are unfit for this business which are very slow so that in many hours none or little difference is found in the place of those Planets For Example Saturn maketh his Progress in the Ecliptick in the space of one hour Therefore although from the Ephemerides we may have the time and the hour which is in that place when that Saturn is in the Ecliptick yet because that he moveth very slowly thence it cometh to pass that if you observe he seemeth to stay many hours in the same place and therefore that Moment of the hour cannot be known in the place where we are seeing that they stay in the very minute and therefore they cannot also compare the hour of our place with the hour of the place of the Tables The Motion of the Sun in the Ecliptick So the Sun goeth forwards every hour in the Ecliptick about 2 ½ first minutes because in an whole day it goeth forwards about one degree which Motion is over flow for this business by reason that although observations may be very accurately made at the beginning and end of the hour yet the same place of the Sun shall be found and therefore the Error of two or three hours may easily happen For you must know that the Modes ought to be such that in the very search of the 15th part of an hour an error may be avoyded that is that that Celestial Phoenomenon which is made use of for the finding of the same may sensibly be varied within two scruples of an hour for if at or between two scruples of an hour it remaineth altogether the same both as to sense and diligent observation we cannot be certain of that part of an hour in which that happeneth truly in the Heaven and if we err two scruples of an hour in the observation then an errour of half a degree will slip into the Longitude so that we will suppose that our Meridian in which we are and note it in the Maps and Globes which is not the true one but removed from the true one in the Aequator half a deg Therefore they are such Phoenomenons of the Planets which within two scruples of an hour or else at one scruple or if possible at half a scruple may be varied But of such there are none but these 1. The beginning of the Eclipse of the Moon the middle and the end 2. The Longitude or place of the Moon in the Zodiack 3. The distance of the Moon from the fixed Stars or her appulse towards them 4. The ingress of the Moon into the Ecliptick or into the Points of her Circle where this cutteth the Ecliptick And 5. The Conjunction Distance and Eclipses of the Jovial Planets viz. of those Four Planets which are found in this our Age to make a Circuit about Jupiter Whence the Copernican Hypothesis hath obtained a great deal of Confirmation The first Mode by the Eclipse of the Moon Of the Eclipse of the Moon First Mode This Mode is very accurate if that their could happen but Eclipses every night At the time wherein we behold the beginning or end of the Lunary Eclipse by the help of the Telescope then I say let the Altitude or Plaga of any fixed Star be observed and also let the Elevation of the Pole be before found out or let it together be sought for from some Star in the Meridian From the Altitude of the Star the hour with the scruples is accurately enough found as we shall shew from Astronomy and more easily without the invention of Altitude if the Star be in the Meridian Let this hour so found out with the scruples be compared with the hour and scruples in which the Ephemerides exhibit the beginning of the Eclipse or the middle which hours respect the Meridian unto which the Ephimerides are Calculated for so the hour of two places is found at the same time or at the same Celestial appearance viz. the hour of our place and of the Meridian of the Ephemerides and the Meridian of the Ephemerides is known Therefore we shall find the Longitude of our place from the Meridian of the Ephemerides if we change the difference of the hours of both places into the degrees and Minutes of the Aequator as we have said in the V. Proposition And because in Maps given and in the Globe the given Meridian of the Ephemerides is known or may be shewed with little labour therefore we must reckon the degrees found out from it in the transverse lines of the Maps towards the West or East as the hour of our place or of the place unknown shall be more or sewer than the hours of the Meridian of the Ephemerides and the Meridian Line shall be brought through the term of the Numeration That is the Meridian of the place in which we then are or in which the observation of the Ecliptick was made The second Mode by the place of the Moon in the Zodiack Although the preceeding Mode by the Eclipse of the Moon performing the business The second Mode be most accurate yet because those Eclipses are very rare neither are all conspicuous in all places therefore this Mode doth not resolve the business sufficiently neither can it help the Mariners in the wide Ocean but it is more convenient to the constituting and finding out the hours of the Terrestrial places where Mathematicians are or may go and the
no great account by reason of its dangerous scituation its chief place is Niburg ARROE a small Isle belonging to the Duke of Sleswick Arroe it contains three Towns the chief of which is Koping fortified with a Castle so called LONGLAND an indifferent long Isle but not very broad Longland its chief place is Rudkoping of some account LALAND not far distant from Zeland abounds in Corn and Chesuuts Laland fraighting therewith many Vessels yearly it is very populous for the bigness contains 3 Towns viz. Maxcow Rodby and Maribo besides a great many Villages and some Castles FALSTER a small Isle fertil in Corn seated near to Laland Falster its chief places are Nikoping of a pleasant scituation and Stubekoping In the Baltick and between the Lands of Sweden are also several Isles the chief amongst which are BORNHOLME Bornholm seated not far from Gothland an Isle very fertil feeding abundance of Cattle It hath many gooâ— Towns and Villages the chief of which are Nex Rottonby and Suomneckier GOTHLAND Gothland an indifferent large Isle in form round and narrow noâ— in the possession of the Swedes It yields white Marble excellent for building the City of Wisby seated in the midst of the Isle was once so famous foâ— Traffick that it gave Maritim Laws to the Baltick Sea That which the King of Denmark possesses as particularly belonging to thaâ— Crown on the Coast of Scandinavia is part of the ancient Gothland thâ— most Southern of which that we are now treating of is divided into Westro-Gothland and Ostro-Gothland which are again subdivided into the Provincâ— of Hallandia which takes up Westro-Gothland and into the Provinces oâ— Scania and Blecking which takes up Ostro Gothland and first of Hallandia HALLANDIA Hallandia now in the possession of the Swedes this Country oâ— Province for fertility of Soil sweetness of Air store of Fish plenty of Leaâ— and Brass Mines and thickness of Towns and Villages which are well inhabited is not inferiour to any It s chief places are 1. Warborg seated on thâ— Sea-shoar and defended by a strong Castle built on the summit of a Hill sâ— that it hath a great command over the Country 2. Laholm 3. Helmstâ—â— 4. Falkenborg and 5. Hallandia or Katterop SCANIA Scanrâ— or SCONEN hath on the North Hallandia and on all otheâ— parts the Sea also now in the Swedes possession It is about 70 miles long and 48 broad the pleasantest Country in all Denmark most abundant iâ— Fruits and richest in Merchandize and on the Sea-side are sometimes such great sholes of Herrings that they are found troublesom to Vessels It s chieâ— places are 2. Lunden an Inland City dignified with the sole or Metropolitaâ— Archbishop of Denmark the chiefest beauty in this City is the Cathedraâ— Church a magnificent Structure beautified with excellent pieces of Art thâ— chief whereof are the Clock and the Dial the Clock being so composed bâ— Artificial Engines that whensoever it striketh two Horsemen give one another as many blows as the Clock striketh times also upon the opening of 〈◊〉 Door there is represented a Theatre where the Virgin Mary is seated on 〈◊〉 Throne with Christ in her Arms to whom the three Kings with their severâ— Trains come in order and with reverence present their Gifts to her during which time two Trumpeters continually sound And next the Dial wherâ— the year month week day and hour of the day throughout the year as also the motions of the Sun and Moon through each degree of the Zodiack thâ— moveable and fixed Feasts c. are to be distinctly seen being neatly set forâ—â— in variety of delightful Colours 2. Helsinborg fortified with an impregnablâ— Castle and one of the Forts defending the Sound 3. Christiana a place 〈◊〉 great strength and 4. Malbogen a Port-Town opposite to Copenhagen BLECKLINGE Blecklinge also belonging to the Swedes hath on the East anâ— South the Baltick Sea It is a Mountainous and barren Country and hatâ— for its chief places 1. Malinogia the Birth-place of the famous Mathematiciaâ— Gaspar Bartholinus who was said to be the inventer and maker of the afore said Clock and Dial. 2. Colmar an important Fortress against the Swedes until they gained the Province The Soil of Denmark is naturally better for Pasture than Tillage and feed such multitude of Oxen that at least 50000 are said to be yearly sent hence tâ— Germany Their other Commodities are Fish Tallow Furniture for Shipping Armour Ox-hides Buck-skins Wainscot Fir-wood Furrs Pipe-staves Copper Wheat Rye c. A Generall Mapp of Scandinavia Where are the Estates and Kingdomes of Danmarke Norwaye and Sweden by Monsieur Sanson To the R t Worshippfull S. r Thomas Fitch of Eltham and Mount Mascall in the parish of North Cray in Kent K. t This Mapp D. D by R. B. NORWAY It s scituation temperature fertility Commodities c. THe Country of NORWAY is bounded on the North with Lippia on the East with the Dofrine Mountains which divide it from Sweden and on all other sides with the Sea on which with a disproportionate breadth it stretches its Coasts for 1300 miles in length The Country is extreamly cold being partly under the Frozen Zone and partly so near it that it all suffers under the inclemency of bitter Colds It is for the most part Mountainous full of vast Woods and of a Soil so barren and ungrateful to the Husbandman affording so little Corn that on many places the people live on dried Fish instead of Bread known to us by the name of Stock-fish but the richer sort of people buy Corn of such Merchants as come to Trade with them The principal Commodities that this Country affordeth is great plenty of Firrs Deal-boards Timber Tar Masts and Furniture for Shipping also Stock-fish Train-oyle rich Furrs Copper Pipe-staves c. which the Inhabitants exchange for Corn Cloths Kersies Lead Tinn Stockings c. The Country is exceedingly annoyed with certain small Beasts about the bigness of a Mouse by them called Lemmers which at a certain time are so innumerable that like Locusts they devour all the verdure of the Earth and at a certain time die in heaps which proves very noisom to the people infecting the Air and the Sea is as bad troubled with Whales The Inhabitants are said to be just Dealers punishers of Theft and other Vices and were accounted formerly great Warriors Norway divided into five Governments viz. This Kingdom is divided into five Governments which take their names from the places where the Governours reside in all which the Towns are exceeding thin and the Houses as poor The five Parts are as followeth BAHVS belonging to the Swedes is the most Southward Bahus the chief places are Bahus the residence of the Governour to which are subject the Towns of Congel seated on the Sea and of some Trade and Marstrand seated in a Demi-Island of note for the great quantity of Herrings here caught AGGERHVS
