ATLAS CAELESTIS Containing the Systems and Theoryes of the Planets the Constellations of the starrs and other Phenomina's of the Heavens with Necessary tables relating thereto Collected By John Seller A brief Description of the several Systems Theories Schemes and Tables contained in this Book Also a Discourse of the Celestial Bodies the Sun and Moon and the rest of the Planets Fiery-Meteors Blazing-Stars and other Phenomena's in the Heavens CHAP. I. A Description of the System of Ptolomy THis Systeme of the Heavens and the Motions of the Planets is of greater antiquity than the other Palanetary Systems either by Copernicus or Tycho and is supposed by some to be more consentaneous to the Letter of the Scripture then the rest It was first invented by one Clandius Ptolomeus a Native of Pelusium in his time the Prince of Astronomers Astrologers and Geographers who lived Anno Christi 135 and wrote several Books on these Subjects This Systeme supposeth the Earth to be fixed as the Center of the World and that all the Celestial-Bodies move round the same both in their Diurnal and Annual Revolutions The World is supposed to be divided principally in two parts Elemental and Celestial The Elemental admits of four divisions The first is the Earth The second is the Water both which makes one intire Body or Globe whereon we dwell The third is the Air encompassing the Earth And the fourth is the Fire which according to the opinion of ancient Philosophers is contained in that space between the Air and the Sphere of the Moon These four Elements are subject to a continual change and alteration of one into another according to the Proverb Omnia sublunaria mutabilia The Celestial part is that which is without these elementary parts void of all changes and is by the ancient Astronomers divided into ten Parts or Heavens The first of which next to the Region of Fire is the Heaven or Orb of the Moon The second of Mercury The third of Venus The fourth of the Sun The fifth of Mars The sixth of Jupiter The seventh of Saturn The eighth of the Fixed-Stars The ninth is called the Cristalline-Heaven The tenth the Primum Mobile Hypothesis Ptolomaica The magnitude of these Heavens is known by their Courses which those great Bodies within them makes round the Poles of the Zodiack The Moon runneth through the Heavens by her natural course from West to East in 27 Days and 8 Hours Mercury in 88 Days Venus in 225 Days And the Sun in a Year or 365 Days and 6 Hours Mars in two Years Jupiter in 12 Years Saturn in 30 Years The eighth Heaven perfects its course according to the affirmation of Tycho Brahe in 25400 Years These Heavens are turned round about upon the Axis of the World by the tenth Heaven which is the Primum Mobile or first Mover by which motion is caused Day and Night and the dayly rising and setting of the Heavenly Lights Of the Copernican System THis System was contrived by one Nicholas Copernicus a Native of Thorne in Prussia a Cannon of the Church of Frawenburgh the Cathedral of Wamerlandt Scholar to Dominicus Maria of Ferrara to whom he was Assistant in making his Astronomical Observations at Bologna and Professor of the Mathematicks at Rome and had the happiness to frame this Hypothesis which hath the general approbation of the most Learned Astronomers and Mathematicians in Christendom He lived about the Year Anno Christi 1536 whose System and Hypothesis is thus framed 1. That the Sun is placed in the midst of the World in or about the Center of the Sphere of the fixed Stars and hath no Circular motion but Central only 2. The Primary Planets are each of them in their proper Systems moved about the Sun and do accomplish their Periodical Revolutions most exactly in their determinate and appointed times 3. That the Earth is one of the Planets and with her Annual motion about the Sun describeth her Orb in the middle between the Orbs of Mars and Venus 4. That the secundary Planets