euery digree in the Zodiake Respecting th' Eleuation of the Pole Arctike aâ—… Norwich 52. Digrees 0. minutes the Sonnes Declination 23. Digrees 28. minutes  Capricornus Aquarius Prâ—…ces Aries Taurus Gemini  Digr Digr Min Dig. Min Dig. Min Dig. Min Dig. Min Dig. Min Dig â–ª 0 14 22 17 â—…4 25 36 37 50 50 4 58 â—…6 30 1 14 23 17 26 25 57 38 16 50 26 58 37 29 2 14 23 17 38 26 19 38 42 50 47 58 48 28 3 14 24 17 50 26 42 39 8 51 8 58 58 27 4 14 25 18 3 27 4 39 34 51 28 59 8 26 5 â—…4 27 18 16 27 27 40 0 51 48 59 18 25 6 14 29 18 29 27 50 40 25 52 8 59 27 24 7 14 32 18 43 28 â—…3 40 51 52 28 59 â—…6 23 8 14 35 18 57 28 36 41 17 52 47 59 45 22 9 14 38 19 12 29 0 41 43 53 6 59 53 21 10 14 42 19 27 29 24 42 8 53 25 60 1 20 11 14 46 19 42 29 48 42 34 53 43 60 9 19 12 14 50 19 58 30 12 42 59 54 1 60 16 18 13 14 55 20 14 30 36 43 24 54 19 60 22 17 14 15 0 20 30 31 1 43 49 54 36 60 29 16 15 15 6 20 47 31 26 44 14 54 53 60 34 15 16 15 11 21 3 32 0 44 39 55 10 60 40 14 17 15 18 21 21 32 16 45 4 55 26 60 45 13 18 15 24 21 48 32 41 45 28 55 42 60 50 12 19 15 31 21 56 33 6 45 52 55 58 60 54 11 20 15 39 22 15 33 32 46 16 56 13 60 58 10 21 15 47 22 34 33 57 46 40 56 28 61 2 9 22 15 55 22 52 34 23 47 4 56 43 61 5 8 23 16 4 23 12 34 49 47 27 56 57 61 8 7 24 16 13 23 31 35 â—…5 47 50 57 11 61 11 6 25 16 22 23 51 35 40 48 13 57 24 61 13 5 26 16 32 24 12 36 6 48 36 57 37 61 14 4 27 16 42 24 32 36 32 48 58 57 50 61 16 3 28 16 52 24 53 36 58 49 2â—… â—…8 2 61 17 2 29 17 3 25 14 37 â—…4 49 43 58 14 61 17 1 30 17 14 25 36 37 50 50 4 58 26 61 â—…8 0 Digr Digr Min. Dig. Min Dig. Min Dig. Min Dig. Min Dig. Min Dig  Sagittarius Scorpius Libra Virgo Leo. Cancer  I omit as not requisite in this businesse then first I found in the hier part of the table Capricornus therfore I descending downward in the second columne against the. 20. degre of Capricorne founde 15. degrees 39. minuts the altitude of the sonne for the mids of that day In like maner the same yere the. 6. day of Septembre the sonne had his course in the. 24. degre of the virgine and because I finde Virgo in the lower parte of the Table ascendinge in the last colunme vpward find the 24. degre and against it in the columne of Uirgo 40. degrees 25. minutes the Meridian altitude of the soÌ„ne answering that degree in like sort do with any degre of th' other â—…gnes whan as occasion is ministred Spou. This now shall I alway kepe surely in memorye and because you haue heare apte place to geue me some precepte for th' eleuation of the Pole Arcticke I desire you herein to show me some instructions Phi. I will so do and the rather for that wythoute it you can little preuaile in this Arte and with knowinge it and the longitudes of regions you shall meruelouslye profit Spou. I praye you then begin firste with the finding out of the latitude of any place Philo. Whan as the sonne is in either Aequinoctiall poyntes by the helpe of your none steade shadowe you shal find when he is in the meridian line then with your instrument take his altitude whiche you shall subtracte from 90. degrees and the remanent shall be the iust eleuation of the Pole as for example At Norwich 1557 the 10. of march I found the meridiane altitude of the soÌ„ne by my Astrolabe 37. degrees and 50. minutes which I did subtract from 90. degrees and there remained 52. degrees 10. minuts the true height of the Pole and latitude of Norwich Spou. And do you not marke his declination at that time Phi. I cannot marke that whiche is not For in these poynts he hath no declination and that you might se in the table seruing that vse which is in the first boke But although this way is very perfect yet carieth it this discommoditie with him that you can but twise yearely take th'eleuatioÌ„ of the Pole And therfore I will showe you also how to find it whan he is in the Tropick poynts Spoud That is in the beginning of Cancer and Capricorn Phi. It is so you shall finde oute as afore wyth your instrument the sonnes height at middaye whan as he is in the first degree of Cancer Spou. That time can I finde oute by the helpe of an Ephemerides Phi. From this height you shall take away as your table sheweth 23. degrees 28. minuts this numbre you shall subtract froÌ„ 90. degrees the remanant shal be th'exacte Eleuation of your pole as for example I find the height of the soÌ„ne at midday in the beginning of Cancer 61. degrees 18. minutes from which I take 23. degrees 28. minutes and there shall remayne 37. degrees 50. minutes this nomber I take from 90. degrees being an hole quadrant there remaineth 52. degrees 10. minutes th' eleuation of the pole Spoud I will proue by your licence and I can do in like case whan as he is in Capricorn Phil. Do you so Spou. I imagine his none steade heighte to be 14. degrees 22. minutes for because he is farre from our Zenit from which I cannot substract the greatest declination of the sonne answering the first degre of Capricorn in the table of declination Phi. Nor you shall not make anye subtraction For like as whan he declineth North from th'equinoctiall which is from the beginning of Aries vnto th' end of Virgo you shall subtracte his declinatioÌ„ from his altitude so in like maner hauing his declination South which is from the beginninge of Lybra vnto th' end of Pisces you muste adde his declination to the meridian altitude and subtract theÌ„ bothe from 90. degrees Spo. Then I wil end my example I do adde 23. degrees 28. min. vnto 14. degrees 22. min. the nonestede height which make 37. degrees 50. mi. I take this froÌ„ 90. degrees as you commaunded and ther remaineth 52. degrees 10. minutes as afore Phil. You haue truely wrought Spou. But is it not possible to finde th'eleuatioÌ„ of the Pole euery day for in traueling it shuld pleasure me Phil. It is possible to find it not only euery day but al so euery hour but I will reserue that vntill an other season
â—…5 36 48 85 41 294 15 11 308 40 11 13 16 11 39 41 12 56 40 28 56 38 15 88 57 322 57 12 282 16 12 12 10 12 45 42 45 57 38 57 57 39 45 92 23 357 35 13 259 53 13 11 5 13 51 44 21 58 37 29 58 41 16 96 1 400 16 14 240 38 14 10 0 14 57 46 0 59 36 3 59 42 50 99 51 454 12 15 223 55 15 8 56 16 4 47 41 60 34 38 60 44 26 103 54 524 34 16 209 14 16 7 52 17 12 49 24 61 33 15 61 46 5 108 14 620 17 17 196 15 17 6 48 18 20 51 11 62 31 54 62 47 46 112 50 758 8 18 184 39 18 5 45 19 29 53 2 63 30 34 63 49 30 117 45 974 1 19 174 15 19 4 42 20 39 54 56 64 29 15 64 51 17 123 0 1360 36 20 164 50 20 3 38 21 50 56 53 65 27 58 65 53 8 128 39 2253 44 21 156 18 21 2 35 23 2 58 54 66 26 43 66 55 1 134 45 6547 56 22 148 30 22 1 32 24 14 61 0 67 25 28 67 56 59 141 21 Infinite 23 141 21 23 0 29 25 28 63 10 68 24 14 68 59 1 148 30 numbre 24 134 45 24 0 33 26 43 65 25 69 23 2 69 61 6 156 18  25 128 39 25 1 36 27 58 67 45 70 21 50 70 63 17 164 50  26 123 0 26 2 38 29 15 70 11 71 20 39 71 65 32 174 15  27 117 45 27 3 41 30 34 72 43 72 19 29 72 67 52 184 39  28 112 50 28 4 44 31 54 75 21 73 18 20 73 70 18 196 15  29 118 14 29 5 48 33 15 78 7 74 17 12 74 72 51 209 14  30 113 54 30 6 52 34 38 81 0 75 16 4 75 75 29 223 55  31 99 51 31 7 56 36 3 84 2 76 14 57 76 78 15 240 38  32 96 1 32 9 0 37 20 87 13 77 13 51 77 81 9 259 53  33 92 23 33 10 4 38 57 90 34 78 12 45 78 84 11 282 16  34 88 57 34 11 8 40 28 94 5 79 11 39 79 87 23 308 40  35 85 41 35 12 14 42 1 97 49 80 10 34 80 90 44 340 16  36 82 34 36 13 19 43 35 101 45 81 9 30 81 94 16 378 49  37 79 37 37 14 25 45 12 105 56 82 8 26 82 98 0 426 55  38 76 48 38 15 32 46 52 110 23 83 7 22 83 101 58 488 39  39 74 5 39 16 40 48 35 115 8 84 6 18 84 106 9 570 51  40 71 30 40 17 48 50 20 120 11 85 5 15 85 110 37 685 48  41 69 1 41 18 57 52 9 125 39 86 4 11 86 115 23 858 2  42 66 38 42 20 6 54 1 131 30 87 3 8 87 120 28 1144 52  43 64 28 43 21 16 55 57 137 49 88 2 5 88 125 56 1718 10  44 62 8 44 22 27 57 56 144 40 89 1 3 89 131 48 3437 24  45 60 0 45 23 39 60 0 152 7 90 0 0 0 138 9 Infinite  Ther may many coÌ„clusions by this table be wrought as you shal know or we depart but now let vs furder proced coÌ„cerninge our talke of zones in which you must coÌ„sider that these zones of which we haue intreated ar deuided into climates regions Spo. How doth à climatand à zone differ they both wer for this cause first inuented to make diuision of the face of th' earth into soÌ„dry parts Philo. I confesse no lesse but they differ in this poynt that à Zone doth in it coÌ„tain the fift portioÌ„ of th' earth and à climate but only so much of th' earth the loÌ„gest day in that place do differ from th' equinoctial xxx minutes or half an hour and are named vii in numbre of all th' auncient Geographers Spoud Then the first climate shal be in latitude xvi degrees xliiij minutes from th' equinoctiall and the loÌ„gest day shall excede xij houres whiche is the quantitie of the daye vnder th' equinoctiall one houre for so saithe Ptolomaeus Philon. It is true but heare you muste consider that Ptolomaeus deuideth euery climate in iiij equall portions nameth them Paralleles euery one of them coÌ„teining in latitude iiij degrees xviij min. incresing the quantity of the longest day xv minutes so that Ptolomaeus making the first climate xvi degrees xliiij min. in Latitude from th' equinoctiall meaneth the middes and not the beginning of the climate Spou. I praye you or we anye further proceade shewe me the signification of a Parallele Philo. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greke whiche we also do call à Parallele is à Circle equally distaunt from that which is drawne next him and are described by the course of the sonne and starres of which the greatest is th' equinoctial for that he is furdest froÌ„ the Poles so that the nerer the poles the lesse is the parallele and the number of them Ptolomaeus maketh xxj as in this figure in which I haue made xxj paralleles froÌ„ th' equinoctiall vnto both the poles Arctike Antarctike and now to our matter againe from whence we did digresse You shall consider that euerye Climate hathe à proper name for the suerer difference of one from an other taketh his name of some notable Citye Mountaine or Riuer ouer which the mids of that Climate is drawn As for example The middes of the firste Climate goeth ouer a notable Ilande of Nilus called Meroë of that we name it Dia Meroes that is the climat going ouer Meroë The seconde Climat is called Dia Syënes of a citye in Egipt called Syënes The middes of the thirde climate is drawen ouer Alexandria an other Citye also in Egipt therfore called Dialexandrias The fourth goth ouer th' Iland of the Rodes now in subiection to the great Turke and is named Diarhodou The fift climate Dia Romes going ouer Rome somtime the head of the world at this preset the sinck of sin The sixte Climate is named Dia Pontou because it goeth ouer the Pontike seas named Euxinus The seuenth is draweÌ„ by Boristhenes a Citye so called therefore named Diaboristheneos not by the Riâ—…hean Mountanes as the vnlerned sort suppose seing that they ar at the lest x. deg froÌ„ this climate distaunte Spou. And what was the cause that they described no places beyoÌ„d the. 7. climate seing that ther are many inhabitaÌ„ts as by your words do appeare wher you made mention of the habitable places in th' earth Philo. It was ether because they supposed those places scaÌ„t or with muche paines habitable for th' extreme cold or els that they knew not the parts North froÌ„ theÌ„ situated as now we do Spou. And do they not make mention of
Climates drawne South from th'equinoctiall as of the North of whiche you haue spoken Phi. They do in like maner deuide that portion into vij Climates but for that they knewe no notable places as in the north partes from th'equinoctiall they gaue them the names of the North Climates with this addition Anti that is to saye oppositie or againste as Antidiameroes the Climate Southe from th'equinoctiall opposite or agaynst the north Climat drawn by Meroë And so in like sort with th' other as this figure shewith in which A. B. C. D. do represente the meridian circle A. the Northe Pole and C. the Pole Antarctike B. D. th'equinoctiall E. F. the Tropike of Cancer G. H. the Tropike of Capricorne the Polary circles I. K. and L. M. The Climates of themselfes are euident hauinge their proper names to them ioyned are drawn from B. D. th'equinoctiall toward the poles A. C. Spou. Now I pray you declare the coÌ„tinuation of the Climates paralleles Philo. I wil fulfill your request The partes of th' Earth Northwardes beinge by painfull daÌ„gerous nauigatioÌ„s found out are deuided also into Climates we folowing the same ordre that Pto lomaeus and th'aunciente Geographers vsed tbat is euery parallele to be distaunt from an other 4. degrees 18. minutes and euery climate one from an other 7. degrees 27. minutes geuing them in like sort apte names of the places ouer which they are drawne so that in our time there is founde after the same inuention 96. Paralleles of which are made 24. climates and for that it shall not easely be breuied in the poke of ObliuioÌ„ behold I haue drawne out a Table conteining in it the paralleles Climates with the places ouer whicb they directli are described as also th' eleuation of the pole Arctike vnto 90. degrees and the quantity of the longest daye answeringe vnto euery one of those degrees whiche Table shall muche pleasure you as hereafter it shall be euident A TABLE CONTEYNING THE NVMBRE OF PARALLELES AND CLIMATES VVITH th' Eleuation of the Pole Arcticke quantitie of the longest day night answering hereto Paralleles af ter Ptolomae us Paralleles more certayn exacte The number of Climates after th' olde Graecians vse Climates after th'inuen tion of Geographers in our time The names of Climates Paralleles after som notable place in them Th' Eleuation of the Pole arctick The quantitie of the lon gest day 1 1  1 Vnder Th'Equinoctiall 0 0 12 0 2 2    4 18 12 15 3 3  2  8 34 12 30 4 4    12 43 12 45 5 5 1 3 By th'Ilande MeroeÌ„ 16 44 13 0 6 6    20 34 13 15 7 7 2 4 By Syâ—…ne vnder the Tro picke of Cancer 24 11 13 30 8 8    27 36 13 45 9 9 3 5  30 48 14 0 10 10   By Alexandria 33 46 14 15 11 11 4 6 By the Rhodes 36 30 14 30 12 12    39 3 14 45 13 13 5 7 By Rome 41 23 15 0 14 14    43 32 15 15 15 15 6 8 By Ponte Euxine 45 31 15 30 16 16    47 â—…1 15 4â—… 17 17 7 9 By Boresthenes 49 1 â—…6 0 18 18    50 34 16 15 19 19  10 By VViteberge 51 59 16 30 20 20    53 17 â—…6 45 21 21  11 By Grypsualde 54 30 17 0 22 22    55 36 17 15 23 23  12 By Moscouia Irlande 56 38 17 30 24 24    57 34 17 45 25 25  13  58 27 18 0  26    59 15 18 15 26 27  14  59 59 18 30  28    60 40 18 45 29 29  15  61 18 19 0  30    61 â—…3 19 15 28 31  16  62 25 19 30  32   By Orcades 62 55 19 45 29 33  17  63 22 20 0  34    63 47 20 15  35  18  64 10 20 30  36    64 31 20 45 30 37  19 All these Paralleles folowynge are drawen by places 64 49 21 0  38    65 6 21 15  39  20 in Norwey and SweuelaÌ„d c. 65 22 21 30  40    65 â—…5 21 45 31 41  21  65 47 22 0  42    65 58 22 15  43  22  66 7 22 30  44    66 15 22 45 2 45  23  66 21 23 0  46    66 25 23 15  47  24  66 29 23 30  48   Vnder th'Arct Circle 66 31 23 43 33 49    66 32 24 0 Paralleles after Ptolomaeus Paralleles more certaine and exacte The names of the Paralleles after the notable places by which they are described c. Th' Eleuation of the Pole Arctik Continuall day in somer Continuall nyght in winter  50  67 0 23 11 22 1 34 51  67 30 33 17 31 13  52  68 0 41 14 39 2  53  68 30 48 6 45 8  54  69 0 54 3 50 22  55  79 30 59 12 56 0 35 56  70 0 64 â—…1 60 16  57  70 30 69 4 65 2  58  71 0 73 13 69 6  59  71 30 77 17 73 5  60 Bâ—… Laponia and the grene Lande 72 0 81 17 77 1  61  72 30 85 14 80 17  62 whiche after the opinioÌ„ of sundry 73 0 89 8 84 6 36 63 Authors do continually without seperation Ioine with west India 73 30 92 22 87 18  64  74 0 96 10 91 2  65  74 30 99 21 94 9  66  75 0 â—…03 5 97 14  67  75 30 106 11 100 17  68  76 0 109 16 103 19  69  76 30 112 20 106 20  70  77 0 115 22 â—…09 20  71  77 30 118 22 118 â—…7  72  78 0 121 22 118 14 37 73  78 30 124 21 118 11  74  79 0 127 19 121 7  75  79 30 1â—…0 17 124 2  76  80 0 133 13 126 20  77  80 30 136 8 129 14  87  81 0 139 3 132 7  79  81 30 141 21 135 0  80  82 0 144 14 137 17  81  82 30 147 7 140 9  82  83 0 150 0 142 23  83  83 30 152 16 145 13 38 84  84 0 155 8 148 4  85  84 30 158 0 150 18  86  85 0 160 15 153 9  87  85 30 â—…63 5 155 22  88  86 0
