ben of the variation that is for diuers habitations and regions of the earth cap. xxxvii shepeherdes say that if it were possible that the earth were inhabyted all about and pose the case that it were so firste they that inhabite vnder the equinoctiall haue alwayes the dayes and the nyghts equall and haue the .ii. poles of the world at the two corners of their orizon and may see al the sterres when they see the two poles and the sunne passeth twyse in a yere ouer them that is when it passeth by the equinoctials thus the sunne is to them the one halfe of the yere towarde the pole artike and the other halfe towarde the other pole and therfore they haue two winters in a yere without great colde one is when we haue winter and the other when we haue sommer semblably they haue two sommers one is in march when we haue prime time and the other in september when we haue haruest and by this they haue foure solstices two hie when the sunne passeth by their zenich and two lowe when it declineth one way or other and thus they haue four vmbres or shadowes in a yere for when the sunne is in the equinocces twise in a yere in the morninge their shadowes be in the occidente and at night in the oriente and then at noone they haue no shadowes but when the sunne is in the signes septentrionals their shadowes be towarde the parties of the signes meridionals and so againeward secondly they that inhabite betwene the equinoctiall and the tropike of sommer haue in likewise two sommers and two winters and four shadowes in a yere and they haue no difference of the first saue that they haue longer dayes in sommer and shorter in winter for as the equinoctiall lengeth in likewise doth the dayes in sommer and in that part of the earth is the first climate and almost halfe of the seconde and is named araby wherin is ethiopia thirdly they that inhabite vnder the tropike of sommer haue the sunne ouer their heades and at the day of the solstice of sommer at noone they haue their shadowes smaller then we haue and there is a parte of ethiopic fourthly they that be betwene the tropike of sommer and the circle artike haue longer dayes in sommer then the abouesayde in as much as they be farther from the equinoctiall and shorter in winter and they haue the sunne ouer their heades ne toward septentrion and that part of the earth we inhabite fifthly they that inhabite vnder the circle artike haue the ecliptike of the zodiake to their orizon and when the sunne is in the solstice of sommer it resconseth not thus they haue no night but natural dayes of .xxiiii. houres semblably when the sunne is in the solstice of winter it is natural day when they haue contynuall nyght and that the sunne ryseth not to them sixthly they that be betwene the circle artike and the pole artike haue in sommer dyuers naturall dayes that be to them one day artificiall without any night and also in winter be many natural dayes which are to them alwaies night and the more that it approcheth the pole the more is the artificial day of sommer longe and dureth in some place a weke in other a moneth in other two in other three in other more and proporcionally the night is greater for some of the signes be euer on their oryzon and some alwayes vnder and as longe as the sunne is in the signes aboue it is day and while it is in the signes vnderneth it is night seuenthly they that inhabite right vnder the pole haue the sunne halfe of the yeare on their orizon and haue continuall day and the other halfe of the yere continuall night and the equinoctial is in their orizon that deuideth the signes six aboue and six beneath wherfore when the sunne is in the signes that be hye and towarde them they haue continuall day and when it is in the signes toward midday they haue continual nyght and thus in a yere they haue but one day and one night and as it is sayde of that parte of the earth toward the pole artyke a man may vnderstand of the other halfe and of the habitations towards the pole antartike the deuision of the earth and onely of the parte inhabited shepherdes and other as they deuide the earth inhabitable in .vii. partes that they call climates the first diamerous the second climate diaciens the .iii. dalixandry the .iiii. diarhodes the v. climate diaâ—omes the .vi. daboristines the .vii. diatipheos of the whych eche hath hys longitude determined and the latitude also and the nerer they be to the equinoctiall the longer they be and larger procede in longitude from orient to occident and in latytude from midday to septentrion the first climate after some shepherds conteyneth in length halfe of the circuite of the earth that is two hundred thousande .iiii. hundred myle it hath an hundred thousande two hundred myle of length the seconde and so of the other for the lessing of the earth comming toward septentrion to vnderstande what a clymate is after the sayinge of shepardes a clymate is a space of earth equally large