are ordinarily moed about the primary Planets respecting their Bodies for their common Nodes or Centers 5. That the secundary Planet the Moon is moved about the Earth as her Center where by reason of the Annual motion of the Earth she hath not only relation to the Earth but by consequence to the Sun as the other Planets have 6. That as the primary Planet the Earth is invironed with the Sphere of the Moon so are some if not all the other primary Planets who have in like manner their Moons or Concomitants encompassing them As Jupiter his Satellities or Circum-Jovials and Saturn his Ring With some other Stars lately observed by some of our vigilant and accurate Astronomers both in England and elsewhere Hypothesis Copernic … Schema corporis SOLARIS prâ—uta PP Kircherâ— et Sch … … o Roma Anno 1635 observatum Polus Borea … SPATIUM ETHEREUM Solaris Aequator SPATIUM ETHEREUM Polus Aus … s 〈…〉 Glob◠〈◊〉 Aequator Solaris B. â— C. Spâ—tâ—…m Solis boreale H.G.I. Spacâ—…m 〈…〉 Spacium Solis torridum A Pute◠〈◊〉 L.M.N.O. etc. Evaporationes una et macularum Or … The order and motion of the Planets in the Copernican System wherein is shewed the proportion of the Planetary Orbs according to the latest and most approved Experiments of Learned Astronomers with some remarkable Observations of the most eminent Phenomena's in the Planetary motions happening therein Of the Sun THe Sun who is Fons lucis oculus anima Mundi the Fountain of pure Light the Eye and Soul of the World is placed in the middle and center of the Planetary Systems and is far greater than any of the Planets that move about him He performs a revolution upon his proper Axis in 26 Days or thereabouts as Telescope-Observations testify by several remarkable spots that appear in his Body by virtue whereof saith the Learned Kepler all the Planets are carried about the Sun in their several Orbs and seems to be forced about by the Central motions of that great Body in the middle of their Vortex And hence it is that according to the diversity and appearance of his rising and setting and obliquation he divideth the Seasons of the Year and causeth an interchangeable course and vicissitude of Day and Night Of Mercury The first primary Planet above the Sun is Mercury who performs his course in his Elipsis in 88 Days His proper Diurnal motion is 4 Deg. 5 Min. 12 Seconds the Circuit of his Sphere is 12059773 Miles so that he wheels in a Day 137040 Miles and in an Hour 5710 Miles and in a Min. 91 Miles The Body of Mercury is less than the Earth 3000 times his greatest elongation from the Sun in respect of the Earths position is sometimes but 17 Deg. and never fully 19 Deg. so that he is seldom seen of us Of Venus Next above Mercury is the Orb and glittering Star of Venus who maketh her Periodical Revolution
c. So after these Rules and Directions you may always find the day of the Mouth at any time both past present and to come Upon the same Print of the Perpetual Almanack you have also some other small Tables one shewing the time of High-Water at London-Bridge any day of the Moons Age. Another sheweth the Moons coming to the South at any day of her Age by help of which you may know the time of High-Water at London or elsewhere where the time of Flowing is known at the Full and Change days The fourth Table sheweth the Moons Age for her shining The Use of each Table shall be explained in these following Directions A Table Shewing the Altitude of the ☉ at Every hour in the day and in each day in the year with its Riseing and setting A Catalogue of all the Eclipses of the Sun an Moon which will be visible in Eng from the year 1677 to the year 1700. Year Moneth D. H. M. Lun Dig. Min. 1677 May. 6 15 25 ☽ 8 15 1678 October 19 8 17 ☽ 22 18 1681 August 18 14 22 ☽ 10 35 1682 August 7 17 56 ☽ 18 50 1682 Tebruary 11 11 28 ☽ 19 48 1683 January 17 4 27 ☉ 10 30 1684 June 16 14 17 ☽ 1 35 1684 July 2 3 10 ☉ 8 0 1685 November 30 10 26 ☽ 21 45 1686 