have in like wise two summers and two winters and four shadowes in a yeer and they have no difference of the first save that they have longer dayes in summer and shorter in winter for as the Equinoctiall lengtheneth so likewise doth the dayes in summer and in that part of the earth is the first climate and almost half of the second is named Araby wherein is Ethiopia Thirdly they that inhabit under the Tropike of summer have the Sun over their heads and at the day of the solstice of Summer at noon they have their shadowes smaller then we have and there is a part of Ethiopia Fourthly they that be between the tropike of summer and the circle Artike have longer daies in summer then the above said in as much as they be further from the Equinoctiall and shorter in winter and they have the sun over their heads ne toward septentrion and that part of the earth we inhabit Fiftly they that inhabit under the circle Artike have the eclyptike of the Zodiake to their orison and when the sun is in the solstice of summer it resconceth not and thus they have no night but naturall dayes of 24. hours Semblably when the Sun is in the solstice of winter it is natural day when they have continuall night and that the Sun riseth not to them Sixtly they that be between the Circle artike and the pole artike have in summer divers natural dayes that be to them one day artificial without any night And in winter be many naturall daies which are to them alwayes night the more that it approcheth the pole the more is the artificial day all summer long and dureth in some place a week in other a month in other two in other three in other more proportionally the night is greater for some of the signes be ever on their orison and some alwayes under and as long as the Sun is in the signes above it is day and while it is in the signs underneath it is night Seventhly they that inhabit right under the Pole have the Sun half of the year on their horison and have continuall day and the other half of the year continuall night and the equinoctiall is in their orison that divideth the signes six above six beneath wherefore when the sun is in the signes that be high and toward them they have continual day and when it is in the signes toward midday they have continual night and thus in a year they have but one day and one night And as it is said of that part of the earth toward the pole Artick a man may understand of the other half and of the habitations toward the pole Antartick The division of the earth and of the parts inhabited SHepheards and other as they divide the earth inhabitable in 7. parts that they call climates The first Diamerous The second Climate Diaciens The third Dalixandry The fourth Diathodes The fift climate Diaromes The sixt Daboristines The seventh Diaripheos Of the which each hath his longitude determined and the latitude also and the nearer they be to the Equinoctiall the longer they be and larger and proceed in longitude from orient to occident and in latitude from midday to Septentrion The first climate after some shepheards containeth in length half the circuit of the earth that is two hundred thousand 4 hundred mile it hath a hundred thousand two hundred mile of length The second and so of the other for the lessening of the earth comming toward Septentrion To understand what a climate is after the saying of the shepheards A climate is a space of earth equally large whereof the length is from orient to occident and the breadth is comming from midday and from the earth inhabitable toward the Equinoctiall drawing to septentrion as much as an horologe or clock changeth not For in earth habitable the clocks change vii times in the breath of the climates It is of necessity to say that they be seaven and where the variation of horologes is there is the diversity of climates howbeit that such variation properly ought to be taken in the midst of the climates and not in the beginning or end for the proximity and covenance the one of the other Also one climate hath always a day artificial of summer shorter or longer then another climate this day sheweth the difference in the midst of every climate better than the beginning or end the which thing wee may sensibly know at eye and thereby iudge the difference of the climates And it is to be noted that under the Equinoctiall the dayes and the nights in all times are equal each of twelve houres but comming toward septentrion the dayes of summer longeth and the winter dayes shorteth and the more that one approcheth septentrion the more waxeth the dayes in such wise that at the five of the last climate the dayes in summer be longer by three houres and an half than they be at the begining of the first and the pole is more raised by 38. degrees At the beginning of the first climate the longest day of summer hath 12. houers and xlv minutes and in the pole is raised on the orison 12. degrees and xlv minutes and the midst of the climate the longest day hath 13. hours and the pole raised xvi degrees and the latitude dures unto the longest day of summer that is 13. houres and xv minutes and the pole raised 20. degrees and an half which largenesse is ccccxl mile of earth The