a b c d the distance from the Verticles b g be observed by a Quadrant Let at Alexandria in the day of the Solstice 21 of June g f or G F be observed 1 50 of the Periphery or 7 degrees 12 minutes but in Syene let there be no distance the Sun hangeth perpendicularly over their heads therefore B G shall be the Arch intercepted between those two places And because the distance put is 5000 Stadiums therefore according to the Golden Rule it shall be as 7 degrees 12 parts to one degree or as 1 50 to 1 360 or as 5 to 36 so 5000 to 694 4 9 Stadiums which are requisite for one degree or as 1 50 is to 50 or as 1 to 50 so 5000 to 250000 Stadiums of the whole Periphery A B C D according to this measure Yet seeing there are divers ways to take the Meridian Altitude of the Sun and the distance from the Vertical point g b Eratosthenes wrought it by a hollow Spherical Scioterick or Sundial which they called Scaphe where the Style B x sheweth the Vertex o x z but the Radius or beam of the Sun terminaitng the shadow of the Style or Pin marks out B z how much the distance of the Sun o b from the Vertex 7 degrees 12 firsts at Alexandria But in the City Syene the Style G x makes no shadow that day because o the Sun hangeth perpendicularly over it and therefore there is no distance of the Sun then because therefore the Angle B x z is equal to the Angle b x o whose measure is B o or B z there B o is equal to B z 7 degrees 12 first minutes or 1 50 of the Periphery The other things are performed as it hath been said The third manner of Posidonius Posidonius's manner used about the magnitude c. of the Earth Let two places B G be under the same Meridian Posidonius took B Rhodes and G the City Alexandria in Egypt let the Altitude of some Star in these two places when it cometh into the Meridian above the Horizon and that in the same day or in divers days which matters not at all Posidonius took the shining Star Canobus which is of the first magnitude in Argonavi See Scheme but this Star did not rise above the Horizon of Rhodes h H S but did only touch the Horizon in S yet it was elevated above the Horizon of Alexandria F R t in the Arch t S 1 48 part of the whole Periphery or 7 degrees 30 minutes Therefore the distance of the Arch T s that is B G shall be 7 degrees 30 minutes unto 1 degree or as 1 48 part unto 1 360 that is as 1 to 48 so 5000 to 240000 Stadiums of the whole Perimeter of the Earth according to these Hypotheses of Posidonius The fourth manner or way of Snellius Snellius's way about the dimension and magnitude of the Earth Because in the former ways we have taken two places B G lying under the same Meridian and yet the places fit for this business may lye under divers Meridians therefore we thought it requisite that an example and that of Snellius should be also concerning this case here proposed Let therefore A B C D be the Meridian of Alcmaria B Alcmaria it self the Elevation of the Pole h a 52 degrees 40 ½ minutes the distance from the Pole B A 37 degrees 19 minutes 30 seconds See Scheme Let the other place be P Bergenapsome the Meridian A P V V the distance from the Pole that is the Complement of the Elevation 51 degrees 29 minutes A P is 38 degrees 31 minutes therefore P G a Perpendicular Line being drawn to A B G the difference of the distances from the Pole is B G 71 minutes 30 seconds or 1 degree 11 minutes 30 seconds Moreover Snellius by a laborious Geodesie or Earth-meeting found the distance of Alcmaria from Bergen B P to be 34710 Rhindlandish Perches and the Angle of Position P B G to be 11 degrees 26 minutes 2 seconds Therefore in the Triangle strait angled P B G the Hypotenuse B P and the Angle B P G is given therefore by the Problem of the second Chapter B G is found 34018 for which Snellius takes 33930 for he detracts 88 Perches from the Stations of the Elevations of the Pole But the Arch B G 71 ½ scruples is the difference of the Elevation of the Pole therefore as 71 ½ minutes is to 1 degree or 60 minutes so is 33930 or 34018 to 28473 Perches for one degree or according to the round number 28500 or 19 Holland miles They which understand Spherical Trigonometry from the given A B A P the Angle A B P may find the Arch B P to be 1 degree 14 minutes which when they are equal with 34710 Perches 1 degree shall be equal to the Perches or of 18 miles and ⅘ But the cause that this number differeth from that of Snellius is first that Snellius did not take the very points of the Towers B P by which he obtained the Angle G B P for the knowing the Elevations of the Pole but he took the places a little distant from them See Snellius in page 197. Notwithstanding no man can doubt but the same may be found to be the Altitude of the Pole The other cause is that he taketh the Lines B G B P P G as strait which nevertheless are not strait although this discord may seem to make little or no difference of any moment But let Snellius his quantity of a degree of 28500 Perches be taken mine of 28300 Perches his makes 19 147 150 miles mine 18 ⅘ miles the Perimeter or Circuit according to Snellius shall be 10260000 Perches 123120000 feet or 8640 Holland miles The fifth manner being the first Terrestrial way of measuring the Earth The first Terrestrial way for the finding out the magnitude c. of the Earth The three following manners or ways are Terrestrial performing the work without the Heaven or Meridian Line Let B P be the Altitude of the Tower this is to be sought out in a Land-measuring way then let P s be the distance of the most remote term from whence the Tower may be seen And although P s be not a strait Line yet because it is the least part of the Periphery of the whole Earth therefore it is taken for a strait line and the Triangle strait angled B P s in which by the given B P P s the Angle B s P is found to whom B R s is equal whose measure is the Arch S P. Therefore as this Arch is to one degree so P s the found distance See Scheme is to the quantity of one degree As for Example let B P the Altitude be 480 Paces and let the distance P s of the point s which endeth the Sight be 40000 Paces or 10 German miles therefore let it be wrought according to the Problem of the second Chapter As
Channel As for the encrease of Zenega which only hath four hours whether the cause ought to be ascribed to the extension of the Channel from the West to the East or unto the swift deflux of Zenega which may prohibit the influx for two hours or whether to some other cause I question and require a more accurate observation viz. Whether it decreaseth eight hours or only six hours and in the other two do neither encrease nor decrease because the strong flux of the River hindereth the flux That also must be considered that depressed and low places may have the flux in more hours and the deflux in fewer Proposition XX. Whether the flux doth begin when the Moon toucheth the Horizon or in the increment be in the place whose the Horizon is So they commonly say but yet we hold the contrary in those places in which the water is at the highest when that the Moon is in the Meridian For when the Moon declineth from the Aequator towards the South then she arriveth at the Meridian in less than six hours and therefore the flux should begin when that the Moon is yet depressed beneath the Horizon On the contrary when that the Moon declineth from the Aequator towards the North she requireth more than six hours to come from the Horizon to the Meridian and therefore when that the Moon is elevated above the Horizon unto the horary Circle of the sixth hour then at length the flux begineth and so it is observed in most places but the contrary is at London as we have said in the precedent Proposition See Proposition xix And the reason seemeth to require that although the Moon decline from the Aequator towards the North yet that the flux should begin in the place where the Moon cometh to the Horizon for then the place is distant by a quarter from the place unto which the Moon is vertical And therefore the pressure of the Sea cometh or extendeth hither and here more accurate observations are required Proposition XXI The hour being given in which the greatest or least Altitude of the water is on the day of the new or full Moon in the place where the ordinary flux and reflux is viz. of six hours with twelve degrees to determine the hours of the days following after the new Moon in which the greatest or least Altitude shall be See the foregoing Propositions We have said in the foregoing Propositions that the time of the greatest increase and decrease if we have respect to the middle motion of the Moon from the Sun in one day after placeth 48 ¾ horary minutes in half a day 24 â…œ minutes If therefore the greatest increase in any place happen on the day of the new or full Moon on the twelfth hour of the day these hours of encrease shall be on the following daies The age of â—he Moon The hours of the day Scruples 1 12 48 2 1 37 3 2 27 4 3 17 5 4 5 6 4 55 7 5 59 8 6 49 9 7 23 10 8 12 11 8 56 12 9 51 13 10 40 14 11 29 14½ 12 Mid night  15 12 Mid day  Viz. In the end of the first day of the age of the Moon the greatest intumescency falleth out later by 48¼ Horary minutes But in practice it is sufficient to add to the hour of the new Moon for the end of the first day 48 minutes or ¼ of an hour For the end Hours of the second 1½ for the third 2½ for the fourth 3¼ for the fifth 4 for the sixth 5 for the seventh 5¼ for the eighth 6¾ for the ninth 7 for the tenth 8¼ for the eleventh 9 for the twelfth 9¼ for the thirteenth 10â…” for the fourteenth 11½ for the fifteenth 12¼ This Supputation of time supposeth the middle or equal motion of the Moon from the Sun which notwithstanding is unequal so that the Moon in her Perigee departeth more swiftly from the Sun than in her Apogee and therefore then the greatest encrease is longer protracted than six hours and twelve minutes But when the Moon is in the Apogee the encrease is more quick For certain true Lunary Months exceed 30 daies others are less than 29 daies True Lunary Months exceed 30. daies when that the mean of 29 daies twelve hours 44 minutes is assumed But in places where the greatest or least Altitude is made by the appulse of the Moon to a certain vertical place although it be done after the same manner yet for all that the time is not so accurately discovered For neither doth the same time in which the Moon is joyned to the Sun fall out on the hours of the day or the same moments of the same hour in divers new Moons How this is performed by the Terrestrial Globe See Chap. 30. and 37. we shall shew in the XXX Chapter And in the Thirty seventh Chapter we shall treat more of the use of Navigation concerning a more accurat Method We may also use this method for those places where the time of the flux is more or less than in the time of the deflux so that we are certain of the difference The consideration of the thing it self and practice will more easily teach this than our discourse Proposition XXII The winds do oftentimes protract and often diminish the time of the flux or reflux in some places Neither are winds of that place only able to do it but winds blowing in an other place may also effect the same The truth of the Proposition is so manifest that it needeth no demonstration Proposition XXIII Great is the variety of peculiar or proper motions of the Sea viz. in which a certain part of the Ocean is moved either perpetually or in some certain months Peculiar motions of the Sen. The first of those peculiar motions which are most considerable is that motion by which part of the Atlantick or African Ocean about Guinee is moved from Cape Verd towards the bending of Africa which is called Fernando Poo that is from the West to the East which is contrary to the general motion from the East to the West now this motion is vehement so that it violently tosseth the Ships approaching to the shoars unto this Gulph beyond the imagination of the Mariners and supputation of their Voyage Thence it cometh to pass that Ships which have sailed in two daies from the Coasts of Mourrae to Rio de Benin which are one hundred miles scarcely in six or seven weeks can return from Rio de Benin to Mourrie except they launch out into the middle Sea which is not easily to be performed seeing that the Sea is moved with a strong motion to the North-East quarter from the Isle of St. Thomas to the Gulph of Fernando Poo carrying in with it the Ships although they have a fair North East wind and they can hardly get from that Coast except they be forced thence by those sudden winds termed Travados which sometimes
stay of the Sun or shall we say that a thicker exhalation consisteth in the Morning times in that Zone after that long absence Thirdly If that you are not pleased to admit that double refraction neither are you willing to grant that the supream part of the Air in the torrid and frigid Zone maketh any refraction I say if that the two premised Responses or Explications please not then you must confess that the Air in that place of the torrid Zone at that time was much higher than in our temperate Zone and likewise more thick â—or only the altitude diminisheth the refraction but if that there be a great thickness refraction is much more augmented by this than it is diminished by the altitude decreasing But I am most taken with the first of these three Causes which maketh the altitude of the Air two miles for we may not in the Horizontal refraction of 4 degrees 30 minutes make a less in Nova Zembla the other two are perplexed with many difficulties Now why they beheld not the Sun for so many days the same altitude remaining after he ceased to rise the third day of November I say that the cause was the thickness of the Air. The same answer must also be given why the same Dutch Mariners in the year 1596 on the 30th of May beheld not the Sun at Midnight under the elevation of 69 deg 24 minutes when that yet it was not under the Horizon 1 degree Why here it made no refraction the cause may be the same But we have been too large concerning this matter which prolixity the Reader must ascribe to the difficulty of the Doctrine For to accurate knowledge of this matter most accurate Observations are required neither yet may we if that the Observations made at divers elevations of the same Star on one place make not the same altitude assert that therefore the altitudes of it are diverse for the cause may be the diversity of the rarity of the Air viz. by how much it is nigher the Horizon by so much it is less rare If that this be so the Observations will in no wise produce the same altitude although it be the same because that we suppose in the Calculation that the same rarity of the Air is in both parts of the Air and therefore the same rule of Refraction Proposition XXXI The depression of the Star beneath the Horizon being given when that it first beginneth to appear that is the Horizontal refraction of the Star being given to find out the least altitude of that Air as may be the thickness of that Air for such are fraction and the greatest excess of density as may be of that Air above the density of the Aether that is the greatest Rule that can be of Refraction Also more generally the refraction of a Star being given unto the given apparent altitude of it above the Horizon to find the greatest Altitude that may be Of the depression of the Star beneath the Horizon So let the given Horizontal refraction n f L or the depression of the Star beneath the Horizon g f S or g L S when that it first beginneth to appear such as it was in Nova Zembla 4 deg 30 min. It is manifest therefore from the Opticks that if the radius S f touch the Air in f that is if that the Angle N f T be strait See Scheme then indeed that ray is not refracted but if that no Star be beneath the Tangent i n then no ray can immediately come near to f. Therefore it is required that the Star should be about the Tangent and the Angle n f T should be lesser than the right Angle or than 90. Let it therefore be supposed that 89 deg 59 min. or 90 degrees although very great yet not greater than 90. Moreover let n f T the Angle given or the Horizontal refraction 4 deg 30 min. the Angle T f L 85 deg 29 min. is left the greatest which may be whence if that it cometh to pass that as the sign T f L is to the sign f L T so is L T to T f And the found out T f shall be the least altitude of the Air that may be the fourth proportional T f shall be the least that may be if so be that the middle bounds or terms viz. the whole signs T L f and T L remain the same if that the refraction T f be not given to the apparent Horizontal ray but to the altitude of the Star x L g. We shall act after the same mode in â–³ T L r T. Also the reason of the sign of the Angle n f L 89 deg 59 min to the sign T f L 85 deg 29 min. shall be the greatest reason which may be of the density of the Air to the density of the Aether Proposition XXXII The altitude of the Air and one refraction of a Star in it being given to a certain altitude of it to find out from it the rule of refraction or proportion of the signs of the Angles of Incidency to the Angles refracted or to the thickness of that Air for the given refraction at the given Altitude Now the given altitude of the Air ought to be greater than that which according to the precedent Proposition is found to be the least See Scheme For if that it be not greater it is a sign that the refraction is not observed and that the Problem is impossible Let therefore the T r given be greater for Example let x L g act the apparent altitude let the known refraction be m r L therefore in the Triangle T L r is given T r T L and the Angle T L r. From these is found out T r f the refracted Angle unto which if that you add mr L you have the Angle of Incidency m r T and the reason or account of the sign m r T to the sign L r T shall be found This shall be the rule of Refraction in this Air or the reason of the thickness of it to the density of the Air. Proposition XXXIII The altitude of the Air and Refraction being given to the one altitude of a Star to find out the Refraction in another altitude of a Star See Scheme For Example Let the altitude of the Air T f or T r and the refraction n f L at the apparent altitude o be given viz. the Horizontal ray f L is that refracted Then let the altitude of the apparent altitude of the Star r L g or x L g be given Let the rule of Refraction or the reason of the sign n f T T f L or the sign n f T T f L be found by the precedent Proposition Then on the Triangle T r L from the notes T r T L and on the Angle r L T let the Angle T r L be found And as the sign T f L is to the sign T f n so is T r L to the other
Sun Theorem The Meridian of every place passeth through both the Poles of the Earth The Meridians are drawn through every ten degrees of the Aequator which are the Meridians of all those places through which they pass But instead of the Meridians of all other places that doth supply the place which is made of Brass and in which the Globe doth hang. For Instance If that any place in the Superficies of the Globe be brought unto the Brazen Meridian that shall be the Meridian of the place In Maps of Strait lines the Meridians are Strait lines drawn from the top or uppermost part unto the bottom In Maps of Crooked lines they are those Crooked lines which joyn in the Pole The Norizou Fightly The Horizon of any place in the Superficies of the Earth is the greatest imaginary Circle in the Heavens which terminateth the visible part of the Heaven in that place It is also termed the Rational Horizon that it may be distinguished from the Visible Horizon which is improperly so called It hath no place in the Artificial Globe but a Wooden Circle in which the Globe is sustained with its Brazen Meridian and serveth instead of the Horizon of any place as shall be shewed in the next Chapter and therefore it is termed the Wooden Horizon and simply the Horizon These are the Definitions whose knowledge is necessary for the attaining the following Doctrine besides which it behoveth us to borrow from Astronomy the mode of the Motion of the Sun and Stars The Motion of the Sun Moon and Stars The first and common Motion is that by which the Sun Moon and all the Stars seem to be carried round about the Earth to arise to us to make the Meridian and to set and that in the space of twenty four hours Every one of the Stars and the Sun every day by this their common Motion seem to deseribe Parallel Circles unto the Aequator because that this motion is performed upon the Axis of the Earth and the Poles of the same and therefore the Aequator is the greatest Circle of this Motion and the Rule and Square by which we measure the Motion of the other Parallels In every hour they pass fifteen degrees through the Meridian both of the Aequator and every other Parallel for 360 degrees divided by 24 the hours gives unto every hour fifteen and therefore one hour and fifteen degrees of the Aequator make an equal proportion The Horary Circle sheweth the hours which Circle being affixed unto the Artificial Globe is seen in the Brazen Meridian where the Pin or Hand adhereth to the extremity of the Axis of the Earth and it is turned about in the Horary Circle to shew the hours The second motion of the Sun Secondly The proper and second Motion of the Sun which is also Annual is that in which the Sun or rather the Earth is moved from West to East or contrary to its first motion The time or number of the days in which the Sun returneth unto the same point from whence it departed or in which it performeth its whole Period or Circle is termed a Year Now such a Year is 361 days and one fourth part of a day or thereabouts The Way of this second Solary motion is termed the Ecliptick as we have said before which is divided into twelve parts which are called Signs For Astronomers have observed these Constellations of the Heaven through which this Way of the Sun doth lye and from these Constellations denominated the twelve parts of the Ecliptick And because that all Constellations represent the forms of Animals therefore the Ancients termed that Way or Ecliptick The Zodiack Zone or Girdle in the Weaven the Zodiack Yet those which spake more distinctly call the Zodiack a Zone or Girdle in the Heaven whose middle is the very Ecliptick it self or Path of the Sun but the extream parts from both sides of the Ecliptick are distant from it eight degrees by reason that the rest of the Planets have a certain peculiar motion from East to West In which motion they do not describe the Ecliptick it self but paths declining somewhat from the Ecliptick which declination by reason that it exceedeth not 8 degrees therefore they do attribute 16 degrees of Latitude unto the Zodiack viz. Eight from both parts of the Ecliptick so that the Zodiack is that space of the Heaven in which the Planets are always moving neither do they ever move out of it and the Ecliptick is the middle Line of the Zodiack which the Sun passeth through by an Annual motion in which it always keeps its fixed course Moreover the Signs or Constellations of the Heaven through which the Ecliptick and the Zodiack passeth are these March 21.   The Signs of the Zodiack ♈ ♉ ♊ Aries Taurus Gemini June 21.   ♋ ♌ ♠Cancer Leo Virgo September 21.   ♎ ♠♠Libra Scorpius Sagitarius December 21.   ♑ ♒ ♓ Capricorn Aquarius Pisces Moreover the Ecliptick obliquely cutteth the Aequator Ecliptick so that its greatest distance is twenty three degrees and about thirty minutes Where therefore the Ecliptick cutteth the Aequator which he doth in two points in one of these is placed the beginning of the Ecliptick and also the beginning of the accounting of the Sigus In those points the Sun then being in causeth the equality of the days and nights in all places as also the beginning of the Vernal and Autumnal quarters We begin to number from that point in which the Sun makes the beginning of the Spring to us that is we being scituate from the Aequator towards the Pole Artick the first Sign or first twelfth part of the Ecliptick is termed Aries the second Taurus the third Gemini and so forth as aforesaid because about twenty Ages past those Signs of the Heaven were in these very parts of the Ecliptick Every one of these twelve Signs are divided into thirty Degrees for the whole Ecliptick hath three hundred and sixty Degrees which being divided by 12 makes 30. Moreover seeing that the Sun passeth over the whole Ecliptick that is 360 Degrees in 365 days and one fourth part of a day hence we collect that in every day he passeth 59 Minutes and 8 Seconds which is something less than a Degree The Motion of the Sun Now as the Sun in a years time or 12 Months runneth over the whole Ecliptick or 12 Signs of the Zodiack so also in every Month he passeth about one Sign but his entrance into the Sign is not at the beginning of the Months but on the 21th day of every Month and this is according to the Gregorian Kalender and on the 11th day of every Month according to the old Julian Account viz. on the 21th of March he entreth the Sign of Aries or the very Section of the Ecliptick with the Aequator then on the 21th of April he entreth Taurus and so on Now
Parallels Longest days Elevation of the Pole The Interval   hours min. deg min.   The first The begining middle end begining of the 2. 12 0 0 0     12 15 4 15 0 1   12 30 8 25 8 25   12 45 12 30   The second The middle the end 13 0 16 25 8    13 15 20 15   The third The middle the end 13 30 23 50 7 25   13 45 27 40   The fourth The middle the end 14 0 30 20 6 30   14 15 33 40   The fifth The middle the end 14 30 36 28 6 8   14 45 39 2   The sixth The middle the end 15 0 41 22 4 52   15 15 43 32   The seventh The middle the end 15 30 45 29 4 7   15 45 47 20   The eighth The middle the end 16 0 49 1 3 31   16 15 50 33   The ninth The middle the end 16 30 51 58 2 7   16 45 53 17   The tenth The middle the end 17 0 54 27 2 49   17 15 55 34   The eleventh The middle the end 17 30 56 37 2 10   17 45 57 32   The twelfth The middle the end 18 0 58 29     18 15 59 14   The thirteenth The middle the end 18 30 59 58     18 45 60 40   The fourteenth The middle the end 19 0 61 18     19 15 61 55   The fifteenth The middle the end 19 30 62 25     19 45 62 54   The sixteenth The middle the end 20 0 63 22     20 15 64 40   The seventeenth The middle the end 20 30 64 6     20 45 64 30   The eighteenth The middle the end 21 0 65 49     21 15 65 6   The nineteenth The middle the end 21 30 65 21     21 45 65 35   The twentieth The middle the end 22 0 65 47     22 15 66 57   The 21st The middle the end 22 30 66 6     22 45 66 14   The 22d The middle the end 23 0 66 20     23 15 66 25   The 23d The middle the end 23 30 66 28     23 45 66 30   The 24th The middle the end 24 0 66 31   The Climates were wont to be extended no further because that in the following places the Longest day doth not increase by hours but by whole Days or Diurnal revolutions and it is lost labour to compute them Notwithstanding the following Canon will shew the Elevation of the Pole or Latitude of the Places where the Longest days increase by whole Months Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Latitude of the places deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min.  67 20 69 30 73 20 78 20 84 0 90 0 Proposition XIV To explain the method of other Geographers in reckoning of the Climates and making the Table of the Climates The division of the Earth into Climates by the Ancient Geographers The Ancient Geographers especially the Grecians who supposed only a small portion of the Earth to be inhabited because that as well the places Northernly as those of the Torrid Zone they denied as impossible to be inhabited therefore they divided only that portion of the Earth which they knew into Climates and so only numbred seven Climates from the Aequator towards the Pole Artick and named them from some noted place through which the Parallel of the Climates passed viz. The first Climate they called the Climate through Meroe which is an Island and City in Africa encompassed by the Nile The second through Syene a City of Aegypt The third through Alexandria in Aegypt The fourth through the Island of Rhodes The fifth through the Hellespont Others through Rome The sixth through Borysthenes a famous River of the European Sarmatia The seventh through the Riphaean Mountains of Sarmatia The Ancients numbred not the other Climates from the other side of the Aequator towards the South because all those places were unknown to them and many thought that the Sea possessed all the superficies of the Earth Which seeing it seemed somewhat improbable to the latter these also numbred the Climates from the other side of the Aequator and they named them not from any noted places for they had no knowledge of any but by the same appellations with those of the Northern only preposing the Preposition 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as the Climate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as if you should say the Climate opposite to the Climate through Meroe or Syene c. Other Climates added by the Ancients But when through progress of time they discovered many parts of the Earth lying towards the South Pole to be inhabited many more Climates were numbred and constituted Some named the eighth Clime from the Palus Maeotis the ninth from the Baltick Sea the tenth the eleventh and the rest from other places Which denominations although not necessary for the construction of a Table yet they may be added unto our Table in those Areae where we have placed the number of the Climates for so the Climates will stick closer in our memory as also the Places in every Climate and we may be able to make a better comparison between the difference of Cold and Heat But this is better to leave to the Industry of the Reader and to those that are Studious than to add it to it that so we may afford them a greater occasion of contemplating the Terrestrial Globe and by this means may more easily commit them to Memory Where the Ancients began the Climates You must also take notice that the Ancients did not begin the Numeration of the Climates from the Aequator it self as our Table doth but from the Place or Parallel where the Longest day consisteth of 12¾ hours and therefore their first Climate is the second in our Table their second our third and so on for they supposed those places which we ascribe to the first Climate could not possibly be inhabited by men by reason of the excessive heat of the Sun The first Climate of 9 degrees of Latitude that therefore they judged it not meet to reckon those places but seeing that Experience hath demonstrated the contrary we would observe their Mode of naming and constituting of those Climates Ptolomy beginneth the first Climate from the Parallel where the Longest day is 12¼ hours or where the Latitude or distance from the Aequator is four degrees 15 minutes The matter is of no