November 19 11 22 ☽ 7 35 1687 May. 1 1 25 ☉ 4 40 1688 April 5 6 4 ☽ 6 49 16â—â— March 25 0 41 ☽ 21 19 16â—â— September 18 14 46 ☽ 20 39 1690 March 24 10 14 ☽ 5 53 1692 July 17 15 9 ☽ 22 28 1693 Tebruary 11 16 24 ☽ 29 32 1693 June 23 0 6 ☉ 2 34 1694 June 26 12 50 ☽ 6 47 1695 November 10 7 0 ☽ 6 55 1696 May. 6 11 45 ☽ 21 48 1696 October 20 16 30 ☽ 21 45 1697 October 10 7 44 ☽ 8 54 1699 March 5 7 14 ☽ 9 5 1699 September 12 21 30 ☉ 10 0 By having the Moons Age to find the time of High Water at London-Bridge The Moons Age must be first known from some other Tables in the Book or else-where which being known find the day thereof in the fore-mentioned small Table and right against it on the left hand you will find the time of High-Water at London-Bridge As for Example If the Moon be six days old I would know when it is High-Water at London-Bridge Therefore first seek the Moons Age 6 in its proper Table and right against it you will find 7.48 which shews that it is High-Water at 72 Clock and 48 Minutes past To find the Moons Southing any day of her Age. First you must look the Age of the Moon as before and then seek the same in the Table of her Age and right against it in the Table on the right hand under the title of Moons Southing you will have your desire And here note That from the New to the Full the Moon cometh to South in the Afternoon but from the Full to the New in the Morning As for Example When the Moon is six days old I would know the time of her coming to South Therefore if you cast your Eye on the Table of the Moons Southing you will find 4 48. which shews that the Moon cometh to South at 4 a Clock and 48 Minutes past The Vse of these Tables for finding the time of the Moons Shining To know how long the Moon shineth enter the Column of the Moons Age for her shining and against it on the left hand you have the time of her shining which all the time of her Encrease being added to the hour of Suns Rising gives the time of her Rising but if added to the time of Suns Setting gives the time of her Setting but after the Full the time of her shining from the Suns Rising and it gives her Rising and then take the same from the Suns Setting and it gives the time of her Setting Example In the Year 1680 October the 5th the Moon is 22 days old Which number find in the Table and you will see that right against it there is 6 Hours 24 Min. for the time of her shining which being added to the Suns rising of the same day which is 6 Hours 46 Minutes makes 13 Hours 32 Minutes from which take 12 and there rests 1 Hour 32 Minutes which is the time of the Moons Rising the next Morning Again to the same 6 Hours 24 Minutes add 5 Hours 14 Minutes the Suns Setting and it gives 11 Hours 38 Minutes for the time of her Setting the next day a little before Noon To find the Hour of the Night by the shadow of the Moon upon a Sun-Dial by the help of the Table of the Moons Southing Observe on a Sun-Dial what hour the shadow of the Moon falls upon and take notice how much the shadow doth either lack or is past the Hour of 12 upon the Dial for so much it doth want of or is past the time of the Moons coming to South Example Suppose the Moon were ten days old you find by the Table that the Moon cometh to South at 9 of the Clock Now suppose the shadow of the Moon should fall on the Hour of 10 this wants 2 Hours of 12 and therefore it wants two Hours of eight which is 6 of the Clock in the Evening But if the shadow of the Moon had been at 2 upon the Dial then you must have added 2 Hours to the Moons coming to South then would it be 10 of the Clock at Night And Note When the Moon is in the Full then the shadow of the Moon shews the true Hour of the Night as the shadow of the Sun doth by Day The Vse of the Table of the Eclipses of the Sun and Moon This Table is sufficiently plain of it self by inspection only but however I shall give one Example In the Year 1681 the 28 of August you will find