Selected quad for the lemma: day_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
day_n	degree_n	minute_n	pole_n	4,710	5	12.3043	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A46233	An history of the constancy of nature wherein by comparing the latter age with the former, it is maintained that the world doth not decay universally in respect of it self, or the heavens, elements, mixt bodies, meteors, minerals, plants, animals, nor man in his age, stature, strength, or faculties of his minde, as relating to all arts and science / by John Jonston of Poland.; Naturae constantia. English	Jonstonus, Joannes, 1603-1675.; Rowland, John, M.D.	1657 (1657)	Wing J1016; ESTC R11015	93,469	200

Earth and not so far remote toward either Pole and lastly that the Pole Starre in the Tail of Ursa Minor is neerer to the Pole and therefore the Heavens are deficient It is so For there are many that now live under the Torrid Zone and there is Merchandise for multitudes of commodities from hence thither Bodinus reports out of Copernicus Rainoldus Stadius and others that the Sun is now more neer to the earth by 136. Semidiameters or 26600. miles and Philippus Melancthon thought that ought to be referred to the wasting condition of the earthly and heavenly bodies It is the common opinion of Astronomers that the Sun in Winter is not so far from us toward the South as he was in the dayes of Ptolomie and Hipparchus and not so neer toward the North in summer For Ptolomie about the yeer of Christ 140. discovered the greatest declination of the Sun from the Equinoctiall Line toward either of the Poles to be 23 degrees 51. minutes 20. seconds and because he found that account to agree with the observations of Hipparchus who lived 130. yeers before Christ and of Eratosthenes who preceded him he thence concluded that the Suns greatest declination was immutable But in the yeer of Christ one thousand four hundred and thirty the most learned Astronomers of the Arabians found the same declination to be but 23. degrees 35. minuts To whom Albategnius subscribed who lived in the yeer 880. But in the yeer 1070 Arzachel an Ethiopian born in Spain took the greatest Declination which he found to be 23 degrees 33 minutes 30 seconds and that he might salve the differences of observations he invented a new Hypothesis Copernicus afterward following him in the yeer 1520. concluded that the Suns greatest declination was mutable yet never greater then 23 degrees 52 minutes nor lesse than 23 degrees 28 minutes and he taught us that in the space of 1 thousand seven hundred and seventy yeers the Sun would passe from the former to the latter and again in so much space of time the Sun would go back again from the latter to the former Therefore out of this Hypothesis of Copernicus about 65 yeers before the birth of Christ the greatest declination of the Sun was 23 degrees 52 minutes from which time calculating backward it hath ever grown lesse and lesse untill about 1782. yeers before Christ the greatest Declination 〈◊〉 but 23 degrees 28 minutes and from that counting backward again as before it increased untill in the yeer 3499 before Christ it grew to be 23 degrees 52 Minutes Lastly Molineus writes of the Pole Star in the Tayle of Ursa Minor that in the Days of Hipparchus it was 12 degrees distant from the Pole of the World and now a dayes it is hardly four degrees from it and he supposeth that when it shall come to stand in the Poles place which may be within 500 or 600 yeers the period shall be which God hath set to Nature I willingly grant all these things yet I see not what inconvenie●ce will happen to our cause thereby Since they that are of a faction against this do defend a universall declining they must also of necessity say that the cold zones by the cold being increased are become inhabitable and that the forces of men are so worn that they can by no means endure it The suns neerernesse to us is either founded upon false principles or the Suns declination is uncertain and changeable For Ptolomie about the yeer of Christ 140 placeth the distance of the Sun from the Earth in 1210 Semidiameters of the Earth but Albategnius about the yeer 880 found it to be 1146 Semidiameters Copernicus about the yeer 1520 found it to be 1179. Tycho Brahe about the yeer 1600 calculated it to be 1182 Diameters But La●sburgius Keplerus and others suppose the Sun is distant from the Earth 3000 Semidiameters Scaliger holds that opinion to be so absurd that he breaks forth into these words That which some have been bold to write that the body of the Sun is not far more neer than it was written to be by our Ancestours so that it may seem to have changed its place in the body of the deferent Orb their very writings ought to be wiped out with Spunges or themselves whipt with rods As for the Suns coming neerer to the South or to the North the most learned Doctor Banbridge Astromonie Reader in the famous university of Oxford thinks that the Suns Declination is immutable and that the difference of some minutes between us and Ptolomie might arise from some errour amongst the Antients