place assumed and makes the beginning of a new Summer which continueth until the Sun cometh to the five and twentieth of Libra For then again he obtaineth a middle distance and tendeth to the point of the greatest distance viz. the first of Capricorn therefore then he shall make the beginning of Autumn and in the first of Capricorn the beginning of Winter So then we have shewed how such a place which lieth between the Aequator and the eighth degree of Northern Latitude in the Torrid Zone may have two Summers two Springs one Autumn and one Winter which by the same Mode may be shewn concerning the places lying between eight degrees of Latitude from the other side of the Aequator But in places scituate eight degrees beyond towards the Tropicks this holdeth nor because those points of the first degree of Cancer or the first of Capricorn have not a middle distance from them but lesser than a middle For the greatest distance of the Sun from the place of the ninth degree of Latitude that is possible is 32 degrees 30 minutes Therefore the middle is 16 degrees 45 minutes and therefore if the place be in the ninth degree of Northern Latitude the Sun being in the first of Cancer shall have a less distance from it than the middle distance is for that is only 14 degrees 30 minutes but this is 16 degrees Therefore in that place the Summer which beginneth with the first access of the Sun to the Vertex in the four and twentieth of Aries the fifteenth of April is not finished before the Tropick of Caner but shall be continued in the whole course of the Sun through Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo and Libra in the four and twentieth degree of which viz. about the fifteenth of October it endeth But here seem to arise two new difficulties 1. That these Months must not be ascribed to Summer because the Sun doth not recede by a direct course from the Vertex but first he acceedeth to another distance again and again whilst he receedeth from the Vertex of the place to the Tropick of Cancer but the Summer must be defined only by the time of his recess or departing back But I answer to this that the Summer ought to be defined by a departure but not by a departure to every distance but by a recess to a moderate or middle distance Neither by this is a mixt access excluded from a recess so that the recess be not greater than a middle distance 2. For the places lying between the Aequator and the eighth degree of Latitude seeing that before the first degree of Cancer or if the Latitude be Southernly before the first of Capricorn the Sun acquireth a moderate distance from those places where we said the end of the first Summer is it appeareth not that we should place the entrance of the Spring because the Sun is not directly moved from that point again towards the place but first it more departs viz. from the first of Cancer and from thence it returneth to the place But we must know that the departure is so small that we ought little to regard the same because it scarce maketh one or another degree and that time of a greater recess cannot be ascribed to another season except we will feign some new fifth and sixth Season Also it may otherwise seem concerning these places to some one viz. that an intermedial Spring should not be placed between two Summers but one continued Summer and that time of an intermedial Spring should be attributed to this Summer making no account of it that the Sun is removed to a middle distance from the place seeing that he remaineth so near the place and so little receedeth beyond his middle distance that he can hardly diminish the heat of the Air but by reason of his continuity rather augment at that time I shall contest with none about this but I think it more advantageous to insist on the explained Method but here is overmuch concerning this Subject Proposition IV. A place being given in the Torrid Zone to find out the daies of the year in which the Summer Autumn Spring and the Winter begin and end in that place The finding out of the days of the year in which the Seasons begin and end in places of the Torrid Zone 1. If the place be scituated in the Aequator we have shewed in the preceeding Theorem of the Proposition in what degrees these Seasons of the year begin and end which are there double 2. If the place be without the Aequator and removed from it beyond the eighth degree of Latitude or Distance let it be brought to the Meridian and let the imminent point of the Meridian be noted with Chalk then let the Globe be turned round until some point of the Ecliptick seated between the first degree of Aries and the first of Cancer come to the same point of the Meridian if the place given be in the Northern Torrid Zone but if in the Southern Torrid Zone then the point ought to pass between the first degree of Libra and the first of Capricorn this shall be the point which when the Sun entereth he makes the beginning of the Summer in the proposed place Then let the intercepted degrees between the noted point of the Meridian and the Tropick of Capricorn of Cancer if the place given be South be cut into two equal parts and let the middle point in the Meridian be noted and let the Globe be moved until the point of the Ecliptick seated between the first degree of Capricorn and the first of Aries between the first degree of Cancer and the first of Libra if the place be Southern pass through the last noted point of the Meridian Again let it be moved until another point between the first degree of Capricorn and the first of Libra the first of Cancer and the first of Aries if the place be Southern pass through the same point of the Meridian the first point will note the day for the entrance of the Spring the lâ—tter for the beginning of Autumn But the beginning of Winter is in the first of Capricorn if the place given be Northern but in the first of Cancer if Southernly They may also be resolved by Maps but most accurately from the Tables of Declination viz. with the Latitude of the place enter the Table of the Solary Declination in which seek that Latitude to which you see the four days of the year apposed from those take that which is between the 21 of March and the 21 of June if the place given or the Latitude of it given be Northern but if it be Southern take that day which happeneth between the 21 of September and the 21 of December this day shall be the beginning of the Summer Then take away half of the given Latitude of the plain from 11 degrees 45 minutes and seek the remaining Number in the Table of the Declination you shall see
are under the 52 degree of South Latitude yet they have no very hot Summer So that the Hollanders in the month of January when there should be an hot Summer found a great glade of Ice in the Creek of one of their Seas In the Mountains of the adjacent Coasts Snow is discovered all the Summer long and it is observed that in almost all the Regions of the South Temperate Zone they have a Cold far more intense in Winter and a violency of Rain and a less heat in Summer than the parts of our Northern Temperate Zone Whether this be the cause that the Sun makes a longer stay and the slower progress in the Semicircle of the Northern Zodiac than in the Southern is to be questioned In the Neighbouring Province of Peru which they call La Valla Imperial in the Province of Potosi they find so great a Cold that for four miles circumference there groweth nothing The season of Chili In the Kingdom of Chili which extendeth it self from 30 degrees of South Latitude to 50 degrees the Spring beginneth in the months of August sooner than the Celestial Account admitteth and endeth in the middle of November And from the middle of November Summer beginneth even to the middle of February from whence Autumn leadeth on to the middle of May which the Winter succedeth which is very violent and dispoileth the Trees of their Blossoms and scattereth a deep Snow with a vehement Frost which yet is discovered by the Sun except which is very seldom that the Sun appeareth not but the Snow rarely falleth in the Vallies for although it falls in great abundance and is heaped up so high that it ascends the tops of Mountains and is heaped together in the vacuity of the Mountains as in so many wells and indure almost the whole year yet being there dissolved they flow into the Rivers and Torrents which run through the Vallies with a great force even to the Sea to the great enrichment of the Grounds But although here it Snow not except rarely in the Plains yet it maketh so excessive a Frost that the like is scarcely felt in many parts of Europe which happeneth partly from the Altitude of the Pole partly from the propinquity of the Mountains from which descend so subtile and penetrating Winds that sometimes they are unsufferable whence it cometh to pass that the Maritim parts are more temperate He that is Studious may collect other differences of Region under the same Climate or in the vicine Climates from Writers for example that in England the Air is not so cold as in Holland so that they pen not up their Heards in the Winter Betwen Siberia and Tartaria in a place seated not far from the Frigid Zone in the end of our Temperate are said to be plesant Fields and rich Pastures almost no cold seeing that they scarce feel Winter where by the command of the Duke of Moscovia the City Tooru is built which is at this day so much encreased that it is able to repell the Assaults of the Tartars The Island of Japan In Japan the Winter is Cold Snowy Ruiny when yet other Regions of Europe and Asia lying under the same Climate have far lesser Winter the cause is because that Japan consists of many Islands disjoyned by a small Euripus and that it also lyeth in the middle of the Ocean America very hot in the Summer In Armenia and the adjoyning places there is great heat in Summer because it lieth amongst Mountains here and there mixed with Fields hence the more rich in some places in Summer remove to the tops of the Mountains and remain there for some months but the meaner sort in the day time defend themselves in the Mountains from the near and about eventide do descend to the lower ground Proposition XIII To declare how in places in the Frigid Zone the four Seasons of the year have themselves with the light Of the places in the Frigid Zone The cause of those Seasons with the light proposed in the entrance of this Chapter thus stands in the Frigid Zone 1. The Center of the Sun for some days or months as the place is either nearer or remote from the Pole doth not arise above the Horizon and for so many days setteth not 2. In those days when he is above the Horizon he only illustrateth those places with his oblique raies because he is not much elevated above the Horizon but moveth round it because those places are over much removed from the way of the Sun 3. The Sun is not deeply depressed beneath the Horizon yea in places near the Polary Circle or Artick Pole although the Center of the Sun doth not arise yet part of his Skirt ariseth and is beheld for some days above the Horizon before the Center it self ariseth by reason that the half Sun possesseth 15 minutes in the Heaven For example let us take those places whose distance is from the Aequator 67 degrees towards the Pole Artick let the Pole be elevated according to this Latitude and in the Meridian Crena of the Horizon you shall see that the degrees of the Ecliptick do not arise from the 19th degree of Sagittarius to the 11 of Capricorn that is the Center of the Sun being in that Arch doth not arise for 24 days viz. from the 10th of December to the 4th of January and yet part of the Skirt of the Sun for that whole time shall be above the Horizon to wit on the 21 of December the Limbus glittereth the Horizon but on the 10 of December as also on the first of January half the Sun shall be above the Horizon and half beneath because the Center is then in the Horizon But the whole Sun shall be elevated above the Horizon when the Center of the Sun shall hold the 14 degree of Capricorn that is about the 4 day of January also the whole shall afterwards appear when his Center shall possess the 16 degree of Sagittarius that is about the 7 of December But in places where the elevation of the Pole is 70 or 75 degrees there this difference between the Oriental Limbus and the Oriental Center is very little so that the Limbus or Skirt scarcely anticipateth the rise of the Center of the Sun one day or half a day From this smallest of depression it followeth also that they enjoy the light of the Crepusculum many hours before the rising and after the setting of the Sun and although the Sun ariseth not yet in all or many of the hours of the day they have light in the Air. There is also another cause See Chap. 19. which maketh the Sun first to be seen before that he is elevated above the Horizon For thence it cometh to pass that not only the Sun is seen before he is elevated above the Horizon and before the Raies can directly come from him to the Eye but also that the light of the Twilight sooner illustrateth
not appear every night for it is known concerning the Moon as also with the attendants of Jupiter that they rise and set with the Sun near to Jupiter and moreover that they have a great difficulty of observing in the Ships joyned or accompanied with the flowing of waves for this reason many leaving the appearances of the Moon and the attendance of Jupiter fly to the Automatical Horologe and advise the Mechanical Artificers so to endeavour to prepare a Machine or Horologe as may be subject to no error so that it may shew 24 hours at the same time in which the Sun may be circumvolved and may make one day or 24 hours and may neither Anticipate or postdate the time A moving Dial very useful for the finding the Longitudes of places If that such an Automaton could be made it would be very apt and afford a most facile invention of Longitude to Navigators For before that they set Sail from any place the hour of that place must be observed accurately at some time which is no difficult matter and the Automaton was to be disposed at that hour and so in every day it will shew the hours of this place if that it be subject to no fault When therefore that place being left it came to another whose Longitude or distance of the Meridian from the Meridian of the place of the departure we desire to know nothing remaineth to be done but that we should observe in this place the hour from Heaven which in the day time is done by the Sun in the night by the Stars without much labour of this place and also looking on the Automaton what hour then is in the place or Meridian whence we departed So we shall have the hours of two places at the same moment of time And therefore that difference of hours if that it be changed into degrees and Minutes as hath been said already it will shew the Longitude of this place from the Meridian of our place whence we departed and so the degrees in the Maps or Globes being numbred from this Meridian whence we departed they will shew â—he Meridian where we are But notwithstanding Artists have hitherto shewed great industry in the making of an Automaton of such perfection yet none hath been so happy to accomplish the same For both the condition of the matter whence they are made lacks such a perfection and the diversity of the Air taketh away the perpetual equality of the motion For when the Air is cold it moves more slowly than when the Air is warm so that the Automaton which the Hollanders placed in their Houses when they lived a whole Winter in Nova Zembla ceased wholly from motion although that they added more weight to it than was usual Now for the correcting this defect in these Automatical Horologies or Clocks The Automatical Horologe subject to Error they advise us every day to place the Horologe at the hour of that place in which or unto which they then are come but although this be done yet a great error may creep into the invention of Longitude For if on the second day of our going forth the Longitude of this place or Meridian may be found out from the hours of the Automaton compared with the hours of the place unto which we are come and the hours of the Automaton do not altogether exactly agree with the hours of the place whence we set Sail thence it will come to pass that a defective Longitude may be taken and a false Meridian noted in the Maps for the place of the Ship that day In the following day viz. on the third day a false Longitude shall again be found and that being numbred from the false Meridian of the preceding day shall duplicate the error On the fourth day again it shall be augmented and the defect shall be triplicated On the fifth day it shall be four times worse and so on For Example if that an Horologe in the space of 24 hours prove defective in the Celestial motion and revolution for the 15th part of an hour which perfection our Artificers do seldom exceed the Longitude found from it shall be greater or lesser than an whole degree for 1 13 of an hour maketh a degree and so a false Meridian of this day shall be noted in the Maps which is distant from the true a degree or 15 Miles And on the third day by reason that the Automaton erreth again the 15th part of an hour here again will be the defect of one degree of Longitude and seeing that the noted Meridian of the former day is also absent one degree from the Meridian which is true and from thence the Numeration is made for the Meridian of the third day here now will be a Meridian removed two degrees that is thirty Miles in the Aequator on the fourth day three degrees on the fifth day four degrees that is sixty Miles so that at length the numerated Longitude and the noted Meridian will be far from the Meridian in which the Ship then is And this is the Cause why this Mode is not perfect and is therefore neglected by Mariners Lemma Because that in all the preceeding Modes of finding out of a Longitude the hour was to be sought for at the time of observation therefore we shall explain the same Mode from the Principles of Astronomy by which it is done for concerning the Elevation of the Pole which also is required we have spoken in the 23 Chapter In the day time the Sun must be observed See Chap. â—3 in the night the most remarkable Stars At both time it is best to expect the time in which the Sun or Stars are in the Meridian and for the knowing the hours and Horary scruples of the other remaining part of time a most exact Automaton must be used For an Automaton will little err above the space of half a day if it be exactly made and so we shall have no need of the Elevation of the Pole in this case which yet we ought to know by reason of the Parallel Concerning the day therefore the Sun being brought into the Meridian we know the 12 hour to be in the place and therefore the Automaton must be placed at this very moment of time to shew the hours of the following time But if the Phoenomenon must be observed before the Meridies let the Automaton be disposed at the very time of the observation and then let the appulse of the Sun at the Meridian be observed and then looking on the Automaton the hours may be known which are elapsed from the time of the observation to the Meridies or 12th hour whence the hour of the observation shall be known But if when the Sun is without the Meridian you desire to know the hour from the Heaven let the Altitude of the Sun be taken at the time of the Phoenomenon or appearance Then on the Spherical Triangle from three given sides which are the
Let them be drawn to A C which sheweth the Semiperiphery of the Aequator Right lines Parallel through every degree of the Quadrants or quarters they shew the Parallels of the Aequator or the Circles of Latitude and the Tropicks and Polary Circles shall also be found out The parts into which E B E D is divided through these that are drawn are the Meridian degrees B D which are noted 1 2 3 and so on The same are taken in the Quadrant E A of the Aequator and the Quadrant E C and the number 1 2 3 are ascribed even to 180 beginning from the first point or next to the Meridian B A D. So the parts A E C shew the degrees into which the Semiperiphery of the Aequator is divided through which the Poles B D the Semiellipsis must be drawn for the Meridians Because through B D is the greater Axis of Ellipsis which are to be drawn but the Semissis E B or E D but the Axis of the lesser Semissis is various in divers viz. pair of E A intercepted between E and the degree of Longitude and therefore from those given it is easy by an apt Instrument to describe these Ellipses which Instrument is vulgar at this day neither is it difficult to make it Yet the points of every one of the Ellipsis may be easily found through which they must be drawn with a free hand but it is better to delineate them with an Instrument The Circles of the Latitude and the Meridians being so described all the places in this Map are to be ascribed at these points in which the Meridian and Circle of Latitude do meet and so the Map shall be finished The Ecliptick shall be represented by a streight line or by the Ecliptick line by that Method which we have explained in Maps of the second Mode with little labour These Maps very useful Maps of this Method are able to perform what the Tables of the preceeding Modes do besides this they have this Commodity that they apparently shew the decrease of the Circles of Latitude in Magnitude towards the Poles If the division H G and H K cannot be made through the stroaks of the Lines by reason of the great distance of the Eye D it will be easy by calculation to find out the Parallels for every degree viz. according to this proportion As the distance of the Eye taken from the Center of the Earth with the Sinus of the Complement of the Arch of the Aequator to be represented have themselves to the Sinus of the same Arch so is the distance of the Eye from the Table to part the Line H C or H K which shall only represent the Arch of the Aequator For Example let us put the Eye D to be removed from the Center of the Earth E 200 Semidiameters of it but the Table or Glass H K 100 Semidiameters Therefore D E shall be 200 and D H 100 of such as E B or E A E C is 1. We shall find first the Longitude of G H K which ought to represent the Semiperiphery of the Aequator A B C in this distance of the Eye or Glass And it shall be thus As D E is to E A so is D H to H S or H K. 200 100 1 to the Semidiamiter of the Earth ½ From whence it is manifest H K or H G ought to be of half the Longitude of the Semidiamiter of the Earth which in truth is over vast when we can exhibit no such Line on any Plain Therefore for the Earth it self we conceive a little Earth or Globe Terrestrial lesser than usual whose Semidiameter if that it be of 2 foot H G or H K shall be of 1 foot viz. if that the Eye be put 200 foot remote from the Center of that little Earth but the Glass 100. But if you desire to know how much distance the Eye ought to be removed from the very Earth that the Semidiameter of the Aequator E A or E C may make the projecture H C of given Magnitude for Example of 1 foot the Semidiamiter of the Aequator that is the Semissis of the Axis of the Earth containeth 19598300 that may be found by this proportion yet supposing the distance of the Glass from the Eye viz. H D 10000. As H G to D H so E A to D E. A Holland mile 1 to 100000 so 19598300 to 1959830000000 foot wherefore 18000 makes an Holland mile a vast distance But in practice we take not the Earth its self but its type or little Earth from which it is not necessary to suppose the Eye removed by so great an interval but the projecture therefore is not varied The eighth Mode in which any given place in the Earth receiveth the Center or middle place of the Map If you please to have a Map in which the scituation of all places to our place or to any given place as also the distance of them from our place may be beheld and found out a Method is discovered by which the Superficies of the Earth is so represented that any given place of it may possess the middle place or Center of the Map and the other places may lie about it as a Center Such Maps those people affect The Chineses and ancient Jews supposed their Countrey to be in the middle of the Earth who are delighted with a vain opinion that their Country is scituated in the middle of the whole Earth as the Chineses and likewise the Jews in times past But to describe such a Map let us take London to possess the Center of the Map we take his Latitude or the Elevation of the ' Pole to be the 51 ½ degree the Eye is placed in the point opposite to the Vertex or in the Nadir of the place the Table or Glass is the Plain of the Horizon or another Parallel to it if you please to represent a larger portion than the Hemisphere which is more commodious in this Method to wit that the Plain at least may pass through the depressed Pole Therefore in the Plain let the Center E be taken for London and the described Periphery A B C D which sheweth the Horizon must be divided into four quarters and every one of these into 90 degrres let the Diameter B D be the Meridian line B the North Pole D the South Diameter And the line of the rising and setting Aequinoctial sheweth the primary vertical A the Occident C the Oriental Cardo or sheweth the place which is distant 90 degrees in the primary vertical point All the vertical points are represented in streight lines drawn through the Center E to every degree of the Horizon But to shun confusion it is better to omit them and to adjoyn a Circumductile Rule to the Paxil affixed in E. Then let B D be divided into 180 degrees as in the former Mode by drawing Right Lines from A to every degree of the Semiperiphery B C D. That point
In SPAIN to wit In the Firm Land as The Kingdom of ARRAGON where are Ten Cities to wit Caragosa Lerida Huesca Jacca Callatajud Borio Daroca Teruel Albazarin And more than a hundred Walled Towns the chief of which are Anza de Sobrarbe Benavarri de Ribagorsa Monsons Fraga Camfrane Viescas The Principality of CATALOGNE or CATALONIA with the County of ROUSILLON where are In Catalogne eight Cities Barcelona Tartagona Lerida Girona Tortosa Solsona Urgel Vich In Rousillon two Cities Perpignan Elna And about an hundred and fifty Walled Towns the chief of which in Catalogne are Puycerda Balaguer Cardona Cervera Manresa Castillo d'Empurias Roses And in Rousillon Collioure The Kingdom of VALENCIA where are Four Cities Valencia Segorbia Xativa Orihuelha And about 60 Walled Towns the chief of which are Elche Biar Denia Gandia Alzira Morvedre Villa Real St. Mattheo In the Sea as The Kingdom and the Isles of Majorca Majorca Minorca Citadelli Yuisa Yuisva In ITALY to wit In the Firm Land as The Kingdom of NAPLES where are Terra di Lavoro Naples or Napoli Capona Principato citra Amalfi Salerno Principato ultra Benevento Conza Calabria citra Conzenza Calabria ultra Reggio Cotrone Basilicata Cirenza Terra di Otrante Tarante Lecce Otrante Brindici or Bâ—indes Terra di Bari Bari Capitanate Monte St Angelo Manfredonia Comtado di Molife Abruzzo citra or Abruzze citerieure Lanciau or Lancrano Sulmone Civita di Chietti Abruzzo ultra or Abruzze ulterieure Civita di Penna Aquila In the Sea as The Isle and Kingdom of SICILY where are in Val di Demona Messina Taormina Catane Patta Troina Cefaledi Val di Noto Siracuso Noto Motya Termini Val di Mazara Palermo Monreal Trapani Marzalla Mazara Xacca Girgenti The Isle and Kingdom of SARDAIGNE where are in Capo Cagliari Cagliary or Calari Oriftagni Villa di Glesia Capo Lugodori Sassari Algeri Bosa And divers Isles towards Naples Ischia Capri towards Sicily Lipara c. The Estates of the Crown of PORTUGAL are In EUROPE the PORTUGALS or Kingdom of PORTUGAL comprehendeth three Regions six Provinces twenty Almoxarifatz that is Courts of Audience or for the Receipt of the Kings Revenue 18 Cities more than 400 walled Towns 200 Boroughs 4000 Parishes The Regions are Between the Rivers MINHO and DOURO where are the Provinces of Between the Rivers MINHO and DOURO which comprehend the Almoxarifatz of Porto Porto Viana de Foz Caminha Viana de Foz de Lima Barcelos Ponte de Lima Ponte de Lima. Guimaranes Braga Guimaranes TRA-LOS MONTES which comprehendeth the Almoxarifatz of Miranda Miranda Bragansa Torro de Mencorvo Torre de Mencorvo Chiaves Villa Real Villa Real Pinhel Castel Rodrigo Pinhel Between the Rivers DOURO and TAJO where are the Provinces of ESTREMADURA which containeth the Almoxarifatz of Lisbona Lisbona Santarein Santarein Tomar Tomar Alenquez Alenquez Sintra Leiria Leiria Setubal Setubal Cezimbra Almada Palmela Alcazer do Sal. BEIRA which holdeth the Almoxarifatz of Coimbra Coimbra Guarda Guarda Lamego Lamego Viseu Viseu Aveiro Aveiro Castel Branco Castel Branco Salvatierra Indanha ALEN-TAJO or between the Rivers TAJO and GUADIANA where are the Provinces of ALEN-TAJO which holdeth the Almoxarifatz of Evora Evora Beja Beja Serpa St Jago de Câ—cem Mertola Ourique Elvas Elvas Olivensa Mouraon Portalegre Portalegre Crato Estremoz Estremoz and Avis ALGARVE and the Almoxarifatz of Tavila Pharo Tavila Lagos Silves and Lagos Divers Estates Kingdoms Isles Cities c. in the other parts of the one and the other Continent among the which are In AFRICA and On the Coasts of The Kingdom of Fez Centa The Kingdom of Morocco Mazagan The Countrey of Negroes Arguin Sierre Leone Cachieu Guinee St. George de la Mina The Kingdom of Angola St Pol de Loanda Cambambe Caffreria or Cafres Cuama or Sofala Zanguebar Mozambique Malinde Monbaza The Isles of Madera Funghal Azores Angra Cape Verd St. Jago St. Thomas c. Pavoasam In ASIA and On the Coast of Arabia Mascate Persia Ormus Cambay Diu Daman Bazaim Decan Chaul Cuncan Goa Canara Barcelor Malabar Cananor Cranganor Cohin Coulan Choromandel Negapatan Malâ—apour or St. Thomas Pegu Sirian Malacca Malacca China Macao The Isles or part of the Isles of Ceylan Colombo Manar Manar Moluccoes Nostro Seniora del Rozaria Japon Meliapon In AMERICA and In BRAZIL the fourteen Capitanies or Governments of Para Para. Maranhan Maranhan Ciara Ciara Rio Grande Rio Grande or Potengi Parayba Paraba Tamaraca Tamaraca Fennambuco Olinda Seregippa Seregippa Bahia de Todos los Santos St. Salvador los Isleos los Isleos Porto Seguro Porto Seguro Spiritu Santo Spiritu Santo Rio Janiero St. Sebastian St. Vincent Santos To the R t Worshipfull Henry Hunloke of Wingerworth in Derbyshireshire Bar t This Mapp is humbly D.D. by R.B. A General Mapp of the Kingdom of SPAINE By Monsieur Sanson Geographer to the Eranch King SPAIN THE Kingdom of SPAIN is almost quite encompassed with the Ocean and Mediterranean Sea and the Pyrenean Mountains seperate it from France These Mountains are that Isthmus or neck of Land that uniteth Spain to the Continent and serveth as a desence and bound for this Kingdom and France and the Inhabitants that here reside are a sort of rude and Barbarous people Spain taken conjoyntly with Portugal which though a particular Kingdom hath been always taken as a Member thereof extends it self from the 35th degree of Latitude unto almost the 44th and from the 9th degree of Longitude to the 24th It is seated in the most Southernly part of the North Temperate Zone Scituation the longest summers-Summers-day making 15 hours It is a Country not over fertil in Corn or Cattel which doth occasion the People to order their Diet accordingly their chief food being Sallets and Fruits the product of the Earth so that with a small piece of flesh they will make two or three Dishes and above all their Oleums are esteemed as an excellent dish But in recompence of the defect of Corn and Cattel the Country produceth divers rich Commodities as Wines Oils several Mettals Rice Cork Soda Barrellia Shumack Soap Its Commodities Anchoves Hony Wax Woad Coriander Saffron Anniseeds Raisins Almonds Oranges Lemmons Liquorice Wool Lamb-skins raw Silk c. Spain received its first People from Celtes whence came the name of Celtiâ—eri then the Phoenicians and Carthaginians possessed the most Southern parts nearest to Africa The several Inhabitants and endeavoured to make themselves Masters of all the Country The Romans drove them out and possest it wholly and in the declension of their Empire the Goths Vandals Sueves Alains and Silinges fetled here and parted it amongst them The Goths in the end remained sole Masters till such times as the Moors vanquished them and forced them to retire to the Mountains of Leon the Asturias and Gallicia The People now inhabiting in Spain are of a swarthy complexion black hair'd and of a good proportion they are very stately in all their Actions of a Majestick gate in their carriages are very grave and