the Moon will be Eclipsed at 14 Hours 22 Minutes which is 22 Minutes past two of the Clock next Morning and the quantity eclipsed will be 10 Digits 35 Minutes The Vse of the Perpetual Table for finding the Break of Day Suns Rising Planetary Hours both by Night and Day in the Latitude of London every 10th Day in the Month. In the first Column you have the 12 Months of the Year in the second 1 11 and 22 Days of the Month in the third the Break of Day which on the 11th of February is at 5 of the Clock in the fourth is the time of Twilight which against the said 11th of February is at 7 of the Clock which is the time of the ending of Twilight in the Evening in the 5th and 6th Columns the Rising and Setting of the Sun in the 7th and 8th Columns the length of the Day and Night and in the 9th and 10th Columns the length of the Planetary Hours both by Night and Day The Vse of the Table of the Essential Dignities of the Planets Every
☽ ♄ ♃ Tuesd ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ Wednes ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ Thursd ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ Fryd ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ Saturd ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ Note that to â—vâ—…y day in the week there is appropriated a several Planets as ☉ to Sunday ☽ to Monda◠♂ Teusd c. therefore each planet the 〈…〉 this Table you may perceiue that the sun governs the first hour after sun 〈◊〉 on sund ♀ 〈◊〉 second ☿ 〈…〉 the Moon governs the fourth planetary hour so on ♃ governs 〈…〉 plan hour 〈…〉 Night that is after sun set ♂ the 2. ☉ the 3. … s you may 〈…〉 the rest A Table of the Essential Dignities of the Planets according to Ptolomy Signes Houses Diurn Noct Exaltation 〈◊〉 the Planets The Terms of the Planets The faces of the Planets 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 D Noc ♈ ♂ D ☉ 10 ☉ ♃ ♃ 6 ♀ 14 ☿ 22 ♂ 26 ♄ ♂ 10 ☉ 20 ♀ 30 ♀ ♄ ♉ ♀ N ☽ 3 ♀ ☽ ♀ 8 ☿ 15 ♃ 22 ♄ 26 ♂ 30 ♀ 10 ☽ 20 ♄ 30 ♂  ♊ ♀ D ☊ 3 ♄ â ♀ 7 ♃ 1 ♀ 21 ♄ 25 ♂ 30 ♃ 10 ♂ 20 ☉ 30 ♃  ♋ ☽ N D ♃ 15 ♂ ♂ ♂ 6 ♃ 13 ☿ 20 ♀ 27 ♄ 30 ♀ 10 ♀ 20 ☽ 30 ♄ ♂ ♌ â N D  ☉ ♃ ♄ 6 ☿ 13 ♀ 19 ♃ 25 ♂ 30 ♄ 10 ♃ 20 ♂ 30 ♄  ♠♀ N ☿ 15 ♀ ☽ ☿ 7 ♀ 13 ♃ 18 ♄ 24 ♂ 30 ☉ 10 ♀ 20 ☿ 30 ♃ ♀ ♎ ♀ D ♄ 2 ♄ ☿ ♄ 6 ♀ 11 ♃ 10 ☿ 24 ♂ 30 ☽ 10 ♄ 20 ♃ 30 ♂ â ♠♂ N  ♂ ♂ ♂ 6 ♃ 14 ♀ 21 ☿ 27 ♄ 30 ♂ 10 ☉ 20 ♀ 30 ♀ ☽ ♠♃ D ♌ 3 ☉ ♃ ♃ 8 ☿ 14 ☿ 19 ♄ 25 ♂ 30 ☿ 10 ☽ 20 ♄ 30 ☿  ♑ ♄ N ♂ 28 ♀ ☽ ♀ 6 ☿ 12 ♃ 19 ♂ 25 ♄ 30 ♃ 30 ♂ 20 ☉ 30 ☽ ♃ â™’ ♄ D  ♄ ☿ ♄ 6 ☿ 12 ♀ 20 ♃ 25 ♂ 30 ♀ 10 ☿ 20 30 ☉  ♓ ♃ N ♀ 27 ♂ ♂ ♀ ♂ ♃ 14 ☿ 20 ♂ 20 ♄ 30 ♄ 10 ♃ 20 ♂ 30 0 ☿ against ♈ ♌ â™ you find ☉ ♃ viz. ☉ governeth by Day in that Triplicity Over against ♉ ♠♑ you find ♀ and ☽ viz. that ♀ hath domination by Day and ☽ by Night in that Triplicity Over against ♊ ♎ â™’ you find ♄ ☿ which rule as aforesaid Over against ♋ ♠♓ you find ♂ which according to Ptolomy ruleth only that Triplicity both Day and Night Overagainst ♈ in the 5 6 7 8 9 Columns you find ♃ 6. ♀ 14. which tells you the first 6 Degrees of ♈ are the terms of ♃ from 6 to 14 the terms of ♀ c. Overagainst ♈ in the 10 11 12 Columns you find ♂ 10. ☉ 20. ♀ 30. viz. the first 10 Degrees of ♈ are the Face of ♂ from 10 to 20 the Face of ☉ from 20 to 30 the Face of ♀ c. Overagainst ♈ in the 13 Column you find ♀ detriment viz. ♀ being in ♈ is in a Sign opposite to one of her Houses and so is said to be in her Detriment Overagainst ♈ in the 14 Column you find ♄ and over his head fall that is ♄ when he is in ♈ opposite to ♎ his Exaltation and so is infortunate c. A Planet dignified as above-said is said to be in his Essential Dignity Accidental Dignities are when Planets are casually in an Angle or succedent House direct free from combustion A Planet in his House or Exaltation being significant of any Person denotes him to be in a happy and prosperous Condition not wanting for the Goods of this Life A Planet debilitated as being in detriment or fall and afflicted denotes the Querent