of Mars Jupiter Saturn and the fixed Stars is altogether uncertain by reason of the defect of the parallaxy or mutual changing In the Copernicans Hypothesis the distance is varied not only from the motion of the Planets but also from the motion of the Earth it self The Reasons of either Opinion to wit of the Ptolomean and Copernican concerning the place of the Earth are almost the same with them which in the precedent Chapter we have alledged for this disputation hath great affinity with the same For if you ascribe and allow the second motion to the Sun which is called the proper motion not the Sun but the Earth shall be in the midst but if you allow that second Motion to the Earth not the Earth but the Sun shall be in the middle These Arguments following may be said for the Copernicans Opinion The Sun not only the fountain of Light but also the vital Spirit of the whole Universe 1. The Sun is not only the Fountain of Light which as a most clear shining torch illuminates the Earth Moon Venus and without doubt the rest of the Planets but he is the fire-hearth of heat and vital spirit by which this whole Universe seemeth to be cherished and sustained Therefore it is probable that he holdeth the middle place and that these are moved round about him 2. It is more likely that the Earth should be moved about the Sun that together with the rest of the Planets she may receive light and heat from him The Sun a vast body c. 3. The Sun being placed in the midst some cause is rendred why the rest of the Planets and the Earth may be carried round about him to wit because the Sun is a most vast body and endowed with great vertues and forces therefore he rowleth and stirreth up the rest of the Planets to their motion And this Reason especially taketh place if we admit Keplers Hypothesis concerning the motion of the Planets Spots in the Sun 4. The Observations of Galilaeus and Scheiner concerning the spots in the Sun prove that the Sun is moved about his Axil In the same manner therefore the rest of the Planets have their cause of going about neither seems it consistent with reason that any other should be attributed to him 5. If we allow the Earth a place between Mars and Venus and allow the Center to the Sun the motion of every Planet fittingly answers and agrees to the distance from the Center which in the Ptolomaick Supposition is manifest not to be effected by the consideration of the motions of the Sun Venus and Mercury 6. Those Celestial appearances which we have used in the former Chapter for the proving the second Motion of the Earth are also valid and efficacious for this place which I have said must be assigned to the Earth to wit the Retrograde course and station of the Planets and the admirable apparent motions of Venus and Mercury c. For indeed that second motion of the Earth doth before hand suppose this place and placing of the Earth or hath it joyned to it self very nearly But this Argument in my Opinion is the chiefest Yet for the first motion of the Earth nothing can be fetcht by way of Argument for gathering thence the situation of the Earth For the Earth might be in the Center of the World if she were without or wanted the second motion as Origanus also determines 7. So also the variation of the distance of the Planets from the Earth is well declared The Aristotelians and Platonists Arguments about the Earth Yet notwithstanding the Aristotelians and Platonists oppugn the Pythagoreans Opinion with many Arguments and endeavour to challenge the Center of the Earth for a place by these Arguments First heavy things are carried to the Center of the World but the Earth is the heaviest body therefore it takes up that Center Secondly heavy things would go from the Earth towards the Center of the Universe unless this Center were in the Earth Thirdly the Center is the ignoblest place and the Earth also is the vilest part of this Universe therefore it shall have the Center thereof Fourthly if the Earth were without the Center of the World and motion of the Stars then the Stars and Constellations would be seen in some seasons of the year and some days bigger than in others Fifthly neither would the middle part of Heaven always be conspicuous as Taurus rising the Scorpion should set c. Sixthly neither would there be Equinoxes Seventhly neither the Moon rising eclipsed would the Sun set c. Eightly neither would the number of Miles in the Earth equally answer every degree in Heaven The aforesaid Reasons of the Aristotelians refuted by the Copernicans The Copernicans do easily weaken these Reasons of the Aristotelians For the first and second is refell'd because the motion of heavy things is not to the Center of the Vniverse but to the homogeneal body as is proved by the parts of the Moon the Sun and Loadstone The third Reason taketh a false major and minor proposition For the Center is also a noble place and the Earth is not ignoble or base The other Reasons are easily disproved by Diagrams or Descriptions this at least being fore-supposed that the distance of the Earth from the Sun or Center how great soever it be yet if it be compared with the distance of the fixed Stars from the Sun it would be so little as that it would have no proportion to it The distance of the Moon Venus and Mercury from the Earth not so great as of Mars Jupiter and Saturn Moreover the Explication of the Theorem belongeth to this place that the distance of the fixed Stars and superiour Planets Mars Jupiter and Saturn is so great from the Earth that the half Diameter of the Earth hath no proportion to it but the distance of the Moon Venus and Mercury is not so great touching the Sun there is as yet a doubt surely if there be any proportion of the half Diameter of the Earth to the distance of the Earth from the Sun that will be very small But the Theorem is proved thus First the fixed Stars and higher Planets appear to us to rise at the same moment at which they would appear to rise by a right contrived supputation and calculation if we were set in the Center of the Earth Therefore the distance of our place from the Center of the Earth that is the half Diameter bears no proportion to the distance of the fixed Stars Secondly if we take the Meridian or Altitude of a fixed Star or one of the superiour Planets with an Astronomical Instrument we find the same as if we had observed it in the Center of the Earth Therefore the semidiameter of the Earth vanisheth away in respect of that distance Thirdly if there were any proportion then the distance of two Stars would be found to be lesser about the Horizon than
from the middle and sendeth forth rays it signifieth a moist and windy season 3. If that the Sun be pale in his setting but if it be red the Air will be quiet and serene the next day 4. If the Sun being pale setteth in black Clouds it signifieth a North-wind 5. If that the Moon be red like unto gold it is deemed a certain sign of a Wind according to the Verse Pallida Luna pluit rubicunda fiat alba serenat 6. A circle about the Moon 7. If that the Northern-horn or corner of the Moon appear more extended a North-wind is approaching 8. If that the Southern a South-wind is at hand 9. The rising of the Moon and the more noted Stars as of the Bear Orion and especially the Goats with the Sun 10. If the small Stars in Cancer termed Asellos be covered with a Cloud if the Northern of them be covered the Wind will be South if the Southern be covered it will be North. 11. For the most part Winds begin to blow when that the Wind ceaseth 12. When a certain noise and murmur like to an Ebullition is heard in the Sea 13. The Ancients also prognosticated from the Raven the Dolphin and other Animals 14. From fiery Meteors as from Lightning and Falling-Stars but not from the Ignes fatui Proposition XVIII Why in the Spring and Autumn the Winds are more frequent and blow with greater force than in the hot Summer or cold Winter Greater and more frequent Winds in Spring and Autumn than in Summer and cold VVinter In the Spring it is supposed to be partly by reason of the dissolving of Snow especially in Mountainous places partly because that the Pores of the Earth are then opened and send forth many exhalations partly because that the Air and Vapours are then more thin when that they were condensed in the Winter Add that for the most part in the Month before the beginning of the Spring and in the very Spring many Rays do fall by reason that humid Constellations then have possessed those houses of the Zodiack into which on the entrance of the Sun we account the beginning of the Spring and also in Autumn the frequent Rays and Exhalations are to be accounted the cause of the Winds as well as in the Spring by reason that a moderate heat proceeding from the Sun advanceth the Vapours and Exhalations yet such as are more thick and less attenuated But in the heat of Summer there are no Winds for the most part for the same reason by reason of which Rays are very seldom seen at that Season viz. because that the Sun overmuch attenuateth the Exhalations and doth not permit them so to conjoyn or meet in such a quantity as is required to the generation of the Winds Which cause is not general or always true and