you drawing from the center to the circumference a straight line shal haue your own desire Other willing to exchew the tediousnes of time in obseruation do prouide a Plate of Meatall well pullished or some thick planke smothe and plained in whiche is drawne à circle as in th' other aforsaid with a Wyer or like thynge set vp right in the center and do diligently before none obserue whan the shadow of the Wier in length is equall with the circumference and at th' end of it make à prick In like sorte after noone whan as the shadowe commeth vnto the circumference and make there also à prick thē with the compasse deuide the space betwixte these two prickes in the middes and make there à note or pricke after draw à right line from the center to that middle pricke and it shall alwaye shewe the whan as the sonne is in the meridian or middaye line for that eleuation of the Pole as in this example A. Is the Center B. E. C. F. the Circle drawne in the planke or plate of metall A. D. the Gnomon or thing which geueth the shadowe AE the shadowe before Noone A. F. the shadow after none nowe deuidinge the space E. F. in the middes whiche is C. and drawne à righte line from A. beinge the Center vnto C. and that is the true Meridian line Spoudeus This way semeth muche easier and facile then the other Philo. Yea and it is also as certaine as th' other and it was inuented as I suppose of Iohannes de monte regio or Vitruuius But Uernerus vseth no other way to find oute thys Line then onelye a Diall hauinge à perfaite nedle placinge it on some plaine and smothe place whan the nedle standeth stedfastlye in the righte Line wythin the Diall it dothe as it were poynte directlye North and South Spoud This waye in my iudgement doeth excell all the rest both for the easines therof also which you can not do by th' other that you maye by it finde the Meridiane or middaye Line at all tymes bothe daye nyght houre Phil. You may so but the neadle doeth sometime erre from right north south as hathe bene obserued I will shew you in the treatise of Nauigation Yea how you shall also correct your neadle but I also haue inuented two waies the first is I make a plaine roūde plate in the mids of which I fix à ruler hauing two sightes to loke thorow then whē the sonne risith halfe aboue the Horizont half vnder I placing my Instrument flat on th' earth do direct the ruler vnto the same so that I may see him thorow the sightes then my ruler not moued I drawe with à Chalke or like thing à right lyne frō the Center vnto the Sōne whan the Sōne goeth down I do in like maner drawe an other Line then I drawe à right Line from the Line of his rising vnto the Line of his goynge downe diuide this Line in the middes after I drawe a right Line from the Center vnto the middes of the ouerwart Line thē I fixe in the Center an vpright wier the shadow of whiche at all times shall shewe when as the Sonne is in the Meridiane Line in that habitation but or we further procede I wyll giue you hereof an example in which I do make A. for the Center then putting vpon it à wyer or pricke I do fasten the ruler ther on this beyng done I place my instrumēt flat applie the ruler with his sightes G. F. vnto the Sōne drawe there à Line A. D. in like sorte whan he is goyng downe make an other Line A. C. then I draw à right Line from C. vnto D. which I diuide in the middes E. crosse it with à Line A. B. which is the Line at midday But in place where I cannot haue this or other like instrmēt whē as I se the sōne to draw very nere the south I pricke vpright in the groūde à knife or such like thīg markīg diligētly how lōg the shadow doth decrease whā as I perceaue it decreaseth no more but rather waxe longe againe I drawe à line from my knife to the shadow which serueth for the Meridian line Spoud I thancke you sir for this your gentlenesse in beating these things into my grose and dulhed And I wil put them all in practise whan conuenient time shal serue but in the night I mīding to take the true height of anye Planet or fixed sterre in the nonestead lyne what ordre shall I obserue for then there is no shadowe which will do pleasure Philo. Therfore wyth some Quadrāt Astrolabe or Ptolomaeus ruler the fation of whiche I do here place and the makinge you shall finde amonge th' other Instrumentes and marke what hys It is made of 3. peaces beyng 4. square As in the Picture where A. F. is the first peace or rule A. D. The seconde G. D. the third rule E. The Foote of the staffe C. F. The Plumrule C. B. The ioyntes in which the second third Rulers are moued K. L. The sighte holes I. The Sonne H. The Zenit or ver ticall pointe M. N. The Noonestead Lyne altitude is then you may staye a season after à while obserue his hight again and so from time to time vntill he increase no hier which is a perfect token that then he is in the Meridian line The same you maye do also with the sonne And for that nightlye trauell hearein semeth somwhat combrous and painfull behold here is a Table of the sonnes height for euery degree of the signes in the Zodiake his greatest declination being 23. degrees 28. minutes and th' eleuation of the Pole arctike aboue the Horizont 52. degrees 10. minutes As concerning the vse of the Table I wil speke nothing but will reserue it for his due place only admonishing you at this present that first you finde out the place of the Zodiake in signes and degrees by some Ephemerides or out of my tables in the Gazophilaciō Astronomicum then loke in the ouerpart of the Table and if that signe be there mensioned descend downward in the first columne finde out also the degre and directly against it shalt thou haue the sonnes Meridian altitude But and the signe be found in the lower part of the Table then you shall serch out his degre in the last column and against it toward the left hand you shal in like maner finde the Altitude answering hereto Spoud I praye you geue me example hereof or you do take in hande any other matters Philo. The thing is so easy as it nede no farther working ▪ yet I will not refuse in so litle a request to satisfye your desire I find the sonne the first day of the new yere 1558 in the signe of the Goate xx degrees the. 37. minutes A TABLE OF THE SONNES MERIDIANE Altitude aboue the Horizont Calculated for
subita percussa expalluit vmbra VVhan as the mone vnto the world her brother Titan bright In forme wold represent shining with face both full and round She sodenly was sore wounded and ther with left her light Titan causing th'earthes shadow her beauty to confound Spou. These verses are short very full of eloquēce Phil. Yea they are also easy to be vndarstand for she neuer resembleth the figure of the sonne whō Poëts call her brother but only whā she is at the ful at which time beinge in th' opposite place to him th'earthe as I saide shadoweth her from oure sightes But let that passe and beholde to serue thy vse in this behalf I haue calculated such Eclipses of the mone as shall happē frō the yeare of oure Lorde 1560. vntill the yere 1605 Applying the time of ther beginning in yeares daies houres minuts vnto the meridiā of Norwich exactly whiche is 22. degrees and. 30. minuts from the Canarian or West fortunate Ilandes 1560. ¶ March. Daye 11 Houre 16 Minute 6 1562. ¶ Iuly Daye 15 Houre 14 Minute 4 1563. ¶ Iuly Daye 5 Houre 7 Minute 34 1565. ¶ Nouember Daye 7 Houre 11 Minute 36 1566 ¶ October Day 28 Houre 2 Minute 44 1567 ¶ October Daye 17 Houre 13 Minute 53 1569 ¶ Marche Day 2 Houre 14 Minute 57 1570 ¶ February Day 20 Houre 5 Minute 20 1570 ¶ August Daye 15 Houre 9 Minute 5 1572 ¶ Iune Day 25 Houre 9 Minute 10 1573. ¶ December Daye 8 Houre 7 Minute 25. 1576. ¶ October Day 7 Houre 9 Minute 12 1577. ¶ Aprill Day 2 Houre 6 Minute 29 1577. ¶ September Daye 26 Houre 10 Minute 37. 1578. ¶ September Daye 16 Houre 12 Minute 24 1580. ¶ Ianuary Daye 31 Houre 8 Minute 36 1581. ¶ Ianuary Daye 19 Houre 8 Minute 38 1581. ¶ Iuly Daye 15 Houre 15 Minute 0 1584 ¶ Nouember Daye 8 Houre 11 Minute 18 1587. ¶ September Daye 6 Houre 8 Minute 54 1588 ¶ Marche Daye 2 Houre 13 Minute 22 1588. ¶ August Day 25 Houre 14 Minute 47 1589 ¶ August Day 15 Houre 6 Minute 8 1590 ¶ December Day 30 Houre 7 Minute 15 1591. ¶ December Day 19 Houre 14 Minute 48 1592 ¶ Iune Day 14 Houre 8 Minute 7 1592 ¶ December Day 8 Houre 6 Minute 31. 