to be in a very low and mean Condition much dejected and disconsolate The Vse of the Table of the Planetary or Vnequal Hours for every Night and Day in the Year To find what Planetary Hour it is and also what Planet reigneth that Hour You must learn at what Hour and Minute the Sun doth rise upon the day proposed which you may find in each page of the Almanack and also the true Hour of the Day at any time proposed Then observe how many Hours and Minutes the said time is after Sun rising the number of which Hours multiply by 60 and to the Product add the odd Minutes if there be any then the Aggregate divided by the number of minutes that a Planet reigneth the Quotient will shew the number of a Planetary Hour Example Suppose that when the Sun riseth at 8 of the Clock as upon Saturday the 8th of January 1681 it doth and it be required to know what Planetary Hour it is at 11 a Clock before noon the same day therefore because 11 a Clock is 3 hours after 8 the Suns rising multiply 3 by 60 and the Product is 180 which being divided by 40 for so many minutes are in a Planetary Hour that day the Quotient is 4 hours 30 minutes Therefore you may conclude that there are 30 minutes spent of the Planetary Hour Having found what Planetary Hour it is and would know what Planet doth reign that hour do thus Seek the day of the Week in the precedent Table and the hour of the day on the top of the Table and in the common Angle of Meeting you will find the Planet that governeth that hour And in the other precedent Table on the right hand which is for the Night is the Planet that governeth the same Hour by Night Example Upon the aforesaid day the 8th of January 1681 it is required to find what Planet reigneth at 11 a Clock before Noon the same day Therefore according to the aforesaid Rule you may find there are 30 minutes spent of the fourth Planetary Hour therefore first find Monday on the side of the said precedent Table then look for 4 in the head of the Table and in the common Angle of Metting you will find ♂ to be the Governor that rules the 4th Hour of the same day Of the Properties and Natural Effects of the Seven Planets Having now shewed what Planet rules each Hour it will be necessary to shew the Natures Qualities and Dispositions of them ♄ denotes in general Lands Houses Tenements Country-men Ancient People c. ♃ signifies Judges Senators Divines Riches Law Religion c. ♂ signifies Souldiers Physicians War Strife and Debate Theft and all manner of Cruelty c. ☉ signifies Honour Greatness noble Persons of all degrees ♀ denotes Women Pleasure
Pastimes all kinds of Delights Mirth sweet Odours c. ☿ denotes all kinds of Scribes or Secretaries Mathematicians Servants c. ☽ signifies Women in general all common and vulgar Persons The Vse of the Table that sheweth the Altitude of the Sun every hour of the Day and each day of the Year with the Rising and Setting of the Sun The Description of the Table The Months are on the head of the Table each Month noted with the proper Letter belonging to the Month as J for January F for February M for March c. The Hour-lines that bend downward are the Summer-hours those that bend upward are the Winterhours the small Lines that fall perpendicularly are the Parallel Lines of the days of the Year Those that run thwart them at right Angles with these are the Parallels of the Suns Altitude proceeding from the Tangent-Line on the right side of the Table The lower Line of the top Margent of the Months represents the Horizon where you are to find the rising and setting of the Sun The Vses follow To find the Altitude of the Sun on any Hour and Day in the Year I would know what Altitude the Sun will have the 10th of May at 9 of the Clock in the Forenoon or at 3 in the Afternoon which is all one Therefore find the 10th of May in the Margent of the Months on the top of the Table then find the hour of 9 on the right hand of the Table and note the Hour-Line