The fourth thing which is next above this is a Dias for the Minutes of hours so that you shall see every Minute pass Two beautiful Pictures of two Children are joyned to either side of this he which is on the North-side hath a Scepter in his hands and when the Clock striketh he telleth orderly every stroke He on the South-side hath a fine Hour-glass in his hand which runneth just with the Clock and when the Clock hath stricken he turneth his Hour-glass which is run forth and holdeth it running The first thing which is next above the Minute-Dial is the Dial for the hour containing the half parts also the uttermost circumference containeth the hours but within it is made a curious and perfect Astrolabe whereby is shewed the motion of every Planet his aspect and in what Sign what degree and what hour every one is in every hour of the day the opposition likewise of the Sun and Moon and the Head and Tail of the Dragon And because the Night darkneth not the Sun nor the Day the Moon or other Planets therefore their Courses are here exactly seen at all times The sixth thing which is next unto this is a Circle wherein the two Signs of the Moon rising and falling at two several hollow places it is seen at what state she is and her Age is declared by an Index which is wholly turned about once every Month. The seventh thing which is about this are four little Bells whereon the Quarters of the hour are strucken at the First quarter cometh forth a little Boy and striketh the first Bell with an Apple and so goeth and stayeth at the fourth Bell until the next Quarter then cometh a lusty Youth and he with a Dart striketh two Bells and succeedeth into the place of the Child at the Third cometh forth a man in Arms with a War-Mace in his hand and striking three Bells he succeedeth into the place of the young Man at the Fourth quarter cometh forth an Old man with a Staff having a Crook at the end and he with much ado because he is Old striketh the four Bells and standeth at the Fourth quarter until the next Quarter forthwith to strike the Clock cometh Death in the Room above this for this is the eight thing and this understand that at every Quarter cometh he forth thinking to catch each of those former Ages away with him but at a contrary side in the same Room where he is cometh Christ forth and driveth him in but when the last Quarter is heard Christ giveth him leave to go to the Bell which is in the midst and so striketh he with his Bone according to the number of the hours and there he standeth at the Bell as the Old man doth at his quarter Bell until the next Quarter and then go they in both together The ninth and last thing in this right Line is the Town at the top of the Work wherein is a noble pleasant Chime which goeth at three seven and eleven of the Clock every time a diverse Tune to one of the Psalms and at Christmas Easter and Whitsontide a Thanksgiving unto Christ and when this Chime hath done the Cock which standeth on the top of the Town on the North-side of the main Work having stretched out his Neck shaken his Comb and clapped his Wings twice Crowseth then twice and this verily he doth so shrill and naturally as it would make any man to wonder and if they list which attend the Clock they make him to Crow more times In this Town whereon this Cock standeth are conveyed all the Instruments of those motions which are in the foresaid described things The other places of note in this Lower Alsatia are 2. Altkirck in the part of Sungou 3. Ensisheim in higher Alsatia 4. Frisbourg in Brisgou 6. Offenbourg in Mortnais and 7. Bade in the Marquisate Palatinate of the Rhine The PALATINATE of the RHINE which is divided or severed into the Estates of the Palatinate the Estates of the Princes of the House Palatinate and the Bishopricks and Imperial Cities of Spires and Wormes The chief places are Heidelberg seated in a Plain but environed on three sides with high Mountains and the other regards the Rhine from which it is distant about a mile it is dignified with the Seat of the Palsgraves as also with an Vniversity 2. Spires seated in a Plain about half a mile from the Rhine a City of more Antiquity than Beauty and Trade being of note for the Imperial Chamber here continually kept 3. Wormes a City also of good Antiquity for the many Imperial Parliaments here formerly held and 4. Frankendal a new fair strong and beautiful City about which grow great plenty of Rhenish Wines Electorates of Mayence Trives and Cologne The Electorates and Archbishopricks on the Rhine are those of MAYENCE whose chief places are Mayence and Aschaffenbourg of TREVES whose chief places are Treves and Coblentz and of COLOGNE whose principal places are Cologne and Bonne Cleaveland The Estates of the Succession of CLEAVELAND contain the Dutchies of Cleves of Julier and of Berge The Dutchy of Cleves and County of Marke is in the Marquisate of Brandenburgh Dutchy of Cleves and hath for its chief places Wesel and Hamme in the County of Marks Dutchy of Juliers The Dutchy of JVLIERS hath for its chief places Aken where the Emperour after his Election is invested with the Silver Crown of Germany this place is of great esteem for its holy Relicks and 2. Juliers The Dutchy of BERGE or MONTE hath for its chief places Dusseldrop Hattingen and Arusberg The VNITED PROVINCES UNder the name of the Vnited Provinces of the LOW COVNTRIES or NETHERLANDS are contained the Dutchy of Guelders the Earldoms of Holland Zeland and Zutphen and the Lordships of Vtrecht Overyssel Groningue and Malines Dutchy of Guelderland The Dutchy of GVELDERS or GVELDERLAND Westwards of Brabant is divided into the Quarters of Betuve Veluve and Guelders particularly so called wherein are the Towns of 1. Nieumegue once a Free City seated on the branch of the Rhine called Whael and made one of the Imperial Seats in these parts by Charles the Great the other two being Thionvil and Aken 2. Arnhem the usual residence of the Dukes of Guelders 3. Ruremond so called from the River Ruer and Monde 4. Harderwick from a Village made a walled Town by Otho the third Earl 5. Guelders 6. Venlo and 7. Bommel Earldom of Holland The Earldom of HOLLAND hath on the West and North the Seas from which no part is above three hours distance in this Earldom are said to be about 400 Villages and 23 Towns the chief of which are Amsterdam which of late by the addition of the new to the old is a fair strong and beautiful City being the most rich and powerful of all the Netherlands famous for its great Trade to the utmost parts of the World and as infamous for its
Kexholm or Barelogorod INGRIA which is not subdivided into Provinces Notteburg or Orescu Juanogorod Caporia Jamagorod LIVONIA in part as The rest belongeth to the Crown of POLAND ESTEN or ESTONIE where are the parts of Esten Febin Vickeland Pernajo Habsel Harneland Revel Wireland Wiesenburg Tolsburg Alantack Nerva Nyslot Jervenland Wittenstein Kikeland Derpt LETTEN with its parts and places as they lie Towards the West Riga Segenwold Wenden Walmer Towards the South Koekenhaus Creutzburg Dunburg Towards the East Maryenburg SCANDINAVIA Wherein are the ESTATES of DENMARK AND SWEDEN The extent bounds c. of Scandinavia SCANDIA or SCANDINAVIA is only a Peninsula which extends it self from the 56th degree of Latitude unto or beyond the 71 which are near 400 Leagues from North to South and from the 26th degree of Longitude unto the 45th on the Baltick Sea and on the Ocean unto the 53 but this Mass of Land cannot have in its greatest breath above 150 Leagues finishing in two points towards South and North. It s scituation c. It is bounded on the North and West by the Northern Ocean and on the South and East by the Baltick Sea a continual Chain of Mountains dividing it into two almost equal parts of which one is on the Baltick Sea and the other on the Ocean this possessed by the King of Denmark the other by the King of Sweden DENMARK Its Commodities THe Estates of DENMARK contain two Kingdoms to wit DENMARK and NORWAY Denmark is between the Ocean and the Baltick Sea composed of a Peninsula contiguous to Germany and of a Coast contiguous to Sweden and of divers Isles which are between the Peninsula and Coast some likewise in the middle of the Baltick Sea and near Livonia It is scituate partly in the Northern Temperate Zone and partly within the Artick Circle extending from the 55th degree of Longitude or the middle Parallel of the 10th Clime where it joyneth to Germany as far as 71 degrees where it is bounded by the Frozen Ocean the longest day in the most Southern parts being 17 ¼ hours but in the most Northern parts they have no Night for almost three Months whereas on the other side when the Sun is in the other Tropick and most remote from them they have no Day for the like time This Country is very cold and consequently not over fertil nor affording good Fruits The Commodities that this Kingdom affords are Fish Hides Tallow Furniture for Shipping as Pitch Tar Cordage Masts c. also Firr Boards Wainscot several sorts of Armour c. VIRTUTE NON VI To the Rt. honble 〈…〉 Lord 〈…〉 〈…〉 of 〈…〉 Dâ—â—â—â—â— Earl of 〈◊〉 and L d of his Maitys most Honourable privy Councell c 1678 of 〈…〉 younger son of one of the Danish Kings that came into England with William the Conquerour This Mapp is Humbly dedicated by R B â—â—PP OF THE KINGDOME OF DENNMARKE WITH ITS SEVERALL DIOECESES OR PROVINCES DESIGNED BY MONSIEUR SANSON GEO Its Inhabitants The Inhabitants for the most part are of a good statute and complexion very healthful ingenious and of a ready wit very punctual in performing their Promises proud and high conceited of their own worth lovers of Learning as may appear by those Famous men it hath bred viz. Tycho Brahe the great Mathematician John Cluverus the renowned Philosopher and Physitian Godfrey Gottricus that stout Warriour who not only setled the Government of this Kingdom but also shook the Realm of France likewise Waldemare Christiern the Second and Fourth Canutus and Sueno which two last were the Conquerors of England They are great punishers of Offenders especially Theft and Piracy their Women are of a comly grace very fair and as fruitful in Children discreet and sober The Peninsula called JVITLAND once Cimbrica Chersonesus Juitland from the Cimbrians its ancient Inhabitants it is divided into North and South Juitland North JVITLAND is severed into the Bishopricks of Ripen Arthusen Albourg and Wibourg Diocess of Ripen RIPEN contains 30 Prefectures or Herets as they term them 7 Cities or walled Towns and 10 Castles It s chief places are 1. Ripen seated near the German Ocean the chief place of the Diocess and dignified with an Episcopal See 2. Kolding seated on a Creek of the Baltick Sea 3. Wee l 4. Warde c. Diocess of Arthusen ARTHVSEN containeth 31 Prefecture 7 Cities or walled Towns and 5 Castles It s chief places are 1. Arthusen seated on the Baltick Sea having a commodious and well frequented Port and dignified with an Episcopal See 2. Kalla a strong place seated in a large Bay reaching two Dutch miles to the high Hill of Elemanberg opposite to which lie the Isles of Hilgones Tuen Samsoe Hiarneo and Hiolm c. 3. Horsens 4. Randersen 5. Ebelto and 6. Hobro Diocess of Albourg ALBOVRG which is divided into four parts viz. Thyland whose chief Town is Albourg seated on the Bay of Limford which opening into the Baltick Sea extendeth it self through the main Land almost to the German Ocean 2. Hanebert on the North-west of Limford Bay containeth 4 Prefectures and hath for its chief place Thystad 3. Morsee lying on the Ocean contains 3 Prefectures the Isle of Ageroe the Town of Nicopin and the Castle of Lunstead and 4. Vensyssel according to Mercator Vandalorum sedes or the Seat of the Vandals contains 6 Prefectures 3 Towns and 1 Castle viz. Selby Cagen and Hirring Diocess of Wibourg WIBOVRG contains 16 Prefectures the Isles of Egholm Hansholm Bodum Idgen Cisland and Ostholm also it hath 3 Castles and as many Cities or walled Towns viz. 1. Wibourg dignified with an Episcopal See and the Courts of Judicature for both the Juitlands The point of Scagen or Scean ends this Peninsula towards the North. 2. Lemwick and 3. Holcker South JVITLAND is divided into the Dukedoms of Sleswick and Holstein SLESWICK a Country for the most part level Sleswick enriched with fertil Fields both for Corn and Pasturage it is very well provided with good Bays on the Baltick which are found commodious for Merchants The chief places in this Dukedom are 1. Sleswick seated on the Slea which falls into the Baltick where it hath a commodious and well frequented Haven it is a fair Town the chief of the Dukedom and honoured with an Episcopal See 2. Hussen seated on the German Ocean 3. Sternberg the ordinary residence of the Governour for the King of Denmark 4. Hadersleben seated on a navigable In-let of the Baltick and fortified with a strong and fair Castle 5. Flensborg seated on the Baltick amongst high Mountains having a Port so commodious and deep that Ships do lade and unlade close to their Houses and 6. Gottrop where there is a strong Fort belonging to the Duke of Sleswick seated at the end of a large Bay of the Baltick of note for the Custom-house or Tole-booth there erected for Cattle sent out of these parts into Germany
aforesaid Snellius makes a Hollandish Mile to consist of 1500 Rhindlandish Perches every Perch being twelve foot long or to consist of 18000 Rhindlandish Feet Measures which arise from the division of a Foot And these two Measures to wit the Perch and Mile arise from the multiplication and aggregation of Feet But the Measures that arise from the division of a Foot are a digit or finger a palm or hands breadth and a grain A digit is the twelfth part of a foot a palm contains four digits and a grain is the fourth part of a digit but these are seldom used It is better to divide a foot into ten digits and then a digit into ten grains And these Measures are sufficient for the use of Geography But there are other Measures hereunto to be added which I have noted in the Scheams to wit those of the Ancients as Egyptians Greeks Romans Persians c. also thosr of later times as of the Turks Polanders Germans Moscovians Italians Spaniards French English c. The Grecian Stadium or Furlong is judged to be 600 Greek feet which makes 625 Roman or Rhindlandinsh feet A German Mile of which Geographers allow fifteen to one degree contains 14000 â— 19 feet It is esteemed to be 4000 paces that is 32 stadia's or furlongs It s proportion to the Rhindlandish Mile is as 15 to 19. The Italian or Roman Mile is a thousand paces or eight stadiums A Geometrical pace contains five foot A Fathom is six foot which is reported by some to have been the Grecian Pace A Cubit is a foot and a half Parasange that is the Persian Mile is esteemed to have contained 30 stadiums but it contained 3000 Persian Paces Schaenus the Egyptian Measure containeth according to Herodotus sixty stadiums and according to Pliny forty but peradventure the size thereof was divers according to the different places wherein it was used Also either Herodotus's stadium differed from Plinys or else their Books are faulty The French League holds proportion to the Rhindlandlish Mile as 25 to 19 or else as 60 to 19. The Spanish League holds proportion to the Rhindlandish Mile as 17 ½ to 19. But because in divers places both of France and Spain a different greatness of a League is observed therefore these things are not altogether certain The English Mile holds proportion to the Rhindlandish Mile as 55 to 19 or else as 16 to 19. But the English have three sorts of Miles to wit the greater of which 27 ½ are equal to a degree the mean of which 50 makes a degree and the least of which 60 or 55 miles makes a degree The Danish or Swedish Miles holds proportion to the Rhindlandish mile as 10 to 19 But in some places the Danes and Swedes use the Geâ—man mile The Russian Mile holds proportion with the Rhindlandish mile as 80 to 19. The Turkish Mile or League is thought to be equal with the Italian Mile insomuch that 60 of them make a degree The Arabian League formerly was the twentieth part of a degree so that twenty five Arabian Leagues did equalize one degree or nineteeâ—â— Hollandish Miles But yet the Arabians did also use another Measure fifty five of which said to be a degree An hundred Indian Miles are judged to be equal to a degree although the Indians commonly describe their distances by the Journeys of Days and Hours The Inhabitants of the Kingdom of Cambain and Guzâ—â—ratta use a certain Measure which they call Cosa thirty of which makes a degree Those of the Country Sinae or China observe three Journey-Measures which they call Li Pu and Vchan Li is the space from whence the voice of a man crying aloud may be heard in a Plain and in a calm Air which is thought to be three hundred Geometrical Paces Pu containes Li ten times so that twenty Pu's makes a degree and ten Pu's make an Vchan which they determine one days Journey which is 30000 Paces The Square Rhinlandish Mile consists of square feet The Cubick Rhindlandish Mile consists of Cubick feet But the account of a square Rhinlandish Mile ariseth from multiplying the same mile into it self and the Cubick mile is compleat if the Square mile be multiplied by a simple mile The same is to be understood as touching square and Cubick feet OF Absolute Geography SECT II. Containing the General and Absolute properties of the Whole Earth in Five Chapters CHAP. III. Concerning the Figure of the Earth Things to be observed concerning the figure of the Earth FIGVRE is first the principal of all Properties of the Earth not only in nobleness but also excelling the rest in the profit and necessity thereof forasmuch as without it nothing can be fully and solidly demonstrated or known in Geography and all things therein following do in a manner depend and proceed from her alone In the first place therefore it is manifest that our discourse is to be begun at her But there have been divers opinions concerning the figure of the Earth for indeed the Vulgar sort that is men endued with no knowledge in Geography do think that the Earth extendeth it self in a vast and broad Plain whose boundary is a Circular line but that the Hills and Valleys meet and stop it Lactantius and other Fathers were of this Opinion Lactantius his Opinion of the Earth who earnestly defended and maintained the Earth to be extended downwards with infinite Roots and in that manner to have its foundation this they thought being moved thereto by certain places of Holy Scripture See Lactantius in his 3d Book chap. 24. And Augustine in his 16 Book de Civit. Dei chap. 9. The Opinions of Francis Patric Anaximander Leucippus and Others concerning the Earth either misinterpreted or wrong understood This Opinion is attributed to the Ancient Philosopher Heraclitus although some men write that he attributed to the Earth the shape of a Boat or made hollow in the bottom Furthermore of these of latter days Francis Patric no base Philosopher did stiffly maintain that the Earth is extended on a plain foot Peucer writeth that Anaximander judged the form of the Earth to be like a Rowling-pin but that is not likely seeing that he both essayed the dimension or measuring the Earth and was skilful enough in Astronomy according to the manner of that Age forasmuch as he at Lacedemon sat up and made Heliotropes or Sun-dials in which the top of the finger or stile of the Dial with its shadow did mark out and shew the day of the Equinoxes and Solstices See Aristotle in his 2d Book de Coelo ch 13. Leucippus is recorded to have thought the Earth to be shaped in the form of a Drum and there are other men which dare ascribe I know not what fond Opinions to the Ancient Philosophers But the true Opinion maintained by almost all Philosophers that were Mathematicians was that the Earth is round like a Globe or Sphere But the Arguments which
which the Moon will be vertical that day viz. one after another See Proposition 13. in Chap. 19. The use of this Problem is great yea very necessary in the Doctrine concerning the flux and reflux of the Sea The mode of performing of the same you shall find in the Nineteenth Chapter and the Thirteenth Proposition For there it is more conveniently explained yet the Explication of that Proposition may be anticipated and demonstrated to the studious in this Chapter Proposition XVI In those places of the Sea to which the Moon is vertical the flux and deflux is greatest except that there be other impediments which we have reckoned up in the XIV Proposition And by how much the parts of the Sea are more remote from the place by so much the flux and deflux is lesser other things being equal For because in that place the pressure is greater and the tumour of the water greater which is more vicine to the Moon pressing and the Celestial matter thence followeth that that the Proposition intimateth the objections concerning some other places in the comparison of which the contrary is found are to be excused by the admixtion of other causes Proposition XVII The quantity of the flux and reflux is unconstant in every place and divers on several daies and by so much the greater or lesser by how much the Moon is more remote or near unto that place The Moon every day changeth her place in the Ecliptick For the Moon every day changeth her place in the Ecliptick and so on other daies is vertical to other places and by consequence is more remote from any place or more near Which being observed we conclude from the preceeding Proposition that there is a divers quantity of the flux and reflux in one and the same place on divers daies whether that the diversity be sensible or insensible Proposition XVIII The greatest intumescency of water in any place and term of the flux ought to be when that the Moon doth occupy the Meridian of the place But in many places it is found to be in another scituation of the Moon For then is the Moon most nigh to any place of the Earth when that it is in the Meridian of that place because that the Hypotenusa of a right angled Triangle is lower than the Cathetus Whence it is inferred by the XVI Proposition that when the Moon is in the Meridian See Proposition 16. there ought to be the greatest intumescency and Altitude of water and immediately a decrease to succeed But when the Moon is in the lowest of the Meridian then the narrowest of the vortex of the Earth opposite to it in the upper Meridian and therefore doth effect the same as if that the body of the Moon were present But here ariseth a great difficulty For there are many places and Coasts of the Earth in which we find that the term of the flux is not when that the Moon cometh to the Meridian as the Philosophers held before this age but sooner or later viz. when that the Moon cometh to a certain quarter not Cardinal and this quarter is not constantly observed but in new and full Moons for the most part the greatest intumescency is and the begining of a detumescency before the Moon cometh to this quarter or vertical Circle So at London the water is at the highest when the Moon cometh to the quarter which is between the South and West or North and East that is to the South West or North East quarter At the Coast of China in the Port of the City Maccau The greatest flux at the Coast of China observed by a Portugal a certain Portugal Mariner observed the time of the greatest intumescency by this mode The Elevation of the Pole is 22 degrees 20 minutes in the Year 1584 on the 19 of September the Moon was at full then the intumescency or Altitude of the highest water was observed in the morning at ½ or ¼ of an hour past 8. therefore then the Moon was removed from the Meridian 3 ¼ hours Whence the quarter or vertical Circle in which the Moon at that moment of time was is found according to the Problem of the 30 Chapter Anno 1585 on the 16 of February in the full Moon the greatest hight of water was observed at half an hour past a eleven a Clock at Noon Certain observations taken by a Dutch Mariner of the flux of the Sea in many places A certain Dutch Mariner on the daies of the new and full Moon noted the hours of divers places for the term or intumescency of the flux from which I have extracted these At the twelfth hour on the daies of the new and full Moon on the Coast of Flanders at Enchusen in Holland at Horn at Embden in East Freezland at the mouth of the Elve at Eider at the Isles of Jutland and at Dover at England At 45 minutes past 12 at Flushing in Zealand half an hour after one a Clock at the Occidental Coast of the Isle of Wight at Calis at the mouth of the River of Thames at the shoar of Zeland in the mouths of Scald in Mosa and at Gored A quarter after two before the mouth of Scald and the mouth of Mosa At three a Clock at Amsterdam Roterdam Dort in Holland at Newcastle in England at Arment in Flanders in the mouth of the River of Burdeaux in the South Coast of Britain Gallocia Gascoyn Biscay Portugal and Spain and on the Western Coast of Ireland even to Hitland A quarter after four in the evening at Roan in France between Mosa and Rochel in the River of Burdeaux in the Bays of the Spanish Portugal and Gallecian Coast in the South Coast of Britany in France Gascoyn and on the Western Coast of Ireland Half an hour past four from the Texel at the South Coast of Ireland A quarter past five in all the Ports of the Southern Coast of Ireland at Plymouth in England and other Southern places of it even to the Coast of Wales At six in the evening and morning before Hamburgh in the Elbe before Bremen the Texel Antwerpe in the Channel between England and Brabant without Sorlis A quarter before seven in the evening between Fawick and Vaelmuya in the Channel even to Bristol before St. Nicholas and Podessembe even to Waymouth and Hartepole At half an hour past seven in the Haven at the Texel at Kilduyna in the middle of the Channel nigh Plymouth and in the Sea even to the Promontory of the Lizard A quarter past eight in the evening nigh the Isle of Wight in the Channel even to Bevesier without the Fly on the Coast of Holland At nine before the mouth of the River Ems in Freezland before the Fly before the Coast of Freezland at the Eastern Coast of the Isle of Wight At half an hour past ten before the mouth of the River Thames on the Coasts of Normandy and Picardy And at a quarter
commonly call them Spaws 1. They arise from the admixture of a Spirit of Vitriol Salt and Alom which Minerals being partly simple and partly more or less admixed with other Minerals are found in the cavities of the Earth especially in Iron We prove this to be the true cause of Acidula's and Spaws 1. By reason that almost every where where such Acid waters break out Mines of Vitriol Salt and Alom are found 2. Because the Spirits of Vitriol and Salt are Acid as also some Spirits of Sulphur as is evident from Chymistry 3. Because that from these kind of Acid waters no Acid body but Spirits is separated which are altogether like unto the Spirits of Vitriol and Salt 2. Great is the quantity of Acid waters or Spaws in divers Regions where Mines especially abound The cause is because that an Acid Sowr Spirit is almost in all Bodies by reason that we have shewed that it is Elementary in the Seventh Chapter and first Proposition it is found in all herbs and fruits The difference of Spaws 3. The difference of Spaws is found to be notable Some are found to be so sharp or sowr that men make use of them instead of Vinegar Such a Spring is found in Nicana a Province of Sicilia In Germany the Fountain at Elleboga is of a wonderful Acidity Other Acid Springs are termed Winy because that by their sharpness they come near the grateful tast of Wine amongst which that is famous which is in the Earldom of Catzenellebocen in Germany at the Town Schwalbach In the Province of Lyons in France at the Town of St. Baldomare is a Fountain termed Fontaine forte that is the strong Fountain it supplieth the want of Wine and if that one fourth part of it be mixed with Wine it will want nothing of the tast of Wine if it is poured on Flour it will presently ferment They can boil no Meat in it for by reason of its subtilty it flieth away It is very wholsom so that the Inhabitants seldom use a Physician In Aquitaine not far from the City Bessa is the like Winy sharp Spring unto the waters of which if that you only admix the sixth part of Wine you will imagine that you drink pure Wine without any admixture of water Nigh to Rome is an Alomy sharp Fountain which being mixed with Wine maketh a very grateful Drink Great is the number of Acid Springs in the Vpper Germany whereof some flow into the Danube and others into the Rhine Very many are in the forementioned Earldom of Catzenelleboch in the Province of Triers in Tirolis Rhaetia Vindelicia a noted ane is near Anderna called Heilbrun In the Province of Toledo in Spain near the Village Valentiola are Springs which at the bottom are found Acid and of a Winy tast and in the upper part sweet which Baccius thinketh to happen because that the Nitrous and Acid parts do subside and sink to the bottom But I suppose if that the Relation be true that it proceedeth from the subtilty of the Spirit which being brought to the superficies presently do expire Other Acid Fountains are astringent and contracting the palate which is a token of Iron particles or of the admixture of Vitriol as also of Alom The Water of Acid Fountains in Rainy and Cloudy weather is found less Acid which is a sign of an admixture of condensated Air. Also if that the water be exposed to heat or if it stand in an open Vessel for some hours or if it be carried a long Voyage not well covered in cold Vessels it presently loseth its Acidity which is a sign that the Acidity of them dependeth on a subtile Spirit Yet they also have Atoms and the very Vitriol Alom Iron Salt Gravel and the like This is proved from the matter that is discovered to adhere to the Conduit-pipes The Studious may collect Examples by reading of Authors At least two hundred Acid Springs or Riverets run into the Rhine but by reason of the subtilty of the Spirits nothing of acidity is discovered in the Rhine Do you demand why there are no Acid Fountains in the Northern places I suppose that cause to be the defect of Subterraneous heat and an over great condensation of the Earth as also for that cause it cometh to pass that little or no Gold is found in those Regions Proposition VIII To explain the generation of hot Springs termed Baths and the places of the more famous of them Of the generation of hot Springs or Baths A Spring in Izland is judged the most fervid of them all whose water little differeth from that which hath arrived to the highest degree of heat and boyling on the fire But Caronius writeth that in Japan there is a Spring so hot that no water can be brought to that degree of heat by the most vehement fire It floweth not continually but twice in a day for one hour with a great force of spirits and maketh a great Pool which another hath informed me to be called by the Natives Singacko that is Hell After those the hot Fountains or Baths of Baden in Helvetia are famous Then the Baths of Appona in Italy Of Vulgar Baths there is a great number in the Vpper Germany as also in other places In Scotland is the Lake and River Nessa which is not hot yet it is never congealed with Cold. The cause and generation of Baths is first the admixture of Sulphureous particles whilst the water is carried through Subterraneous passages or rather whilst that it glideth through the Sulphureous Mines to a collection about the Springs 2. The vapours of Smoak and exhalations within the Earth where Sulphur is pure or impure as Peat Coal Amber and the like for these materials continually send forth a calid or warm fume which heat the waters carried thither or gliding through those places Yet particles of Alom are admixed to many nay the most Baths as also of Iron and Niter whence they have somewhat a sharp and astringent tast or sapor Almost all the Baths which we know flow without ceasing except the Pepper-Baths of Germany which are famous in Rhetia not far from Curia And besides Sulphur they contain something of Gold and not a little Niter The water of these Baths breaketh out every year about the third of May and it ceaseth to flow about the fourteenth of September The famous Baths in Germany are the Plumbariae in Lorrain Emsebadae above Constantina in Alsatia near Gebersweil in the Marquisate of Bada Wildbad in the Dukedom of Wertebergh The Blasianae near Tubin There are many also in Japan and the Indian Isles There are such hot ones in the Islands of the Azores that an Egg may be boyled in them Proposition IX To explain the generation of oyly and fat liquors flowing from the earth and to enumerate the places of the earth in which they are found Of oyly liquors Some Fountains send forth a bituminous liquor some a fat water or