second climate beginneth at the end of the first and the midst is there as the day hath 12. houres and an half and the pole is raised over the oryson 24. degrees and 15. minutes And the latitude dureth unto three as the longest day hath 13. houres and xlv minutes and the pole is raised xxxii degrees and an half and this largenesse containeth of earth CCCC miles iust The third climate beginneth at the end of the second and the midst is there as the day hath 13. houres and the pole is raised 30. degrees and xlv minutes and the latitude extendeth unto there as the longest day hath 14. houres and xv minutes and the pole is raised 23. degrees and xi minutes The fourth climate at the end of the third and the midst is there as the longest day hath 24. houres and an half and the pole is raised 26. degrees and 20. minutes the latitude dureth unto there as the longest day hath 13. houres and xlv minutes and the pole is raised 30. degrees and the laregnesse containeth of earth ccc mile The fift climate at the end of the fourth and the midst is there as the longest day hath 15. houres and the pole is raised 4â— degrees and 20. minutes and the latitude dureth unto there as the longest day hath 15. houres and 15. minutes and the pole is raised 44. degrees and an half and the largenesse containeth of earth CClii. mile The sixt climate at the end of
the fift and the midst is there as the longest day hath 15. houres and an half and the pole is raised over the orizon xlv degrees and 23. minutes of which the largenesse dureth unto there as the longest day hath 15. houres and xlv minutes which largenesse containeth of earth CCxii mile The seventh climate at the end of the sixt and the midst is there as the longest day hath xvi houres and the pole is raised 48. degrees and xl minutes the latitude extendeth unto there as the longest day hath 16. hours and 15. minutes and the pole is raised fifty degrees and an half and the largenesse of the earth containeth 186. mile A marvellous consideration of the great understanding of shepheards IF case were after the length of the climates one might goe about the earth from Orient to Occident to his first place some shepheards say that this compasse may almost bee made Saying that if a man went this compasse in 12. naturall dayes going regularly toward Occident and began now at midday he should passe every day naturall the twelfth part of the circuit of the earth and be 20. degrees whereof it behoveth that the Sun make a course about the earth and 30. degrees further or he be returned on the morrow at the meridian of the said man and so the said man should have his day and night of 26. houres and should bee further by the twelfth part of a naturall day than if he rested him wherefore it followeth of necessity that in twelve naturall days the sayd man should only have but 11. dayes and 11. nights and somewhat lesse and that the Sun should light him but eleven times resconce eleven times for eleven dayes and eleven nights every day night of 26. hours make 12. naturall dayes each day of 24. houres In like manner it behoveth that another man should make this course going toward Orient have his day and night shorter than a naturall day by 2. houres then his day and night should bee but of 22. hours then if he made this course in like space to wit in twelve days and somewhat more Thus if John made the course toward occident and Peter toward orient and that Robert abode them at the place whence they departed the one as soon as the other and they meet at Robert both together Peter would say he had 2 dayes and 2. nights more than John and Robert who had rested a day lesse than Peter and a day more than John howbeit they have made this course in 12. naturall dayes or an hundred or in 10. yeers all is one This is a pleasant consideration among shepheards how John and Peter arive one self day put case it were on sunday John would say it is Saturday Peter would say munday and Robert would say Sunday CHAP. XXXVIII Of the Pomell of the skies a star named the star of the North neare the pole Artike called Septentrionall AFter the abovesaid things here will we speak of some stars in particular And first of them that shepheards call the pomell of the skies or star of the North wherefore we ought to know that we see sensibly the sky turne from Orient to Occident by the diurnall moving that is of the first mobile which is made on two points opposites which be the poles of the sky of the which one we see and it is the pole Artike and the other wee see not which is the pole Antartike or of midday which is alway hid under the earth By the pole Artike which is the star most approched which shepheards call the pomell of the sky the which they say is the highest and most stedfast from us by the which they have the knowledge they have of other stars and parts of the sky The stars which be by the said pomell goe never under the earth of the which be the stars which make the Chariot and divers other but they who be far from it goe sometime under earth as the Sun the Moon and other planets Vnder this pomell directly is the angle of the earth in the place where-against the sun is at the houre of