which passes from 8 on the right side which are Morning hours to 3 on the left side which are the Afternoon hours then direct your eye down from the 10th of May in one of the nearest lines that proceeds down-right until it meets and intersects the said Hour-line then direct your eye from that Intersection to one of the thwart Lines that proceeds from the Hour-line and where that Line meets with the Tangent-Line on the right side of the Table to 43 which is the Altitude of the Sun at that day and hour aforesaid the same is to be understood also of the Winter-Hours To find the Rising and Setting of the Sun by the same Table The aforesaid 10th of May note what Hour-Line toucheth the lower Line of the Margent of Months and there you will see that the hour of 4 which proceeds from the Morning Hour Lines and you may see that the end of the 4 a Clock Line doth come short of the said 10th day of May which shews that the Sun rises a little after 4 of the Clock and so much after 4 as the rising of the Sun is so much doth the Sun set before 8 at Night The Explanation and Vse of the Tables of the Suns Right Ascension and of the Table of the Stars Right Ascension and Declination The Explanation of the Tables In the Table of the Suns Right Ascension the first Page contains the first six Months of the Year and the next Page the other six Months In the first Column towards the left hand are the days of the month and in the other Columns is the Suns Right Ascension in Hours and Minutes In the Table of the Stars Right Ascension there are six Columns in the first towards the left hand are the names of the Stars in the second are the Stars Magnitudes in the third the Right Ascension of the Stars in degrees and minutes in the fourth the Declination in degrees and minutes in the fifth the Right Ascension in hours and minutes and in the sixth the Denomination of the Declination whether North or South The Vse of the Tables First To find the time of the Stars coming upon the Meridian The Rule When you have found the Right Ascension of the Sun and Stars for any day proposed then substract the Right Ascension of the Sun from the Right Ascension of the Star but if the Stars Right Ascension be less than that of the Sun add thereto 24 hours and then substract one from the other the remainder after substraction is the time of the Stars coming upon the Meridian from Noon and if the remainder exceed 12 hours substract 12 hours therefrom and then the remainder is the time from Midnight Example 1. Suppose the time that the middle of the Pleiades comes on the Meridian were required to the 5th day of November 1680. I find the Stars Right Ascension to be 3 hours 26 minutes and the Suns Right Ascension to be 15 hours 23 minutes Now because the Suns Right Ascension is more than the Stars therefore add to the Stars Right Ascension 24 hours which makes 27 hours 26 min. from which substracting the Suns Right Ascension there remains 12 hours 3 minutes from which substracting 12 hours there remains 3 minutes which is the time of the Pleiades coming to the Meridian after Midnight which was required Example 2. Suppose the time of Pegasus lower Wing coming upon the Meridian on the said 5th of November 1680. I find in the Table the Stars Right Ascension to be 23 hours 55 minutes and the Suns Right Ascension to be as before 15 hours 23 minutes which being substracted from the Stars Right Ascension leaves 8 hours 32 minutes the true time of the Stars coming to the Meridian Afternoon Secondly The time being given to find what Star will come to the Meridian about the said time The Rule To the Suns Right Ascension add the time from Noon at which the Stars coming to the Meridian is required the sum is the Right Ascension of the Star that will come to the Meridian at that time with which enter the Table and look what Stars Right Ascension agrees with the Right Ascension before found or nearest thereto and that