and sand from the shoars or some banks also the substance of the bottom is advanced and lifted up and is carried by the impetuosity of the River until it come to a more large and ample Channel and be removed from the Fountain or cause of abundancy of water for here the vehemency of the motion is remiss and then the Terrestrial parts subside and Sand-banks are generated of which many are found in places where there are broad Rivers but none almost in narrow Neither is there any mischief which taketh away more splendor from the most flourishing and rich Empories or places of trade without any hope of recovery or bringeth greater detriment to Ships That we may pass over those Ancient Cities now for many Ages buried in oblivion we have Examples before our eyes of Stavoren in Friezland Armuyen in Zeiland of Dort in Holland Antwerp in Brabant and Stade in the Bishoprick of Bremen Nothing took away the power of Traffick from these Cities which was the cause of all their splendor and riches but the banks of Sand arising in their Rivers or the Neighbouring Seas Neither is there almost any Empory that is Maritimate that is free from the fear of these Sand-banks Those that are in the Albis or the Elbe have destroyed many Hamburgian Ships that have escaped the grand storms of the Ocean The same is manifest in others to him that considereth especially in the Texel and Vlie of Amsterdam They are discovered in a great number on the Sea-coasts of Flanders and Friezland and the suff of the Sea going down many of them are discovered to be part of the Continent for the Channel interceding hath then little water and admitteth of no sailing The famous or rather infamous amongst Mariners by reason of Shipwrack are those that are found in a great number in one part or place of the Sea They are these 1. The Sand-banks of Brazil Abrolhos de Brasilia Het riff van Brasilian also de Droogte van Brasil They lie from the Coast of Brazil for the space of 70 miles which the Mariners that sail to the Indies ought to avoid with great diligence whilst that to shun the calm of Guinea they sail towards Brazil yet they come as near to those Sands as they may that they may have the greater Wind but they must be cautious that they be not carried between Brazil and the Sands 2. The Sands of St. Ann not far from Guinea six degrees at the elevation of the North Pole Ships being carried upon these come not off without great danger and labour and are detained for many daies when that Seamen suppose that they have passed beyond them For these Sands are not continual but they are disjoyned by broad and deep Whirlpits or Gulphs so that in a small distance here is a depth of about eight fathom by and by about two 3. The Sands between the Isle of Madagascar and Arabia called Baixos de India they are sharp Rocks of Coral of divers Colours 4. The Sands of China 5. The Sands of Flanders But more may be seen in Geographical Sea-charts We have declared one mode of the generation by which these Sands have an Original by sinking of the Sandy matter which the Sea carrieth with it The second mode to be adjoyned to this is by which such Sands can or may have a Being to wit if that the Sea overflow the Earth in which the hills and risings are sandy for then those hills are or shall be called Sand-hills they are discovered in a large tract but the Land it self is more low If therefore the Sea by an irruption should inundate and cover those Lands then those Hills would be Sand-banks so we must judge of others Therefore at the Mouths of Rivers Sand-banks are most frequent because the Channel is there broader and therefore the impetus of the efflux of Rivers is there diminished and therefore the matter sinketh which the violent Flood brought with it Also the waves of the Ocean repel the Waters flowing from the Mouths of the Rivers whence all the force ceaseth And it is worth our labour to distinguish and consider these two modes of the generation of Sand-banks Proposition XI To conjecture whether the Sand-hills which lye in the Sea not far from the Continent shall be part of this future Continent Of Sand-banks or Hills in the Sea not far from the Land We have said in the former Proposition that these Sand-banks are generated two manner of ways one truly by the subsidency or sinking of the Sand into the Sea the other by denomination viz. all Hill the water encompassing and overflowing the Earth If that they are generated by the former mode and are found to increase more and more it is a sign that they will joyn to the Continent of the Earth that is to say that the Channel of the Sea will be dried between these Sand-banks and the adjacent Land But if that the Sand-banks are generated after the second mode then we may conjecture that those Sand-banks will not so easily be conjoyned to the adjacent Earth but that the Sea rather will farther overspread the Land Proposition XII Islands are produced in the Sea and Rivers after the same mode that Sand-banks are yea Islands may proceed from Sand-banks yet they are also made after another mode Of the generation of Islands For if that in any part of the Sea so great a quantity of Sand Gravel Mud and Ouze be aggregated in progress of time that it becometh higher than the Sea it will become an Island which is the first Mode Then by the second mode If that the Sea breaking into the Land overfloweth only the lower parts but not the higher and the Hills those will be Islands And by this latter Mode it is probable that those Islands were generated or had original which arise to an huge Altitude as St. Helena Ascension and the like especially those which are rocky and stony Sicilia separated from Italy by the Sea Hitherto appertain Islands which the Sea hath cut off from the prominent Lands So Writers testifie and the Poets Verses are known that Sicilia was separated from Italy by the violence of the Sea By the first Mode viz. the subsidency and congregation of many Terrestrial particles the Islands of Zeland Denmark and Japan had their original The same seemeth to have been the original of the Molucco Isles for if that you dig on the Plain to a small depth you shall meet with an abundance of sand and shells Other Isles separated from the Continent by the Sea The Inhabitants of Ceiland relate that the Isle was separated from the procurrent of India and it is very probable so The Isle of Sumatra is supposed formerly to have been united to Malacca The Isles of the Maldives in times past was were said to adhere to India and were a continuous Continent yet at this day they are far in the Sea and divided into an innumerable many
or force in and therefore a general Wind is considered especially in the midst of the Sea most remote from the Land 2. Yet another wind may also blow in the midst of the Sea viz. if that in another a Cloud or other cause generating of a wind be very great From these two Causes it happeneth that a general wind is less or more constant or continual in divers placer Now the general winds are only found in the Sea of the torrid Zone or that which lieth between the Tropicks about the whole Earth yet in some places it extendeth it self without the Tropicks the space of 7 degrees and they are called Eastern that is the East-wind or collateral to the East as the South-East North-East viz. which blow from the East towards the West for the whole year But they do not consist with the like constancy in all the parts of that Sea but in some they are more hindred and in some less They are more constant in the Pacifick Ocean viz. in that part of it which lieth between the Tropicks so that Ships that loose from the Port of Aquapulco in New Spain in America towards the Philippin Isles that is such as steer their course from the East to the West oftentimes for 60 degrees Sail continually without any alteration or furling of the Sail with a constant East or North-East wind neither unto this day hath any Ship in that most long Voyage of 1650 miles been cast away Whence the Mariners say that they may sleep securely in this Voyage neither is there any need of guiding the Ship seeing that the general Wind bringeth the Ship to the wished Port for here other winds do impede the general Wind. The same constancy of this same Easterly wind is found in the Sea from the Cape or Promontory of Good-hope in the bounds of Africa or rather from that procurrent part of Africa which lieth in the Torrid Zone even to Brazil in the midst of which Voyage lieth the Isle of St. Helena unto which Mariners returning from India unto Europe are wont to direct their Course The Isle of St. Helena is distant from the Promontory of Good-hope 350 Miles and is oftentimes accomplished in sixteen days or also in twelve as the general wind is either vehement or slack for in this there is not a perpetual likeness the Sea-men using the same security when that they have first sailed to the Parallel of that Island for the Promontory of Good-hope lieth without the Tropicks which we have said that they use who Sail in the Pacifick Ocean from Aquapulco to the Philippins yea when that they have passed the Promontory of Good-hope they judge themselves to have escaped all danger and variation of the winds and sleep securely the wind constantly filling their Sails towards that Island and Brazil But yet this only is their great care that they may not Sail beyond the Island seeing that it is a very small one for if that they have passed it the eighth part of a mile they cannot regain it viz. an Easterly wind forcing them towards the West therefore then they are forced with great loss of their Voyage to make to the Coasts of Brazil or the other Isle called Ascension to water at If then you demand by what course they Sail when that the Ships make a contrary Voyage in this Sea viz. whilst that they steer from the Philippin Isles unto New Spain or from Brazil and the Isle of St. Helena unto the Promontory of Good-hope whilst that they Sail from India in these Voyages the Reader must know that Mariners use a threefold mode for either they navigate the Sea scituated without the Tropicks therefore they do not touch at the Isle of St. Helena whilst that they Sail from Europe into India or where necessarily they must pass by this they do not directly steer their course from the West to the East but obliquely from the North the Collateral quarter of it to the South or the Collateral quarter of it or lastly they choose such a time of Navigation in which they know that that general wind is impeded often by others But this latter because that it happeneth rarely therefore they rather make choice of the two former Modes of which we sâ—ll speak more in the Chapter of Navigation Therefore there are two Seas of the Torrid Zone in which that general Oriental wind with its Collaterals reigneth throughout the whole year viz. that which lieth between the procurrent of Africa and Brazil the other is that which is extended between New Spain or rather between America and the Oriental Islands of which the Philippins are a part The third part of this Sea under the Torrid Zone viz. between the Procurrent of Africa and the Philippins or Oriental Islands is not indeed destitute of this general wind but oftentimes it is hindred in this Sea by reason of the frequency of Islands which hindrance yet in some places is more frequent than in other some Between Mozambique and India the general wind is of most force in January February March April in other Months other winds do blow of which we shall speak in the following Proposition This general wind is more hindred in the Sea of the Indian Isles At the Isle of Banda in the Month of May the Oriental winds begin to be prevalent being very violent and accompanied with rain at Malacca in September and in other places otherwise as we shall shew in the following Proposition See Proposition 3. Yet this you must know that this general wind doth not equally extend it self in these Seas towards the Tropicks in all parts but that there is a great difference in this For the Tropicks are distant from the Aequator on both sides 23 ½ deg but the general wind may be discovered in one Meridian unto the Latitude of 20 degrees in another Meridian unto 15 in another unto 12. So in the Indian Ocean when in the Months of February and January the East wind or South or South-East bloweth it is not discovered until you come to the 15 degree of Latitude So unto those that Sail from Goa unto the Promontory of Good-hope here a general wind meeteth them at the 12 deg of South Latitude and at the 28 degree of the same Latitude accompanieth them So also Mariners have observed that no general wind bloweth between the 4. degree of Northern Latitude even unto the 10 or 11 deg between Africa and America for when they have Sailed by that wind from St. Helena towards the Aequator even unto the 4 deg of Northern Latitude then are they destitute of that wind even until they come unto the 10 degree of Latitude And from that degree even unto the 30 the North-East is again manifestly found continually to blow although that the 30 degrees be 7 degree from the Torrid Zone Yet notwithstanding in the 6 7 and 8. degree of Parallel Latitude it also bloweth in some places but in
Del Majo with the Southern-motion in the end of August in 35 degrees of the Meridian of Tristian de Cunha in May in the New Moon the West-wind rageth and Shipwracks but in 33 degrees of the same Meridian the North and North-east Winds predominate 8. In June and July in the Sea of China at Pulon Timor the West-winds are violent and dangerous 9. Between China and Japan many Storms are from the New Moon of July to the twelfth day of the Moon 10. There if in June other winds blow besides the motion sometimes from this sometimes from that quarter until that they are setled in the North-east quarter of a certain a Storm followeth THE SECOND BOOK OF General Geography CONCERNING The Affections of the places of the Earth depending on the apparent motion of the Stars CHAP. XXII Of things requisite to be foreknown in the knowledge of Geography Itherto we have been employed in an absolute contemplation of the Earth we now draw near the Second Part of this Doctrine in which we shall consider those Properties or Affections which happen to the Earth from the apparent motion of the Sun and Stars Neither would they be except this Motion were evident The Explication of which Affections will with greater right appertain unto Geography if so be that same Motion be attributed unto the Earth it self of which we have treated in the Sixth Chapter Now for the right knowledge of these Affections these following Hypotheses and Definitions are necessary to be understood Definitions An Artificial Terrestrial Globe termed a factitious Glâ—be First the Artificial Terrestrial Globe is termed a factitious Globe from whose Superficies the parts of the Earth and their scituation a◠〈◊〉 presented as they have an existence in the Earth it self according â—o the proportion of this Superficies to the Superficies of the Earth A Map a plain Figure and of what Lines it consists A Map or Geographical Card is a plain figure in which the scituations of the Terrestrial Superficies are represented And this again is either Universal or Particular The first exhibiteth the whole Superficies of the Earth the other some one or other Region Some Maps consist of strait Lines and others of crooked These of strait are such in which the Peripheries or Circumferences of the Terrestrial Circles are represented by right Lines the other in which the same Peripheries are exhibited by crooked Lines But as for the composure of a Terrestrial Globe and Geographical Maps we shall take an occasion to treat of in the end of our Book by reason the same cannot be understood before the Doctrine which we now handle be well apprehended Of the Poles and Axis of the Earth Secondly The Poles of the Earth are two points diametrically opposite in the Superficies of the same which remain immoveable in the Diurnal circumrotation of the Earth or which are subjected unto the Poles of the apparent Quotidian motion of the Stars But the Axis of the Earth is said to be the Diameter conjoyning the Poles Or thus The Axis of the Earth is that Diameter of the Earth about which the Diurnal motion of the Stars or Earth it self is perfected Now the Poles are said to be the Extream points of the Axis in the Superficies of the Terrestrial Globe and that Pole which is subjected to the Constellation termed the Bear is called the Artick Septentrional or Northern Pole the other is called the Antartick or Southern Pole These are by more facility explained by an Artificial Terrestrial Globe than by words If the former be wheeled round those two immoveable points will appear which are the Poles and the Diameter imaginarily drawn from one Pole to the other through the Center of the Earth shall be the Axis The Aequator or Aequinoctial Line Thirdly The Aequator is said to be the Periphery or Circumference of the greatest Circle in the Globe of the Earth equally distant from both the Poles or placed in the middle between the Poles or whose Poles are the same with the Poles of the Earth It is also termed the Aequinoctial Line and that by Mariners All the Stars in their Diurnal motion make Peripheries equidistant or parallel to the Aequator wherefore the Aequator is the Rule of Diurnal motion Parallels Fourthly The Parallels of the Aequator are said to be lesser Peripheries which are parallel to the Aequator In an Artificial Globe the Aequator by reason of its Magnitude is more conspicuous than the others and its name is ascribed and it is divided into 360 degrees The Parallels are also conspicuous which are likewise termed the Circles of the Latitude of Places as we shall shew in the following Chapter Of Maps These may also be shewed in Geographical Maps that are Universal Indeed in Maps of Right Lines the Poles are not represented but the Extremities of every Meridian are the Poles but in Maps consisting of Crooked Lines the Poles are those points in which the Crooked Lines do meet the Aequator being transverse in both kind of Maps passeth through the middle of them and hath a greater Latitude than the other Lines and withal it is a strait Line although in the particular Maps of Asia and Europe it be made crooked The Parallels of the Aequator in strait-lined Maps are strait-lâ—â—â—s and in crooked-lined Maps they are crooked The Ecliptick Fifthly The Ecliptick is the greatest Circle of the Heavens which the Sun describeth in his Annual motion In truth it existeth not in the Earth but by reason of its notable use it is marked in the Artificial Globe as also in Geographical Maps The Tropicks Sixthly The Tropicks are two Parallels of the Aequator which are distant from the Aequator by so great an interval as the greatest recess of the Sun is from the Aequator towards the Poles or as the greatest declination of the Sun or obliquity of the Ecliptick The Tropick of Cancer is that which is interposed between the Aequator and Pole Artick The Tropick of Capricorn is that which is between the Aequator and the Southern Pole The Polary Circles In the Globe and in Maps they are wont to be noted by a double Periphery and the same appellation is ascribed The Polary Circles are two Parallels so called whereof one is distant from the Pole Artick the other from the Antartick so many degrees as the Sun is from the Aequator in his greatest recess and the first is termed the Artick Circle and the other the Antartick The Circles hitherto explained do not depend on certain Places such as the following do which in divers places are various and different The Meridian Seventhly The Meridian of any place in the Superficies of the Earth is a Line so termed which passeth through that place in which when the Sun cometh the Meridies is in that place Now the Meridies is that moment of the day which is equally distant from the rising and setting of the
shall be placed on the Meridian line of the plain and so the Map shall have its required scituation Proposition IX To find the Latitude of the place from the Heaven or the Elevation of the Pole above the Horizon of any place by the benefit of the Stars To find the Latitude of a place above the Horizon by the Stars Although the Latitude of a place exist in the Superficies of the Earth viz. its distance from the Aequator yet it cannot be found without the Stars The modes of finding the same are various First Let the Altitude of the Sun above the Horizon be observed when he cometh to the Meridian line and let its complement or distance from the Vertex of the Sun be taken For this take away the declination of the Sun to the day of the Observation that is if that the Sun be fixed in the Southern part of the Zodiack but let it be added if that it be in the Southern the residue shall be the Latitude of the place But the declination of the Sun that is his distance from the Aequator in the day of the Observation is found from the place of the Sun and that from a Table of the declination of the parts of the Ecliptick or from the Globe for let the place of the Sun be noted in the Globe at the day of the Observation and brought to the Meridian the degrees of the Meridian being intercepted between the Aequator and the place of the Sun exhibit the declination of the Sun at the day given Secondly The Sun rising or setting by the benefit of the Globe the Latitude shall thus be found Let the Plaga or part in which the Sun riseth or setteth be observed which Mariners are accustomed to do by their Compass but the true Meridian line is required to this Let the same Plaga or degree be marked in the Wooden Horizon of the Globe Let the place also of the Sun in the Ecliptick for the day of the Observation be noted then let the Brazen Meridian in the Crena of the Horizon be turned thereunto the Pole being more or less elevated until the noted place of the Sun meet with the noted place of the Horizon so the elevation of the Pole in the Globe shall be the same which the place hath where the Observation was made The Solution will be more easie by Calculation but by reason very few Students of Geography understand the solution of Spherical Triangles therefore I omit the same which shall also be observed in the following Problem Note That in the time of the Aequinoxes when the Sun is in the begining of Aries or Libra then this method hath no use because that then the Sun in one and the same Plaga or part riseth and setteth to all places viz. in the part of the true East or West or in the Plaga of the Aequinoctial rising or setting Thirdly When the Sun shineth at Noon let the style or pin A B be perpendicularly erected on an Horizontal plain See Scheme and let the Longitude of the shadow A C and the style A B be taken in some divided line Therefore in the right Angled Triangle A B C shall be both the noted sides A B A C whence the Angle A B C shall be found to be the distance of the Sun from the Vertex viz. if that it may be that as A B hath its self to A C so the whole sign hath it self to the Tangent of the Angle A B C from thence the Latitude of the place shall be found as we have shewed in the first Mode But if the Observation be made on the day of the Aequinox then the distance of the Sun from the Vertex being found the same is the Latitude of the place The elevation of the Pole at Rome and Carthage So Pliny writeth in the 72 Chap. of his Second Book that in the City of Rome the ninth part of the Gnomon or pin is wanting unto the shadow whence the elevation of the Pole is collected to be 41 degrees 25 minutes At Carthage the Gnomon hath the same proportion to the shadow as 11 hath to 7 whence the elevation of the Pole is collected to be 32 degrees 13 minutes Fourthly In the Night time when the Stars can be seen if we take the Altitude of any Star in the Meridian with an Instrument or from a Table know the declination of the Stars thence with little trouble we shall find the Latitude of the place For if that Star be scituate between our Vertex and the Semicircle of the Aequator elevated to us we must then add But if the declination of the Star be Northernly and the Star seated between our Vertex and the Polary Star we must then subtract from that declination the distance of the Star from our Vertex the remaining number shall be the Latitude of the place If that the Declination be Northern and the Star be seated between the Pole Star and the proximate part of the Horizon the complement of the declination shall be added to the found out Latitude of the Star The aggregate number shall give the Latitude of the place or the elevation of the Pole If the Declination shall be Northern and the Star is placed between our Vertex and that part of the Horizon remote from the Polary Star that declination shall be added to the distance of the Star from the Vertex or to the Complement of the Altitude The aggregated number shall be the Latitude of the place Finally if that the Declination of the Star be Southern this must be deducted from the Complement of the Altitude observed and the remaining number will shew the Latitude of the place Neither in this casualty doth any variety occur as in the Star of the Northern declination which is to be understood of the places scituated between the Aequator and the North Pole for it is otherwise with the places which lye between the Aequator and the South Pole Fifthly If the Plaga or part be observed in which any Star riseth or setteth the Latitude of that place may be found by the benefit of the Celestial Globe according to what we have said in the third Mode Sixthly If that you have not a Table of the Declination of the Stars at hand you may obtain the thing required if that you observe some Stars not setting viz. such a one which in its whole circumrotation is remaining above the Horizon for those Stars come twice to the Meridian and therefore their Meridian altitude is twofold one greater and the other less Both these must be observed and the half difference must be added to the lesser Altitude or taken from the greater so we shall obtain the Latitude of the place Seventhly If we enquire not after an accurate Latitude of a place but would be contented with one not much receding from the true we must take the Altitude of the Polary Star when that it hath far
Zones In the Cold Northern Zone lieth part of Izland the Utmost part of Norway and Lapland Finmarch Samojeda Nova Zembla Groenland Spitsberga and some part of America Septentrionalis not yet discovered In the Cold Southern Zone what it is whether Land or Water is unknown What we have spoken on hitherto are shewed by the Globe and by the Maps but they are proved by the Tables of the Latitude of Places which are made by Observations Proposition IV. In the Places which lye in the Tropicks the Sun once in every year is only vertical in the Meridies or Noonstead but in places lying under the Torrid Zone he is vertical twice a year viz. two days which are equally distant from the Longest day But in Places without the Torrid Zone and scituated without the Tropicks the Sun never in any day of the year is vertical The Sun how oft and in what places Vertical For when the Sun is in the first degree of Cancer which is about the one and twentieth of June then he describeth the Tropick of Cancer in the Heaven and by how long a space this Tropick is distant from the Celestial Aequator by so much the Terrestrial Tropick of Cancer is distant from the Terrestrial Aequator and so the Terrestrial Tropick is subject to the Celestial and the Sun therefore becometh vertical to the Places seated in the Tropick of Cancer In the places of the Tropick of Capricorn it happeneth after the same manner about the twentieth of December the Sun then entring the Sign of Capricorn These are manifest from the Globe and from Maps But for further Explanation to shew the Sun to be vertical twice a year in a place Take a place lying in the Torrid Zone Explanation and let the place taken be brought to the Meridian and a pointed Chalk being applied let the Globe be turned round that the Parallel of that place may be described that will cut the Ecliptick in two points which will be equally distant from the first degree of Cancer or Capricorn And the Sun being in these points of the Ecliptick will be vertical in the place taken for the Parallel which the Sun in those days describeth will directly hang over the Parallel of the place described Wherefore the Sun will pass through the Vertex of that place and therefore will be vertical to it in the Meridies of these two days but not so in other days Now that it is only vertical in the Meridies unto places is perspicuous from his diurnal revolution Now that in places scituate without the Torrid Zone and the Tropicks the Sun is never vertical is manifest by reason that no Parallel of the Sun is imminent over the Parallel of those places for the Sun is never vertical in the Temperate and Cold Zones Proposition V. To places seated in either of the Frigid Zones the Sun every year some day or other setteth not and so many days riseth not and that so many days the more by how much those days are nigh the Poles so that in a whole place of the Pole for six Months space it setteth not and ariseth not to another But in places in the Artick or Antartick Circle the Sun setteth not one only day in the year and one day ariseth not but other days it setteth and riseth The rising and setting of the Sun in places seated in the Frigid Zones Take any place you please of the Frigid Zone in the Globe and let the Pole be so elevated as the Latitude of the place requireth or that the Wooden Horizon may become the Horizon of the place as in the preceding Chapter Then let a pointed Chalk be applied to the Crena of the Horizon which is more nigh the Pole elevated and let the Globe be turned round so that the Chalk may mark some Parallel of the Aequator This Parallel shall cut the Ecliptick in two points which shall be equally distant from the first degree of Cancer and the Sun being in any of these points of the Ecliptick and in all Intermedial points shall not set which hence is manifest because the Parallels of the Sun existing in these points remain above the Horizon in the whole Circumrotation On the contrary If that the Chalk so pointed be applied unto the other Crena of the Horizon and the Parallel be described we shall find those points of the Ecliptick or the Arch about the beginning of Capricorn in which whilst the Sun is he doth not arise to that place of the Frigid Zone but remaineth beneath the Horizon The contrary appeareth if the place be taken in the cold Antartick Zone What we have said of the places lying under the Artick or Antartick Circle is shewed after the same manner viz. the Pole must be elevated to 66 degrees 30 minutes so the Wooden Horizon shall be the Horizon of any place lying under the Artick Circle And it will be manifest that the Tropick of Cancer setteth not and the Tropick of Capricorn ariseth not but that they touch the Horizon therefore the Sun in the first degree of Cancer setteth not and in the first degree of Capricorn ariseth not but on both days radiateth the Horizon But in other degrees of the Ecliptick it will arise and set which may be discerned by the Oriental and Occidental points of the Ecliptick Proposition VI. In places seated without the Frigid Zone that is in the Temperate or Torrid Zones the Sun every day riseth and setteth In places without the Frigid Zones the Sun riseth and seteth every day Take any place in the Globe lying without the Frigid Zones and Polary Circles and let the Poles be elevated according to its Latitude so that the Wooden Horizon doth become the Horizon of that place If that now you turn the Globe it will be apparent that all the points of the Ecliptick do rise and set that is to say sometimes they are depressed beneath and sometimes elevated above the Horizon The Sun then being in those points doth the same Proposition VII A place being given that is seated in the Torrid Zone to find those two days in the which the Sun is vertical to that place Let the place given be brought to the Brazen Meridian and let the degree of Latitude be marked with Chalk then move the Globe until one point or other of the Ecliptick to pass through this noted point of the Meridian Let these two points be noted for they are those in which when the Sun is he is vertical to the place given let also the days of the Year be found in which the Sun occupieth those points of the Ecliptick which may be done either in the Wooden Horizon or from a Table or by the method of the 22th Chapter those will be the sought for days whereof one will be before the Solstice the other after it in which the Sun is vertical to that place when he cometh to the Meridian This Problem is also easily resolved in Universal