wherof the length is from orient to occident the bredth is comming fro midday and fro the earth in habitable toward the equinoctiall drawing to septentrion as much as an â—â—rolege or clocke chaungeth not for in earth habitable the clockes change .vii. times in the bredth of the climates it is of necessitie to say that they be .vii. where the variation of horologes is there is the dyuersitie of clymates howe be it that such variation properly ought to be taken in the myddes of the clymates and not in the beginninge or ende for the proximitie and couenaunce the one of the other also one climate hath alwayes a day artificiall of soÌ„mer shorter or longer then another climate this day sheweth the differeÌ„ce in the middes of euery climate better then in the beginning or ende the which thing we may sensibly know at eye and therby iudge the difference of the clymates and it is to be noted that vnder the equinoctiall the dayes and the nyghtes in all tymes are equall eche of twelue houres but comming toward septentrion the dayes of sommer longeth the wynter dayes shorteth and the more that one aprocheth septentrioÌ„ the more waxeth the dayes in such wise that at the fyne of the last clymate the dayes in sommer be longer by thre houres and an halfe then they be at the begynnynge of the fyrst and the pole is more reysed by .xxxviii. degrees at the begynnyng of the fyrst clymate the longest day of sommer hath xii houres and xlv minutes in the pole is reysed on the oziron xii degrees and xlv mynutes and the myddes of the clymate the longest daye hath .xiii. houres and the pole reysed .xvi. degrees and the latytude dureth vnto the longest day of sommer that is
.xiii. houres and .xv. minutes and the pole reysed .xx. degrees and an halfe the whych largenes is .ccc.xl. myle of earth the seconde clymate begynneth at the ende of the fyrste and the myddes is there as the day hath .xiii. houres an halfe and the pole is reysed ouer the ozyron .xxiiii. degrees and .xv. mynutes and the latytude dureth vnto there as the longest daye hath .xiii. houres and .xlv. mynutes and the pole is reysed .xxvii. degrees and an halfe and thys largenes conteyneth of earth cccc myle iust the thyrde clymate begynneth at the ende of the seconde and the myddes is there as the day hath .xiii. houres the pole is reysed xxx degrees and .xlv minutes and the latytude extendeth vnto there as the loÌ„gest daye hath .xiiii. houres and .xv. mynutes and the pole is reysed .xxiii. degrees and .xl. mynutes the fourth clymate at the ende of the thyrd and the middes is there as the longest day hath .xiiii. houres and an halfe and the pole is reysed .xxvi. degrees and .xx. mynutes the latytude dureth vnto there as the longest daye hath .xiii. houres and xlv mynutes and the pole is reysed .xxx. degrees and the largenes conteyneth of earth .ccc myle the fyfth clymate begynneth at the ende of the fourth aâ—d the myddes is there as the longest day hath xv houres and the pole is reysed .xli. degrees and .xx. mynutes and the latytude dureth vnto there as the longest daye hath xv houres and xv mynutes and the pole is reysed xliii degrees and an halfe and the largenes conteyneth of earth cclii myle the vi clymate begynneth at the ende of the fyfth and the middes is there as the longest day hath xv houres and an halfe and the pole is reysed ouer the ozyron xlv degrees and xxiii mynutes of the whych the largenes dureth vnto there as the longest day hath xv houres xlv mynutes the whych largenes conteyneth of earth cc.xii myle the vii clymate begynneth at the ende of the syxt and the middes is there as the longest daye hath xvi houres and the pole is reysed xlviii degrees and xl mynutes the latytude extendeth vnto there as the longest day hath xvi houres and xv minutes and the pole is reysed fifty degres and an halfe and the largenes of the earth conteyneth clxxxvi myle a marueylous consyderation of the great vnderstanding of shepeherdes if case were after the length of the climates one might go about the earth fro orient to occident to his first place some shepards say that this coÌ„passe may almost be made saying that if a man went this coÌ„passe in .xii. naturall dayes going regulerly toward occident and began nowe at midday he should passe euery day naturall the .xii. parte of the circuite of the earth and be .xxx. degrees whereof behoueth that the sonne make a course about the earth and .xxx. degrees ferther or he be retourned on the morowe at the merydien of the sayde man and so the sayde man shoulde haue his day night of .xxvi. houres and should be farther by the .xii. part of a naturall day then if he rested him wherfore it followeth of necessitie that in xii naturall dayes the sayd man should onely haue but xi dayes and .xi. nights somewhat lesse that the sunne should light him but .xi. times resconse .xi times for .xi. dayes and .xi. nightes euery day and nyght of .xxvi. houres maketh .xii. naturall dayes eche day of .xxiiii. houres by semblable consideration behoueth that an other man that should make this course going toward orient haue his day and night shorter then a naturall day by .ii. houres then his day and night should be but of .xii. houres then if be made this course in like space that is to say in .xii. dayes and somewhat more thus if iohn made the course toward occident and peter towarde orient and that robert abode them at the place fro whence they departed the one as sone as the other and that they meete at robert both together peter would say that he had two dayes and two nightes more then iohn robert that had rested a day lesse then peter and a day more then iohn howe well that they haue made this course in .xii. naturall dayes or an hundred or in ten yere all is one this is a pleasant consideration among shepardes how iohn and peter arriueth one selfe day put case it were on sonday iohn wold say it is saterday peter wold say it is monday and robert would say it is sonday ¶ of the pomell of the skyes a sterre named the sterre of the north neere to pole artike called septentrionall cap. xxxviii after the abouesaid things here wil we speake of some sterres in perticuler and first of them that shepards cal the pomel of the skies or sterre of the north wherfore we ought to knowe that we see sensibly the sky turne from orient to occident by the diurnal mouing that is of the first mobile which is made on two points opposites that be the poles of the skie of the which one we see and it is the pole artike and the other we see not that is the pole antartike or of midday which is alwaye hyd vnder the earth by the pole artike that we see is the sterre most approched that shepards call the pomell of the skye the which they say is the highest and most stedfast from vs by the which they haue the knowledge that thei haue of the other sterres and parts of the skie the sterres that be by the said pomel go neuer vnder the earth of the which be the sterres that make the chariot diuers other but they that be far from it go sometime vnder the earth as the sunne the moone other planets under this pomel directly is the angle of the earth in the place where against the sunne is at the houre of midnight of andromeda a sterre fyxed aries is a signe hot and dry that gouerneth the head of man and the face and the regions babylon percy and araby and sygnifieth small trees and vnder him at the .xvi. degree ryseth a sterre fyxed named andromeda that shepardes figureth a mayde in her haire vpon the brinke of the sea set to be deuoured of the monsters of the sea but perseus sonne of iupiter fought with his sworde against the sayde monster and slewe it and then the sayde andromeda was deliuered they that be borne vnder her constellation be in daunger of prison or to dye in pryson but if a good planet take regarde then scape not death and prison aries is the exaltacion of the sunne at the .xix. degree and aries is the house of mars with scorpio where he is most of perseus a sterre fyxed lorde of the spere taurus hath the trees plantes and ympes and gouerneth of man the necke and the throte bol the regions ethiopy egipt and the country about and vnder the .xxii. degree riseth a sterre fyxed of the first magnitude that shepardes call perseus sonne of iupiter
parties that bene called sygnes named aries taurus gemini cancer leo uirgo libra scorpio sagittarius capricornus aquarius and pisces aryes beginneth in the equinoctiall and crosseth the zodyake and when the sonne is there it begynneth to declyne that is to say aprochyng septemtrion and towarde vs it extendeth to the orient then is taurus seconde gemini the thyrde and so of other as the fygure hereafter sheweth also euery sygne is deuided in .xxx. degrees and be in the zodyake .ccc.lx. degrees and euery degree deuided by .lx. mynutes euery mynute in .lx. secondes euery seconde in .lx. thyrdes and this deuision suffiseth for shepardes here foloweth the story of the twelue sygnes ca. xxxiii shepardes knowelegeth a subtyll variation in the skye and is for three sterres fyâ—â—d be not vnder the same degrees of the zodyake that they were created biâ—ouse of the mouinge of the firmament the which ben agaynste the fyrst mobyle in an hundred yere of one degree for the which mutation the sonne maye haue other regarde to a steâ—re and other signification then it hadde in the tyme passed and also wheÌ„ the bookes were made for that the sterre hath hanged his degree or sygne vnder which it was and thys often tymes causeth them that make prognosticatyons and iudgementes comming to fayle ¶ all thee cyrcles of the skie byn narrowe and small except the zodyake which is large and conteyneth in length three hundred and three score degrees and of largenes twelue the which largenesse is deuyded by the myddes syxe degrees on the one signe and syxe on the other and thys deuysion is made by a lyne named eclyptyke