is the Star sought for Example Suppose April the 1st I desire to know what Star will come upon the Meridian at 3 hours after Midnight The Suns Right Ascension that day is 1 hour 21 min. the time from Noon is 15 hours which added to the Suns Right Ascension makes 16 hours 21 min. the nearest in the Table is the Scorpions Heart whose Right Ascension is 16 hours 9 min. and comes to the Meridian 12 min. after 4 and Hercules Head whose Right Ascension is 16 hours 50 min. from which take 16 hours 21 min. and there rests 29 min. after 4 of the Clock which is the time of Hercules Head coming upon the Meridian Note That 16 hours from Noon is 4 of the Clock next Morning A Table of the Suns Right Ascen Days Janua Febr. March April Mar. June July August Septem Octo Novem. Decem. ☉ Right Ascen ☉ Right Ascen ☉ Right Ascen ☉ Right Ascen ☉ Right Ascen ☉ Right Ascen ☉ Right Ascen ☉ Right Ascen ☉ Right Ascen ☉ Right Ascen ☉ Right Ascen ☉ Right Ascen H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M 1 19.35 21.42 23.28 01.22 03.14 05.10 07.23 09.25 11.19 13.08 15.05 17.15 2 19.39 21.46 23.32 01.25 03.18 05.23 07.27
irregular which argues them not to be Stars or Planets moving about his Body They have a motion from the Oriental part of the Suns Disque to the Occidental which course they ordinarily finish within the space of 13 Days more or less according to their greater or lesser Latitude for they make their motion as it were in a Zodiack of about 60 Degrees broad by the observation of which spots it is found that the Sun hath a motion upon its own Axis from East to West which conversion is finished in 27 Days or thereabouts A Table of the magnitude of the Sun compared with the Earth according to Ptolemy Maurolycus Clavius and Barocius The Suns true Diameter contains Its Circumference contains The Area of its greatest Circle contains Its common Superficies contains Its solidity contains 5 ½ Simple Diameters of the Earth 17 2 7 Simple Diameters of the Earth 20 00 Square Diameters of the Earth 134 0 Square Diameters of the Earth 166 ◠The solidity of the Earth Of the Moon The Moon is the nearest to us of all the Planets in this our elementary Sphere it being a dark and opacous Body altogether deprived of innate or proper Light evident in its total Eclipses wherein she altogether loseth her lustre Hence may be inferred that she hath her light from the Sun and as she is opacous so she is a dense Body apt to receive and reflect the Suns light The Body of the Moon appears to be full of Eminencies and Depressions like our Hills and Valleys apparent to the sence by the help of the Telescope which spots and excressencies varying their scituation and magnitude according to the divers access or recess of the Sun to which their fite is always opposite thence evidencing to be the shadows and elucidations of the most eminent parts of the Moons-Globe resembling our Alps Hills and Mountains from whence may be concluded that the brighter and more splendid parts of the Moon to be those that are more dense solid and opacous like our Earth in regard they reflect a greater portion of light than the obscurer parts to reflect a less light and therefore supposed to be pellucid and diaphonous agreeable to our Ocean Seas Lakes and Rivers from whence it may be inferred that the Moon is composed of solid and liquid parts as this our Terraqueous-Globe in which we inhabit and therefore hath been conceived by most Astronomers as well Ancient as Modern that the Moon is as it were another Earth The spots that appear in the Body of the Moon are distinguish'd into ancient and new PHASIS LUNAE NATURALIS PHASIS LUNAE ARTIFICIALIS Aestus Maris Per Motum Lunae R. des Cartes lib 4 … 49. Illuminatio Lunae Per Solem. P Gassendi Justitutio Astionomia lib 2 cap 26. The new ones are those lesser spots which are not discernable but by the help of a Telescope which are various differing in magnitude scituation colour