neither is it generally true that in the heat of Summer there are no Winds for here we are only to understand it concerning that which oftentimes happeneth But in the sharp Winter the winds are more rare and that by reason that both fewer Vapours are raised from the Earth and those also that are elevated are either condensed into Clouds or are so dissipated by Frost that they cause no wind Proposition XIX In what Altitude of the Air or in what Region of the Air the Winds begin to blow In what Region the Winds begin to blow There are some that suppose the winds not to exceed the lower Region of the Air because that they discover that the tops of the high Mountains as Olympus feel no Blasts But I question the Observation seeing that the Smoak cast forth from the top of Mount Aetna is discerned to be moved to and fro by the wind therefore I suppose that such a windy commotion may be caused also in the upper Region of the Air. Proposition XX. Vnto what space one and the same Wind may extend it self How far one and the same Wind may extend it self There is great diversity in this matter for the winds blowing from the East to the West under the torrid Zone seem to encompass the whole Earth and those also that blow either from the North or South for many days and long spaces are wont to accompany and follow Mariners The same seemeth true concerning collateral Lines but this diversity is because that the same wind is different in divers places as we have shewed in the Tenth Proposition in the end of the explication of the first cause CHAP. XXI Of the Winds in particular and Tempests IN the foregoing Chapter we have alledged the distribution and differences or rather the denominations of the Winds which they receive from the quarter from whence they blow or seem to blow which division also is accidental by reason that they are taken in respect of a certain place of the Earth unto which those Quarters are related Now in this Chapter we shall alledge the divisions and Phaenomena which are in a certain time of the year or else are proper to certain tracts of the Earth although that we desire to have more and those likewise more accurate Observations concerning these things But we will produce what we have collected with much labour from the Diaries of the Seamen Proposition I. One Wind is constant and another inconstant Of Winds constant and inconstant That is a constant wind which at the least for one or two hours bloweth from the same quarter That is an inconstant wind which sometimes bloweth and other some is changed into other winds blowing from other quarters The causes of the more or less duration of the same wind also of the swift immutation seemeth to be 1. if that it be from a general cause or from a cause less constant So Winds proceeding from the motion of the Air with the motion of the Sun in the torrid Zone are constant so those also that blow from the dissolving of the Snow especially in the Mountains 2. If that by chance there be no such vapours in other quarters which are apt to generate Winds 3. If that the circumambient Air about the Cloud of which the Winds are generated be more thick and granteth no passage to the Exhalations but if that the Air be not so thick or more relaxed and that few Vapours be here and there in divers places and quarters and lastly if that the general causes do cease then indeed the Winds are found variable which are for the most part gentle Proposition II. One Wind is general and another particular Of general and particular Winds The general Wind is termed by Mâ—riners a Passant wind which at many places at once in a long tract of Earth bloweth on the Sea almost for a whole year That is termed a particular on the contrary which bloweth not at once in many places for a whole year Now a general Wind is hindred 1. In the parts of the Sea near the Earth for here Vapours from other quarters do interpose
Del Majo with the Southern-motion in the end of August in 35 degrees of the Meridian of Tristian de Cunha in May in the New Moon the West-wind rageth and Shipwracks but in 33 degrees of the same Meridian the North and North-east Winds predominate 8. In June and July in the Sea of China at Pulon Timor the West-winds are violent and dangerous 9. Between China and Japan many Storms are from the New Moon of July to the twelfth day of the Moon 10. There if in June other winds blow besides the motion sometimes from this sometimes from that quarter until that they are setled in the North-east quarter of a certain a Storm followeth THE SECOND BOOK OF General Geography CONCERNING The Affections of the places of the Earth depending on the apparent motion of the Stars CHAP. XXII Of things requisite to be foreknown in the knowledge of Geography Itherto we have been employed in an absolute contemplation of the Earth we now draw near the Second Part of this Doctrine in which we shall consider those Properties or Affections which happen to the Earth from the apparent motion of the Sun and Stars Neither would they be except this Motion were evident The Explication of which Affections will with greater right appertain unto Geography if so be that same Motion be attributed unto the Earth it self of which we have treated in the Sixth Chapter Now for the right knowledge of these Affections these following Hypotheses and Definitions are necessary to be understood Definitions An Artificial Terrestrial Globe termed a factitious Glâ—be First the Artificial Terrestrial Globe is termed a factitious Globe from whose Superficies the parts of the Earth and their scituation a◠〈◊〉 presented as they have an existence in the Earth it self according â—o the proportion of this Superficies to the Superficies of the Earth A Map a plain Figure and of what Lines it consists A Map or Geographical Card is a plain figure in which the scituations of the Terrestrial Superficies are represented And this again is either Universal or Particular The first exhibiteth the whole Superficies of the Earth the other some one or other Region Some Maps consist of strait Lines and others of crooked These of strait are such in which the Peripheries or Circumferences of the Terrestrial Circles are represented by right Lines the other in which the same Peripheries are exhibited by crooked Lines But as for the composure of a Terrestrial Globe and Geographical Maps we shall take an occasion to treat of in the end of our Book by reason the same cannot be understood before the Doctrine which we now handle be well apprehended Of the Poles and Axis of the Earth Secondly The Poles of the Earth are two points diametrically opposite in the Superficies of the same which remain immoveable in the Diurnal circumrotation of the Earth or which are subjected unto the Poles of the apparent Quotidian motion of the Stars But the Axis of the Earth is said to be the Diameter conjoyning the Poles Or thus The Axis of the Earth is that Diameter of the Earth about which the Diurnal motion of the Stars or Earth it self is perfected Now the Poles are said to be the Extream points of the Axis in the Superficies of the Terrestrial Globe and that Pole which is subjected to the Constellation termed the Bear is called the Artick Septentrional or Northern Pole the other is called the Antartick or Southern Pole These are by more facility explained by an Artificial Terrestrial Globe than by words If the former be wheeled round those two immoveable points will appear which are the Poles and the Diameter imaginarily drawn from one Pole to the other through the Center of the Earth shall be the Axis The Aequator or Aequinoctial Line Thirdly The Aequator is said to be the Periphery or Circumference of the greatest Circle in the Globe of the Earth equally distant from both the Poles or placed in the middle between the Poles or whose Poles are the same with the Poles of the Earth It is also termed the Aequinoctial Line and that by Mariners All the Stars in their Diurnal motion make Peripheries equidistant or parallel to the Aequator wherefore the Aequator is the Rule of Diurnal motion Parallels Fourthly The Parallels of the Aequator are said to be lesser Peripheries which are parallel to the Aequator In an Artificial Globe the Aequator by reason of its Magnitude is more conspicuous than the others and its name is ascribed and it is divided into 360 degrees The Parallels are also conspicuous which are likewise termed the Circles of the Latitude of Places as we shall shew in the following Chapter Of Maps These may also be shewed in Geographical Maps that are Universal Indeed in Maps of Right Lines the Poles are not represented but the Extremities of every Meridian are the Poles but in Maps consisting of Crooked Lines the Poles are those points in which the Crooked Lines do meet the Aequator being transverse in both kind of Maps passeth through the middle of them and hath a greater Latitude than the other Lines and withal it is a strait Line although in the particular Maps of Asia and Europe it be made crooked The Parallels of the Aequator in strait-lined Maps are strait-lâ—â—â—s and in crooked-lined Maps they are crooked The Ecliptick Fifthly The Ecliptick is the greatest Circle of the Heavens which the Sun describeth in his Annual motion In truth it existeth not in the Earth but by reason of its notable use it is marked in the Artificial Globe as also in Geographical Maps The Tropicks Sixthly The Tropicks are two Parallels of the Aequator which are distant from the Aequator by so great an interval as the greatest recess of the Sun is from the Aequator towards the Poles or as the greatest declination of the Sun or obliquity of the Ecliptick The Tropick of Cancer is that which is interposed between the Aequator and Pole Artick The Tropick of Capricorn is that which is between the Aequator and the Southern Pole The Polary Circles In the Globe and in Maps they are wont to be noted by a double Periphery and the same appellation is ascribed The Polary Circles are two Parallels so called whereof one is distant from the Pole Artick the other from the Antartick so many degrees as the Sun is from the Aequator in his greatest recess and the first is termed the Artick Circle and the other the Antartick The Circles hitherto explained do not depend on certain Places such as the following do which in divers places are various and different The Meridian Seventhly The Meridian of any place in the Superficies of the Earth is a Line so termed which passeth through that place in which when the Sun cometh the Meridies is in that place Now the Meridies is that moment of the day which is equally distant from the rising and setting of the