Maps For if a Parallel line be drawn through the place given to the Aequator right or circular from the Pole of the Map in Crooked lines this being drawn will cut the Ecliptick in two points from which the days of the year will be manifest But if you require the resolution of the Problem on a Globe or on Maps you ought to know the Latitude of the place with this enter the Table of the Declination placed in the 22th Chapter and except the days in which the Sun hath such a declination they shall be the days required Proposition VIII A place being given seated in the Frigid Zone to shew those days in which the Sun doth not set to that place and in what days he riseth not Also the first and last of those days in which he setteth not to that place or in which he riseth not to the same Of the rising and setting of the Sun in the places seated in the Frigid Zone In the Globe let the place given be brought to the Meridian and let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place then turning the Globe round let the points of the Ecliptick which set not be marked in the Crena of the Horizon and in the other Crena those that do not arise Therefore that degree which is between the first degree of Aries and the first of Cancer will shew the first day in which the Sun setteth not to that place and the other degree between the first of Cancer and the first of Libra will shew the last day And in these days the Sun radiateth the Horizon yet he will remain above it which yet must be understood of the Center of the Sun But in the Intermedial days he will perpetually remain above the Horizon By the same method those days will be found in which the Sun will remain beneath the Horizon in the opposite part of the year and the first and last day of them This performed by the Globe By a more easie method this may be done upon the Globe yet with less manifest demonstration As many degrees as the place given is distant from the Pole let so many be numbred in the Meridian from the Aequator and let the term be noted on both sides of the Aequator then the Globe being turned round observe what points of the Ecliptick pass through the noted points of the Meridian For those that are near to the beginning of Cancer and the Arch comprehended will shew the days of the perpetual stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place given The other Arch within the points about the beginning of Capricorn will shew the days of the perpetual absence of the Sun beneath the Horizon of the place given Also by Maps In Maps let the Complement of the Latitude of the place or distance of the place from the Pole be numbred in the Side-line of the Map from the Aequator towards both the Poles and the Parallel to the Aequator be described through the term of the Numeration whether the Map consists of Strait or Crooked lines as we have shewed in the forecited Propositions These Lines so drawn shall cut the Ecliptick each in two points these Points will shew the first and last daâ—â— of the perpetual stay of the Sun above the Horizon and the Arch interceptâ—â—g all the days of the perpetual stay The other Line in the opposite points 〈◊〉 the Ecliptick will shew the perpetual delitescence of the Sun beneath the Horizon Likewise by a Table of the Declination By a Table of the Declination it is thus done If the Latitude of the place be known enter with the Complement of the Latitude the Table of the Declination and seek that declination such as is the Latitude of the place which you shall find four times and take those four days in which the Sun hath that declination Two of them whereof one is between the 21th of March and the 21th of June the other the 21th of June and the 21th of September are the first and last of the perpetual stay of the Sun above the Horizon The other two of the perpetual stay beneath the Horizon of the place propounded the Intermedial days will be of the perpetual stay of the Sun above or under the Horizon Proposition IX The day of the year being given to find those places of the Earth in the Globe or the Map in which the Sun that day is vertical in the Meridies viz. one place after another From the day given the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick may be found according to the method of the 22th Chapter In the Globe Let the place of the Sun be brought to the point of the Meridian which it hangeth over let the Globe be turned round so all the places which pass through the marked points are those which are sought for In Maps Let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick be marked and through it let a right Parallel of the Aequator be drawn or otherwise a crooked as the Table shall either consist of strait or crooked Lines So all the places of this Parallel shall be those demanded but it ought to be in the Hemisphere of the Maps By the Table of the Declination delivered in the precedent Chapter the Latitude of those places may be found Proposition X. The day of the year being given to find those places of the Earth in which the Sun viz. his Center doth not set so that this day may be the first of all those in which the Sun doth not set in those places And to find those places in which the Sun doth not arise with the same condition The day of the-year being given to find those places of the Earth in which the Sun doth not set nor arise The day must be one of those which fall between the 21th of March and the 21th of June or the 21th of September and the 21th of December First of all let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick at the day given be found then the rest will follow so In the Globe Let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick be brought to the Meridian and how many degrees are intercepted between that and the Aequator in the Meridian let so many be numbred from the Pole towards the Aequator or how many degrees are between the place of the Sun and the Pole let so many be numbred from the Aequator towards the Pole let the Term of the Numeration be noted with a Chalk or let a Parallel be drawn to it All the places seated in this Parallel satisfie the first demand but those places which are sought for in the second place shall be in the Parallel equally distant from the other Pole In Maps Let the Declination of the Sun noted be numbred from the Pole towards the Aequator in the Lateral line and let the Parallel of the Aequator be drawn through the Term. All the places lying in this Parallel
of both the Planispheres are those demanded The places of the second demand shall be found in the same degrees in the Parallel distant from the other Pole In the Tables of the Declination let the Latitude be found for the place demanded Proposition XI To compute the Latitude and Magnitude of all the Zones in Miles or some other famous Measures The computation of the Latitude and Magnitude of the Zones in Miles c. The Latitude of the Torrid Zone is 47 degrees viz. 23 ½ from both parts of the Aequator the Latitude of both the Temperate is 43 degrees The Latitude of both the Temperate is 43 degrees The Latitude of both the Frigid 47 degrees These Degrees if changed into Miles one degree being estimated at 15 German miles the Latitude of the Torrid Zone will be 705 miles one of the Temperate 645 and one of the Frigid 705. The place requireth that we should now treat of the Seasons in the divers Zones and places but because some of them do appertain unto the following Chapter I have omitted them here CHAP. XXV Of the Longitude of the Days in divers Places of the Earth And of the division of the Earth into Climates which proceed from them Proposition I. In two Days of the year are the Aequinoxes or the Night equal to the Day in all places of the Earth The Days and Nights in all places are equal in two days of the year THe Days are those in which the Sun entreth the Aequator whether he describes the same by Motion or Diurnal circumvolution which is when that he entreth the first degree of Aries and the first degree of Libra viz. on the 21th of March and the 21th of September according to the Gregorian Kalendar Now we shall shew that on these days the Night is equal to the Day consisting of twelve hours in all places of the Earth Now this Day noteth the stay of the Sun above the Horizon and the Night the stay beneath the Horizon Take any place in the Globe and let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of that place so that the Wooden Horizon may become the Horizon of that place Then let the first degree of Aries or Libra be placed in the Oriental Horizon the Index at the twelfth hour of the Horary Circle then turn the Globe until the first degree of Aries come to the Occidental Horizon you shall see that the Index in the Horary Circle hath passed twelve hours The same method may be used to manifest the Night consisting of twelve hours In Places scituated in the Poles of the Earth which are only two the Sun neither riseth nor setteth in these two days of the year but his Center shall be wheeled round in the Horizon which is the same with the Aequator so that they shall have at one time both Day and Night Seeing therefore that in other places the term of the Days and Nights is a moment there on the contrary the intire revolution or Natural day is the term or medium of the perpetual appearancy or disappearancy of the Sun And in these two days of the Aequinoctials the 21th of March and 21th of September the half Sun shall be above the Horizon in those two places and half beneath it And on the 21th of March in the Pole Artick it shall make the beginning of a long day of six Months and on the 21th of September shall be the beginning of a long night of six Months as we shall shew anon therefore it is no absurdity that some places for twenty four hours should neither have night or day Here I shall mention many things peculiar to the Poles above other places of the Earth viz. Several things here noted peculiar to the Poles above other places of the Earth 1. The Sun in a whole year only once riseth and once setteth that is to say it riseth in one Aequinox and setteth in the other 2. They have no Meridies or Midnight at a certain time but at all hours they have a perpetual Meridies for six Months or perpetual Night for six Months 3. No Fixed Stars arise nor set but some remain perpetually above the Horizon and some always beneath it 4. The Stars keep the same Altitude above the Horizon and distance from the Vertex as the Sun also doth in his whole Diurnal circumvolution 5. No Winds there can be called Northern for they are all Southern in the Artick Polé and contrariwise in the Antartick Pole all Northern and none Southern Western or Eastern 6. If the Stars and Sun do not move but the Earth according to Copernicus his Hypothesis then if the Eye were a point that it could be seated in the Pole all the Stars Sun and Moon would appear immovable in the same Plaga All these are easily shewed by the Globe Proposition II. In places scituated in the Aequator the days and nights are always equal In the places of the Poles there is only one day and one night in the whole year Now the day is longer than the night in the North Pole but in the South the day is shorter than the night The days and nights alwaies equal in places seated in the Aequator Take any place you please in the Globe you must shew that in every day in the year the night is equal to the day that is that the Sun for so long time remaineth beneath the Horizon as he doth above it Take the day of the year as you please and let the place of the Sun be enquired after to it which is noted in the Ecliptick then let the place taken be placed in the Vertex that the Poles may hang over the Horizon for so the Wooden Horizon shall be the Horizon of the places of the Aequator Let the place of the Sun be brought to the Meridian and the Parallel described which the Sun perfecteth that day Then let the two Points of this Parallel in the Horizon be noted and it will be manifest that the Arch of this Parallel above the Horizon will be equal to the Arch which is beneath the Horizon And because the Motion of the Sun Diurnal is equal as that of all the Stars therefore in an equal time it will pass through the equal Arches of the Parallels So that the first part of the Proposition concerning every day is shewed Now for the shewing of the other part of the places of the Poles either of the Poles must be placed in the Vertex of the Wooden Horizon so shall this be the Horizon of the Pole And the Globe being turned round we shall see that one half of the Ecliptick remaineth above the Horizon and the other beneath it Therefore whilst the Sun is in this he setteth not whilst in that he riseth not And he is more daies in the Northern Semicircle of the Ecliptick than in the Southern by nine daies Therefore his perpetual stay above the Horizon shall be longer than beneath it
of the Pole Arctick But it is otherwise in the Antarctick Pole Proposition III. In places lying beneath the Aequator and the Pole no days are equal to the nights except the two days of the Aequinoctials but all the rest are either greater or lesser than the nights The days not equal to the nights in places lying under the Aequator Let any place in the Globe be taken beneath the Aequator and the Pole and let the Pole be Elevated according to the Latitude of the place and any day of the year being taken except the daies of the Aequinoxes Let the place of the Sun for that day be found and so be noted in the Ecliptick and being brought to the Meridian let the Parallel be described which the Sun maketh by his Diurnal Circumrotation Let the two Points of this Parallel in the Horizon be noted and it will be manifest that the Arch of the Parallel above the Horizon is greater or lesser than the Arch of the Parallels lying hid beneath the Horizon and so the day or stay of the Sun above the Horizon will be greater or lesser than beneath it Or in the place of the Sun brought to the Oriental Horizon let the Index be placed above the 12th hour of the Horary Circle and let the Globe be turned round until the place of the Sun doth come to the Occidental Horizon The Index in the Circle will shew the number of the hours of the day Then let the Index be brought back to 12 and the Globe turned round until the place of the Sun passing beneath the Horizon returns to the East The Index again will shew the number of the hours of the night and the inequality will be manifest Proposition IV. A place being given in the Globe or the Latitude of a place being given and the day of the year also given to find how many hours the Sun in that day remaineth above the Horizon of that place and how many beneath it that is to find the Longitude of the day and night for that place at the day given Let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick at the day given be found And let it be noted in the Ecliptick of the Globe Let the Pole be Elevated according to the Latitude of the place given Latitude of places Let the place of the Sun be brought to the Oriental Horizon and the Index of the Circle to 12 let the Globe be turned round until the place of the Sun come to the Occidental Horizon the Index will shew the number of the hours of the day the other at 24 will shew the hours of the night Proposition V. In all places seated between the Aequator and the Pole Arctick the longest day and shortest night is when the Sun enters the first degree of Cancer and the shortest day and longest night is when the Sun entreth the first degree of Capricorn But in the places seated between the Aequator and the Antarctick Pole it is just contrary Of places seated between the Aequator and the Pole Arctick The daies longest and nights shortest when the Sun entreth into Cancer and daies shortest and nights longest when into Capricora To shew this on the Globe take what place you please and let the Pole be Elevated according to its Latitude Then according to the preceeding Proposition find out the number of the hours when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer then any other point of the Ecliptick being taken for any day of the year let the number of the hours again be found for that day And it will be manifest that the number of the hours of the day when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer is greater than the number of the hours of another day And because this other day is taken at pleasure and in every day the same Demonstration is in force therefore the day when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer is the longest of all daies and consequently the shortest night After the same way we may shew that the day is the shortest when the Sun is in the first Degree of Capricorn and the nights the longest The same Method of Demonstration shall be observed for places scituated on the other side of the Aequator towards the Antarctick Pole Proposition VI. In the Northern places of the Earth whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Capricorn to the first of Cancer the days continually encrease and whilst he moveth from the first of Cancer unto the first of Capricorn they continually decrease But it is contrary in the places Southernly for they encrease from the first of Cancer to the first of Capricorn and decrease from the first of Capricorn to the first of Cancer Of the encreasing and decreasing of the daies in the Northern places of the Earth Take any Northern place you please in the Globe which lyeth between the Aequator and the Pole Arctick and let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of that place Then taking two or more of the Points of the Ecliptick which he between the first of Capricorn and the first of Cancer he quantity of the day may be found for these Points or for the Sun then in those points And it will be manifest that the day from the day of the first of Capricorn being more remote will be greater than that day which was more near to the same day of the first of Capricorn The same way we must use in the daies scituated between the first of Cancer and the first of Capricorn And in places seated Southernly we shall shew the Proposition by such like Method The Demonstration will be more perspicuous if that it be done through the Parallel Arches which are above and under the Horizon Proposition VII If the place of the Earth be more remote from the Aequator or more propincate to the Pole than another place According to the scituation of the places of Earth to the Aequator and the Pole the daies and nights are longer and shorter the difference is greater between the daies and the nights and the longest day is greater and the shortest night is less Contrariwise if the place be more nigh the Aequator the difference between the quantity of the daies and nights is lesser and the longest day besser and the shortest night greater so that the places near the Aequator or scituate in the Torrid Zone have almost all the days equal to the nights as the places of the Aequator it self and the excess of the longest day above that of the Aequinoctial about one hour Take in the Globe two places one more remote from the Aequator the other more nigh and take what day of the year you please except the Aequinoxes you may shew that in the place more remote the day more differeth from the quantity of the night than in a place more near the Aequator Let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick be
found at the day taken and noted in the Ecliptick of the Globe Then let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the Earth of the one place taken and let the Longitude of the day and the night or the stay of the Sun above or beneath the Horizon in that place at the assumed day be found by the sixth Proposition of this Chap. Then let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the other place and let the Longitude of the day and night or stay of the Sun above or beneath the Horizon be found at the same assumed day Let this Longitude so found be compared with the other and the truth of this Proposition will be manifest So that the place more remote hath all the daies of one half year longer than the place more nigh On the contrary it will have all the daies of the other half year shorter Corollary What hath been shewed of all the daies of the year except the Aequinoctials the same is also of force in the quantity of the longest and shortest day And in this it is most observed and noted because here is the greatest difference between the Longitude of the night and day not so great in other daies of the year Therefore of the two places that which is more remote from the Aequator or more near to the Pole hath the longest day greater than the place more Vicine to the Aequator and the shortest day lesser Proposition VIII All places of the Earth scituated in one of the same Parallel have all the days of the year equal and therefore the same quantity of the longest day The Demonstration of this Proposition is easie by the Globe Let any Parallel be taken in the Globe and what places you please The equality of the daies according to their scituation in one of the same Parallel Let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of this Parallel and let any Parallel of the Sun be taken for any part of the year Out of the Degree let the Tropick of Cancer be taken for the longest day let one of the places taken be constituted under the Meridian that so it may possess the Vertex of the Horizon or that the Wooden Horizon may be the Horizon of the place Then let the Arch of the Tropick above the Horizon be noted or the two points of the same which are in the Horizon for the Arch in these denoteth the stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place then let the second place be brought to the Meridian or Vertex that the Wooden Horizon may be the Horizon of it and let the Arch of the Tropick above the Horizon again be marked which if it be compared with the former we shall find that they are equal The same may be shewed also by hours on the Horary Circle Therefore the Sun remaineth an equal time above the Horizons of those places and therefore the daies shall be equal as also the nights Definitions From these aforesaid Propositions the Original of the division of the Earth into Climates is easily to be understood Observations concerning a Climate For a Climate is said to be one part of the Earth of those parts into which the Superficies scituated between the Aequator and the Pole is so cut by drawn Parallels that the longest day in the Parallel more remote from the Aequator exceedeth the longest day of the Parallel more near the Equator in a certain part of an hour or number of hours Viz. Half an hour in places scituated even to the Artick Circle in other places a whole hour or some hours and daies The begining of a Climate is called a Parrallel with which the Climate begineth and is more nigh the Aequator The end of a Climate is called a Parallel terminating the Climate The middle of a Climate is called a Parallel drawn almost through the middle Superficies of a Climate so that in that the longest day exceedeth the longest day of the begining of a Climate by a quarter of an hour or an half difference wherein the longest day of the end of a Climate exceedeth the longest day of the begining of a Climate A Parrallel space is said to be that which the middle Parrallel of a Climate comprehendeth with the begining or end of a Climate Proposition IX If more places of the Earth be taken from the Aequator towards the Pole whose distance from the Aequator equally augmenteth from one degree to 10 20 30 40 degrees The longest days in these places shall not be equally greater or not equally augment but they shall more augment in places more remote and where the place is more near to the Pole Touching the length of daies of Places taken from the Aequator towards the Pole To shew the Verity of this Proposition by the Globe let places be taken remote from the Aequator towards the Pole by an equal encrease of distance viz. for conveniency Parallels of 10 20 30 40 50 60 degrees of Latitude For these Parallels in the Globe let the Pole be Elevated to the Latitude of 10 degrees and the first degree of Cancer being brought to the Oriental Horizon and that being noted let the point of the Tropick be also noted which then is in the Occidental Horizon For the Arch of the Tropick then being above the Horizon sheweth the stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place 10 degrees of Latitude The hours of this his stay may also be known by the Index and Horary Circle Then let the Pole be Elevated according to the Latitude of the second place 20 degrees and the first degree of Cancer being again brought to the Oriental Horizon let the point of the Tropick be noted in the Occidental for the Arch above the Horizon will again note the stay which also may be known by the Index and the Circle in the Hours The same may be used with places whose Latitude is 40 50 60 70 degrees and the like which being done let the Diurual hours of the Suns stay above the the Horizon or the Arch of the Tropick be compared and it will be manifest that the quantity of the longest day doth much more increase in places more remote than in the places more adjacent to the Aequator and therefore the encrease of the longest day doth more augment than the encrease of the distance of the places from the Aequator Note what hath been said and shewed concerning the longest day that is true of all the daies of one half of the year and is demonstrated after the same manner if instead of the Tropick of Cancer the Parallel of the place be taken And therefore although Generals must be delivered generally yet because the Doctrine of Climates especially requireth the Explication of the increase of the longest day therefore we do not observe in this Doctrine that Law 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Proposition X. If so many places or Parallels are so taken between the Aequator and
the Pole that the longest day of one place exceedeth the longest day of the Vicine place which is more nigh the Aequator every where equal in excess or that the longest day equally may encrease Of Parallels between the Aequator and the Pole these Parallels shall not equally be distant one from another viz every vicine Couple but these which are more remote from the Aequator shall have a less distance than those more near the Aequator The truth of this Proposition is shewed from the precedent for if these Parallels should be equally distant from one another viz. every two Vicine the quantity of the longest day in these Parallels would not Augment by an equal encrease as we have here shewed And it is now laid down that the places or Parallels so taken equally encrease that the longest day may equally increase in them wherefore every two Vicine or near Parallels shall not so equally be distant one from another but many Parallels being taken from the Aequator towards the Pole on this condition that the longest day may equally encrease These Parallels shall not be equally distant from one another but the distance of the third from the second shall be lesser than the second from the first that of the fourth less from the third that of the fifth lesser from the fourth and so forwards Corollary and because that many of the Climates are so taken that the longest day in the final Parallel of the Climate exceedeth the longest day of the begining at the Climate by half an hour it followeth from this Proposition that the Climates more remote from the Aequator are less broad or more narrow then these more near the Aequator and therefore the Latitude and Magnitude of the Climates decreaseth towards the Pole Hence it cometh to pass seeing that the Climates at length would become very narrow towards the Pole if that the same excess should be kept viz. the excess of half an hour so that Geographers define the bounds of the Northern Climates not by half an hour but first by whole hours and then by whole daies Proposition XI The number of the hours of the longest day being given in any place or Parallel of the Earth to find the Latitude of the place or Elevation of the Pole of this Parallel and to exhibit the Parallel it self in the Globe or to exhibit those places where the longest day is so great For the finding the Latitude of a place c. The longest day in all Northern places is when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer Let the place of the Sun of the longest day be brought to the Meridian Let the Index be brought to the 12th hour of the Horary Cycle let the Globe be turned until the Index shew that hour of the Cycle from which the given number of the longest day is denominated and then let the point of the Tropick in the Meridian be noted Then let the first degree of Cancer be brought to the Oriental Horizon and the Meridian in the Crena be so moved to the Pole Elevated or depressed until the other noted point of the Tropick be in the Occidental Horizon but so that the first degree of Cancer be yet in the East which being done number the Degrees of the Elevation of the Pole For that is the sought for Elevation or Latitude of the Parallel which you shall find in the very Globe it self if you number so many Degrees in the Meridian from the Aequator towards the Pole and a Chalk being applyed you may turn round the Globe to the term of the Numeration For the described Parallel is that which is sought The Probation of the Method is easie Proposition XII The number of some days being given to find out the Latitude of the places or Parallels and to exhibit the place of the Frigid Zone on the Earth when the Sun for so many days setteth not and for so many more ariseth not Further concerning the Latitudes of places Let the number of the daies be divided in half and let so many Degrees be numbred in the Ecliptick from the first Degree of Cancer as that divided or half number is or as many Unites as this hath the Numeration may be made from both parts of this begining Let the term be be noted with Chalk if the daies be more than thirty the number of the Degrees must be taken lesser than an Unite Then let this noted point be brought to the Meridian and let the Degrees interrupted between that and the Pole be numbred For these are the sought for Elevation of the Pole or Latitude of the places wherein so many daies as are given the Sun setteth not and in so many daies riseth not You shall find the very places and Parallels in the Globe if that you number the found out Latitude from the Aequator towards the Pole in the Meridian and design the Parallel by Chaulk applyed to the Term. For this is that sought for and it containeth all the places sought for For the Demonstration of this Solution let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the places found out and it will be manifest that the noted Degrees of the Ecliptick about the first Degree of Cancer set not beneath the Horizon but remain above it The Sun therefore passing over these points of the Ecliptick setteth not now he passeth through these points in so many days as are given as is apparent by the connstruction After the same manner we shall shew the truth of this Solution concernig the daies in which the Sun doth not arise at all in the places Parallel found Corollary It is easie therefore to find the Elevation of the Pole of those places or Climates which lie in the Frigid Zone where the longest day encreaseth not by hours but by a number of whole daies Proposition XIII To frame or compose a Table of the Climates Of the making a Table of the Climates This is called a Table of Climates in which at the beginning middle and end of every Climate the Elevation of the Pole or Là titude of the Parallel and the very quantity of the longest day is found noted as also the interval of the Climates or distance of the Parallels The Construction is easie for from the order of the Climates the quantity for the longest day for the beginning middle or end of every Climate is found by adding ¼ of an hour to twelve hours by a continual Succession Then from the quantity of the longest day of every Parallel is found out the Elevation or Latitude of the Pole of every one of them according to the XI Proposition Lastly you have the interval or Latitude of the Climates if you take the Latitude of the beginning Parallel from the Latitude of the ending Parallel All these being noted in the Table we shall have a Table of the Climates which I have hereunto annexed A Table of the Climates and Parallels Climates