midnight Of Andromeda a star fixed Aries is a signe hot and dry that governeth the head of man the face and the regions Babylon Percy and Araby And signifieth small trees and under him at the 16. degree riseth a star fixed named Andromeda that shepheards figureth a maid in her hair upon the brink of the sea set to be devoured of the monster of the sea but Perseus son of Jupiter fought with his sword against the said monster and slew it and so the said Andromeda was delivered They that be born under her constellation be in danger of prison or to die in prison but if a good planet take regard they scape both death and prison Aries is the exaltation of the Sun at the 20. degree and Aries is the house of Mars with Scorpio where he is most Of Perseus a star fixeâ— Lord of the sphere Taurus hath the trees plants and impes and governeth of man the neck and the throat bol the regions Ethiopy Egypt and the country about and under the 22. degree riseth a star fixed of the first magnitude that shepheards call Perseus son of Jupiter that smot off the head of Meduse who made al them to die that beheld her and by no manner they might eschue it Shepheards say that when Mars is conioyned with this star they that be born under the constellation shall have their heads smitten off if God shape not remedy and sometime they call this star Lord of the sword and figure him a man naked with a sword in one hand and in the other the head of Meduse and looketh on it And Taurus is the exaltation of the moon in the third degree Of Orison a star fixed and his fellows Gemini signifieth large good courage wit beauty clergy and governeth of man the shoulders armes and hands and the regions Iugen Armony Carthage and hath the small trees and under the 18. degree riseth a star fixed named Orison and with it 36. other stars and is figured a man armed in maile and a sword girt about him and signifieth great Captains They that be born under the constellation be in danger to be slain by treason if good fortune be not with them Gemini and Virgo be the houses of Mercury but Virgo is it in which he ioyeth most and Gemini in the third degree is the exaltation of the Dragons head Of Alhabor a star fixed Cancer domineth the long and equall Trees and of the body of man the brain the heart the stomack the side the lights and the lungs The Regions Armony the little and the Region of Orient And there riseth under it in the eight degree a star fixed which Shepheards call Alhabor that is to say the great dog and they say they that be born under the constellation and that be in the ascending or the middest of the sky it
narrow and small except the Zodiack which is large and containeth in length three hundred and threescore degrees of largeness twelve the which largenesse is divided by the middle six Degrees one the on sign and six on the other and this division is made by a line named Eclâ—ptick and is the way of the Sun for the Sun never departeth under that line thus it is alway in the midle of the Zodiack but the other planets been alwayes on the one side or of the other of the said line save when they been in the head or in the tail of the Dragon as the Moon that passeth twice in a month and it happen when it reneweth it is Eclipse of the Sun and if it happen the full Moon and that it be right under the nadyr of the Sun it is generall Eclips and if it be but a part it is not seen when it is eclips of the Sun it is not generall through all the climates but onely in some but when it is eclipse of the Moon it is generall over all Of two great circles that is to say one Meridian and the other Orison that intersequeth the one the other and crosseth directly Meridian is a great circle imagined on the sky which passeth by the poles of the world and by the point of the sky right over our heads the which is called Zenith and when the Sun is come over from Orient unto that circle it is midday and therefore it is called Meridian and the half of that circle is over the earth and the other under it that passeth by the point of midnight directly opposite to Zenith and when the Sun toucheth the part of the circle it is midnight and if a man goe toward orient or occident he hath new meridian and therefore it is sooner midday to them that bee toward Orient then to other if a man stand still his Meridian is one stil or if he goe toward mid-day or septentrion but if he stirre he hath other Zenith and these two circles crosseth directly Orison is a great circle that divideth the part of the sky that we see from that we see not And shepheards say that if a man were in a plaine Country he should see iustly half of the sky which they call their emisphery that is to say half spheare orison is ioyning nigh to the earth of the which orison the entry is the middle and is the place in the which we have been thus each is always in the midst of his orison and Zenith is the pole and as a man transporteth him from one place to another he is in the other places against the sky hath other Zenith other Orison all Orison is right or oblik They have right Orison that abideth under the Equinoctiall and have their Zenith in the Equinoctial for their Orison intersequeth