the Brazilians in the months of October and February and striketh the Earth with reflex raies at most acute Angles Which diversity of these Regions promiseth the Inhabitants perpetual health by reason of the often calms and the Air quelling all noxious heats Hence it is easy to dollect that the seasons of the year do not so much depend immediately on the Sun and his motion as on the species of the Winds the diversity of aspects of the Stars the quality and peculiar scituation of the Region Moreover in these Mediterranean Regions towards the West the nights are more cold than in the Maritim so much some times that the Frost seizeth on the very hairs of the Peoples In the same months from the East about the Ocean is Summer and Siccity No Islands are opposite to Brazilia from the West beyond the ridges of the Mountains and the Marshes of Brazilia is the Winter Fogs and Rain Oftentimes the Heavens may be seen covered with vast Clouds from the East towards the West but those again very thin except in the days of the Rain the Sun both rising and setting may be beheld with fixed eyes for there is a wonderful serenity on every side especially towards the evening which never afordeth any Vapours or Clouds to the succeeding Moon but renders the night so clear that the old and new Moon may be seen in one and the same day and letters may be well read it the quarter Moon The Aether in respect of the diversity of the Planets other inseriour causes acceding receiveth its distemperature for the Heaven about evening is bright with Lightning without Thunder in the most dry and serene season The drops of Rain are very great and fall with great violence which is wont to be preceeded by a suffocative warmness The Dew here is more fruitful than that of Europe being impregnated with much Winter and therefore is more penetrating and thin especially in Summer which is manifest in all Mettals and in Iron especially which it easily eateth up without the assistance of any Clouds The Meadows and open Fields do less wax green in the Summer but more especially in the Pluvial months although the Earth then seemed somewhat more sad to the Inhabitants and the places unfit for Tillage afford Pasture See Piso All the Lands of Brazilia arise into moderate and pleasant Hills there are no Mountains of any great hight in the Coasts but yet some are discovered afar off in the Solitudes among the barren hills yet not every where but with some intervals of Miles the Valleys are interposed every one irrigated with some small Rivers and for that reason are not only fertil in the pluvial months but also in those of the Summer The Hills in the Summer months are steril by reason of the heat of the Sun so that they wither and Grass doth not only die on them but sometimes the Trees also It very seldom raineth throughout the whole day and night and for some continual days very seldom without intermission the Pluvial months do a little differ In the year 1640. as Marriners have observed there were 7 Pluvial months viz February March April May June July and August But most and almost continually from April May and June In the year 1642. the most Pluvial months six viz. March April May June July and August But the account of the other years was not much different Now these observations are to be taken only for one place and not for all the places in Brazilia Hence it is manifest that the Summer and Winter of Brazilia answereth to the Celestial account seeing that in the greatest distance of the Sun they have Rain and in the least and moderate towards the South they have heat Yet there are not a few irregularities the cause of which are to be sought from the scituation of the Winds and Earth The six rainy months are May June July August September and October 18. This is enough for the Southern America in the Northern it is otherwise For in the Province of Nicaragua it raineth for six months and the other six months it is Summer and dry weather so that passengers may travel in the night This now is contrary to the Celestial course for in the wet months for in May June and so on to November the Sun is vertical or near the Vertex unto these places so that then they should have Summer and Siccity and not Rain In November and December it is very distant therefore they should there have Rain Thus have we declared the Seasons of the chief places of the whole Torrid Zone from which being compared one with another we collect 1. That in some places the cold is scarse sensible in some part of the year and therefore the Winter is rather to be defined by the Rains than by cold in those places 2. In some places the cold is sufficiently sensible 3. In the night time especially in the last quarter the Air is discovered to be very cold by reason of the depression of the Sun beneath the Horizon 4. That it is not the least cause of the tolerable heat and that those Regions are inhabited viz. that no days are there long but almost equal to the night for if the days were as long there the Sun remaining above the Horizon as in the places of the Temperate and Frigid Zones then doubtless they would be uninhabited 5. That the Winds do much diminish the heat of the Sun 6. That places which ly in one and the same Climate have the Summer and Winter in divers times although they be very near to one another 7. That those places which have Siccity and Humidity contrary to the access and recess of the Sun are so scituated that on the East they have Ridges of Mountains and that they regard the West Peru excepted 8. That the Seasons observe no certain rule in the places of the Torrid Zone 9. That although most of the Inhabitants divide the year into two Seasons which is likewise observed by many Writers to wit a Pluvial and Dry Season yet it may aptly be divided into four so that they may not only have a Summer and a Winter but also a Spring and an Autumn For as in our parts the Spring approacheth near the nature of Summer and the Autumn of Winter so also the dry places of the Torrid Zone may be divided 10. And lastly in some places there is a continual Harvest in some only in two parts of the year and in others only in one part of the year Proposition XII To shew how the four Seasons of the year are made c. in the places of the Temperate Zones Of the seasons of the year in places lying in the Temperate Zones 1. In these places that cause which we have placed in the first place amongst the causes of the Seasons in the first Proposition of this Chapter is so potent in respect of the other causes that that
the Air than it would do without this refraction We shall anon alledge an example of the appearancy of the Sun proceeding from refraction 4. The Full Moon and near the Full remaineth above the Horizon for many days when the Sun is depressed beneath it viz. for so many more days by how much that place is more near the Pole Yet it is not so highly elevated above the Horizon as to cause any warmness But the Full Moon in those months in which the Sun remaineth above the Horizon in an whole revolution the Full Moon is never above the Horizon The Planets not always the same above Horizon 5. The Fixed Stars are almost the same always above the Horizon but not the Planets For Saturn remaineth 15 years above the Horizon of the place near the Pole and 15 beneath the same Jupiter 6 years beneath and 6 above the same Horizon Mars 1 year Venus and Mercury about half a year From this cause it is likely that there is great diversity of the motions of the Air and seasons in divers years 6. The Land in most places of the Frigid Zone is Stony Rocky and as hard as Flint in few places Chalky Sulphureous and Fat In these places there is a moderate fertility in the other a sterility 7. Those Regions are incompassed with the Sea but for the Mediterranian we as yet have no certain account 8. Some of the Regions of the Frigid Zone have Mountains of a moderate hight but most want them running on a plain for a long space 9. The cold Winds there frequently blow from the Polary Plaga seldom the East Wind and least of all the West In the cold Artick Plaga the North Winds rage in the Antartick the South 10. Clouds and Rains frequently perplex these Regions From these causes it is not difficult to collect what the condition of the seasons in these Regions are for in the Winter time when the Sun riseth not for whole daies it cannot otherwise be but that for the most part thick Clouds Frost and Cold must render the Land uninhabitable They are not altogether deprived of light for that time for the Moon being above the Horizon for a long time giveth light and the twilight is daily afforded from the Sun to the Vicine Horizon But the Snow the stick close about the Earth which cannot be discussed by the heat of the Sun and therefore hinder the aspect of remote things There is no fertility but all barren and uncultivated for that which some suppose by how much any Region is nearer to the Pole by so much less it feeleth the intenseness of the cold and the Fields are found more fertil seemeth not probable to me when neither in Nova Zembla which is distant 16 degrees from the Pole nor in Spitzbirga which is only 8 degrees distant such a constitution of the Earth is found but a roughness and hardness and almost in the middle of Summer Snows or at least Showers and very cold Winds Neither is their opinion helped by one example observed by Mariners in a certain Region 9 degrees distant from the Pole which most men suppose to be Groenland For in this green Grass is found and an Air more warm than in Nova Zembla as is most certain The only Animals peculiar to these Northern Regions Rhinoceros a kind of Venison is the Rhinoceros and this in the space of a month becometh exceeding fat by feeding on this grass Nevertheless seeing that as yet not many Regions are hitherto found of this temperature in the Frigid Zone it is not expedient for us from this single example to make a general conjecture especially seeing that the cause of this peculiar constitution is manifest for that Land is full of Marshes and Sedgey and the grass by which the Rhinoceros or Dear are tendred so fat is not a kind of Terrestrial Grass but Sedge and Osiers but other Herbs are not there found or any Trees From whence we may gather that that Land containeth some fat and Sulphureous Substance which being mixed which the water produceth such