Autumn and the beginning of the Winter in those places is when the Sun obtaineth the greatest distance that possibly he can from the Vertex of those places as it is laid down in the Definitions And it is true concerning all the places of the Torrid Northern Zone that the Sun entring into the first degree of Capricorn acquireth the greatest distance in the Meridies from the Vertex of those places because that in all the other days he is more near to those places Therefore the Sun being entred into the first degree of Capricorn the beginning of the Winter happeneth to all those places and also the end of Autumn which is the first part of this Proposition The other part is also easily proved for if these places be of a diverse Latitude then the Sun is not vertical in the Meridies to those places in the same days but in diverse for then is the beginning of the Summer of any place of this Torrid Zone when the Sun by his ascent from the first of Capricorn cometh to that degree of the Northern Ecliptick that he is vertical to that place So that in divers days the beginning of Summer may be in those divers places yet in all those places its beginning falleth between the 21 of March and the 21 of June The Summer shall also end in different days and the Autumn begin because the Sun in divers days cometh to his mean distance or to the points of the Ecliptick which have a moderate distance from those places because these points are differently seated between the first of Libra and the first of Capricorn notwitstanding this beginning falleth out between the 21 of September and the 21 of December After the same Mode in divers days the Winter shall have an end and the Spring begin because the points of the Ecliptick again of a moderate distance are divers from the Vertices of those places Now the Sun touching them causeth the beginning of the Spring which yet happens in all between the 21 of December and the 21 of March 3. All the places of the Earth scituated in the Torrid Southern Zone have also the end of the Autumn and the beginning of the Winter together at one time viz. the 21 of June but they have not the beginning and end of the Spring as also the beginning of the Autumn together but divers places have it in different days yet so that the beginning of the Summer of all those places doth fall between the 21 of September and the 21 of December The beginning of Autumn and the end of Summer between the 21 of March and the 21 of June the beginning of the Spring and the end of Winter between the 21 of June and the 21 of September The parts of this Proposition are proved after the same manner as the former For on the 21 of June the Sun is in the first degree of Cancer and therefore hath the greatest distance that is possible from the places of the Austrial Torrid Zone Then therefore all of them shall have the beginning of Winter but the beginning of Summer the Spring and Autumn shall happen on divers days because the Sun in sundry points of the Ecliptick becometh vertical unto divers places and acquireth also a moderate distance from those places in many places 4. Those Places of the Earth in the Torrid Zone have something peculiar which lye between the Aequator and the Eighth degree of Latitude as well towards the North as South For the Sun by his proper Motion or by his access or recess make two Summers in them two Springs but yet but one Autumn and one Winter and that by a confused kind of order viz. this the Spring the Summer the Spring the Summer again then Autumn and then Winter The places in the Torrid Zone have something peculiar to them which lye between the Aequator and the 8th degree of Latitude The cause of this Paradox is because the Sun receding from the Vertices of those places which lye between the Aequator and the 8th degree of the Boreal or Northern Latitude where it maketh the beginning of the first Summer and going forwards towards the beginning of Cancer it acquireth here a a moderate distance when it returneth from the Vertices towards those Vertices it shall not make Autumn after that first Summer but another Spring seeing that it made the first before it began the first Summer where it obtaineth a mean distance between the first of Capricorn and the first of Aries For Example let us take a place which is four degrees from the Aequator because therefore also the Sun in the tenth degree of Aries declineth and is distant from the Aequator four degrees therefore he being in the tenth of Aries shall cause the beginning of Summer in that place Moreover the greatest distance which this place can have in the Meridies is 27 degrees 30 minutes viz. in the first degree of Capricorn where his declination from the Aequator is 30 minntes 23 degrees to which let the Northerm distance of the place from the Aequator 4 degrees be added therefore seeing his meanest distance is 0 degrees let 0 degrees be his middle distance 13 degrees 45 minutes Wherefore when the Sun shall be in the points of the Ecliptick which are distant from the place taken or the Parallel of the place 13 degrees 45 minutes Then the Sun shall make either Spring or Autumn in that place the Spring if the Sun be moved from those points towards the Vertex of the place but Autumn if the Sun tend from that point to a remote distance Now the points of the Ecliptick which are distant from the place assumed 13 degrees 45 minutes are found to be four to wit the 25th degree of Libra the 3d degree of Gemini the 27th of Cancer and the 5th of Pisces which is proved from the declination of these points Because that therefore the Sun coming to the fifth degree of Pisces from the first of Capricorn acquireth here a middle distance from the Vertex of the place assumed and tendeth towards the place he shall then make viz. he being in the fifth degree of Pisces the beginning of the Spring in that place which Spring shall continue until the Sun doth come to the tenth of Aries where he shall become Vertical to the place and that shall be in the beginning of the Summer when the Sun by his motion hath departed from the place to the third of Gemini Again he shall have a moderate distance from the Vertex of the place in the Meridies viz. 13 degrees 45 minutes and then shall that Summer have an end and the Spring begin not the Autumn because that the Sun doth not tend to the greatest distance from the Vertex from the third of Gemini but returneth to the least viz. whilst he moveth through Cancer and Leo he cometh to the twentieth of Virgo For then again he becometh Vertical to the
termed the Longitude of the Twilight in which either before the rising of the Sun or after his setting some light is discovered in the Air. For the finding the Longitude of the Twilight by the Globe of any place and day of the year For the finding out of the quantity of this time we must suppose that which is observed by Astronomers as we have said in the nineteenth Chapter that the morning twilight beginneth for the most part if the Air be serene the Sun drawing nigh to the eighteenth degree of depression beneath the Horizon and the evening endeth when the Sun hath come to that degree of depression Let therefore the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given and let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick being found from the day of the year be sought in the Ecliptick of the Globe and let his opposite point be noted then let the Quadrant be applied to the Vertex and the point noted be found to the Horizon the Index to the twelfth hour of the Cycle then let the Globe be turned round until the noted point be elevated 18 degrees above the Horizon which is known by the help of the Quadrant for so shall the place of the Sun be depressed so many degrees beneath the Horizon and the Index in the Cycle shall shew how many hours or parts of an hour the serenity of the Air being laid down the twilight continueth that day in the place given It is convenient by three examples to learn the use of this Problem choosing a place for one of the Torrid Zone another of the Temperate and a third of the Frigid Zone Proposition VIII In places of the Torrid Zone the twilights are small very long in those of the Frigid and moderate in those of the Temperate Zone Of the difference of the Twilights in the several Zones For in places of the Aequator and those near the Crepusculum according to the Hypothesis laid down in the former Proposition is of about one hour which yet experience testifieth is only half an hour or little more because the more thick and gross Air is not so high there as is required to make the twilight to the 18 degree of depression both also because the Hypothesis of the 18 degree is to be taken concerning very small light with which the twilight beginneth such as yet is not accounted by the Vulgar for a twilight In the Frigid Zone the twilights continue for many days when the Sun remaineth beneath their Horizon In the Temperate Zone it continueth 3 4 5 and 6 hours and in some places all night and in the days of the Summer according as the places are more or less nigh the Frigid Zone All these are proved by the Mode proposed in the precedent Proposition Proposition IX A place being given in the Temperate or Frigid Zone and another in the Torrid Zone and moreover the day of the year being given to find out the hour of the place of the Torrid Zone in which hour the Sun may have the Altitude above the Horizon of that place and so strike that place with his rayes equally elevated as great as it hath in the place of the Temperate Zone in the Meridies it self Let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place of the Temperate or Frigid Zone and let the place of the Sun found from the day given be brought to the Meridian and the Altitude of it reckoned for this is the Altitude of the rayes heating that place and illustrating it in the Meridies Then let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given in the Torrid Zone let the Quadrant be applied to the Vertex and let the degree of Altitude before found out be noted in it let the place of the Sun be brought to the Meridian the Index to the twelfth hour of the Cycle then let both the Globe and the Quadrant be moved till the place of the Sun agree with the noted degree of the Quadrant for so the Sun shall have the same Altitude above the Horizon of this place as it is in the Meridies of the former The Index will shew the hour demanded in the Cycle therefore this hour and the rayes of the Sun illustrating and beating of the place and Air of the Torrid Zone are as equally elevated over the Horizon of it as the rayes in the Meridies of the former place it thence followeth that the same heat will be in the Torrid Zone at the hour found out as in the place of the Temperate Zone in the Meridies except other causes intercede Some hinderances viz. first that the Sun in the foregoing days hath introduced some one or other calid Constitution to the place and the Air of the Torrid Zone and not such and so great in the places of the Temperate or Frigid Zone Then secondly that the Sun straitly ascending towards the Meridian above the Horizon of the places of the Torrid Zone sendeth forth all his rayes to the place as in one plain and to one plaga and therefore causeth greater heat than in the Temperate or Frigid Zone where the Sun moveth obliquely from the Horizon to the Meridian and sends forth his rayes from one and another plaga therefore the rayes are not contracted into a place so narrow nor do they continually heat For example let us seek in what hour of the day in places being under the very Aequator on the day of the Aequinoctials the Sun will have that Altitude as he hath at Amstelodame on the Meridies of the same day Proposition X. How the causes of light heat and of the seasons which we have reckoned up in the first Proposition of this Chapter have themselves in the Torrid Zone and how to shew them Of the seasont light and heat in the Torrid Zone and how they are shewed First every day of the year ascendeth directly above the Horizon of those places especially of the Aequator towards the Meridian and the Vertex of them and therefore about the ninth hour of Forenoon he heginneth to ejaculate to those places rayes about 40 degrees declining from the perpendicular rayes which rectitude of the rayes or perpendicular of the rayes augmenteth towards the Meridies and again decreasing continueth to the fourth hour after the Meridies or Noonstead where the Sun departing towards the Occidental Horizon beginneth to send forth his rayes more obliquely to those places therefore the greatest heat in those places ought to be from about the ninth hour before Noon even to the third or fourth after Noon if that this cause be only regarded but yet because the Sun now departs from the Vertex of those places and sometimes approacheth nearer therefore the Winter of every one of those places shall be when the Sun goeth from the points of the Ecliptick much remote from those places that is from the first degree of Cancer or Capricorn towards the points having a middle
distance from the place assumed the Spring when he goeth from a point of moderate distance towards the very Vertex of the Pole or to the point of the Ecliptick which is Vertical to the place or to the Parallel of the place the Summer where the Sun goeth from this other point of middle distance to a point of greatest distance that is the first degree of Capricorn or Cancer 2. In the places of the Aequator it self the Sun no day of the year remaineth above the Horizon more or less hours than twelve and so many beneath the Horizon In other places of the Torrid Zone one hour or an hour and an half at the most viz. in the extream places of this Zone about the Tropicks of Cancer and Capricorn when the day is at the longest the Sun remaineth above the Horizon twelve hours and in the shortest day about eleven hours and in the intermedial days that time of the stay of the Sum above and beneath the Horizon doth not much differ from twelve hours And therefore this is the cause that the nights are not without cold and the heat of the day continueth not long about the eveningtide 3. In the night time the Sun is profoundly depressed beneath the Horizon for that he illustrateth the Air with none of his rayes nay not reflex This is the cause that most dark nights are there and the cold of the night is augmented the Air is condensed and contracteth it self and being cold it descends towards the earth by its own ponderosity Moreover in a very short time about the space of half an hour before the rising of the Sun and after his setting those places have the light and heat of the Twilight 4 The Moon almost after the same manner as the Sun ascends directly from the Horizon towards the Meridian of those places yet a little more obliquely because it departeth from the Ecliptick and therefore towards the Torrid Zone about five degrees and it remaineth after the same manner as the Sun a little above twelve hours above the Horizon and is depressed beneath it almost so many hours and that profoundly as we have spoken of the Sun Therefore with her direct rayes or those near to the perpendicular she will augment the warmness of the night especially when she is Vertical to any place and diminish it by her recess but by reason of her short stay above the Horizon the effect of it is little discerned in any place except when it is Vertical to it 5. All the Stars arise and set in places nigh the Aequator but those Stars which are near the Pole in places more remote from the Aequator do not arise and those are but very few and therefore they can cause little heat and light and that also insensible in the Air. 6. In many places of the Torrid Zone as in India and its Isles in the Tongue of Africa and in Mexico the earth is Sulphureous which sendeth forth more calid vapours whence it communicateth a certain heat to the Air and a peculiar property In some places it is sandy as in the North part of Africa lying in the Torrid Zone in part of Lybia and the Land of the Negroes in many places of Arabia in Peru and in the places between Peru and Brazilia whence in these places a very great heat is raised by the Sun because the particles of the Sand do very long retain the heat received from the Sun and soon communicate the same to the vicine Air. In other places the Rivers are many and in those Sandy ones few there are many in Abyssine in Guiney Congo India and in Brazilia hence humid vapours are raised which do very much blunt the force of the Suns rayes and render his heat more tolerable 7. The most places of the Torrid Zone have the Sea adjacent as India and its Isles the Tongue of Africa Guiney Brazilia Peru Mexico some places of the Torrid Zone are Mediterranean as the more inward Africa the Regions between Peru and Brazilia whence it cometh to pass that in those places the heat and drought is greater and in some or most of them the Air is more moist and less fervent then can be caused by the Sun except other causes happen 8. Most of the Regions of the Torrid Zone seeing that they are almost encompassed by the Sea have in the middle places more or lesser ridges of exceeding high Mountains as India and its Isles the Tongue of Africa and Peru These rows of Mountains do very much vary the light heat and rayes of those places somewhere they hinder the Oriental rayes of the Sun otherwhere the Occidental Moreover the humid vapours condensed in the Air are moved to the Vertices of these Mountains as we have shewed in the twentieth Chapter whence rains and clouds proceed by which the heat and light of the Sun is very much obstructed and the Celestial cause of the Seasons is disturbed There are few of the places of the Torrid Zone which want those ridges as the inward Africa Mexico and the like 9. The effects of the Winds in the Torrid Zone are various and notable for a general wind blowing from the side Plagas of the East or from the East continually towards the West refrigerateth the Maritim places which regard the East as Brazilia the Oriental Coast of Africa but not so to those towards the West as Guiney Congo Angola and the Coasts of Peru. Some winds are appropriated as the South in Peru which winds dispel vapours towards the Plaga in which they blow Some are fixed winds of which we have largely treated in the one and twentieth Chapter Now these winds do very much disturb the Celestial cause of the Seasons for they are almost as equally constant and observe order as the motions of the Heaven it self They bring down the Air compel the vapours towards the tops of the Mountains and by other Modes alter the Seasons Ten Anniversary rains are in many places of the Torrid Zone and take away the Celestial cause seeing that they are as equally constant as the motion of the Sun it self For those err who suppose that this our Sublunary Orb observeth all with inconstancy and without order and that the Celestial only have a constant motion Seeing that the causes hitherto spoken of are so various to be able to cause the heat and the properties of the Seasons and in one place some are from other causes in another others are of force or concur in divers Seasons of the year or mutually impede one another hence we discover why the cause and condition of the Seasons of the Torrid Zone is so various Proposition XI How the Spring Summer Autumn and Winter Terrestrial do behave themselves and in what Months of the year they commence in the divers places of the Torrid Zone Of the beginning of the Seasons in places in the Torrid Zone We have said before and especially in the second Proposition that
February in Congo Here therefore the Terrestrial Season is repugnant to the Celestial because that in January and February the Sun is not most remote from those places and therefore they should not have Rain but rather Siccity Without doubt the cause is either from another scituation of the Mountains another fixed Wind or the like 6. The Island of St. Thomas See the Description of St. Thomas and Anobon are very abundant in Sugar Grain Fruits and Meats and great plenty of Oranges c. 7. How the Seasons are in the other Regions of the Occidental Coasts of Africa from Lowango to the Tropick of Capricorn I have not yet found to be observed by any one 8. Therefore that shore being left and the Promontory of Good-hope being sayled about we return to the Tropick of Capricorn where the Oriental Coast of the Promontory or Tongue of Africa is discovered in which lyeth Zofala Mozambique Quiloa even to the Aequator which are illustrated by the Oriental Sun In these places the Winter is in the Months of September November December and January in the rest Siccity and Summer which time is contrary to that in which in Congo we have said that they have the Rain in Winter and yet these Regions lye from the Aequator but the ridge of Mountains which doubly divide this Prominent Tongue of Africa into the Eastern and Western Land questionless are the cause of this diversity The Land of these Regions are only of a moderate Fertility in many places Sandy Barren and scorched with the chalure of the Sun but the Rivers the adjacent Sea and general Easternly Wind much allay the heat 9. The other Regions of the Oriental Coasts of Africa lying from the Aequator towards the North at the mouth of the Arabian Gulph and hence to the Shore of the said Gulph even to the Tropick of Cancer these Regions I say what seasons they have and in what times of the year I have not yet found observed by any but that some write that this tract is barren sandy oppressed with such a violent heat and destitute of Rivers 10. As to the seasons in the Mediteranean part of Africa which is the Region of the Abyssines which is cut almost in the middle by the Aequator so that it hath some Provinces in the Southern Torrid Zone and very many in the Northern Torrid Zone 11. Now leaving Africa we enter the Regions of Asia lying under the Torrid Zone where first we meet with the Regions of Arabia adjacent to the Red Sea from Mecca to Aden 12 degrees from the Aequator towards the North which regard the West The Merchants at Aden negoriate their affairs in the Night season by reason of heat in the day on the East they have the Arabian Mountains These Regions are exceedingly infested with heat in March and April and more in the following Months whilst the Sun approacheth to their Vertex and about it it remaineth May June July and August the chalure is so great that the Inhabitants especially the better sort cause water to be poured on their Bodies all the day long or else lie in Vessels of Water to refresh them I suppose the cause to be the defect of watery Vapours because on the Oriental part the Region is Rocky and hath but few Rivers now the Oriental wind which is general although it be not there perceived repelleth the Vapours rising from the Red Sea Likewise the abundance of Sand which retaineth the heat received in the night and communicateth it to the Air. Therefore this time of the Summer and Winter agrees with the Celestial Course 12. The same is the case of all Arabia and its Eastern Coast 13. In Camboja in India lying under the Tropick of Cancer as also in the Regions of Malabar or the Eastern Coast of the Indies which regard the West and extend themselves from the North towards the South to the eighth degree of North Latitude I say these Regions the Winter or rainy Seasons possess the Months of June July August and September but especially from the middle of June to the middle of September Neither in all these places doth it rain in an equal time but more continually in the province of Goana and Cocina and less in Camboja where it only raineth three Months in the other eight months it seldome raineth in Camboja but in Goa in the Months of April and May it raineth but less vehement and beginning with Thunder and Storms so that to Autumn here may be ascribed half the Month of March also April and May to the 15th of June then from the 15th of June July and August to Winter likewise from the 15th of September to December the Spring the other Months from the 15th of December to the 15th of March to Summer The Winter is not so called from the cold as with us but from the Rains which then fall for in these Months is great drought because that the Water of the former Rains is extracted by the Sun from the Earth Yet the Inhabitants do not number four Seasons but only two Summer and Winter or rather a dry and a rainy Season Besides these Raines there are frequent Storms on the Coast and also Thunders in those rainy Months so that the Sea is supposed to be then shut up and many Rivers then overflow the Sea is open again in the Month of September and then Ships put forth to Sea from the Coast of Malabar into various parts of the world Neither are there any violent rains in these places in the Fields except some Storms by reason that it ceaseth for many hours of the day therefore it affordeth the Inhabitants a time of Planting and Sowing which they do in these watery Months The Air also is of a moderate heat at that time because the Sun is obstructed with Clouds so that the remote Inhabitants expatiate from the Shore to the Hills and Fields for recreation where the inundation is not great and incredible fertility is acquired to the Earth by this Rain But if these Raines fall not on the year as in Anno 1630. which seldom happens then all hope of Sowing and consequently Harvest is taken away thence cometh Scarcity of Corn a hot Sultery Air burning Feavours Pestilences and Deaths of Thousands of People In the said year 1630 A great Famine in Camboja in 1630. and the year following Mans Flesh was publickly sold in the Shambles in Camboja Sometimes the Shores do so rage that the Houses which are but slightly built fall by the inundation of the River They Sow in May and the beginning of June and Reap in November and December it is otherwise in Guiny This Summer and this Winter is contrary to the Celestial Course or Motion of the Sun for in the Months of July and August the Sun is vertical to those places or very near the Vertex therefore they must have heat and drought this is the great felicity of those places
above almost maketh up and moderateth them To wit in the Regions of the Northern Temperate Zone it is Spring and Summer the Sun going from Aries by Cancer to Libra because then he is more near them Then the Sun going from Libra through Capricorn to Aries it is Autumn and Winter But in the Southern Temperate Zone the matter is contrary neither can those other causes altogether disable the force of this first and induce a new course of the seasons and be able to alter the times as in the Torrid Zone 2. Yet those Seasons of divers places vary so that in one place there may be more Heat or Cold or Rain than in another although the places lie in the same Climate but yet they cause not the Winter to be changed into Summer or Summer into Winter A Rocky Marshish and Maritim Land findeth somewhat another degree of heat or cold than Vallies or a Chalk and Maritim Land 3. The places in the Tropicks for the most part in the Summer have an excessive heat others a Pluvial Season so that they almost approach to the nature of the places of the Torrid Zone So in the part of the Kingdom of Guzarat lying without the Tropick at the same time the wet and dry months are observed which in the part lying beyond the Aequator the Summer is changed into a Pluvial Season yet then there is greater heat than the dry part of the year where they have a moderate cold and in truth in the places of the Temperate Zones we judg the Summer and Winter not from the drought and rains but from the heat and cold Now in the Coasts of Persia and Ormus there is so great heat without Rains in the Summer by reason of the vicinity of the Sun rhat both the Men and their Wives ly in Cisterns full of Water The like heat is in Arabia The Regions of Africa on the Mediterranean Sea are called the coast of Barbary Throughout all Barbary the middle of October being past Showers and Cold begin to increase and in December and January the cold is perceived more intense and that only in the morning and withal so remiss that the Fire is not desired February taketh away the greatest part of the cold from the Winter but yet it is so inconstant that sometimes 5 or 6 times in one day the Air changeth In the month of March the North and West Winds blow violently and cause whole trees to be vested with blossoms April giveth form almost to all Fruits so that the entrance of May and the end of April is wont naturally to produce Cherries In the middle of May they gather Figs and in the middle of June in some places are ripe Grapes Of the seasons of the year of Barbary the Figs or Autumn are gathered in August and there is no greater plenty of Figs and Pears than in September There is not so great intemperies of the year in those places but that the three months of the Spring are always temperate The entrance of the Spring that is the Terrestrial not the Celestial is as they reckon on the 15th of February and the end the 18th of May in all which time the Air is most grateful to them If from the 25th of April to the 5 of May they have no Rain they esteem the same as ominous They count their Summer even to the 16th of August at which time they have a very hot and serene Air. Their Autumn from the 17 of August to the 16 of November and they have that for two months to wit August and September yet not great That which is included between the 15 of August and the 15 of September was wont to be termed by the Antients the Furnace of the whole year and that because it produced Figs Pears and that kind of Fruit to maturity From the 15 of November they reckoned their Winter which they extend to the 14 of February At the entrance of this they begin to till their Land which is the plain but the mountainous in the month of October The Africans have a certain perswasion that the year hath 40 very hot days and on the other side so many cold The Opinion of the Arabians days which they say begin from the 12 of December They begin the Aequinoxes on the 16 of March and on the 16 of September Their Solstices on the 16 of June and the 16 of December The end of their Autumn all their Winter and a good part of their Spring is full of violent Winds accompanied with Hail Lightnings and dreadful Thunders neither is there wanting in many places of Barbary an abundance of Snow In Mount Atlas 7 degrees distant from the Tropick of Cancer they divide the year only into two parts for from October even to April they have a continual Winter and from April again to October they have Summer In this there is no day in which the Mountains tops glitter with Snow The seasons of Numidia In Numidia the parts of the year swiftly pass away for in May they reap their Corn in October they gather their Dates but from the middle of September to January a violent Frost continueth October abstaining from Rains all hopes of Sowing is taken from the Husbandman the same hapneth if that April produceth not Pluvial Water Leo Astricanus remembreth many Mountains of Snow in Africa not far from the Tropick of Cancer Of China The North part of China although no more remote from the Aequator than Italy yet it hath a cold more sharp for great Rivers and Lakes are congealed up with Frost the cause of which is not yet sufficiently known except we should refer it to the Snowy Mountains of Tartaria not far remote to the avoyding of which cold they abound with the Skins of Foxes and Scythilian Rats New England New England although it lie in 42 degrees of North Latitude and therefore no more removed from the Aequator than Italy yet in the month of June when Sir Francis Drake was there the Air was so vehement cold that he was compelled to sayl back to the South for the Mountains were then covered with Snow The cause is the Frigid temperature of the Earth being Stony The seasons of Aegypt In Aegypt which is bounded with the Tropick of Cancer the Spring and Temperate Season of the year is observed about January and February The Summer beginneth with March and April and continueth June July and August The Autumn possesseth September and October The Winter hath November and December About the beginning of April they Reap their Corn and presently thresh it After the 20 of May not an Ear of Corn is to be seen in the Fields no Fruits on the trees On the Ides of June the inundation of the Nilus beginneth The seasons in the streights of Magellan In the Streights of Magellan and the adjacent Regions although they be no more distant from the Aequator than our parts