in their Observations whence it will follow that the Sun is not farther removed toward the South nor is he come neerer to the North. Yet however if we should grant that there were a mutability it would follow that as the Sun was 65 yeers before Christ farther off toward the South than it is now so in the yeers that went before those yeers it was not farther off And when that the greatest Declination is at the highest the Sun in winter wil be farther toward the South and neerer in summer toward the North But when it is at the lowest it will be all contrary Lastly if any inconvenience may fall upon us thereby that is recompensed by the convenience that befalls them that live toward the South and so nothing can be collected thence for to prove an universall falling of the World from worse to worse The opinion of that Rare man is grounded on a weak foundation for the Pole Star wil never remove to be in place of the Pole of the world or be so straightned that it cannot proceed forward I grant indeed that after 50 yeers are gone it will be very neer to it but it will go back again and it will become more Northerly as it is now Southerly and this seems to be most certain and if the comming neer or going farther off from the Pole by other Stars do not shew the end of the world what reason will perswade us that this Star should shew it Proposition III. The world in respect of the Elements doth not grow to be worse BEing that the Elements may be considered in generall or in speciall that this Article may be more exactly demonstrated four other Articles seem to belong unto it I. That the world in respect of the Elements in general doth not grow worse II. Not in respect of the Ayre III. Not in respect of the Water IV. Not in respect of the Earth We shall therefore shew all these in their order The First Article The Elements in generall do not grow worse FOr if the Elements considered in generall should universally and perpetually grow worse they should decay either in respect of Number or Qualities or Proportion or Transmutation But it is not so in any of these What concerns their number The common opinion is that there are four but Three is the truth for the Fire is but the supronie part

of the purer Air that is more subtile hot and free from exhalations For since the Scripture doth no where speak of Fire no not in Genesis where things created are described why should we maintain it And if that solid Element of Fire should differ in subtility and thinnesse from the Sky or the uppermost part of the Air a new refraction of the Stars must needs follow by reason of the Fire and we should be ignorant of their true places which is false Moreover Nature in the chiefest things hath observed the number of Three For to say nothing of the supernaturall Mystery of the Trinity there is a Trinity in Mans Sex the male the Female and the Hermaphrodite there are three first principles of naturall things as Matter Form and Privation also there are three sensible principles Salt Brimstone and Mercury There are three principall parts in Man and three kind of spirits the Animall Vitall and Naturall as also they have three Channels or Vessels namely the Nerves Arteries and Veins There are three humours in the Blood as there are in Milk The Buttery part of Milk resembles the Air and so doth the Cholerick part of the blood The wheyish part of the Milk and the serene part of the Blood resembles the Water And the Crudly part of Milk resembles the Earth as doth the grosser Choler of the Blood Every man knows that this number is found now adays and in respect of the qualities the Earth is now the driest Element the coldest and the heaviest The Air is the hottest moistest and lightest The Water is cold and moist Aristotle makes the proportion between the Elements to be Ten Degrees but it is not so For the Circumference of the Earth is 5400. miles therefore the diameter is 1718 the Semidiameter is 859 or 860 which are chosen for to facilitate the account Moreover there are many emptie places of the Earth that are without Water and where Seas are the Earth is under the Water so that the depth of the Sea as is gathered by the observations of the most skilfull Mariners in many places scarce amounts to 80 or a 100 pases more seldome to two or 300 pases and most seldom to 500 pases but seldom or never to a 1000 pases and that is but the fourth part of a Germane mile and if this be compared with the Diameter or depths of the Earth it is as the height of a drop of sweat compared with the whole body Moreover experience shews that Air will be made of a few drops of water that is by many degrees more than they And who can deny but that this proportion holds even at this day As for their transmutation There is a notable compensation of the four fold forces in the Elements dispensing their courses by equal rules and bounds For as the Circle of the yeer is distinguished by four quarters one quarter succeeding after an other and by the same Circuit untill the same time return again in like manner the Elements of the world succeeding one the other in their courses are changed