an Oyle and fattening Sedge but that the like Earth is to be found in other parts of the Frigid Zone hath not as yet been observed but rather the contrary Therefore in the Winter in these places is little light but an incredible and great violence of Cold Snow Showers and Polary Winds And this Winter beginneth in the Northern Frigid Zone when the Sun first entreth Capricorn although also the Autumn the Sun going from the 1 degree of Libra to the 1 of Capricorn be little different from this violent Winter The Spring indeed is less infested with this violence of the Air yet it is without Snows Showers and cold Polary Winds Yet the increase of heat in the day or rather the decrease of cold is discovered at that time viz. the Sun going from the 1 degree of Aries to the 1 of Cancer And in this Vernal season or in the latter days of it the Sun continueth above the Horizon in intire revolutions and therefore then there is discovered a moderate heat which yet is not of that force as to melt and dissolve the Snow of all those places into Water much less is it able to melt the Ice whence Marriners report that here is to be found Snow and Ice of a perpetual duration Then the Summer shall be from the going of the Sun from the 1 degree of Cancer to the 1 of Libra in the first part of which the Sun yet remaineth for whole daies above the Horizon and augmenteth the heat by some accession so that June July and August are months of a tolerable Air. In some places among the Mountains the heat of the Sun is intense but the Showers and Clouds do much hinder this benignity of the Sun and especially the most sharp Northern Winds unto which sometimes Snow is adjoyned so that no fruits or Corn can here arrive to any maturity except in some places near the Artick Circle CHAP. XXVII Of the Shadows which the bodies erected in the Earth and illuminated by the Sun do cast and of the division of the Earth arising from thence SEeing that the Shadows in divers places of the Earth which the illuminated bodies of the Sun do cast are carryed into divers places and falling on the Sense have much variety hence it came to pass that men who were ignorant of this cause were struck with an admiration and in respect of the Shadows of the Earth divided the Inhabitants of the Earth as it were into three sorts which division must be applyed to the places of the Earth or to its Superficies So that they termed some Amphiscij others Heteroscij and the rest Periscij The explication of which terms seeing that they contain but small learning we shall say somewhat also concerning Shadows which although they do not pertain to Geography yet by reason of their near affinity they may be proposed in this Chapter Of
or Heaven which the Meridian line being found is easie to do by the Mariners Compass or the Magnetick Needle The Globe being thus placed at every moment of the day when the Sun shineth on the Globe may be seen the part of the Earth illuminated and the part not illuminated Those places which lie in the middle Semicircle of the part illuminated are those which will have the Meridies at that moment of time To those which are seated in the Oriental Semicircle dividing the illuminated part from the part not illuminated the Sun setteth but to those which are in the Occidental Semicircle separating the illuminated part from the part not illuminated the Sun riseth To find out the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick let the Needle or Spherical Gromon be moved hither and thither perpendicularly about the middle of the part illuminated until it maketh no shadow and let the point in the Globe be noted 〈◊〉 for this being brought to the Meridian here will shew the declination of the Ecliptick point in which the Sun is at the time of the Observation whence according to the condition of the time to wit Spring Summer Autumn or Winter the place of the Sun shall be known and thence the day of the year Also the place in the Globe unto which the Needle being affixed gave no shadow is that to which the Sun is vertical at that moment of time and the Parallel passing through this place will exhibit all the places in which the Sun will be vertical on that day Moreover to find the hour of the place in which the Globe is so placed or hung let that place be brought to the Meridian to which the Sun is vertical the Index to the 12th hour of the horary Circle and let the Globe be turned round until our place or that in which the Globe is seated do come to the Meridian the Index will shew the hour But because the Globe cannot be turned round when it is affixed by the Iron Style to the Horizontal plain therefore it will be convenient that the Quadrant be tied to the Pole or part of the Circle of the Periphery 113 â— â— for here the Arch being brought to the place of the Needle will shew the declination of the Sun from the Aequator whence the place of the Sun and the day of the year shall be found The same Arch will shew the degree in the Aequator from whence if that the degrees be numbred to the Brazen Meridian and these degrees be changed into hours or parts of hours Fifteen Degrees make an Hour you shall have the hour of the place If so be that the Sun be between the Occident and the Brazen Meridian that is of our place but if that it be between the East and our Meridian the hour found out must be subtracted from 12 and the remaining number will shew the hours from Midnight If that such a Brazen Arch be adjoyned to the Pole of the Globe as I have described 113 ½ degrees it may be bored through from the end even to 47 degrees that is from the departure of the Sun from the Aequator and a turning Plate be inserted in it which may bear the perpendicular Style and so there will neither be need of a Needle or of a Spherical Gnomon and the operation will be less obnoxious to errour Proposition II. The Terrestrial Globe being â—o placed as in the former Proposition is declared it will also shew when the Moon shineth to what People at any moment of time in which it is above our Horizon it is conspicuous to whom it ariseth to whom it setteth and to whom it is vertical These are all manifest from the preceding Proposition See Proposit 1. Proposition III. By how much the places of the Earth are remote from the Parallel of the Sun on any day by so much the Sun is elevated to a lesser Altitude in the same hours above their Horizon Let the places in the same Meridian be taken in the Globe for these do reckon all the same hours and that at once then let a Parallel be described for any assumed day and it will be manifest that any point of this Parallel is farther distant from the more remote places than from the places more near The Sun therefore being above the points of this Parallel will be farther distant from the Vertex of the remoter places than from the Vertex of those that are nearer and therefore he shall be less elevated over the Horizon of those places than of these Proposition IV. By how much the places of the Earth are more remote from the Aequator or more near the Pole by so much the more the parts of the Horizon are distant in which the Sun riseth on the day of the Solstice and the day of the Winter as also those in which he setteth The same is true concerning the Moon and all the Planets Take what places you please of a diverse distance from the Aequator and let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of every one of them and let the points be noted in the Horizon in which the Tropicks of Capricorn and Cancer cut it A comparison being made the truth of the Proposition will appear this is also shewed the same way by how much the places are more remote from the Aequator by so much the more the Sun in his Aequinoctial rising is distant in the East on every day of the year The Astronomers term it the rising Amplitude Proposition V. Stars placed between the Parallel of any place lying without the Aequator and the Pole are less elevated above the Horizon of the places between this Parallel and the other Pole of those scituated there than above the Horizon of the places scituated between this Parallel and the nearer Pole Of the elevation of Stars c. The Parallel of any Star may be designed on the Terrestrial Globe or a point only noted for a Star and any place more remote from the Pole being assumed designeth the Parallel of the place Then taking another place scituated towards the other Pole the stay of the Star above the Horizon of both places may be found and the truth of the Proposition will be manifest Proposition VI. In places scituate in and near the Aequator the Sun and Stars directly ascend above the Horizon even to the Meridian and so descend again but in places scituated above the Aequator they obliquely ascend and descend and so much the more obliquely by how much the place is more remote from the Aequator Of the ascension and descension of the Sun and Stars Let any Parallel of the Sun be described on the Globe such as some already are delineated on the Globe viz. the Aequator the Tropicks and some Intermedial ones then let the Poles be placed in the very Horizon that it may be the Horizon of the places of the Aequator and it will be evident that the points of the