1594 ¶ October Day 18 Houre 17 Minute 8 1595 ¶ Aprill Day 13 Houre 14 Minute 15 1596 ¶ Aprill Day 2 Houre 7 Minutes 57 1598 ¶ February Day 10 Houre 16 Minute 31 1598 August Day 6 Houre 5 Minute 28. 1599 ¶ Ianuary Day 30 Houre 16 Minute 30 1601 ¶ Nouembre Day 29 Houre 5 Minutes 9 1602 ¶ May. Day 25 Houre 4 Minute 56 1603 ¶ May. Day 14 Houre 10 Minute 39 1603 ¶ Nouember Day 8 Houre 7 Minute 7 1605. ¶ Marche Day 24 Houre 7 Minute 15 1605. ¶ September Day 16 Houre 14 Minute 49 Whan as thou wilt finde the longitude of any Region Country or Uillage by an Eclipse do in this manner Obserue diligently the perfaite time whan as she beginneth to be eclipsed either by some perfait Dial or clock or els by the heighte of some fixed sterre and if the time of hyr beginninge do agree with that whiche thou shalt find here calculated know certainly that thy Meridian and longitud is all one with Norwich but if they differ do in this order Subtract the lesser time from oute of the greater the differēce turn into degrees mi. of the Equinoctial Thē if the time in the beginning of her obscuration be more then that which I haue heare placed adde this difference in degrees and minuts vnto the lōgitude of Norwiche because the place is East from it and you shall haue the perfait lōgitude But and she begin soner with the to be Eclipsed then is here mētioned subtract the difference aforesaid in digrees minuts from the Longitude of Norwiche because thou arte West from it you shal haue the Longitude desired Spou. Howe shall I torne the houres minutes of the day into digrees minutes of th' Equinoctiall Philo. You must giue to euery houre 15. digrees to euery 4. minu of an houre one digr of th' Equinoctial euery minu of an houre 15. minu of th' Equinoctiall as this Table folowyng shall alway declare And nowe I wyll giue you à twofould example Anno. Christi 1558. the second day of Aprill there was à great Eclipse of the Mone so that she was darkened x. pointes well nere began to come vnder the shadowe of th' Earth at Norwich at x. a clock 37. minutes at night as by taking the height of à fixed sterre called the virgins spike did euidently appeare now willing to note mens obseruations in other places I finde that Leouitius Cyprianus in hys boke of Eclipses apoynteth it to begin at Augusta in Ger many 23. min. after xi a clock at night Then to find the longitude of Augusta frō Norwich I subtract x. houres 37. min. frō xi houres 23 min ther remaine 49 minuts A TABLE SERVING TO THE CONuerting the houres and minutes of the day into digrees and minutes of th' Equinoctiall  Th' ark of th' equinoctiall in   Th' arke of th' Equinoctiall in Hou of the day Digre Mi Second  Mi. of hou Digrees Min. Secō Third 1 15 2 30  1 0 15 2 3 2 30 5 0  2 0 30 5 0 3 45 7 30  3 0 45 7 30 4 60 10 0  4 0 0 10 0 5 75 12 30  5 1 15 12 30 6 90 15 0  6 1 30 15 0 7 105 17 30  7 1 45 17 30 8 120 20 0  8 2 0 20 0 9 135 22 30  9 2 15 22 30 10 150 25 0  10 2 30 25 0 11 165 27 30  15 3 45 37 30 12 180 30 0  20 3 0 50 0 13 195 32 30  25 6 16 12 30 14 201 35 0  30 7 31 15 0 15 225 37 30  35 8 46 27 30 16 240 40 0  40 10 1 49 0 17 255 42 30  45 11 17 1 30 18 270 45 0  50 12 32 5 0 19 285 47 30  55 13 48 2 30 20 300 50 0  60 15 2 30 0 21 315 52 30       22 330 55 0       23 345 57 30       24 361 0 0       with which I enter into this tahle finde answeringe to 46. minutes of time 11. degrees 30. minu of th' equinoctiall because that the beginning of the Eclipse is later at Augusta ▪ then at Norwich it sheweth the situation to be East from it Wherfore I adde the difference of time tourned into degrees vnto 22. degrees 30. minu the longitud of Norwich ther ariseth 34. degrees the longitude of Augusta In like manner 1559. the. xvi day of September at 3. of
I wyll shewe you in the tyme of Ptolomaeus as his workes do testifie the sonnes greatest declination from th'equinoctiall was xxiij degrees lj minutes and xxx secondes Almaeon found it .xxiij. degrees .xxxiij. mynutes and .xxx. secondes Iohannes de monte Regio tried it to be .23 and but .30 minutes And George Pour bachius .23 degr .28 mi. which agreeth with our time Spoud This diuersitie of obseruatioÌ„ may arise rather of the instrumentes not exactly made then that he do so vary in his declination Philo. Nay verely I attribute the cause here of vnto that mouing of the heaueÌ„ which is called of Tebitius Alfonsus motus trepidationis Spoud How may I finde this varietie of declination by myne owne diligence Philo. Although it vary not in a mans lyfe any thing sensible yet because you may both know the obseruing of it exactly and also teache other that hereafter shal lerne as you are now instructed your selfe I wil in fewe wordes open the whole labour Take a quadrant the making of whiche you shal see among the other instrumentes and and set it directly vpright vpon some playne in the meridian lyne the finding of whiche you shal see in the next treatise and is here marked A. B. as also C. A. dore present the zenit or verticall point then rayse vp and downe the ruler hauing two sight holes made in it vnto the sonne whan as he is in the meridian line and obserue diligeÌ„tly that height in the circle of degrees noted in your quadrant froÌ„ B. to C. the .xi. or .xii. day of DeceÌ„ber which is B. D. vntill you finde he goeth no lower and againe in like case the .xi. or .xij. of Iune vntyll you perceiue he increaseth nothinge in height and is noted here B. E. and so the distaunce of D. E. is the distaunce of the .ij. tropick Circles Spoud What meane you by those tropick circles Philo. You shall knowe our conclusion ended This distaunce in our dayes is founde .46 degrees .56 minutes which beyng parted in two equall parts reconed from th' Equinoctiall B. F. sheweth the Sonnes greatest declination Northwarde from the forsaid Circle 23. degrees .28 minutes And in like case Southwarde in Winter And thus shall you alwaies find his declination Spoud This rule will I put in practise whan the tyme of the yeare doeth insewe Phil. Well now behold this table of DeclinatioÌ„ which shall serue thy vse more largely theÌ„ Orontius or D. Recordes Table is not so proplixe as E. Reignholdes A TABLE OF DECLINATION of th' Ecliptike in Degrees Minutes SecoÌ„des from th' Equi noctiall answeryng to the Sonnes greatest DeclinatioÌ„ .23 Deg. 28. Minu. Degrees Aries ♈ DiffereÌ„ Taurus ♉ DiffereÌ„ Gemini ♊ DiffereÌ„   Libra ♎  Scorpius â™ Â Sagittarius â™ Â Â Deg. Mi. Deg. Mi. Se. Mi. Se. Deg. Mi. Se. Mi. Se. De. Mi. Se. Mi. Se. De. Mi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 14 48   20 36 15   30 0 0 20 0 8 41   12 21 17   20 40 2   29 40 0 40 0 17 22   12 29 6   20 43 47   29 20 1 0 0 26 2   12 26 12 14 1 20 47 29   29 0 1 20 0 34 43   12 43 16   20 51 8   28 40 1 40 0 43 24   12 50 18   20 54 45   28 20 2 0 0 52 4   12 57 19   20 58 20   28 0 2 20 1 0 45 1 9 13 4 17   21 1 52 22 1 27 40 2 40 1 9 26   13 11 14   21 5 21   27 20 3 0 1 18 6   13 18 10   21 8 48   27 0 3 20 1 26 46   13 25 3   21 12 12   26 40 3 40 1 65 25   13 31 54   21 15 34   26 20 4 0 1 44 5   13 â—…8 42 15 6 21 18 54   26 0 4 20 1 52 43   13 45 28   21 22 11   25 40 4 40 2 1 22 2 19 13 52 13   21 25 25   25 20 5 0 2 10 〈◊〉   13 58 57   21 28 37   25 0 5 20 2 18 39   14 5 37   21 31 46   24 40 5 40 2 27 17   14 12 16   21 34 53   24 20 6 0 2 35 53   14 18 53   21 37 58   24 0 6 20 2 44 30 3 9 14 25 27   21 40 59   23 40 6 40 2 53 6   14 31 59 16 0 21 43 58   23 20 7 0 3 1 42   14 38 31   21 46 56   23 0 7 20 3 10 17   14 44 59   21 49 51   22 40 7 40 3 18 52   14 51 25   21 52 42   22 20 8 0 3 27 27   14 57 50   21 55 31   22 0 8 20 3 36 0 4 8 15 4 12   21 58 17   21 40 8 40 3 44 33   15 10 32   22 1 1   21 20 9 0 3 53 6   15 16 49   22 3 43   21 0 9 20 4 1 38   15 23 4   22 6 22   20 40 9 40 4 10 9   15 29 18   22 8 59   20 20 10 0 4 18 40   15 35 30 17 2 22 11 33   20 0 10 20 4 27 10 5 6 15 41 39   22 14 4 23 1 19 40 10 40 4 35 38   15 47 46   22 16 33   19 20 11 0 4 47 7   15 53 51   22 19 0   19 0 11 20 4 52 34   15 59 53   22 21 24   18 40 11 40 5 1 1   16 5 53   22 23 45   18 20 12 0 5 9 27   16 11 52   22 26 4   18 0 12 20 5 17 51 6 4 16 17 47   22 28 20   17 40 12 40 5 26 15   16 23 41   22 30 34   17 20 13 0 5 34 39   16 29 33   22 32 45   17 0 13 20 5 43 1   16 35 22 18 1 22 34 54   16 40 13 40 5 51 23   16 41 9   22 37 0   16 20 14 0 5 59 43   16 46 53 Â