the Air than it would do without this refraction We shall anon alledge an example of the appearancy of the Sun proceeding from refraction 4. The Full Moon and near the Full remaineth above the Horizon for many days when the Sun is depressed beneath it viz. for so many more days by how much that place is more near the Pole Yet it is not so highly elevated above the Horizon as to cause any warmness But the Full Moon in those months in which the Sun remaineth above the Horizon in an whole revolution the Full Moon is never above the Horizon The Planets not always the same above Horizon 5. The Fixed Stars are almost the same always above the Horizon but not the Planets For Saturn remaineth 15 years above the Horizon of the place near the Pole and 15 beneath the same Jupiter 6 years beneath and 6 above the same Horizon Mars 1 year Venus and Mercury about half a year From this cause it is likely that there is great diversity of the motions of the Air and seasons in divers years 6. The Land in most places of the Frigid Zone is Stony Rocky and as hard as Flint in few places Chalky Sulphureous and Fat In these places there is a moderate fertility in the other a sterility 7. Those Regions are incompassed with the Sea but for the Mediterranian we as yet have no certain account 8. Some of the Regions of the Frigid Zone have Mountains of a moderate hight but most want them running on a plain for a long space 9. The cold Winds there frequently blow from the Polary Plaga seldom the East Wind and least of all the West In the cold Artick Plaga the North Winds rage in the Antartick the South 10. Clouds and Rains frequently perplex these Regions From these causes it is not difficult to collect what the condition of the seasons in these Regions are for in the Winter time when the Sun riseth not for whole daies it cannot otherwise be but that for the most part thick Clouds Frost and Cold must render the Land uninhabitable They are not altogether deprived of light for that time for the Moon being above the Horizon for a long time giveth light and the twilight is daily afforded from the Sun to the Vicine Horizon But the Snow the stick close about the Earth which cannot be discussed by the heat of the Sun and therefore hinder the aspect of remote things There is no fertility but all barren and uncultivated for that which some suppose by how much any Region is nearer to the Pole by so much less it feeleth the intenseness of the cold and the Fields are found more fertil seemeth not probable to me when neither in Nova Zembla which is distant 16 degrees from the Pole nor in Spitzbirga which is only 8 degrees distant such a constitution of the Earth is found but a roughness and hardness and almost in the middle of Summer Snows or at least Showers and very cold Winds Neither is their opinion helped by one example observed by Mariners in a certain Region 9 degrees distant from the Pole which most men suppose to be Groenland For in this green Grass is found and an Air more warm than in Nova Zembla as is most certain The only Animals peculiar to these Northern Regions Rhinoceros a kind of Venison is the Rhinoceros and this in the space of a month becometh exceeding fat by feeding on this grass Nevertheless seeing that as yet not many Regions are hitherto found of this temperature in the Frigid Zone it is not expedient for us from this single example to make a general conjecture especially seeing that the cause of this peculiar constitution is manifest for that Land is full of Marshes and Sedgey and the grass by which the Rhinoceros or Dear are tendred so fat is not a kind of Terrestrial Grass but Sedge and Osiers but other Herbs are not there found or any Trees From whence we may gather that that Land containeth some fat and Sulphureous Substance which being mixed which the water produceth such an Oyle and fattening Sedge but that the like Earth is to be found in other parts of the Frigid Zone hath not as yet been observed but rather the contrary Therefore in the Winter in these places is little light but an incredible and great violence of Cold Snow Showers and Polary Winds And this Winter beginneth in the Northern Frigid Zone when the Sun first entreth Capricorn although also the Autumn the Sun going from the 1 degree of Libra to the 1 of Capricorn be little different from this violent Winter The Spring indeed is less infested with this violence of the Air yet it is without Snows Showers and cold Polary Winds Yet the increase of heat in the day or rather the decrease of cold is discovered at that time viz. the Sun going from the 1 degree of Aries to the 1 of Cancer And in this Vernal season or in the latter days of it the Sun continueth above the Horizon in intire revolutions and therefore then there is discovered a moderate heat which yet is not of that force as to melt and dissolve the Snow of all those places into Water much less is it able to melt the Ice whence Marriners report that here is to be found Snow and Ice of a perpetual duration Then the Summer shall be from the going of the Sun from the 1 degree of Cancer to the 1 of Libra in the first part of which the Sun yet remaineth for whole daies above the Horizon and augmenteth the heat by some accession so that June July and August are months of a tolerable Air. In some places among the Mountains the heat of the Sun is intense but the Showers and Clouds do much hinder this benignity of the Sun and especially the most sharp Northern Winds unto which sometimes Snow is adjoyned so that no fruits or Corn can here arrive to any maturity except in some places near the Artick Circle CHAP. XXVII Of the Shadows which the bodies erected in the Earth and illuminated by the Sun do cast and of the division of the Earth arising from thence SEeing that the Shadows in divers places of the Earth which the illuminated bodies of the Sun do cast are carryed into divers places and falling on the Sense have much variety hence it came to pass that men who were ignorant of this cause were struck with an admiration and in respect of the Shadows of the Earth divided the Inhabitants of the Earth as it were into three sorts which division must be applyed to the places of the Earth or to its Superficies So that they termed some Amphiscij others Heteroscij and the rest Periscij The explication of which terms seeing that they contain but small learning we shall say somewhat also concerning Shadows which although they do not pertain to Geography yet by reason of their near affinity they may be proposed in this Chapter Of
Shadows The Shadows receive their denominations from the parts or quarters of the World into which they are cast as the Oriental Shadow which tendeth into the East from the Sun placed in the West Contrariwise the Occidental Shadow which goeth into the Western Plaga or quater But here is chiefly to be considered the Meridian Shadow which is scituated on the Plain of the Meridian or which is cast from bodies perpendicularly erected or seated in the plain of the Meridian the Sun then being in the Meridian and this is two fold viz. Northern and Southern The Inhabitants of that part of the Earth are termed Heteroscij where the Meridian Shadows of bodies erected are constantly carried all days of the year to either Pole The Periscij are those Inhabitants of the Earth where the Shadows of erect bodies in one and the same day are carried about into all the Plagas of the Horizon or where the Meridian Shadows in one and the same day are cast to both the quarters of the Meridian The Amphiscij are those Inhabitants of the Earth where the Meridian shadows of the erected bodies in some days of the year are cast to the North and on othersom to the South Proposition I. The Shadows of bodies erected above the Horizontal plain fall upon the quarter opposite to it in which the Sun existeth Of Shadows in reference to Opticks and Dyalling Those that are versed in the Opticks and Horology are wont to say that a Shadow an Opac and Luminous body are in one Plain but the Term or bound of the Shadow the extremity of the Opac and the Sun are in one right line For because the Opac the Shadow and line concealed from the extremity of the Opac to the extremity of the Shadow make a Triangle now every Triangle is in one plain therefore those three lines shall be in one plain the Sun is in the extremity of the line conjoyning the extremity of the Opacity and the Shadow Moreover an erect body is right to the Horizontal plain wherefore the plain drawn through it viz. that of the forementioned Triangle is also streight to that Horizontal plain and therefore seated in the Vertical plain and because a body erected is seated as it were a Vertex between the Sun and Shadow therefore the Sun and Shadow shall be in the opposite quarter There are three parts of this Shadow which the Stile erected being illuminated from the Sun doth cast viz. a Dense Shadow a Central and a Shadow which is almost a Dense Shadow which a ray coming from the uppermost edge of the Sun doth terminate a Central Shadow is that which is intercepted between the ray of the Superior edge and the Centrel ray the penumbra is that which is intercepted between the Central ray and the ray of the lower Proposition II. The Inhabitants of the places of the Earth whichly in the Tropick of Cancer and Capricorn are Heteroscij The people in the Tropicks are Heteroscij For when the Sun is in the first degree of Cancer that very day the bodies erected in any point of the Tropick of Cancer do absorbe the Shadow of the Sun possessing their Meridian because that then the Sun perpendicularly from his Vertex hangeth over the Horizon and therefore illuminateth all parts of it neither doth any ray from the erect Opac hinder like this which perpendicularly falleth on the plain of the Horizon and therefore lyeth in the very Opac But in other days of the year because the Sun declineth from the Vertex of the places of the Tropick towards the South therefore the Shadow is cast in the Meridies towards the North never towards the South On the contrary in the places of the Tropick of Capricorn every day it is cast towards the South except on one day in which there will be no Shadow never towards the North. Proposition III. The Inhabitants of the Torrid Zone are Amphiscii The Inhabitants of the Torrid Zone are called Amphiscii Let any place of the Torrid Zone be taken in the Globe and let it be brought to the Meridian and let the Parallel of the Latitude which shall cut the Ecliptick in two points be described by Chalk applied When therefore the Sun shall be in these points of the Ecliptick he shall describe by his circumvolution a Parallel which shall directly hang over the Parallel described and therefore on those two days in which he obtaineth those points of the Ecliptick in the assumed place and in all scituated in the described Parallel he shall be vertical in the Meridies and illustrate all the places of the Horizon And therefore no shadow shall be cast on these two days and the Inhabitants shall be Amphiscii without any shadow but on the other days of the year they shall not be so but the Meridian shadow shall either be cast to the North or to the South to the North whilst the Sun moveth in that part of the Ecliptick which lie in those two points before noted towards the South On the contrary to the South whilst the Sun moveth in that part of the Ecliptick which is scituated from those two points towards the North. Proposition IV. The Inhabitants of the Temperate Zone are Heteroscii The Inhabitants of the Temperate Zone are called Heteroscii For because the Sun in all those days of the year in the Meridies is moved from the places of the North Temperate Zone towards that quarter to wit the South and on the contrary from the places of the South Temperate Zone towards the North it followeth from the first Proposition that the Meridian shadow of the places of the North Temperate Zone bend to the same quarter all the days of the year viz. the North on the contrary to the South in the places of the South Temperate Zone Proposition V. The Inhabitants of the Frigid Zones are Periscii The Inhabitants of the Frigid Zone are called Periscii For by reason that on some days of the year the Sun setteth not in these places but moveth round about the Horizon it is also necessary that the shadow should be carried round into all quarters and the Sun being in the superiour Semicircle of the Meridian the shadow is cast towards the North and when the Sun is in the inferiour Semicircle the shadow is carried towards the Southern quarter Proposition VI. A place of the Torrid Zone being given to find the days of the year in which the Inhabitants of that place shall be without any shadow and in what days the shadows are carried to the North and in what to the South Let the days of the year in which the Sun becometh vertical to the place given be found those shall be the days in which the Inhabitants of that place shall be without a shadow For this use the Mode in the third Proposition Proposition VII The day of the year being given to find the places of the Earth in the Globe whose Inhabitants are Amphiscii
that day Let the places be found in which the Sun becometh vertical on the day of the year given according to the 9th Proposition in the 24th Chapter these shall be the places sought Proposition VIII A place of the Frigid Zone being given to find the days of the year in which the Inhabitants of it are Periscii Let the days of the year be found in which the Sun setteth not in the given place according to the 10 Proposition of the 24th Chapter they are the days sought Proposition IX The day of the year being given to find out the places of the Frigid Zone the Inhabitants of which are Periscii that day so that this day be the first day Let those places of the Frigid Zone be found in which the Sun in the day given doth not first begin to set they shall be the places sought for Proposition X. In places scituated in the Aequator the Meridian shadow falleth half the year towards the North the other half towards the South and in the days of the Equinoxes the Inhabitants are Amphiscii For because the Sun in one half of the year recedeth from the Aequator towards the South the other half towards the North the shadows are carried to the quarter opposite to the quarter of the Sun and thence it cometh to pass that in one half year the Meridian shadows are carried to the North and the other half to the South Proposition XI To place a Plain above the Horizontal Plain of our place in which the erected Styles perpendicular may be the Amphiscii for some days of the year on some days of the year the Meridian shadows may be carried to the North on others to the South that is in which the Meridian shadows may be so cast as in some given place of the Torrid Zone Let the Latitude of the place given of the Torrid Zone be taken from the Latitude of our place if the Latitudes be cognominal but if they be of a diverse species let both the Latitudes be added and the remaining degrees kept then in the Horizontal Plain the Meridian line being found and also the line of the Aequator which is perpendicular to the Meridian line let some Plain be erected above the line of the Aequator that it may incline above the Horizon so many degrees as were kept before The Styles or Pins erected in this Plain shall cast such shadows as if they were erected in the places of the Torrid Zone Proposition XII In the places seated in the Aequator the shadow of the Style perpendicularly erected in the whole days of the Aequinoxes remaineth in one right Line whether before Noon â—t be continually cast into one quarter of the West or after Noon into a quarter of the East now in the other days of the year the shadow is carried round into the Semicircle Of Places seated without the Aequator In Places scituated without the Aequator in the Torrid Zone whilst the Sun is moved in part of the Ecliptick which lieth between the Vertex of any place and the vicine Tropick the shadow wandreth through the lesser part of the subject Superficies in a Semicircle In the Places of the Temperate Zones whilst the Sun is moved in a more remote Circle from those or the Zodiack the shadows steal by the lesser Superficies in a Semicircle and the greaten whilst the Sun runneth through the nearer Semicircle of the Zodiack In the days of the Aequinoxes the shadow of an erected Style is carried round in a Semicircle in all the places of the Earth except the Aequator and the Pole These are all rendred perspicuous partly from the sight of the Globe and partly from the declination of the Diagrams Proposition XIII In the places of the Torrid Zone whilst the Sun is in the Arch of the Ecliptick between the vicine Tropick and the Parallels of the place in those days the shadow of the erected Style twice returneth back and goeth over the Lines left behind viz. once before Noon and once after Noon The Sun also in these days will seem to inflect his course Of the shadow of the Sun in the places of the Torrid Zone Take any place of the Torrid Zone in the Globe and let the Pole be elevated according to his Latitude and let the Parallel of the place be described which shall cut the Ecliptick in two points I say that whilst the Sun moveth in the intercepted Arch of the Ecliptick between this Parallel and the vicine Tropick in those days the Sun will seem to be twice retrograde and go over the lines left behind Let any of the Points of that Arch be taken and let the Parallel of the Sun be described viz. which the Sun being in that point describeth by Diurnal circumvolution For Example take the first degree of Cancer or Capricorn and another of their Tropicks for so there will be no need of the description of a Parallel until it come to the point in which the Quadrant toucheth the Parallel the Sun being in this Seat or in this quarter will seem to bend his course towards the Vertex of the place and the shadow shall begin to be retrograde from the line of the Aequator towards the Meridian line After the same manner if that you apply the Quadrant to the Occidental part of the Parallel you shall see in that point in which the Quadrant toucheth the Parallel that the Sun goeth to the quarters he hath left and setteth in that quarter in which some hours before he was Corollary Therefore it is not against Nature that the shadow should go back on Sun-Dials but then it is miraculous if that it be done suddenly in a noted space also if it repeateth the lineary hours viz. if that the Style be not perpendicular but parallel to the Mundane Axeltree yea although it be perpendicular yet do not the lines of the shadow it self shew the hours but the lines of the shadows of the Axis of the World part of which is concealed in the mind on the Dial if that it be wanting Proposition XIV A place being given in the Torrid Zone and one day of those in which the Sun seemeth to bend his course and the shadow of the Style seemeth to go back to find the quarter in which the Sun then shall be and the hour when it shall be Let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given and let the place of the Sun be found at the given day and let it be noted in the Ecliptick and let the Parallel be described with Chalk which the Sun being in that point describeth Let the Quadrant be applied to the Vertex and so turned about until it touch the described Parallel so the extremity of the Quadrant in the Horizon shall shew the place sought for Now that the hour may be found let that point of the Parallel be noted in which the contact is made let the Index be placed at the twelfth
Arches of fifteen degrees beneath the Horizontal line must be taken in the described Periphery for the hours before six in the Morning and six in the Evening and the Lines of the shadows must be drawn the perpendicular Style must also be erected from the Center Furthermore In the Horizontal plain if that the Plain of the Scioterick be not yet erected the Meridian line must be found and the Line of the Aequinoctial rising and setting and so it must be placed on or above this Plain of the Scioterick that the Horizontal line of the Scioterick may be parallel to this Line of the rising and setting so the shadow of the Style shall shew the beginning of the hours at every day of the year But because the Sun only illustrateth this one Superficies of this Plain half a year and the other another half year therefore in both the Superficies a Scioterick must be made after the appointed Mode laid down before that on one side of it in the time of Summer and Spring in the other in the time of Autumn the hours may be known by the benefit of the Shadows The Lines of the Circle which shew the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick or the entrance of the Sun into the twelve Signs of the Zodiack and which do represent the Parallels which the Sun describeth in the Heaven by his circumvolution may easily be drawn on this Aequinoctial Scioterick For let a certain Magnitude of the Style be taken and let it be accurately divided into Ten parts and one of thsee Ten into ten other parts that the whole Line may be conceived to be cut into an hundred particles then from a Table of Declinations let the Declinations of the Sun be excepted the fifth the tenth the fifteenth the twentieth the twenty fifth the thirtieth degrees of Aries or the first the fifteenth degrees of Taurus the first the fifteenth degrees of Taurus the first the fifteenth degrees of Gemini the first degree of Cancer and let the Tangents be taken from the Mathematical Canon Moreover from the Center of the Horologe in the interval of the Tangent of Complement of the fifth degree of Aries let the Periphery of the Circle be described this will note the entrance of the Sun into the fifth degree of Aries and the twenty fifth of Virgo and the Parallel of the Sun for that day viz. when the diurnal extremity of the shadow by its circumvolution shall fall on this described Periphery it shall be a sign that the Sun is in the fifth degree of Aries or the twenty fifth of Virgo After the same Mode let the Peripheries be described in the interval of the Complement of the tenth and the twentieth degrees of Aries the first and the fifteenth of Taurus the first and the fifteenth of Gemini and the first degree of Cancer those will shew the Parallels of the Sun in those points and also in the points of the 20th degree of Virgo the 10th and the first of Virgo the 15th of Leo and the first of Leo and the 15th degree of Cancer After the same Mode on the other side of the Scioterick let the Peripheries be described for the Parallels of the Sun in the first degree of Libra and the 25th of Pisces in the 10th of Libra and the 20th of Pisces in the 15th of Libra and the 15th of Pisces in the first of Scorpio and the first of Pisces in the 15th of Scorpio and the 15th of Aquarius and in the first degree of Sagittarius and the first of Aquarius Unto every one of these Peripheries the Characters of the Signs of the Zodiack must be ascribed Proposition XXII To describe an Horizontal Scioterick or an Horizontal Plain An Horizontal Scioterick or Horizontal Plain described By the Globe Let the Pole and Meridian be elevated for the Latitude of the place which Meridian is more conspicuous than the other lines in the Superficies both for colour and magnitude let it be brought under the Brazen Meridian let the Index be placed at the hour of twelve let the Globe be turned round until the Index shew the hour One or Eleven or until 15 degrees of the Aequator do pass the Brazen Meridian In this scituation of the Globe let the degrees intercepted between the Brazen Meridian and the Meridian of the Globe be numbred on the Wooden Horizon and let this hour be noted for the hour of One after noon and Eleven before noon Then let the Globe be turned again until the Index shew the hour 11 or 10 and let the degree intercepted between those two Meridians the Brazen one and that assumed be noted for the 10th or 11th hour After the same manner let it be done for the hours 9 and 3 for 8 and 4 for 7 and 5 for 6 and 6 but we shall not want this hour for 5 and 7 for 4 and 8 for 3 and 9. These degrees being thus noted for every ascribed hour let the Meridian line be found on the Horizontal Plain and for any point of this line let the periphery of the Circle be described as from a Center and let it be drawn perpendicularly from the Center to the same on either side This shall be the line of the shadow at the hour 6 before noon and 6 after noon The Meridian line is the line of the shadow of the hour 12. In the described periphery let the Arches before noted be cut of beginning from the Meridian line towards the line of the hour 6 before and after noon First the Arch noted for 11 and 1 then for the hour 10 and 2 for 9 and 3 for 8 and 4 c. The Arches thus cut off let the lines be drawn from the Center to those bounds these shall be the lines of the shadows in the beginning and end of the other hours But the Style must be so elevated from the Center of the Horologe above the Meridian line that the Angle which it maketh with it may be equal to the Latitude of the place or elevation of the Pole But it is more commodious to make some Triangle whose Angle at the Basis is equal to the Latitude of the place If the declination be made on Paper let the line be drawn from the Center which from the periphery may take an Arch equal to the Latitude of the place the Numeration being from the Meridian line and let the Triangle be cut out to be placed above the Meridian line so the shadow will shew the hours The making of this Scioterick is easie without a Globe Proposition XXIII To describe a Scioterick on a vertical Plain which may directly regard the East and West Aequinoctial A Scioterick what The making of this is perfected after the same Mode which we used in the Horizontal if that the Pole be not elevated according to the Latitude of the place but according to the Complement of it and then the Style also be elevated above the Meridian
place to wit the 31 of December if in that place it be the first of January and Saturday or the last day of the Week when in this place it shall be Sunday or the first day of a new Week And if they have sayled round the Earth twice thrice or soin times they shall also reckon so many days less This was a matter of wonder and admiration some Ages ago to Mâ—â—â—â— and others but the frequency of this Experiment hath lessehen the admination and hath administred occasion to Mathemnâ—â—â— to 〈…〉 the cause Neither is it difficult to explain the same so that the motion of the Sun and the Meridian of the places of the Earth be well apprehended and a certain day of the year be proposed â— for it dependetiâ—â— the Diurual cirâ—â—â—voluationâ— of the Sun not from his proper nation as some have thought which we may begin from any Circle but for our more easie understanding it is very convenient to begin from the Meridies that the day may be the time from one Meridies to the following Meridies or Noon or whilst the Sun returneth from the Semicircle of one Meridiany to the same Semicircle Therefore because that those who Sayl towards the East or Rising come to those places where the Sun first riseth and maketh his Meridian than in the place from whence they departed thence it cometh to pass that the Sun being in the Meridian of the place to which they have arrived they begin to reckon a new day For Example the second day of January where in the place of their departure hitherto they have numbred the first day of January if that they set Sayl on the same and the difference shall be one or two hours This anticipation daily increaseth until they come towards the East so that it shall make the hours of half a day when they come to the opposite Semicircle of the Meridian for here they shall have the Meridies of a new day when in the place of their setting forth it shall be the Midnight of the preceding day And where they shall come to the Meridian 1â— degrees more remote being in that they shall have the Meridies 13 hours sooner than in the place of their setting forth and when again they shall come to a Meridian more remote 15 degrees there they shall have the Minidies â—4 hours sooner than in the place of their setting forth And so moreover as they shall come to the Meridians or places more remote 15 degrees they shall have the Meridies 15 16 17 hours sooner and shall begin to account a new day sooner than in their place of their setting forth so that when at length they shall have returned to the place they shall then number the Meridies of a new day sooner by 24 hours where in the place also the Meridies is which yet may answer in number to the Meridies which the Mariners had the former day But it is contrary with those who Sayl towards the West when they return to the place from whence they set forth for by how much the more they recede from this place by so much the more they shall have the Sun later in the Meridies because they are in a more remote Meridian and therefore do later begin the account of their new day than in the place whence they set forth So that this Proposition taketh away an whole day in the return Corollary 1. Corollaries If that two at the same time set sorth from any place of the Earth the one towards the East the other towards the West and they shall return both together to the same place the whole Earth being Sayled about he that took his Journey towards the East shall reckon two days more than he which took it towards the West And if they have Sayled the Earth about twice they shall reckon a days more if thrice 6 days more c. but the days of these are longer of those shorter Corollary 2. The same will happen if that in any place of the Earth any two meet one the other and from hence first and then often afterwards was this apparently discovered for when Ferdinando Magellanes by a direct course into the West had entred the Indies by the Streights denominated from him it was found out by the Mariners which there met with other Europeans brought towards the East by an ordinary Journey that the Kaleudar or the Numeration of the days differed an whole day The same hath been observed by all which have Sayled round the Earth when they have come into the Indies Corillary 10. This also is the cause that in two near places the account of a different day 〈◊〉 observed viz. in the Philippine Isles and in the City of Marow on the Chast of China The day in Macoa not the same as in the Philippine Isles although they lie under the same Meridian yet they reckon the days of the Kalendar sooner in Macoa than in the Philippine Isles and that by the anticipation of one day so that it is Sunday in Moacoa when but Saturday in the Philippine Isles The cause of this diversity is this that the Rortuâ—â—â— possessing the City of Macoa came thither from Europe towards the East by asseccourse out of India but the Spaniard which possess the Philippine Isles came thither from Europe towards the West by a set course from America Therefore it is in ferred from the preceding Corollary because here in Mâ—â—a and the Philippines they almost meet 〈◊〉 â—ome into the same Meridian that they should â—â—ceâ—d by one day the days of the other CHAP. XXX Of the various Rising Setting Altitude of the Sun and other Appearances in the divers parts of the Earth Proposition 1. To place or hang a Terrestrial Globe so that when the Sun shineth those parts of the Globe may be illuminated which the Sun enlighteneth in the Earth at any time and that it also may appear unto what People the Sun riseth and to whom it setteth to whom it makes the Meridies and to whom it is altogether absconded to what place it is vertical also to find the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick and the day of the year also the hour of the place The motion of the Sun shewed by the Globe LET the place in which the Globe is placed be noted on the Globe and brought to the Meridian and let a mark be made with a Chalk on that point of the Meridian Therefore if the Globe be to be hung by a Cord the Cord must be tied to the point of the Meridian But if that it must be placed firmly in any place an Iron piâ— must be brought through the Center of the Globe even to the opposite point and this Iron pin must be closely fixed to the Horizontal plain that it may remain immovable The Globe must be disposed according to the four quarters of the World viz that the North part of the Globe may regard the North part of the Earth