degrees and B N L is equal to the Angle A S L or B A R. Therefore the Arch of the Angle N B L is equal to the Arch B M by which P B is greater than 90 degrees or than P M so also the Arch P C. If we take the Semidiameter of the Sun according unto Ptolomy of 5 2 Semidiameters of the Earth but the distance A S 1168 Semidiameters these I say being laid down the Arch M B will be found 13 minutes in which the Sun illustrateth the Earth more than half M P Q. Corollary When therefore the Center of the Sun riseth to some places then his limbus or edge riseth to the People which inhabit in the parallel of the Horizon scituated 13 minutes beneath the Horizon also after the same Mode to those to whom he setteth And when his Center setteth then his limbus yet remaineth conspicuous until the Center setteth to the People which are remote 13 minutes from our Horizon Proposition XIII The height of a Mountain being given to find how much sooner the Sun seemeth to rise in the Vertex of the same than at the foot or root of the Mountain and how much later it setteth From the given Altitude See Chap. 9. Proposit 5. by the fifth Proposition in the ninth Chapter let the interval or Arch from which the Vertex of the Mountain may be discovered or in the bound of which a line so drawn from the Vertex of the Mountain that it may be the Tangent of the Earth refracteth the same for this line sheweth the first ray which may come from a direct passage from the Sun to the Vertex of the Mountain Moreover the point of the Earth in which this is touched by the line is the place to which the Sun ariseth when he beginneth to be seen on the Vertex of the Mountain and the Arch interrupted between that point and the foot of the Mountain is equal to that in which the Sun is depressed as yet beneath the Horizon of the foot of the Mountain when he is apparent in the Vertex Therefore the Problem is reduced hither The depression of the Sun beneath the Horizon being given to find the time which is spent whilst the Sun moveth from the depression to the Horizon whence also it will be manifest that this time is also diverse in the divers days of the year Therefore let the place of the root of the Mountain be noted on the Globe and let the Pole be clevated for the Latitude of the same let the Quadrant be affixed to the Vertex The place of the Sun being found in the Ecliptick from any day taken let it be noted also the Point of the Ecliptick opposite to the place of the Sun Then let this opposite Point be brought to the Occidental Horizon and let the Index be placed at the hour 12. This being done let the Degree of depression before found be noted in the Quadrant and the opposite Point be turned above the Horizon until it hath an Altitude equal to the Arch of the depression which will be discovered from the application of the Quadrant so the place of the Sun beneath the Oriental Horizon will have that Depression And the Index in the Horaty Circle will shew the time intercopted between that depression of him and his emersion above the Horizon But because in this case we do almost work only by Minutes therefore it is better to calculate it than to search after it on the Globe Now you shall find it If that the Altitude of the Mountain be placed 3 stadias or ¾ of a German mile because the Arch of the depression is about three Degrees The Mountains of Caucasus and Casius according to Aristotle and Pliny are â—llustrated with the Suns rayes to the third part of the night and if the Latitude of the Foot of the Mountain be 38 Degrees and the place of the Sun about the middle of Leo the time in which the Sun is beheld is sooner in the Vertex than at the Foot of the Mountain by 13 Minutes Hence it is manifest that that is not so probable which Aristotle relateth of the highest parts of Caucasus and Pliny of the top of Mount Casius that they before the rising and after the setting of the Sun are illustrated with the Sun Beams even to the third part of the night Now how great an Altitude is required for this shall be shewed in the following Proposition Proposition XIV The time being given in which the Sun is sooner discerned on the Vertex of the Mountain than at the foot of the same to find the Altitude of the Mountain Let the Pole be Elevated on the Globe for the Latitude of the Root of the Mountain and the Point being noted which is opposed to the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick let the Arch of the depression of the Sun beneath the Horizon for the given time be found Then from this Arch as from an interval from whence the Vertex of the Mountain is discovered the Altitude of the Mountain must be searched after by the Fourth Proposition of the Ninth Chapter Proposition XV. The places of the Moon being given in the Zodiack together with its Latitude to find out or shew all those Places on the Globe to which the Moon is Vertical in the Circumrotation of that day Let the place of the Moon taken from the Ephemerides be noted in the Ecliptick then let one end of the Quadrant be applyed to the Pole of the Ecliptick the other to the Point noted in the Ecliptick or to the place of the Moon and let the Degrees of the Latitude of the Moon be accounted on the Quadrant and let a mark be made at the term of the Numeration on the Globe then this being brought to the Meridian and a Chalk applyed let a Parallel be described which the Moon that day doth describe by her Circumvolution and all the places scituated in this Parallel are those demanded After the same Mode we act with the other Planers if their Longitude and Latitude be given Proposition XVI The place of the Moon being given in the Zodiack and its Latitude and the day of the year to find the hour in which she ariseth in any place given and in which she setteth also in which she maketh midnight Let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the place of the Earth given let the place of the Sun found from the day of the year be noted on the Ecliptick Then let a point also be noted on the Globe for the place of the Moon as we have shewed in the preceeding Proposition See Proposition 15. This being done let the place of the Sun be brought to the Meridian the Index to the 12th hour of the Circle and let the Globe be turned round until the Moon arise or be in the Meridian or set For the Index in the Circle will shew the hour of her rising or setting or being in
Mode we shall find the same in any Parallel which the Sun and Stars do describe by a Diurnal Motion without the Aequator Proposition V. The given hours being given at one and the same time or at one and the same Celestial appearance as also the Horary minutes of our place and that of the other place to find out how many degrees the Meridian of our place is distant from the Meridian of the other place that is to find the Longitude of our place from that place The solution is easy from what hath been said already by reason that it hath been shewed that if one place anticipateth one hour of the account of the other place the Meridian of that is more Oriental than the Meridian of this by 15 degrees if two hours by 30 degrees if three hours by 45 degrees Let therefore the difference of the given hours be changed into the degrees and Minutes of the Aequator viz. reckoning for every hour 15 degrees for ¾ of an hour 3 degrees 45 Minuâ—es for one scruple of an hour 1 degree The found out degrees and Minutes will shew the distance of the Meridians viz. if that the hours of our place be more than the hours of the other place our Meridian shall be scituated towards the East from the other if fewer towards the West Proposition VI. Again hours and scruples of hours of divers places being given at one and the same time or at the time of one and the same Celestial appearance and one place or one Meridian of one place being given in the Maps or Globes to exhibit also the Meridian or Longitude of another place on the Globe or Maps Let the difference of hours and scruples of hours be changed into the Degrees and Minutes of the Aequator Further concerning the Longitude of places Then consider whether the hours of this place whose Meridian is given on the Globe and the Maps be fewer or more than that of the other place whose Meridian is sought for If fewer this other Meridian shall be scituated from the given Meridian towards the East if more towards the West Let it be brought to the Brazen Meridian except some other Meridian pass through it and let the Degrees and Minutes found from the difference of the hours be numbred from the Point of the Aequator together being in the Meridian and that towards the West or East as we collect the scituation of the other place it is more easily done by the Horary Index applyed to 12 and the Globe being turned round until the Index shew the difference of the hours Let the term of the account be noted with Chalk and brought under the Meridian so this Brazen Meridian shall be the Meridian sought and the Point of the Aequator shall shew its Longitude In Maps let the same Degrees and Minutes be numbred from the given Meridian in tranverse lines above and below and the Rule being applyed let the Line be drawn for in right lined Maps as such as those of Mariners is the chief of this Problem this Line shall be the sought for Meridian Proposition VII To find the Longitude of an unknown place in which we are or to find the distance of the Meridian in which we are from some known Meridian or whose scituation is or may be expressed on the Maps or Globes Of the finding out of the Longitude of an unknown place in which we are This is that Problem whose solution Seamen so much expect from the Mathematicians which would render the Art of Navigation almost perfect and subject to no Errour which hath exercised for this two Ages the wits of so many great persons for the resolving of which the English French Dutch have every one appointed a donative of 50000 Florens to him who shall exhibit a resolution the Dutch and German Mariners are wont sometimes to expound the Problem according to the Latine phrase but sometimes they use another as if you should say to seek the Oriental and Occidental quarter which phrase is very void of the matter so that it is manifest what a power the Vulgar have taken in introducing new phrases though very improper For by this phrase it cometh to pass that persons unskilful in Geography and Navigation are ignorant what the Mariners mean when they speak of finding out the East and West for most think that they seek what the words import viz. the Eastern and Western quarter which yet is false and unworthy the demand For they know these quarters when they are in any place of the Sea by the benefit of the same Magnetick Needle which sheweth the North and South Because in the Mariners Compass all the quarters are noted and without the Compass the Plaga of the North and South being known it is most easy to shew the quarter of the East and West for the face being turned towards the North the East is on the right hand the West on the left on the contrary the face being turned towards the South the East is on the left hand and the West on the right But this is not the demand but the Longitude of the place is that required that is how much in the Arch of the Aequator the Meridian of this place is removed towards the West or East from any certain Meridian But why may some say do Mariners assume so improper a phrase The reason is that the Vulgar do conceive almost all things confusedly and only Superficially and from a small similitude with other things impose Names and Phrases as is manifest from the appellation of America which they Vulgarly term the West Indies because that after the discovery of India properly so called that was also found This might be instanced by many more Examples and so it is with this phrase to seek the East and West But seeing that this Problem to find out the North and South is resolved by the Magnetick Needle and also the Problem of finding out the Longitude of a place is of very great Moment and Mariners desire to have as easy a Method to know the same as that of the Latitude of a place and moreover that Longitude is reckoned from the West to the East in the Aequator Longitude reckoned from the West to the East in the Aequator therefore by reason of this slight similitude and account they have taken up this phrase to find the East and West when here no quarter is sought for but only the distance of the Meridians This is convenient to explain by reason that many were brought into an Error and false Conception of the same or at least were ignorant what was signifyed by the phrase It is easy as is shewed aforesaid from the difference of hours to shew or find out the Longitude of one place from another Therefore in Calendars and Ephemerides by the signal Benefit and liberality of Astronomy we have set down for every day and hour all the Phoenomena of any place and the Motions