and divideth the Equinoctiall even by these two poles of the world in such wise that none of the poles of the world is raised above their Orison ne deprived under it but they that habit other where than under the equinoctiall have their Orison oblike for their Orison followeth and divideth the Equinoctiall side way and not right and there appeareth unto them of all times one of the poles of the world raised above their Orison and the other be ever hid so that they see them not more or lesse after divers habitations and after that they be of farnesse from the Equinoctiall and the more that the one pole is raised the more the orison oblike and the other pole deprived is to wit that there is as much distance from the Orison to the pole as from the Zenith to the Equinoctiall and that Zenith is the fourth part of Meridian or the middest of the bow diurnall of the which the two ends be on the Orison And also that of the Pole unto the Equinoctiall is the fourth part of all the roundnesse of the skies and also of the Meridian circle sith it passeth by the poles and crosseth the Equinoctiall directly Example of the Orison of Paris after the opinion of shepheards over the which Orison they say that the pole is raised 49. degrees wherefore they say also that from the Zenith of Paris unto the equinoctiall bee 49. degrees and that from the orison unto the Zenith is the fourth part of the Meridian circle bee xc degrees and from the pole to the Zenith be xâ—i degrees and from the pole unto the solstice of summer be lxii degrees and from the solstice unto the equinoctiall be 32. degrees there be from the pole unto the equinoctiall 50. degrees and is the fourth part of the roundnesse of the sky from the equinoctiall unto the solstice of winter be 33. degrees and from the solstice unto the orison â—8 Thus shall the equinoctiall be raised over the orison 12. degrees and the solstice of summer 63 degrees in the which solstice is the Sun at the hour of noon the longest day of summer and then it entreth into Cancer and is most neerest to our habitable parts that may be And when the Sun is in the solstice of winter the shortest day of the yeer at the hour of noon it entereth into Capricornus and the said solstice is not raised over the orison of Paris but 8. degrees The which elevations and risings a man may find plainly so that he know one only and in every region in like wise after the situation Of the two other great circles of the sky and four small TWo great circles be on the sky named colures divideth the skies in four equall parts and crosseth their self directly the one passeth by the poles of the world and by the two solstices and the other by the poles also and by the two equinoctials The first small Circle is called the Circle Artik because of the pole Zodiak about the pole Artik and his like is to his opposite named the Circle Antartik The other two be named Tropikes the one of Summer and the other of Winter The Tropik of summer is cause of the solstice of summer beginning of Cancer and the Tropik of winter of the solstice of winter beginning of Capricorn and be equally distant one Circle from the other Here ought to be noted that the distances of the pole artik to the Circle artik and the distance of the Tropik of summer to the equinoctiall and that of equinoctiall to the Tropik of winter and from the Circle antartik to the pole antartik are iust equall each of 24. degrees a half or there about then the distance from the equinoctiall to the tropik of summer and from the Circle artik to the pole make together 47. degrees The which take away of the quarter between the pole and the equinoctiall whereas be xc degrees save that there abideth 44. that be the distance between the tropik of Winter and the Circle antartik and these Circles be said little for they be not so great as the other neverthelesse
they be divided each by CCClx. degrees as the greatest CHAP. XXXV Of the rising and resconsing of the signs in 〈…〉 ORison and hemisphery differed for orison is the circle that divideth the part of the sky which we see from that under the earth we see not Also orison is a circle that moveth not but as we move from one pâ—ace to another but hemisphery turns continually for one part riseth mounteth over orison and the other part resconseth and entereth under it thus orison riseth ne resconceth Meridian also riseth not ne resconceth Equinoctiall is the diurnall circle that riseth and resconceth regularly as much in one hour as in another and all in 23. hours Zodiake the large circle and oblike whereon the signs be riseth and resconceth all on a day naturall but not regularly for it riseth more in one hour than in another for that is ever over our orison is oblike and divideth the zodiake in two parts whereof one is over our orison and the other underneath Thus half of the signes riseth over our orison every day artificially be it short or long and the other half by night wherefore it behoveth that in daies which be shorter then the nights the signes riseth sooner and in long dayes more at leasure and thus the zodiake riseth not regularly in these parts as the equinoctiall but there is double variation for