vs sooner by one houre a halfe then with them and is daye with them after the Sonne is set with vs in like sort one houre xxx minutes Philo. And all this cometh because th' Earth is round causing vs them not to haue one generall Horizont The like reason is to be said of the diuersities of times in the beginning of an Eclipse either of Sonne or Mone As for exāple th' Eclipse of the Mone which was 1556. the 17. day of Nouēber at one of the clocke in the morning with vs at Norwiche for the moste parte of Englande which in the Horizont of Calicut began at vij of the clock In like sort ther shall happē an Eclipse of the Mone in the yeare of Christ our sauior 1562. the 16. daye of Iuly at two of the clocke iiij minutes in the morning at which time she shal be totallie darkened continew from the beginning to th' ende iij. houres and yet th'inhabitauntes at Calicut shall not see anye parte therof whiche moste euidently sheweth the roundnes of th' Earth to be the cause as this Figure here folowing do more plainely set out in which E. signifieth th' Earth A. the East C. the West D. the verticall pointe for Norwich B. in like maner the Zenit of Calicut Wherby it is manifest that the Mone shal be perfitly seperated from the Sonne or she shall appeare in the Horizōt of Calicut And yet we in England diuers other places East shall se bothe beginning ende of her Eclypsing Spoud These are sufficiēt probatiōs to declare th' Earth roūd frō th' East to the West but by what argument can you shewe it to be also rounde from the South to the North Philo. That is very easie to proue For if th' Earth were flat from the South to the North then we should se the south Sterres vnder th' Earth as well as those that be North alway in our sight And againe the Sonne Mone Sterres at midde day through the vniuersal yere should be euer in one height which also is false Spoud Yea for I haue had practise of that thinge saylinge in à shippe for we goynge from th'Equinoctiall Line northwarde did see the North south Poles equall with the Water But directing our course more to the north coast leauing th'Equinoctial we reared the north starre in short space xij degr at lēgth 30. deg loking south we could not se the southe Pole nor yet many other sterres which in th'Equinoctial were visible to vs. Phi. Yea wher your north starre was eleuated xxx degrees your south Pole was xxx degrees depressed in like maner But for the firmer fixynge it in your memory behould this Figure in the which C. signifieth both th' Earth and water A. the north Pole B. the south therefore if one go from B. to A the earth being roūd he must haue B. so muche vnder him as A is aboue his Horizōt There are besides these many sūdry reasons to proue this thing which I may omit as I suppose to you which nede no lenger probatiō in that whiche is most manifest Spo. Yet theis argumēts shall not onely stay my mind in à trueth but also with the same I shal cō fute th'errors of other if any shal spring about this matter Phil. Then I wyll exhort you wher these shall not seme sufficient you will gather more stronger out of Ptolomaeus Almegiste Cleomedes de mundo Philo de mundo Aristotle Erasmus Reignholt Orontius Hic canet errantē Lunam Solisque labores Arcturūque pluuiasque hyad gēinosque triōes Iohn de Sacrobosco oure countreyman master Recorde which doeth almost repete all their argumentes in the Castell of knowledge And nowe behold the Type of the world conteinyng in it as well the heauenly Regiō with suche Spheres Circles as haue bene in sundry partes before set forth in this treatise as also th'Elementarie region comprehendyng the Fier Aëre Water Earth in suche order forme as is cōsonant agreyng both with Reason Practise and Authoritie of most approued authors And for this time we will depart for beholde the Sonne is gone to rest Hesperus do shewe in the West verie brighte all other liuynge thinges also do apply them to take rest therfore let vs go downe this Hill into the Citie refreshyng our selues quickening memorie to morow I wil mete you in this same place agayne Spoud I thanke you hertly Philoni Let me here you can repete the summe of such thinges as we haue taken in hande this day as we walke downeward Spoud With à right good wyll 1 Firste you shewed me what Cosmographie was what Geographie and what Chorographie yea and wherein euery of them differeth from other 2 Next what the world was with his partes that is to saye the Heauenly Region Elementary with à briefe Discourse touchinge the Partes and order of the Heauenly Region 3 Thyrdly what a Sphere is howe it is deuided into a Right and Croked Sphere And howe it differeth from a Cirle 4 Forthly what a Center was what an Axe tree what a Diameter and of theyr difference 5 Fiftlye of the Principall Circles whiche are saide to be in this Sphere As the Horizont Meridian Aequinoctiall Zodiake two Colures the two Tropickes the Circles Arcticke and Antarctick Also that the Horizont and Meridian Circles be stable and without motiō with diuers other thinges herto belonging 6 Last you proceded to the second part of the world which is th' Elementarie Region In which you refuted sundry opinions touching the forme of th' Earth Philo. Nowe I perceiue bothe your apte nature in conceiuing such thinges as are spoken also your firme memory in reteining the same Wherefore you shall encourage me to geue you further instructions But for this time I must bid you fare well Spou. God preserue you graunt you life to accomplishe your desire in profiting your countrey as you do entende Amen THE SECONDE BOOKE OF the Cosmographicall Glasse in which is plainly expressed the Order and Number of Zones Paralleles and Climates Also sundry waies for th'exacte findyng out of the Meridiane Line The Longitude Latitude of places with many other preceptes belongyng to the making of a Carte or Mappe Spoudaeus MORPHEVS THE God of dreames with his slepie rodde so much this last night frequented my companie that my bodye taking rest my mind was much more busilie traueling in such conclusions as I had learnid of Philonicus thē it was in the time of his teaching For some time Morphêus shewed me the Sonne in the tropicke of Capricorne farre in the South among the cloudye skies as he comenly is the. 13. day of December And next he appered in th' Equinoctiall pointes as it is the tenth daye of March and the. 14. of Septēb willing me with great di ligēs to note that parallele circle Shortly after the sōne appeared in the tropicke of
Cancer in whiche place he is the. 12. daye of Iune causing in our region the lōgest day in the yere imediatly the time semed as it were midnight Charles Wayne with Bootes diuers other sterres turned about the Pole But as he wold haue caried me about the heauēs to haue shewid me the North Crowne stronge Hercules Cassiopeia th' Egle the flieng Horse mightie Orion the two Dogges the famous great shippe Argo c. Mercury the messenger of the Godes came to my bedde side saide Aurora did appeare Phebus with his goldē beames was entred his chariot minding to finishe his diurnall Arcke so that it was à reproche for me any lōger to play the sluggard declaringe more ouer that Philonicus was in the fildes And surely I suppose no lesse but I shall not from him be longe absent I am iustly reprehended of Mercury because the time that is cōsumed with slepe more then nature requireth is all lost for ther spring no profit therof but sicknes disquietnes both of body minde But what is he that calleth Spoudaeus beckneth with his hand It is Philonicus I will make spede to mete him Philon. God saue you Spoudaeus Spoud And you also moste hertilie I require the Gods you know th' occasiō I trust of my resorting into this place Philo. For to be further instructed in the knowledge of Cosmographie Spoud It is verely my desire specially to know the Longitude Latitude circuit of th' Earth and of the