and you would say it were incredible When they seem to die they are made immortall running the same race again and again and passing daily up and down the same way For from the earth begins a rising way which melting is changed into water then the water evaporates into Air the Air is rarefied til it he Fire another declining way tends downward from the top the Fire being put out sinks down into Air and the Air becomes thick and turns to Water and the moysture of the Water becomes grosse till it be Earth True it is they are not otherwise mingled than as Islanders are with those that Traffick with them yet this cannot be denied but it is done for the great good of the Universe For pure water were unfit to drink the Earth would afford no moysture for Corn and we could not breathe in the Air. Hence Saint Augustine The Air on the top of Olympus is reported to be so thin that it cannot nourish Birds nor yet Men that happen to go up thither can be nourished with the Spirit of a grosser Air as they are wout to be and is requisite for their nutriment Article II. The Element of the Air is deficient in nothing IF the Aire had failed in any thing it had faild in its temper But if we credit Historians in former times the drinesse of the Air was greater and the Infection of it more Pestilentiall Chronicles write that in the yeer 1234 the Winter was so Cold that in the Adriatick Sea the Venetian Factours passed over the Ice loaded with their Money Zona●us reports that the like accident fell out in the Pontick sea and the Sea adjoyning under Constantinus Copronymus In the dayes of Charles the great there was a great and most bitter Frost whereby the Pontick Sea for a hundred Miles Eastward was turned to Ice and was from top to the bottom 50 Cubits thick In the yeer 1125 the Winter was so violent that innumerable Eels in Brabant by reason of the ice went forth of the lake which is strange and got into Hay Ricks and lay hid there till by extream cold they rotted away Robertus De Monte And the Trees at last scarce had any leaves put forth in May. But to speak of the drinesse I read in Livie that in the yeer after Rome was built 322 that the rain from Heaven not onely failed but the Earth also wanted her inbred moysture and had hardly enough to serve for the perpetuall Rivers And where Fountains and Rivers were dried up and Water failed the Cattell died for thirst In the yeer 1153 the Wood took fire by extreame heat of the weather and the fat earth burned and no rain could Extinguish it The Germane Annals report that in the yeer 1228 the Air was so hot that the harvest was ended to use their own words before the Feast of Saint John Baptist. In the yeer 1473 the Wood in Bohemia burnt 18 weeks and the Danow was so dry that in many places it was Fordable and the same thing is written of the River of the Thames in the Reign of Henry the First But in the yeer 1494 in the end of July the Lakes and Waters were so bound up with Ice that all the Fish died for want of water You may adde to this what Tacitus writes of Armenia That the Winter fell out so cruell that the ground was so covered with Jce that without they dug they could find no place for their Tents Many mens Limbs were scorched with extremitie of cold and some upon their Watch were found dead And there was a Souldier observed who carried a bundle of wood whose hands were so frozen that they clave fast to the wood and fell off from his arms that were thus maymed As concerning the Pestilent infection of the air it was once so great in Greece as Thucydides

Nilus are neer the Mountains of the Moon not far from the Promontory of Good-hope IV. Of the Antipodes Lactantiu● of old speaks thus What doe they say that think the Antipodes to be Men whose feet walk against ours do they say any thing Or is any Man so foolish to think there be men whose feet are higher than their heads or that their weights ly against the places ours do turne the contrary way That Corn and Trees grow downward that Rain Snow Hail fall upwards upon the earth And Virgilius Bishop of Salisbury was condemned for this of Heresie by Pope Zachary Yet now adayes we are sure there are such I can speak no otherwise of Astronomy For I. The Ephemerides were not known to Ptolomy Purbachius was the first that brought them forth II. Many Instruments within these few yeers have been found out by Tycho Brahe Galileus and o●hers whereby new Stars have been discovered and Milkie wayes which reason of Meteors was hid from Aristotle and the Antients III. The Quadrature of the Circle was a thing to be known in Aristotle his days b●t it was not known Scaliger writes that he first found it out Yet Pancirollus saith not above thirty yeers since was that art invented which contains in it some wonderfull secret IV. Lastly the most learned Brigs late Professour of Geometry in the Famous Universitie of Oxford saith that the Antients knew not these things so well Copernicus Astronomy which teacheth us that the Earth is the Centre of the Globe of the Moon and that the Sun is the Centre of all the other Planets which may be discerned by our sight