half of the zodiacke that is from the beginning of Aries unto the end of Virgo altogether taketh as much time in rising as half the equinoctiall that is by it and they begin to rise in a moment and end in a moment also But this half of the zodiake riseth sooner in the begining and this half of the equinoctiall more at leasure and this is called their obliquement Also the other half of the zodiake that is from the beginning of Libra unto the end of Pisces and half of the equinoctiall that is by it beginneth and loveth to rise together but the equinoctiall in that part in the beginning riseth sooner and the zodiake more at leasure and this is called rising directly And whether that riseth sooner the equinoctiall or the zodiake yet allwayes they end together Example of the two movings afore said as if two men went from London to Windsore and departed both together and that at the beginning the one goe fast and the other softly he that goeth fast should be sooner in the midway then the other but if he that went fast to the midway go softly and the other fast they shall be both at once in Windsore Also the half of the zodiake from the beginning of Cancer unto the end of Sagittary in rising beares more than half of the Equinoctiall so that this half riseth all right and the other half of the zodiake riseth oblikely CHAP. XXXVI Of the divisions of the earth and of the Regions FIrst ere we speak of the stars and knowledge that shepheards have we will say of the division of the earth and of the parts after their opinion Wherefore it is to be noted that the earth is round and therefore as a man goes from one country to another he hath other orison then he had and there appeareth other part of the sky and if a man went from septentrion strait toward midday the pole artike to him shall be lesse raised that is to say more nigh approching to the earth and if he went contrarywise it should be more raised that is to say appearing higher and therefore if he went toward midday under a meridian wheel that the pole artike were lesse raised over his orison by the 30. part of one of the vi parts of the Arke Meredian he should passe the 30. part of the 6. parts of half the circuit on the earth and to him the pole should be lesse raised by one degree or to the contrary till it were more raised of one degree then he should passe one degree of the circuit of the earth of the which all the degrees together be ccc.lx. And one degree of the earth containeth 12. leagues and an half or there about and every league is 2. mile And as the speare of the sky is divided by the four lesse circles five partes called Zones so the earth is divided into five regions whereof the first is between the pole artike and the circle artike The second is between the circle artike and the tropike of summer The third is between the tropike of summer the tropike of winter The fourth is between the tropike of winter and the circle Antartike The fift between the circle antartike and the pole antartike Of which parts of the earth some shepheards say that the first and the fift be inhabitable for their over great coldnesse for they be too far from the Sun The third is in the middle is too near under the way of the Sun and is inhabitable for the great heat The other two parts the second and the fourth be neither too near ne too far from the Sun but be moderate in heate and cold and therefore they be inhabitable if there be no other letting and suppose it be true yet it is not impossible to passe overthwart the region under the way of the Sun called Zone turned to go from the second to the fourth For some shepheards would have passed which would have shewed it wherefore they say that there is no region habited but the second wherein we and all other be CHAP. XXXVII Of the variation that is for divers habitations and Regions of the earth SHepheards say that if it were possible that the earth were inhabited all about and pose the case that it were so first they that inhabit under the Equinoctiall have alwayes the dayes and the nights equall and have the two poles of the world at the 2. corners of the orison and may see all the stars when they see the two poles and the sun passeth twice a year over them that is when it passeth by the equinoctials Thus the sun is to them the one half of the yeer toward the pole artick and the other half toward the other pole and therefore they have two winters in a yeer without great cold one is when we have winter and the other when we have summer Semblably they have two Summers one in March when we have prime time and the other in September when we have harvest and by this they have four solstices two high when the sun passeth by their zenich and two low when it declineth one way or other and thus they have four umbres or shadowes in a yeer for when the sun is in the equinocts twice in the yeer in the morning their shadowes be in the occident and at night in the orient and then at noon they have no shadowes but when the Sun is in the signes septentrionals their shadowes be toward the parts of the signes meridionaâ—s and so againward Secondly they that inhabit between the equinoctiall and the Tropike oâ— summer