and is the way of the sonne for the sonne neuer departeth vnder that lyne thus it is alway in the myddle of the zodyake but the other planets bene alwayes on the one syde or of the other of the sayde lyne saue when they bene the â—â—ade or in the tayle of the dragon as the moone that passeth twyse in a moneth and it happen when it reneweth it is eclyps of the sonne and yf it happen the full moone and that it be ryght vnder the nadyr of the sonne it is generall eclyps and if it be but a partie it is not sene when it is eclyps of the sonne it is not generall through all the clymates but onely in some â—u when it is eclyps of the moone it is generall ouer all of two great circles that is to say one meridien and the other oryson that intersequeth the one the other and crosseth dyrectly meridien is a great circle imagined on the skie which passeth by the poles of the worlde and by the poynt of the skye right ouer oure heades the which is called zenych and when the sonne is commen ouer fro orient vnto that circle it is midday and therefore it is called meridien and the halfe of that circle is ouer the earth and the other vnder it that passeth by the poynt of midnight directly opposite to zenych and when the sonne toucheth the part of the circle it is midnight and if a man go toward orient or occident he hath new meridien and therefore it is soner midday to them that be toward orient then to other if a man stande styll his meridien is one styll or if he go toward mydday or septemtrion but yf he styrre he hath other zenych and these two cyrcles crosseth directly oryzon is a great circle that deuideth the partie of the skie that we see from that we se not and shepardes say that if that a man were in a playne country he shold se iustly halfe of the skye the which they cal theyr emyspery that is to say half spere orizon is ioyning nyghe to the earth of the which orizon the entre is the myddle and is the place in the which we byn thus eche is alwayes in the myddes of his oryson and zenich is the pole as a man transporteth him fro one place to another he is in the other places against the skye hath other zenych other ozyron all oryson is right other oblyke they haue right ozyron that habydeth vnder the equinoctiall haue theyr zenych in the eqinoctial â—or theyr ozyron intersequeth and deuydeth the equinoctiall euen by the two poles of the worlde in such wyse that none of the poles of the world is reysed aboue theyr ozyron ne depriued ynder it but they that habiteth other where then vnder equinoctial haue theyr ozyron oblyke for theyr ozyrn foloweth and deuydeth the equinoctiall sydeway and not ryght and there appereth to theÌ„ of all tymes one of the poles of the worlde reysed aboue theyr ozyron and the other ben euer hyd so that they se them not more or lesse after diuers habitations after that they be of fernesse fro the equinoctial the more that the one pole is reysed the more is the ozyron oblyke and the other pole depryued and is to wete that there is as much distance fro the ozyron to the pole as is â—â—o the zenych to the equinoctiall and that zenych is the fourth parte of meridien or the myddes of the bowe dyurnall of the which the two endes be on the ozyron and also that of the pole vnto the equinoctial is the fourth party of all the roundnesse of the skies and also of the meridien circle syth it passeth by the poles and crosseth the equinoctiall directly ¶ example of the ozyron of paris after the opinion of shepardes ouer the which ozyron they saye that the pole is reysed xliâ— degrees wherefore they say also that fro the zenich of paris vnto the equinoctial be .xlix. degrees and that fro the ozyron vnto the zenych is the fourth partie of the meridien oyrcle be lxxxx degrees and fro the pole to the zenych be .xli. degrees and fro the pole vnto the solstyce of sommer be .lxii. degrees and fro the solstyce vnto the equinoctial ben .xxxiii. degrees there be fro the pole vnto the equinoctiall lxxxx degrees and is the fourth part of the roundnes of the skye from the equinoctial vnto the solstyce of wynter be .xxxiii. degrees and fro the solstice vnto the ozyron .xviii. thus shall the equinoctiall be reysed ouer the ozyron .xli. degrees and the solstyce of sommer .lxiiii. degrees in the which solstyce is the son at the houre of noone the longest day of sommer and then it entreth into cancer and is most nerest to our habytable parties that may be and when the sonne is in the solstyce of wynter the shortest day of the yere at the houre of noone it entreth into capricornus and the sayd solstyce is not reysed ouer the ozyron of paris but viii degrees the which eleuations and rysings a man may fynde playnely so that he know one onely and in euery region in lykewise after the situation of the two other great cyrcles of the skye and foure small two great circles ben on the skye named colours that deuideth thâ— skies in foure egall parties crosseth