diuisiō of it into Climates to know the meanyng of Zones paralleles to finde out the Meridiane line the longitude latitude of any place because they haue à singular vse in this Arte. Philo. You haue repeted matter ynough to cōsume this day in I wyll if tyme permitte willingly satisfie your request But seynge this thinge doeth depende chiefly of dimention measuringe it is requisite to knowe that first yea the principall partes of it Spou. Dimention is no other thing then à lōgitude knowen practised by which we maye in like maner measure th'vnknowē distaunce of places by the same experience Philo. Trew it is And there are thre thinges only which may be measured For either it is à line as Longitude or els à Plat forme as Latitude or last à body as thicknes or profunditie Spoud Glarianus hath the like saying Campanus sheweth wherof these three do spring in this maner A point saith he is that which haue no partes yet by the mouyng of it à lyne is described And a lyne moued because it hath length beynge voide of breadth depenes cā but describe a plat forme This plat forme is both a rounde plat forme also a flatte as in these figures And a plat forme moued because it hathe lēgth breadth describeth a Body hauing both length breadth depenes Philo. A rounde plat forme A plaine plat forme A Barly corne is the least mea sure yet from it do all other mea sures procede as A Finger breadth An Vnche A Hande breadth A Spanne A Fote A Geomtricall Pase An Englishe Pearche A Furlonge An Englishe Furlonge A Leque An Italian mile A comon Germaine mile An Englishe mile Conteyninge in it 4 Barly cornes in thicknes 3 Fingers 4 Fingers 3 Hande breadth 4 Hande breadth 5 Fiue fote 16 Fote a halfe 125 Pase 660 Fote or 132. Pase 1500 Pase 1000 pase or 8. furlōgs 32 Furlonges 8 Furlonges There is also diuersitie what a Furlong should conteine in length it should appeare that Ptolomaeus Strabo Plinius do not agree herin Spou. What call you this worde Furlong Philon. That which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Plinie name it stadium 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 That is à statione And it is vsurped for a place where men exercise ther horse ronnyng a rase which length Plinie determineth to be 125. pases or 625. fote by which reason 8. of these furlonges do make an Italian or Englishe mile which beyng multiplied by 4. makes 32. furlonges the length of a comon Germanie mile I call it à common Germaine mile for that in Heluetia not obseruing any true distāce in theyr iorneis they vse 40. or 50. furlōges for a mile Spou. Those are Robin Hodes miles as the prouerbe is Phi. There is also a diuers order in measure obserued as th' Aegiptians by signes the Gretians by furlonges the Spaniardes French men by leques the Italiās Germaines Englishmen by miles which I thought mete to declare more for that it may further you in reading theyr workes then that I entende to introduce in place any of ther waies but wil vse only th' English mile writing to Englishe men the quantitie wherof as I said is 8. furlonges euery furlonge conteining 132. pases euery pase 5. fote euery fote 4. handbreadthes euery hand breadth 4. fingers in thicknes euery finger 4. Barly cornes rounde dried So that an Englishe mile conteineth in length 253440. Barly cornes as by the rules of Arithmetike is manifest plaine Spoud This semeth very straunge yea rather incredible yet surely to be trew I am assured Philon. You shall vnderstande matters both more straunge pleasaunt then this which is founde out by th' infalible rules of Arithmetik Geometrie now procede we to our purpose beginning with this word Lōgitude Spoud I take it for no other thinge then the distaunce of à Starre or part of à signe from the beginning of Aries the first signe in the Zodiake As the Virgines spike in the xvij degree xlij minutes of Libra is vj. signes xvij degrees xlij minu or 197. degrees xlij minu from the head of Aries Philo. That signification of Lōgitude is vsed among th' Astronomers but in Cosmographie it is otherwise For they call the Longitude of any Region the portion of th' Equinoctiall Circle which is included betwixte the Canarian Ilandes in the West beyng the first degre of Longitude the Meridiane of the Regiō that thou wilt describe Such portiō of th' Equinoctiall in the middes of Englande from the fornamed Ilandes is about xxij degrees Spoud Then in describinge the face of th' Earth Cosmographers do place the first degre of Lōgitude in the West fortunate Ilandes so proced thorow the whole face of the same vntill they come to that place agayne Philo. It is so as you say So that the myddes of th' Earth is 180. degrees from the West Such are th' East Indians 360. is the furdest that one can be from the West Spou. But could not the degrees of Longitude be accompted from some other parte of th' Earth as well as from th' Iandes afore said Philo. Yes verely but Ptolomaeus the restorer of this Art placed the first degree of Longitude in them as the furdest point of the confines boundes of Afrike Europe as the famous excellent pillers of
be deliuered I must or we furder proced require your ientill aid And that is whether in describing the. iiij Cardinall windes you call the North Pole the furdest North poynt or not and th'Antarctick Pole the South poynte Philon. No verely respecting our climate but I call North South the place of the Horizōt which the meridiā circle rightly doth crosse as also th' east west wher th'Equinoct crosseth the horizōt Spo. Thē vnder th'equinoctial where the Poles are equall with th' earth the Poles them selues are the north South poyntes Phil. It muste of force so be But now seinge theis instructions seme sufficient vnto you touchinge the order number diuision and names of the windes I will passe from that and conuerte my talke vnto the desired scope that is howe to directe anye shippe from place to place from Port to Port exactly by Art Spou. And that is a thinge whiche semeth merueilous For it is thought praise worthye to go by lande directlye without errour from one place to an other farre distant a sonder hauing no path or waye whereby to be guided But in the wide Ocean to finde à direct way to conducte his vessell vnto the port desired is much more commendable If Vlisses had knowne this Art he shoulde not haue hene so long tossed on the troublous seas If Diomedes or Aeneas had bene herein learned they had not so manye yeares bene driuen from place to place knowinge not by what meanes to attaine to their so longe desired Region What thing more commodious for Princes was there euer inuented more profitable for à comon weale and more necessary for al men And that considering the worthye Princes in time paste called Neptunus th'inuentor hereof à God as also Aeolus which found out the vse of windes For it is truely said honor norisheth artes Philon. I wold in these daies they woulde reward the learned painful which ether inuent or adde to that which is inuented with â necessary liuing as for calling thē gods let that passe it is to great a title for mortall men But omit we these thinges as touchinge the directing of anye shippe you maye do it two waies th' one by the compasse onely whiche was to th' olde Hydrographers vnknowne th' other by longitudes Latitudes and the compasse of which her after we will shew the maner As touchinge the firste waye I will not laboure to write much of because it is knowne well nie to euery Mariner But yet I will shewe them certain obseruations by whiche there is found manye errors in the nedle that done I will also declare how they shall correct the same and sail more exactly then the most part are able Spou. Thys is à merueilous nedle whiche beinge touched as I heare onlye with the Magnes shoulde knowe to turne alwaye to the North pole and that only by the same the. iiij Plages and quarters of th'Earthe are presentlye founde oute But what be th'obseruations of this neadle by whiche you affirme that it doth not exactlye poynte Northe and Southe Phi. They are of Iofrancus sette forthe in thys wise In the Ilande called Insula Corui it declined Easterlye xv degrees Also in the place which shipmen call Le Cap d'espoir en