by help of an Optick Glasse lately invented in Venus and Mercury when they are in the lower part of their Orbs. He sheweth also by the Diurnall Motion of the Earth the Rising and Setting of all the Stars and by the Annuall Motion of thesame in its great Orb to finde out far more easily the motions and distances of all the Planets and their progresses in the Heavens their Stations and Retrogradations than we can by the Epicycles or other Hypetheses of Ptolomy or of any of the Antients The four Stars which Galilaeus Galilaei the Florentine calles Medicea who first found them out by his tuba Optica are alwaies carried about the Star of Jupiter and when they fall within the shadow of him they are Eclipsed Jupiter intercepting the Sun beams as the Earth doth when the Moon is Eclipsed To find out the value of Algebraic Aequations of all things if it be rationall and if it be not yet to expresse it next unto that in Numbers absolute and that as accurately as we can do any side of a surd number or the length of any Irrationall Line Any Subtendent Line being given in a Circle to finde out the Subtendent of the third part of the Circumference given whc Theos in his comment upon Ptolomy thought to be impossible and not onely of a third part but of any part be it even or odde The very Subtendent line is found of an odde part but the very subtendent of an even part is not found at one operation but onely the Square of Subtendent and the greater the number of parts be so much harder it will be to finde out the subtendent The Canons of right lines Tangents and Secants to the circle were not known to any of the Antients Erasmus Reinoldus first framed them and the Canon of Sines that is far more commodious than the Canon of Subtendents in Ptolomie was first discovered by Johannes Regiomontanus and afterwards was most accurately calculated by many men The totall doctrine of Logarithms was first invented by John Napier Baron of Merchiston a Scotchman whereof none of the Antients ever so much as dreamt of whereby many Problems in Astronomy Arithmetick and Geometry are resolved with very little bour which otherwise were thought to be impossible or else to be exceeding hard and not to be unfolded but with much toil and losse of time Thomas Hariottus a most skilful Geometrician was the first who taught men to find out the Arpha of a Sphaericall Triangle or the quantity of a Solid Angle no man before him attained this The ignorance of this proposition deceived Aristotle in his L. 3. de caelo C. 8. supposing that a solid place could be completed by a Pyramis And Petrus Ramus committed the same errour 16. 4. lib. of his Geometrie who affims the same thing may be done also by an Octaedron He teacheth also to finde out the proportion of a Segment of a Circle by that way which for Subtill and Accurate truth is equal to Archimedes way prop. 31. and 33 lib. de Conoidib and for easinesse is far beyond it Thus far Brigs to these we might adde those things that the most Famous Gulielmus Avianus Rector of the Colledge Thoman at Lipsia my honoured friend of his own invention hath inserted in his Universall Directory Part. IIII. Nothing is wanting in practicall Philosophy and History PRacticall Philosophy without all doubt is in the same condition For should we read the Books written upon this subject by Lipsius Guazzus Althusus Thomas Henricus Timpler Keckerman Donaldson c. who writ in Latine or Verulam Montanus the most Reverend Hall Robinson Feltham Gentius Wright who writ in French or English and should adde thereunto what Verulam hath written in his Augmentations of Learning we shall finde that Seneca Epictetus Plutarch and others of the Antients fell short of them many degrees As for the Military art which is part of Politicks the Romanes surpassed the Greeks therein and Raughleigh is reported to have shewed that the Romanes were surpassed by the English in Edward the third and Henry the fifth his dayes It is a question whether the Low-Countries fall short of Antiquity Hunniades Temincharius Scanderbeg Ziska Polislaus of Poland Henricus M. King of France Frederick or Nassau c. nay be compared with Julius Cesar. For he fought fourty seven battels with successe and was never put to the worst except in the Russian war by the running away of one of the Palatinate But of the other compared to Alexander the great Pytheus writes thus Which of you two the Garland first should have The warlike World long strove at last it gave The same to thee Henry by death thou wast So made at once the first Captain and last Who of the Antiens better knew the Art of Fortification than the Dutch and Italians do Who used more Noble Stratagems than the Low Countries in taking Breda and Zutphane than the Spaniard did in the interceptions of Amboina and the English in the conquering of the thundring Navy And as for Fights at Sea not despising other Nations the Dutch confederates have the preeminence given to them in many mens judgements They would sail to Heaven with their ships if men could sail thither History is three fold Naturall Ecclesiasticall and Civill Of that we spake