Longitudes of almost all places which we know are found out by this Mode For from the noted comparation of the time in which the beginning or middle of the Eclise was discovered it is easy to find out the Longitude of one place from another as I think is sufficiently explained But the use of Mariners requireth a Phoenomenon or appearance viz. which may happen every night at the least if not in the days because it can happen in every night so that they may be in an unknown place as deceived by Tempests But the more frequent Phoenomenon is the place of the Moon in the Zodiack but a very troblesom observation is required by reason of twofold Parallaxes so that you can hardly avoid a small error if at least a great one of half or an whole hour be shunned whence a false Meridian is found removed from a true many miles viz. a hundred and more Yet you will be subject to the lesser error if that you expect the moment of the hour in which the Moon is in the Meridian for then the place is accurately enought found after this Mode When you have observed that the Moon is come into the Meridian of the place where you are then you must presently take the noted Altitude of some Star and from this It is presupposed that the Elevation of the Pole is before found and the Elevation of the Pole you may enquire the hour but it is better to do it by some Star then in the Meridian as we shall hereafter shew Moreover from the known hour is found what Point of the Ecliptick or Zodiack is then in the Meridian or that possesseth the middle of Heaven as Astronomers speak which also is easy as we shall shew anon So at the hour of our place or of the unknown place we shall have the known place of the Moon in the Zodiack Then from the Tables of the Ephemerides let the hour be found which is in the Meridian of the Ephemerides where the Sun is in the place of the Zodiack which is taught in the Introduction of the Ephemerides neither is it difficult And so again we shall have the hours of two places at the same time viz. of the place in which we are whose Longitude is unknown and of the place unto whose Meridian the Ephemerides are Calculated and whose scituation is in Maps and Globes Wherefore from the difference of time the Longitude of our place sought for shall be found as is sufficiently demonstrated in the preceeding Mode The third Mode by the distance of the Moon from some fixed Star The third Mode of the Moon By reason that we cannot observe the Moon in the Meridian many nights viz. when she is not much removed from the Sun after and before the New Moon and therefore this appearance is not so frequent as the Mariners use requireth Therefore some do consider another Phoenomenon in the motion of the Moon which is more frequent and from thence the Mode in finding out the Longitude is delivered viz. the drawing near and departing of the Moon from the fixed Stars for from thence the true place of the Moon may be observed at the given moment of the observation But the Calculation is so difficult by reason of the Parallaxes and the solution of the Oblique Spherical Triangles and other hazards that it can neither serve Mariners nor will I burthen you with its Precepts but rather omit it For it requireth a Genius most expert in Calculation The fourth Mode by the entrance of the Moon into the Ecliptick The fourth Mode of the Moon The path of the Moon cutteth the Ecliptick in two points in which when it cometh by its own proper motion she is then in the Ecliptick but at other times it is moved out of it by a great departure of 5 degrees Therefore you must observe exactly the time in the place of the unknown Longitude in which the Moon toucheth the Ecliptick Moreover from the Ephemerides let the hour be taken at the Meridian of the Ephemerides in which that entrance is made Then from the comparison of our time or of the place unknown with the time of the Meridian of the Ephemerides you have the difference of time whence the Longitude of the place which is ours may be found from the Meridian of the Ephemerides But this Mode also by reason of the difficult practice is to be esteemed useless For the entrance of the Moon into the Ecliptick is difficult to be observed and the Calculation is very intricate and subject to â—rror The fifth Mode by the Jovial Planets The fifth Mode by the Jovial Planets Many judge this Phoenomenon to be prefered before the Phoenomenons of the Moon in this affair because that these Jovial attendants are not subject to Parallaxes and moreover in every scituation of Jupiter above the Horizon afford a commodious observation There are four Planets the invention of the Great Galilaeus which move about Jupiter as about the Center of their Lord so small that they cannot be discerned by a free sight but only by the help of a Telescope Their Motion viz. that proper to them by which they move about Jupiter for they have a Diurnal Motion common with all the Stars a Motion common in the Ecliptick with Jupiter and the other Planets is very swift For he that is next to Jupiter absolveth his course in one day with 18 ½ hours the second in 3 days with 13 ¼ hours the third in 7 days and 2 hours the fourth and last in 16 days with 18 hours The progress of their Motion must be Calculated at every hour and therefore it is not found in the common Ephemerides but you have their Ephemerides in other Books Therefore if we desire by the help of their Motions to find the Longitude of a place we must make use of a most perfect Astroscope and in the night turning it to Jupiter if he be above the Horizon of that place to observe the Conjunction of these two Planets or the Conjunction with Jupiter or the like appearance and at that moment of time to find also the hour of the place from the Meridian scituation or Altitude of any Star Then the Ephemerides of these Companions of Jupiter must be consulted and the hour and scruples of hours thence taken in which such a Conjunction is in the Meridian unto which those Ephemerides are computed And so again we shall have the hour of the two places at the time of one and the same Phoenomenon Whence from the difference of the hours if it be turned into degrees we shall find the Longitude of our place from the Meridian of the Ephemerides which is known The sixth Mode by an Automatical or moving Dial or Horologe By reason that all the Modes in which by the Celestial Phoenomena we have shewed to find the Longitude of places are in this respect defective The sixth Mode by a moving Dial. that they do
The fourth thing which is next above this is a Dias for the Minutes of hours so that you shall see every Minute pass Two beautiful Pictures of two Children are joyned to either side of this he which is on the North-side hath a Scepter in his hands and when the Clock striketh he telleth orderly every stroke He on the South-side hath a fine Hour-glass in his hand which runneth just with the Clock and when the Clock hath stricken he turneth his Hour-glass which is run forth and holdeth it running The first thing which is next above the Minute-Dial is the Dial for the hour containing the half parts also the uttermost circumference containeth the hours but within it is made a curious and perfect Astrolabe whereby is shewed the motion of every Planet his aspect and in what Sign what degree and what hour every one is in every hour of the day the opposition likewise of the Sun and Moon and the Head and Tail of the Dragon And because the Night darkneth not the Sun nor the Day the Moon or other Planets therefore their Courses are here exactly seen at all times The sixth thing which is next unto this is a Circle wherein the two Signs of the Moon rising and falling at two several hollow places it is seen at what state she is and her Age is declared by an Index which is wholly turned about once every Month. The seventh thing which is about this are four little Bells whereon the Quarters of the hour are strucken at the First quarter cometh forth a little Boy and striketh the first Bell with an Apple and so goeth and stayeth at the fourth Bell until the next Quarter then cometh a lusty Youth and he with a Dart striketh two Bells and succeedeth into the place of the Child at the Third cometh forth a man in Arms with a War-Mace in his hand and striking three Bells he succeedeth into the place of the young Man at the Fourth quarter cometh forth an Old man with a Staff having a Crook at the end and he with much ado because he is Old striketh the four Bells and standeth at the Fourth quarter until the next Quarter forthwith to strike the Clock cometh Death in the Room above this for this is the eight thing and this understand that at every Quarter cometh he forth thinking to catch each of those former Ages away with him but at a contrary side in the same Room where he is cometh Christ forth and driveth him in but when the last Quarter is heard Christ giveth him leave to go to the Bell which is in the midst and so striketh he with his Bone according to the number of the hours and there he standeth at the Bell as the Old man doth at his quarter Bell until the next Quarter and then go they in both together The ninth and last thing in this right Line is the Town at the top of the Work wherein is a noble pleasant Chime which goeth at three seven and eleven of the Clock every time a diverse Tune to one of the Psalms and at Christmas Easter and