terre neuue it declineth towarde the Weaste 33. degrees and. 45. minutes Againe at Deppe saithe he it poynteth Easterlye to much by 11. degrees well nie Spo. If this be certain then in dede th' error is not tollerable but admit it be not so much yet error in all thinges as much as is possible is to be eschewed veritie to be folowed Wherfore I pray you shew me how to find out à perfait nedle to correct it if it be not perfect Phi. Both the chosing of à nedle that is perfit also to correct the false consisteth all in one precept For if I can correct à false nedle I can also chuse à true perfit the way how you shall do that is on this wise whē you will verifie your nedle if it be in the daye you shall vse the healpe of the Sunne and on the night of some fixed sterre marking diligently whā they are in the nonestead line then direct your nedle vnto the Sonne or sterre if the flower of the nedle be righte Northe from it your neadle is perfit or if the flower be toward the sonne th' other part of it North it is also true this your nedle corrected you shall perfitly directe your ship without errour Spou. I can with my Astrolabe or Quadrāt obserue the height of the sōne sterre vntill that he come to the meridiā or nonestead line as you taught me in the secōd dais talk at that instāt place my nedle right towards him Phi. And this wil serue as wel on the seas as on the lād But on the lād you may draw à meridiane line as I taught you set your cōpasse on the meridian Line which you haue drawen in suche maner as the line North South in the compasse stand right in the same it is of all other th'exacte waye this hauinge youre line made you maye at all times verify any nedle not tarying for the sonnes comming to the Meridian Circle Spou. But then my Meridian line whiche I haue drawē must euer be fixed in some place without remouīg Philo. It must neades folow Ther is also great error committed in describing the shipmans Cart because thei vse right lines in the place of Parallele circles of which at this time I will no further intreate Spoud Then I praye you begin the waye how to saile by Longitudes and Latitudes Philon. Vnto this way are required the circles of the Spheare the meridian altitude of the sonne by daye and sterre by nighte the heighte of the Pole the longitude of Regions and Portes and the vse of the shipmans quadrat whose inuentor was worthy D. Gemma Spou. As touching the Circles of the spheare you gaue me instructiōs in our first daies talke also to find th'altitude of the Pole sonne sterre in the second daies meting the longitude of places you promised to set forth by themselues geue me at my departure therfore ther only remain to shew me th' use of the quadrat in this art Phi. Thē I will herin satisfie your expectatiō finish our talke for this present This Quadrat as you se conteineth 32. poyntes with their names in them written Spoud I perceiue it wel but what is ment by those degrees of Lōgitude Latitude in that order placed Philon. I will shew you opening the whole Art of directing your shippe First you must seke out the longitude Latitude both of the place from whence you saile also of that vnto which you intend to trauaile Those you shall for the moste parte finde in my boke whiche I will deliuer you at our departing then
which they praepare head with stones the teath of Fishe for that they want Iron all metall gold except They haue warre with th' inhabitauntes of the countrey next them which haue an other language But it is not for richesse for inlarging their segniory or election of à king but for to reuenge the deathes of their praedicessors There is no law or order obserued of wedlocke for it is lawful to haue so many wemen as they affect to put them away with out any daunger They be filthy at meate in all secrete actes of nature comparable to brute beastes Their bread is rotes theyr meate mans fleshe for all theyr enemies which they ouercome they with great bankettyng deuoure Their houses are builded like the shape of Belles couered with leaues palmes of trees they vse no kinde of Marchandise and as for golde Pearle stone that we haue in great prise they haue in no esti mation For theyr richesse is in fethers of diuers colours stones which they hange on their eares lips for an ornatur They do honour the Sonne Mone Sterres There is also in the weast part of America à region cal led Peru most riche of all other that hitherto haue bene founde both of meatalles praecious Drugges Their shepe be of suche fertilitie that they twise yearlye haue Lambe Th' inhabitantes are ciuill wise prudeÌ„t skilful of marchandise But yet they know not Christ. The middes of America is in digrees 330. 0. The pole Antarctik 10. 0. The breadth of it is 2100. English miles the leÌ„gth 3000. miles There are diuers and sundry Ilandes about America in our dayes founde oute of whiche hereafter shall folow the principall PERV VVITH THE shore towarde Spaine Peru. 290. 5. 0. south pole Archay Chersonâ—…sus 303. 0. 5. 0 Caput de Stado 317. 0 â–ª 2. 30 Sinus aquae dulcis here are vij Ilandes founde in which are great plentie of Pearle praecious Stones 322. 0. South Pole 5. 0. Rio grande 329. 0. South pole 4. 30 S. Rochi 341. 0. South pole 8. 15 Caput S. Crucis here Magelanus founde à Giaunt x. fote in length 345. 0. 140. Rio. s. Iacobi 356. 0. 23. 30 Rio dâ—… s. Lucia 341. 0. 27. 20 ILANDES ADIOYning to America Riqua the lesser 296. 0. 10. 0 Riqua the greater 300. 0. 9. 0 Th' Iland of Giants 308. 7. 5. 0 Th' Ilande of Brasil 305. 4. 6. 10 La ponto 318. 30. 4. 0 Spagnolla here is found Gua iacuÌ„ that healeth the Neapolitane sicknes And the middes of th' Ilande coÌ„teine 305. 0. 23. 0. ¶ ILANDES TOVVARD Africke are innumerable of whiche these are founde oute Todosanctos 332. 30. 17. 0 Deforana 323. 0. 18. 0 Degadalupo 331. 10. 15. 30 Caput de bonauentur 294. 10. 4. 10 The grene Iland 347. 0. 14. 0 FINIS A PLENTIFVL TABLE CONTEYNING the principall matters of the whole worke reduced into th' ordor of th' Alphabete for the spedier findynge of suche thinges as you require A ABILE one of Hercules Columnes 58. 187 Aegyptians first founnd the 8. heauen 12 Aequinoctiall Circle what 22 His vse 24 AeÌ„r diuided into iij. Regions 42 Aeolus God of windes 112. 159 Aetna a burning Hill 176 Africke hyr description 184 wherof it toke name eodem Albania 193 Albetragnius errour in placing Venus aboue the Sonne 11 Alexander the great were borne 183 Alfonsus 2 He first founde out the x. heauen 12 Where he dwelt 178 Alphraganus 11 Ambicon 198 America hir description 200 Amphiscij 68 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 190 Angle of Sight what 137 what a perfit Angle 138 Andwarpe 180 Antarctick circle what 37 Antiochia 193 Antipodes 21. 70. 80 Apians way to finde the Longit. 106 Apollo first â—…ounde Physicke 2 Where he gaue Oracles 184 Arabia 195 Archimedes deuised Glassis to burne with all 2 Arctick circle what 36 ☞ Argentina loke Strausborough Argument of the whole worke 8 Aria Ariana 196 Aristotle 9 Arithmetick neadfull in Cosmographie 4 Armenia â—…yr chiefe places 193 Armusa 198 Asia the thirde parte of th' Earth â—…yr Adescription 190. 191 scij 69 Assiria 194 Atlas 2 Atreus first found the Sonnes Eclypse 97 Auicenna defended 81 Axe tree what 14 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 64 B. BAbilon 194 Bactriana hir Cities 195 Bagpipe vsed in Warre 172 Barbarica Mauritania 185 Barly corne the least measure 56 Blasing Sterres ingendred where 42 Body what it is 55 Bononie 182 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 64 Barno 198 Brasil an Ilande 202 Burnyng Hilles 176. 175 Burning zone 66 Polybius errour herein 65 That it is habitable eodem Bythinia 19â—… C. CAdmos an Hill 191 Caesariensis Mauritania 187 Calicute the nature of th' inhabitauntes 196 Calpe one of Hercules Pillers 58. 178 Cambridge 173 Canarian Ilandes the first digr of Lon. 58 Their numbre 188 Capadocia 193 Cardes perticuler made ij wayes 115 And howe to make them 116. 117 Caria hir Cities 191 Carmania 195 ☞ A Carte for tlâ—…â—…ight part of th' Earth 122 For the halfe part of th' Earth 125 For the whole face of th' Earth 127 ☞ Cayla loke Quiola Center what 14 Ceres Goddesse of Corne. 