c. observed with exactness described by sundry eminent modern Astronomers Hevelius and Langrenus c. some of whom have imposed names and appellations upon the several eminencies that appear upon her Body for the better knowledge of them being of great use and advantage to all Students in Astronomy and very necessary in the making of Observations As also in Eclipses for the better determining the quantity of an Eclipse of the Moon And according to this forementioned Hypothesis of the light parts representing the Land and the darker parts the Seas these two Maps in this Book are made both for its natural appearance as well as the artificial representations both taken from those of Hevelius's Observations who hath also given names to the eminent parts of the Moon having described and distinguished them by Geographical marks and denominations tranferring to them names proper to our Terrestrial-Continents Promontories Mountains Islands Seas Lakes c. as may be seen at large in his Book called Selenography And in the Sphere of Manilius by Edward Sherborn Esquire A Table of the Moons distance from the Center of the Earth in Semidiameters of the same and its Horizontal Parallax according to Kepler and the Rodolphin Tables In Opposition or Conjunction Distance from the Center of the Earth Horizontal Parallax Apog Med. Perig. Apog Med. Perig. 59 0 Semid 56 28 Semid 54 0 Semid 58′ 22″ 58′ 16″ 62′ 20″ In its Quadratures Distance from the Center of the Earth Horizontal Parallax Apog Med. Perig. Apog Med. Perig. 59-0 Semid 56.28 Semid 54 0 Semid 58′ 22″ 60′ 53″ 63′ 41″ The Apparrent Diameters of the Moon according to Kepler In Opposition Conjunction or Quartile Aspect Apparent Diameters of the Moon Apog Perig. In ☌ and ☠30′ 0″ 34′ 10″ In □ 32′ 32″ 36′ 00″ The true magnitude of the Moon compared with that of the Earth and Sun according to Kepler The true Diamers of the Sun and Moon unto that of the Earth supposed to be 100. The Solidity of the Moon to the Sun Earth Moon Earth Sun 25 7 16 100 1500 as to 1.59 as to 1.204671 Of Mercury The Figure of Mercury is orbicular or round not Mathematically but Physically such rising here and there with exuberating Hills and Mountains in the same manner as this earthly Globe of ours being an opacous Body and receiving its illumination from the Sun whence at several times it is seen under several faces and appearances He appears in a figure like that of the New Moon when he is Retrograde and approaching to an Opposition to the Sun There are likewise observed in him several spots successively following one another some light some duskish which light spots are by Kereherus conceived to be the said Terrestrial and Mountanous parts thereof which by their successive motion likewise evince that he hath a Rotation upon his own Axis determined within the space of 6 Hours or thereabouts Of Venus The most illustrious of all the lesser Planets is Venus and from the remarks made by the Ancients these are some that follow First She is observed to precede the Sun rising in the Morning before him sometimes to follow the Sun in setting after him and sometimes in Conjunction with the Sun and other times receding from him and sometimes to differ in magnitude being greater or lesser whence they concluded her sometimes to approach nearer to the Earth and to be in Perigeo and other times to recede further from it and to be in Apogeo Besides these Observations of the Ancients Modern Astronomers by the help of the Telescope have noted several other signal Phenomena's as that she is liable to the same variety of changes as the Moon sometimes almost full and at other times gibbous and now and then horned as well when she is Vepertine as Matutine She is sometimes seen by day as is before noted Of the structure nature and substance of this Planet from the forementioned Phenomena it may be concluded to be an opacous Body and hath its light from the Sun that it is of