Whitsontide a Thanksgiving unto Christ and when this Chime hath done the Cock which standeth on the top of the Town on the North-side of the main Work having stretched out his Neck shaken his Comb and clapped his Wings twice Crowseth then twice and this verily he doth so shrill and naturally as it would make any man to wonder and if they list which attend the Clock they make him to Crow more times In this Town whereon this Cock standeth are conveyed all the Instruments of those motions which are in the foresaid described things The other places of note in this Lower Alsatia are 2. Altkirck in the part of Sungou 3. Ensisheim in higher Alsatia 4. Frisbourg in Brisgou 6. Offenbourg in Mortnais and 7. Bade in the Marquisate Palatinate of the Rhine The PALATINATE of the RHINE which is divided or severed into the Estates of the Palatinate the Estates of the Princes of the House Palatinate and the Bishopricks and Imperial Cities of Spires and Wormes The chief places are Heidelberg seated in a Plain but environed on three sides with high Mountains and the other regards the Rhine from which it is distant about a mile it is dignified with the Seat of the Palsgraves as also with an Vniversity 2. Spires seated in a Plain about half a mile from the Rhine a City of more Antiquity than Beauty and Trade being of note for the Imperial Chamber here continually kept 3. Wormes a City also of good Antiquity for the many Imperial Parliaments here formerly held and 4. Frankendal a new fair strong and beautiful City about which grow great plenty of Rhenish Wines Electorates of Mayence Trives and Cologne The Electorates and Archbishopricks on the Rhine are those of MAYENCE whose chief places are Mayence and Aschaffenbourg of TREVES whose chief places are Treves and Coblentz and of COLOGNE whose principal places are Cologne and Bonne Cleaveland The Estates of the Succession of CLEAVELAND contain the Dutchies of Cleves of Julier and of Berge The Dutchy of Cleves and County of Marke is in the Marquisate of Brandenburgh Dutchy of Cleves and hath for its chief places Wesel and Hamme in the County of Marks Dutchy of Juliers The Dutchy of JVLIERS hath for its chief places Aken where the Emperour after his Election is invested with the Silver Crown of Germany this place is of great esteem for its holy Relicks and 2. Juliers The Dutchy of BERGE or MONTE hath for its chief places Dusseldrop Hattingen and Arusberg The VNITED PROVINCES UNder the name of the Vnited Provinces of the LOW COVNTRIES or NETHERLANDS are contained the Dutchy of Guelders the Earldoms of Holland Zeland and Zutphen and the Lordships of Vtrecht Overyssel Groningue and Malines Dutchy of Guelderland The Dutchy of GVELDERS or GVELDERLAND Westwards of Brabant is divided into the Quarters of Betuve Veluve and Guelders particularly so called wherein are the Towns of 1. Nieumegue once a Free City seated on the branch of the Rhine called Whael and made one of the Imperial Seats in these parts by Charles the Great the other two being Thionvil and Aken 2. Arnhem the usual residence of the Dukes of Guelders 3. Ruremond so called from the River Ruer and Monde 4. Harderwick from a Village made a walled Town by Otho the third Earl 5. Guelders 6. Venlo and 7. Bommel Earldom of Holland The Earldom of HOLLAND hath on the West and North the Seas from which no part is above three hours distance in this Earldom are said to be about 400 Villages and 23 Towns the chief of which are Amsterdam which of late by the addition of the new to the old is a fair strong and beautiful City being the most rich and powerful of all the Netherlands famous for its great Trade to the utmost parts of the World and as infamous for its
Bogs which oft-times prove dangerous especially to New-comers and occasion Rheums and Fluxes for the cure of which they drink a sort of hot Water called Vskebah It s Air and Temperature It is blest with a mild and healthful Air its Summer being not so hot nor its Winter so cold as in England but more inclined to soggy Mists and Rains which makes it more unfit for Tillage than Pasturage the Clime being not very favourable for ripening of Corn or Fruits but beareth such great abundance of long and sweet Grass that the Cattle which are the Inhabitants chiefest wealth are soon fat and fit for slaughter therewith And it is further observed That the Air is so pure that it neither breedeth nor suffereth any venemous Beast Serpent or Insect being brought out of other Countries long to retain their life Its Names Many have been the Names according to Tradition that this Island hath been known by Orphaeus Aristotle and Claudian named it Jerna Juvenal and Mela Iverna or Hibernia Diodorus Siculus Iris Eustachius Oyernia and Bernia the Britains Yuerdon the Natives Eryn and the English Ireland Why so called Some there be that will have it called Hibernia from Hyberno tempore that is from its Winter season others from Hiberus a Spaniard and others from the ancient River Iberus whilst some strive to have it so called from the Irish word Hiere which signifieth West or Western Coast whence Eryn may seem to fetch its derivation Festus Avienus calleth this Island Sacram Insulam the Holy Island for that the People are soon drawn thereunto witness the many Saints that it hath produced Ireland long ago inhabited If you will take for truth what the Irish Historians report this Island hath been exceeding long inhabited for according to Cambden 't is said that it was possessed by Caesarea Niece to Noah before the Floud that Bartholanus a Scythian arrived here near 300 years before the Deluge that many years after Nemethus with his four Sons arrived here but was soon forced hence by the Giant-like sort of People of the Nimrods Race here inhabiting that after this the Five Grecians seized this Island and that soon after being about the time of the Israelites departure out of Aegypt Gaothel with his Wife Scota Daughter to Pharaoh King of Aegypt landed here and called the Island Scotia from his Wifes name And further the British History saith that some Ages after Hiberius Hermion Euer and Erimon Sons of Milesius King of Spain by permission of Gurguntius the British King here planted Colonies after that the Country had been wasted by a Pestilence and from the eldest Son was called Hibernia Nor is it much to be doubted but that the Britains setled themselves here seeing there is so great affinity betwixt them and the Irish in their natures dispositions and speech It s Extent Scituation This Island contains in length about 240 miles and in breadth about 120 't is scituate under the 10th and 12th Climates the longest day making about 16 hours It is a near Neighbour to Scotland from which it is separated by an Isthmus of about seven miles but England far more remote being from Dublin its Metropolitan City to Holy-land in the Isle of Anglesey the usual place for taking of Landing about 50. It s strength It is an Island of great strength as well by Nature as Art by reason of its scituation in such Tempestuous and dangerous Seas and the several Fortifications and Castles that the English have built since they became Masters thereof It s chief Rivers It is a Country well watered having several great Rivers the chief amongst which are those of Shannon being about 60 miles navigable and after its course of about 200 miles looseth it self into the Western Ocean Liff Showre Awidaff Slanie Sione c. And besides these Rivers there are several Lakes or Loughs amongst which that of most note is Lough-Erne about 30 miles in length and 15 in breadth in which are several small Isles Its Commodities The Commodities that this Island affordeth are great abundance of Cattle Hides Tallow Cheese Wool of which they make course-Cloth Freezes Rugs Mantles c. also Furs Pipe-staves Salt Hemp Linnen-Cloth Hony and Wax and its Seas likewise afford great plenty of Cod-fish Herrings Pilchards Oysters c. Its Inhabitants It s Native Inhabitants were extreamly rude and barbarous they made use of Women in common without any difference of other mens Wives they were very bold couragious and greedy of honour constant in love impatient of Injuries of an easie belief much addicted to phantastical conceits as holding it ominous to give their Neighbours Fire on a may-May-day with many the like Fooleries they are much inclined to superstitious Idolatry as worshipping the Moon after her change about their Childrens Necks they hung the beginning of St. Johns Gospel a piece of Wolves-skin or a crooked Nail of a Horse-shoe which they thought preserved them from danger the Hoofs of dead Horses they held Sacred with many such like ridiculous Fancies They accounted Ease and Idleness their greatest Liberty and Riches not coveting Worldly possessions contenting themselves with mean Cottages Hovels or Cabins nor were they profuse in their Apparel or Diet being well satisfied if they had wherewith to keep them warm and to fill their Bellies their chief food being Herbs Roots Butter Milk Oatmeal and the like For their dying they hired Women to Mourn who expostulated why they would die telling them that they had such and such things and the Corps were accompanied to the Grave with howlings clapping of hands and such like sorrowful actions But many of these ridiculous and absurd Customs since the English are setled amongst them are forgotten The Christian Faith was here first planted by St. Patrick The Christian Falth first planted by St. Patrick this Patrick according to Writers was the Son of Calphurus by St. Martins Sister and born at Glasco in Scotland who in his Youth was taken Captive by the Irish Pirates and sold for six years as a Slave in the meanest condition to Macbuain yet in this dejected condition he much desired the Conversion of this Nation from their extream Idolatrous ways to the true serving of the living God insomuch that he dreamed that the unborn Babes cried unto him for Baptisin and being at length redeemed from his bondage by a piece of Gold which he found in the Field that was rooted up by some Swine he lest the Isle but still having his thoughts on these People in his Aged years he again returned and in better state than before preached the Gospel converted the People became Bishop of Armagh and when dead was received or canonized as their Saint The English become Masters of Ireland These Irish having civil dissentions amongst them prompted the English in the Reign of K. Henry the Second to attempt the Conquest of this Kingdom who in Anno Dom. 1172.