112 Chatay 197 Chorographie what 6 Howe it differeth from Cosmographie Geographie 7 Cilicia 193 Circle what howe it differeth from a Sphere 17 Circles Arcticke Antartik 37 Circles greater lesser 39 Circuit of th' Earth howe to find it out 60 How many English myles it conteyneth 61. Cities gouerned of the Signes Planetes 134 Cleomedes 9 Climate what 73 Diuision of them after Ptolomaeus eodem Their number 74 Their names 75 South Climates 76 Theyr Table 78. 79 Cooblentz 181 Colchis 193 Collen where the Pilgrimage is to the thre kinges 181 Colure circles ij theyr definition 36 Cometes ingendred where 42 Constantinople 184 Contentes of the first boke 51 Continens what 113 Coos 198 Corsica an Ilande 176 Cosmographie mete for all estates 4 Cosmographie most excellent of all Sciences eodem Cosmographies definition 5 Howe it differeth from Geographie 6 Cosmographie excelleth Geographie and Chorographie 8 The principall part of it 111 Cosmographicall Glasse 120 Crates errour placinge the Luminaries aboue th' eight heauen 11 Crete an Ilande 177 Cuba 198 Cumpasse vnknowen to th' olde Hydrographers 160 The Cuntrey of Pygmeans 191 Curua hir chefe cities 163 Cyamba 197 Cyclades Ilandes 176 Cyprus 198 D. DAlmatia 182 Damascus 193 Declination what 28 Declination howe to be sought out by instrument 29 ☞ A Table of the Sonnes declination 31 Democritus errour in placing of Mercury 11. Destinction of Zones 65 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 64 Diameter of a Sphaere what howe it differeth from th' Axe tree 15 Digree what 25 Digrees of Longitude of places froÌ„ whence accompted 58 Dimention what it is 55 Distaunce in myles of diuerse places howe to finde out 140 Distaunce of places howe to finde out 141 Diuersitie of opinions touchinge th' earth bis circuit 62
and will shew you how to find the height of the Pole euery day for whiche thinge I will geue you two sondrye wais th' one without any other instrumente more then a staffe or other thing erected to geue à shadow whyche I haue inuented th' other way is by the helpe of an instrument with which I will begin Take the sonnes heighte as before beinge in the Meridian line then take oute of some Ephemerides his place in the Zodiake in degrees minutes with which you shall enter into the table of declination ther find his declination from th'Equinoctiall answering to the said degrees minutes And if it be North thē subtracte it from th'Altitude Meridiā or if it be South adde it to the said Altitude then addyng or subtracting that numbre from 90. Digrees there shall remayne the trewe Eleuation of the Pole Spoud Wyll it please you to let me proue this rule by an example Philo. Right gladly Spou. I finde the Sonne in the sixt Digree of Gemini whose heighte as you see is 59. Digrees 28. minutes well nye And nowe I finde in the Table of the Sonnes declination vnder the 6. Digree of Gemini 21. Digrees 37. minutes 58. secondes Whiche I subtracting from the sonnes height ther doth remaine 37. digrees 50. minutes this I take from 90. digrees finde the place in height 52. digrees 10 ▪ minutes Phil. Let not this slide out of your memory because it hath a singuler vse in this art by it you may in al pla ces wher you trauaile finde out the height of the Pole And nowe I will shewe you my waye howe to finde th'aforesaide eleuation Spou. And shall your way serue in like maner for euery day in the yeare Phi. I find out the height of the North starre by the shadow ether iiij times in the yere or els euery day the sonne being in the meridian line Spou. Then I require you shew me first howe to finde the latitude of any Citie or towne Philon. right willingly You shall proueide a staffe or any rightwand in what length you please this you shall deuide into 60. equall portions Then take oute of some Ephemerides or Almanach the day whan as the Sōne entreth into the first digree of Aries Cancer Libra Capricornus At which times set your staffe vpright in some place And marke the shadow how longe it doth decrease whā it is at the shortest the sōne is in the noonstead place Then at that instaunt take the length of the shadow enter into the Table of shadowes there thou shalt finde th'exacte Latitude of thy Citie As for thy better instruction I find in an Ephemerides the sōne to be in the firste Digree of Aries 1558. the 12. daye of March Therfore whan as the sonne approche towarde the south I set my staffe directly vp find the shadow at midday 77. parts 13. minutes with which I enter the Table of shadowes vnder this title Aequinoctiall shadow can not finde my number expressed therfore I finde next vnder my nūber seuentie sixe 48. vnto which 52. digrees in Latitude do answere wherfore I workinge by proportion finde correspondent vnto 77. parts 13. minutes 52. digrees 10. minutes Spoud Then your minde is that I shall vse the rule of proportion in all Tables where as the perfect nūber is not expresedly founde Philo. Yea certainly Spo. Now shew how I may work euery day the same cōclusiō Phi. It differeth in no point frō the former order sauinge that in the table of shadowes you muste only haue respect to the columne of the sonnes altitude the shadow answering hereto Then to finde the degre he is in at that present next in the table of declination to seke out the declination of the same degree if it be North subtract it from the altitude so the remanent from 90. degrees you shall haue your owne desire Spoud But I finde him to decline Southe must I adde it to his altitude subtract both from 90 degrees as you did in the other Philo. In the same maner in all poyntes There is also an other waye to finde the latitude of Regions and Cities by the helpe of the Astronomy Ringe whiche you shall finde in my boke touching that matter in whiche I shew the making as also th' use of the same Spou. But in the night seasō how may I find the said Eleuation of the Pole in anye place Philo. The Mariners vse to find out the latitude of the place by findinge the height of the Northe starre which they call the lode starre esteming à degre or two in obseruation as no error But you shall worcke in thys maner first find out any notable starre that you knowe perfaitly in the table of fixed starres with Ptolomaeus rule or other instrumente obserue his heighte in the meridian line then in the table of declination you shall find how much he declineth North or South from th'equinoctiall obseruing th' order as you do with the searching out of the Pole by the sonnes altitude Meridiane and declination you shall haue your hole desire Spou. Will you nowe shewe the findyng out of the Lōgitude of any place from the Canariane Ilandes Philo. It is not so easie facile à thing to trie th' eleuation of the Pole but it is as harde laborus to get the Longitude which was the cause that the Auncient Geographers had onely one way that is by obseruing of th'Eclipses of the Mone Spoud I remember Strabo affirmith the same Phi. There is in dede no way so parfit suer as by th'Eclises therfore king Atreus is worthy eternall fame which was the finder out of th'Eclipses of the Sonne Mone 1205. yeares before Christ our Sauiours incarnation by whose trauaile we receaue this benefite Spoud Not we only that are presētly liuing but also such as haue bene before vs also those that shall here after folowe But what is the cause of hyr obscuration doeth not she at that time lose in dede hyr light Phi. No verely For it is directly against Aristotle all Philosophers well neare to confesse that the supercelestiall bodies are subiect to alteration yea or to affirme anye coloure in them But I wil let that passe wil show you the cause of her eclipsing which is no other thing thē the mone being in oppositiō of the sōne ether in the hed or tail of the dragō the shadow of th'erth is be twixt the mone our sight So that as longe as she is in perfit oppositiō without latitude so lōg doth she cōtinue in darknes Spo. And is she not Eclipsed at no other time then only at the Ful Phil. No certeinly ther fore Lucan doth aptly in his first boke opē the cause time of the mones Eclipsation in these versis Cornuque coacto Iam Phaebe toto fratrem cum redderet Orbe Terrarum