Parallels directly ascend from the Horizon to the Meridian Then let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of any other places and it will appear that the Parallels are so much the more oblique to the Horizon by how much the more the Pole is elevated that is by the Wooden Horizon becometh the Horizon of the places more remote from the Aequator or nearer to the Pole Proposition VII By how much the place is more remote from the Aequator by so much the more the Signs of the Zodiack and the other Constellations require the greater time to arise and set and they pass through the Meridians of all places at an equal time Let two places be taken on the Globe unequally distant from the Aequator and let the Pole be elevated and observed separately for each of them how much time any Sign of the Zodiack requireth to ascend above the Horizon viz. the entrance of the Sign being brought to the Oriental Horizon let the Index be placed at the 12th hour and the Globe be turned round until the whole Sign be rising the Index will shew the hours elapsed in the space whilst the Sign arose for by the comparison of the time the truth of the Proposition will be manifest Proposition VIII The day of the year being given to find or shew on the Globe those places in which the Sun ariseth in any given quarter To find the rising of the Sun in any quarter by the Globe This Problem and those that follow should be propounded and resolved concerning the Earth it self if that we would act according to Art for these affections belong unto it but they are propounded concerning the Globe because here it representeth the Earth although another method must be used in the Earth or another construction which although it can only be comprehended by the mind is sufficient that it may hinder in the practice by reason of the obstacles This is the same with that Problem The day and the quarter being given in which the rising of the Sun was observed to find the Latitude of that place or its Parallel in any point of which it is manifest that we are placed See Chap. 23. Proposit 11. The Solution of which we have delivered in the 23 Chapter Proposition 11. Proposition IX The day and the hour or part of the hour being given to shew the place on the Globe to which the Sun is then vertical First let the place of the Sun from the given day being found be noted on the Ecliptick of the Globe and that being brought to the Meridian let a mark be made with a Chalk on the supereminent point then let those places be found in whose Meridian the Sun was at the given moment of time and let them be brought to the Brazen Meridian These being done that place which is subject to the noted point of the Meridian is the place which is demanded viz. that to which the Sun is vertical at the given moment of time Proposition X. Further note The day and the hour being given to shew all the places on the Globe from whose Vertex the Sun is distant the given degrees at that hour but the given degrees must not exceed a hundred and eighty Or the day and the hour being given to shew on the Globe those places above whose Horizon the Sun hath the given Altitude or the given depression beneath it but the Altitude given must not exceed 90 degrees as likewise the depression Let the place be found on the Globe to which the Sun is vertical at the hour given and let this be brought to the Meridian and let the Quadrant be affixed to the imminent point of the Meridian Let the degree of distance from the Vertex given be noted and the Quadrant be turned round the Globe remaining immovable all the places of the Earth through which the noted degree of the Quadrant passeth are those from whom the Sun hath the given distance or above whose Horizon the Sun hath the given Altitude Proposition XI At the given hour of the day to shew on the Globe all plains unto which the Sun riseth and setteth and to which he is fixed at the Meridian and all that are illuminated and not illuminated Further concerning the rising and setting of the Sun found out by the Globe at any day or hour of the day Let the place be found in the Globe to which the Sun at the time given is vertical and let the place be brought to the Meridian and the Pole elevated for the Latitude of that place or let that place be placed in the vertex of the Horizon So all those places which are discovered under the Semicircle of the Meridian above the Horizon shall have the Meridies but those places which are beheld in the Oriental Semicircle of the Horizon are those to which the Sun then setteth but to those which lie in the Occidental Semicircle of the Horizon the Sun riseth at the given time and all the places which are above the Horizon are illuminated by the Sun on the contrary all the places scituated beneath the same then want the presence of the Sun Note that the Problem must be understood of the rising and setting of the body of the Center of the Sun for the body of the Sun illustrateth part of the Earth somewhat bigger than the Hemisphere which how big it is shall be discovered in the following Proposition Therefore we may shew the places to which the Sun riseth or setteth when we have Noon or Midnight And contrariwise those in which he setteth when he ariseth to us who then have Midnight or Mid-day Proposition XII The Semidiameter of the Sun and Earth being given and the distance of the Sun from the Earth being known to find out the part of the Earth which the Sun illuminateth See Scheme Let the Semidiameter of the Earth be A B A C A the Center A B C D E the greatest circle of the Earth S the Center of the Sun S L S O the Semidiameter of the Sun L B O C the rays touching the Globe of the Sun and Earth for these distinguish the part illuminated from the part not illuminated therefore the Arch B D C representeth the part of the superficies of the Earth illuminated and the Arch BLC the part not illuminated Let the Tangents LB O C be extended until they concur in R and B N parallels to A S therefore in the Triangle B N L let N L be given the excess S L above A B and B N of equal distance to A S the Angle B N L is direct because that B L toucheth the Circle Wherefore in the Triangle B L N let the Angle N B L be found according to this Proposition that as B N is to N L so are the whole signs to the Tangent of the Angle N B L. Moreover the two Angles L N B N B L are together equal to one streight or 90
degrees and B N L is equal to the Angle A S L or B A R. Therefore the Arch of the Angle N B L is equal to the Arch B M by which P B is greater than 90 degrees or than P M so also the Arch P C. If we take the Semidiameter of the Sun according unto Ptolomy of 5 2 Semidiameters of the Earth but the distance A S 1168 Semidiameters these I say being laid down the Arch M B will be found 13 minutes in which the Sun illustrateth the Earth more than half M P Q. Corollary When therefore the Center of the Sun riseth to some places then his limbus or edge riseth to the People which inhabit in the parallel of the Horizon scituated 13 minutes beneath the Horizon also after the same Mode to those to whom he setteth And when his Center setteth then his limbus yet remaineth conspicuous until the Center setteth to the People which are remote 13 minutes from our Horizon Proposition XIII The height of a Mountain being given to find how much sooner the Sun seemeth to rise in the Vertex of the same than at the foot or root of the Mountain and how much later it setteth From the given Altitude See Chap. 9. Proposit 5. by the fifth Proposition in the ninth Chapter let the interval or Arch from which the Vertex of the Mountain may be discovered or in the bound of which a line so drawn from the Vertex of the Mountain that it may be the Tangent of the Earth refracteth the same for this line sheweth the first ray which may come from a direct passage from the Sun to the Vertex of the Mountain Moreover the point of the Earth in which this is touched by the line is the place to which the Sun ariseth when he beginneth to be seen on the Vertex of the Mountain and the Arch interrupted between that point and the foot of the Mountain is equal to that in which the Sun is depressed as yet beneath the Horizon of the foot of the Mountain when he is apparent in the Vertex Therefore the Problem is reduced hither The depression of the Sun beneath the Horizon being given to find the time which is spent whilst the Sun moveth from the depression to the Horizon whence also it will be manifest that this time is also diverse in the divers days of the year Therefore let the place of the root of the Mountain be noted on the Globe and let the Pole be clevated for the Latitude of the same let the Quadrant be affixed to the Vertex The place of the Sun being found in the Ecliptick from any day taken let it be noted also the Point of the Ecliptick opposite to the place of the Sun Then let this opposite Point be brought to the Occidental Horizon and let the Index be placed at the hour 12. This being done let the Degree of depression before found be noted in the Quadrant and the opposite Point be turned above the Horizon until it hath an Altitude equal to the Arch of the depression which will be discovered from the application of the Quadrant so the place of the Sun beneath the Oriental Horizon will have that Depression And the Index in the Horaty Circle will shew the time intercopted between that depression of him and his emersion above the Horizon But because in this case we do almost work only by Minutes therefore it is better to calculate it than to search after it on the Globe Now you shall find it If that the Altitude of the Mountain be placed 3 stadias or ¾ of a German mile because the Arch of the depression is about three Degrees The Mountains of Caucasus and Casius according to Aristotle and Pliny are â—llustrated with the Suns rayes to the third part of the night and if the Latitude of the Foot of the Mountain be 38 Degrees and the place of the Sun about the middle of Leo the time in which the Sun is beheld is sooner in the Vertex than at the Foot of the Mountain by 13 Minutes Hence it is manifest that that is not so probable which Aristotle relateth of the highest parts of Caucasus and Pliny of the top of Mount Casius that they before the rising and after the setting of the Sun are illustrated with the Sun Beams even to the third part of the night Now how great an Altitude is required for this shall be shewed in the following Proposition Proposition XIV The time being given in which the Sun is sooner discerned on the Vertex of the Mountain than at the foot of the same to find the Altitude of the Mountain Let the Pole be Elevated on the Globe for the Latitude of the Root of the Mountain and the Point being noted which is opposed to the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick let the Arch of the depression of the Sun beneath the Horizon for the given time be found Then from this Arch as from an interval from whence the Vertex of the Mountain is discovered the Altitude of the Mountain must be searched after by the Fourth Proposition of the Ninth Chapter Proposition XV. The places of the Moon being given in the Zodiack together with its Latitude to find out or shew all those Places on the Globe to which the Moon is Vertical in the Circumrotation of that day Let the place of the Moon taken from the Ephemerides be noted in the Ecliptick then let one end of the Quadrant be applyed to the Pole of the Ecliptick the other to the Point noted in the Ecliptick or to the place of the Moon and let the Degrees of the Latitude of the Moon be accounted on the Quadrant and let a mark be made at the term of the Numeration on the Globe then this being brought to the Meridian and a Chalk applyed let a Parallel be described which the Moon that day doth describe by her Circumvolution and all the places scituated in this Parallel are those demanded After the same Mode we act with the other Planers if their Longitude and Latitude be given Proposition XVI The place of the Moon being given in the Zodiack and its Latitude and the day of the year to find the hour in which she ariseth in any place given and in which she setteth also in which she maketh midnight Let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the place of the Earth given let the place of the Sun found from the day of the year be noted on the Ecliptick Then let a point also be noted on the Globe for the place of the Moon as we have shewed in the preceeding Proposition See Proposition 15. This being done let the place of the Sun be brought to the Meridian the Index to the 12th hour of the Circle and let the Globe be turned round until the Moon arise or be in the Meridian or set For the Index in the Circle will shew the hour of her rising or setting or being in
the Moon from the Earth in her Full is 64 Semidiamiters of the Earth Therefore N L shall be 11 15 and the proportion shall be made thus as 64 is to a 11 15 so is 10000000 to 114583 which is the Sign 39 Minutes Therefore the Arch H L is less than 90 Deg. 39 Minutes and therefore 89 Deg. 21. Minutes Therefore in the place to which the Moon is Vertical constituted in the Vertex of the Horizon the People to whom the Moon then riseth and setteth shall not be those which are beheld in the very Horizon but those in the Parallel of the Horizon distant from it 39 Minutes Proposition XX. The Declination of any Star being given to exhibit all the places on the Terrestrial Globe unto which that Star is Vertical in his Diurnal Circumvolution Of the Declination of Stars Let the Degrees of the given Declination of the Aequator be numbred on the Brazen Meridian and in the term of the Numeration make a sign with a Chalk or let a Parallel be noted on the Globe by a Chalk applyed and the Globe turned round all the places scituated in this Parallel are those which pass through the noted Point of the Meridian the Vertex of which that Star in every Diurnal Circumvolution shal possess for some moment of time Proposition XXI The direct Ascension of any Star being given and the hour of the given day being given to shew all those places on the Terrestrial Globe on whose Meridian the Star is at the given hour Concerning the Ascension of any Star Let the Degrees given of the right Ascension of the Star be numbred in the Aequator and let a mark be made with Chalk Let also the place of the Sun found from the given day be brought to the Meridian and let the Degrees of the Aequator in the Meridian be noted Let the Arch of the Aequator intercepted between these two noted Points be observed or which is the same let it be changed into hours or scruples of hours for they shew the time which intercedeth between the Appulse of the Sun and that Star at any Meridian This done let the places be found in whose Meridian the Sun is at the given hour or scruple of an hour and the Index being placed at 12 let the Globe be turned until the Index shew the hour before noted or until the noted Degrees of the Aequator have passed the Meridian In this scituation of the Globe all those places which are discovered subject to the Meridian are those sought for to wit those in whose Meridian the Star is at the given time Proposition XXII The right Declination and Ascension of a Star being given and any time of the day being given to exhibit on the Globe first that place to which the Star is then Vertical Secondly all those places above whose Horizons the Star then shall be and those beneath whose Horizons the same shall then be also those in whose Meridian it shall be at the Meridies and in whose Meridian it shall be at midnight also in all those places in which the Star shall then arise and all those im which it shall then set From the direct Ascension let the places be found in whose Meridian the Star is at the time given and those may remain subject to the Brazen Meridian Then let the Degrees of the given Declination from the Aequator towards the Pole be numbred and the Point of the Globe which is subject to the term of the Numeration be noted For this is the place unto which the Star shall be Vertical at the time Let it be placed in the Vertex of the Horizon the Pole being Elevated for Latitude so those places which are subject to the Superiour Semicircle of the Meridian shall have that Star at the given time in the Meridian of the Meridies But those places which are beheld in the Inseriour Semicircle of the Meridian shall have it in the Meridian of Midnight and those places which are beheld in the Oriental Semicircle of the Horizon are those to which the Star setteth at once at that time but to those which lie in the Occidental Semicircle of the Horizon the Star then ariseth together Proposition XXIII To exhibit on the Terrestrial Globe all those places in which the Sun Moon and all the Stars for so long time are obscured beneath the Horizon as they remain to us or any other given place above the Horizon Let our place or any other given place be brought to the Meridian and let the Parallel of the Antaeci be found all the places scituated in this Parallel are these sought for as may be shewed on the Globe if that the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the place given and depressed for the Latitude of the Parallel found Proposition XXIV To shew the Cause why the days sooner augment and decrease about the Aequinoxes and more slowly about the Solstices where for many days there seemeth to be no encrease or decrease and that except the Aequator in all the places of the Earth and so much the more by how much they are more removed from the Aequator Concerning the augmenting and decreasing of the days about the Aequinoxes and Solstices For Example Let us take 30 days before the Vernal Aequinox from the 20 of February to the 21 of March and 30 days after the Solstice of Winter or the Solstice of Capricorn from the 21 of December to the 21 of January here the Cause must be shown why the excess of the 21 of March or stay of the Sun above the Horizon above the Longitude of the 20 of February be much greater than the excess of the 21 of January is above the 21 of December Let the place of the Sun for every one of those 4 days be noted on the Ecliptick of the Globe to wit the first Degree of Pisces of Aries Capricorn and Aquarius and let the Parallels of the Sun be described whereof two are extant in the Globe viz. the Aequator and the Tropick of Capricorn Therefore it will be apparent that the Aequator or Parallel of the Sun in the 1 of Aries is absent a far longer interval from the Parallel of the Sun in the 1 of Pisces than the Parallel of the Sun in the 1 of Aquarius from the Parallel in the 1 of Capricorn Thence it cometh to pass that not much a bigger portion of the Parallel of the 1 of Aquarius is above the Horizon than of the Parallel of the 1 of Capricorn or of the Tropick of Capricorn it self Now these parts shew the stay of the Sun above the Horizon in those daies but the portion of the Aequator or Parallel of the 1 of Aries that is above the Horizon is much bigger than the portion of the Parallel of the 1 of Pisces Now because these Arches being above the Horizon denote the stay of the Sun above the Horizon for this is the Longitude of the day hence we
collect the increase or decrease of the Declination of the Sun from the Aequator or of the Points of the Ecliptick to be the Cause of this unequal increase of the days but in the places of the Aequator it self all days are equal and therefore here is no increase or decrease although the Sun seem to stand about the days of the Solstice that is a little changing the Meridian Altitude Now it is manifest that the greater inequality of this encrease and decrease of the days is to be found where the places are more remote from the Aequator if that the Pole be Elevated for the distance of the divers places from the Aequator and the Arches of the Parallels Elevated above the Horizon be considered in both scituations Proposition XXV In the places of the Torrid Zone or those scituated in the Aequator or in the midst of the Torrid Zone the Sun much sooner departeth from the Vertex than in places near the Tropick of Cancer or Capricorn Of the departure of the Sun in places of the Torrid zone Let any Degree in the Brazen Meridian of the Globe be noted for Example the Fifth Degree from the Aequator and another place in the Torrid Zone being taken for Example one whose Latitude is 18 Degrees Let this be brought to the Meridian make a sign with a Chalk in this and let 5 Degrees from this towards the Tropick be reckoned on the Brazen Meridian and here again make a sign with a Chalk We must shew that the Sun in fewer days is removed from the Vertex of the places of the Aequator 5 Degrees in the Meridies than from the Vertex of another place so many Degrees Let the Globe be turned until some Point of the Ecliptick come under some noted Point of the Meridian near to the Aequator And let the Degrees of the Ecliptick between the first of Aries and Libra and between that Point and the Arches here to be noted Then let the Globe be turned again until some Point of the Ecliptick pass through the Note made in the Meridian for the place and let this Point of the Ecliptick be noted then let the Globe be turned again until another Point of the Ecliptick pass through by that Point removed five Degrees which is noted which must again be noted and let the Arch between the two last Points of the Ecliptick be reckoned which will be found to be much bigger than that which was first noted and thence the Sun shall stay in this Arch more days than in the former and therefore he more slowly recedeth from the Vertex of the second place than from the Vertex of the place taken in the Aequator THE THIRD BOOK OF General Geography TO WIT THE COMPARATIVE PART Of the Affections from Comparing of Places CHAP. XXXI Of the Longitude of a place Definitions 1. _â—HE Circle of the Longitude of any place in the Earth Definition is a Circle passing through that place and both the Poles of the Earth It is also termed the Meridian Circle because the Meridian of a place and the Circle of the Longitude of a place are one and the same Circle But they are only rationally distinguished because the Meridian hath respect to the Motion of the Stars the Circle of the Longitude to the extension of the Earth having no respect to the Celestial Motions But the use of the term Meridian is more frequent and convenient and therefore we shall also use the word They are conspicuous in Globes and Maps passing through every Ten Degrees of the Aequator 2. The distance of a place from a certain Meridian is termed the Longitude of a place or else it is the Arch of the Aequator or Parallel intercepted between the Meridian of that place and a certain other Meridian This Meridian from which the Meridians of other places are reckoned from West towards the East is called the first Meridian The Longitude of the Earth it self is termed its extension from West to East conceived according to the Line of the Aequator The first Meridian in the Maps and Globes is notable above the rest for Magnitude and Colour and it is apparent to the eyes 3. The distance of one place from another is a very short Line intercepted between those two places in the Superficies of the Earth 4. Any Point in the Globe and Maps is truly said to represent and exhibit any place of the Earth if that it hath that Scituation and distance to the other points of the Maps such as the place of the Earth which it ought to represent hath to the other places of the Earth which are represented by the other Points of the Earth Proposition I. Nature hath put no beginning or end to the dimension of the Earth or of the extension from the West to the East or according to the Aequator but all and every one of the places may be taken for a beginning and the first Meridian may be placed in them For the better understanding of this the matter must be more fully searched into No beginning or end of the Dimension of the Earth c. because that some I know not upon what account suppose great mysterias to lâ—e herein that every Superficies as well plane as crooked as a Line â—y one and a Body by three is measured and terminated by two Dimensions or extensions as is evident from Principles of Geometry and common use of which extension one is termed the Longitude of the extension or figure and the other the Latitude and the one is conceived perpendicular to the other Neither do these extensions differ in their nature but that which we take for Longitude may also be taken for Latitude and so on the contrary but yet for the most part if these two extensions be unequal we take the longest for Longitude and the shortest for Latitude But in Ordinate Figures as in the Aequilateral Triangle a Quadrate and the like the two extensions are equal neither is there any difference between Longitude and Latitude For the Figure of the Superficies of the Earth is Spherical and Latitude doth not truly differ from Longitude which we so conceive in it for the more distinct cognition Now those two extensions in the Spherical Superficies are commodiously so conceived as in other crooked Superficies if that first the Periphery of the Semicricle be taken in it drawn from one point to the opposite point and this Line be made one extension of the Superficies then for the other extension you shall take another Periphery cutting the former Periphery in the middle at Right Angles for so Longitude and Latitude are taken in all Figures and this must be conceived to extend about the whole Superficies until it return to it self that so a crooked Superficies may be supposed to be extended into a plane Because therefore the first assumed Periphery or extension is only the Semicircle that shall be the Latitude of the Globe the
wast-ground it is watered by the Rivers Scheld and Ley which run through the City and make 26 Islands which are conjoyned by 98 Bridges This place is particularly famous for being the Birth-place of John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster 2. Bruges seated on a large and deep Channel of the Sea from which it is distant about three Leagues once a famous Mart Town but now of small account as to matters of Traffick 3. Ipres seated on a River so called a Town of great strength 4. Graveling or Gravelines feated on the Sea-shoar a place of good strength and 5. Lisle of some account The four principal Ports in Flanders are 1. Dunkirk now in the possession of the French a place of good strength especially of late when the English were Masters of it nigh to which is the impregnable Fort of Mardike also so made by the English The Inhabitants of this Town are found very troublesom on the Seas to those that are their Enemies 2. Ostend an exceeding strong place as is manifest by its holding out a Siege of three years three months three weeks and odd days against the Arch-Duke nigh to which was fought that bloody Battel in 1660 between the Arch-Duke Albertus and the States where by the valour of the English the Victory was gained and 3. Sluce seated at the Mouth of the Channel of Bruges where it enjoys a fair and commodious Haven capable to receive about 500 Sail of good Ships now subject to the States of Holland Throughout all Flanders are a great many Religious-houses and Nunneries which are filled with vertuous Gentlewomen for the most part Maidens who live a Religious life and at spare times makes curious Works which are disposed of by the Lady Abbess Earldom of Artois The Earldom of ARTOIS North of Flanders is divided into Wallone and Flamingat and said to contain about 750 Villages and 12 walled Towns the chief among which are 1. Arras where the Tapestry Hangings and Cloths of Arras were first invented and made 2. Hesdinfert a very strong Frontier Town towards Picardy 3. Bappaumes 4. St. Omer and 5. Aire Earldom of Haynault The Earldom of HAYNAVLT West of Flanders is said to number about 900 Villages and 24 Towns the chief amongst which are 1. Mons an ancient and strong Town 2. Valenciennes so seated on the Scheld that it cannot be besieged except with three Armies at one time 3. Maubeugel 4. Avesnes about which are digged excellent white Stones for building 5. Landrechies and 6. Philippeville Earldom of Namur The Earldom of NAMVR North of Brabant hath about 180 Villages and 4 walled Yowns viz. Namur Charlemont Bovines and Valencourt This Country is very fertil in Grains hath store of Mines of Jasper all sorts of Marble and abundance of Iron Under the subdivision of the Provinces upon the Rhine may be comprehended Alsatia the Palatinate of the Rhine the Archbishopricks and Electorates on the Rhine the Estates of the Succession of Cleves and Julier and the Vnited Provinces of the Low Countries c. Province of Alsatia ALSATIA Westwards of Lorrain hath for its chief places 1. Strasbourg formerly Argentina because here the Romans received the Tribute of the Conquered Nations seated in Lower Alsatia near the Rhine from which here is a Channel cut for the conveyance of Commodities This City is about 7 miles in circuit is a good place of strength and famous for its many Rareties as its admirable Clock a description of which I shall here set down which was given me by an Ingenious person who took this particular account thereof FOR the curiousness of the Work it self I cannot set it forth neither can any man take pleasure of the Workmanship but such as see it In the whole work there are Nine things to be considered which ascend up one above another as the description sheweth whereof eight are in the Wall the ninth and that the most wonderful standeth on the ground three foot or such a matter from the Ground and Wall and that is a great Globe of the Heavens perfectly described in which are three Motions one of the whole Globe which betokeneth the whole Heavens and moveth about from the East to the West in four and twenty hours the second is of the Sun which runneth through the Signs there described by that Artificial motion it hath once every year the third is of the Moon which runneth her course in 28 days So that in this Globe you may view as if you had the Heavens in your hand the Motions of the whole Heavens the motion of the Sun and Moon every Minute of an hour the rising and falling of every Star among which Stars are the Makers of this work Dassipodius and Wolkinstenius described yea better than in the true Heavens because here the Sun darkneth them not by day nor the Moon by night The Instruments of these Motions are hid in the Body of a Pelican which is portraied under the Globe The Pole lifted up to the Elevation of Strasburgh and noted by a fair Star made in Brass the Zenith is declared by an Angel placed in the midst of the Meridian The second thing to be observed which is the first on the Wall are two great Circles one within another the one eight foot the other nine foot broad the uttermost moveth from the North to the South once in a year and hath two Angels the one on the North-side which pointeth every day in the Week the other on the South-side which pointeth what day shall be one half year after The Inner circle moveth from South to North once in a hundred years and hath many things described about it as the Year of the World the Year of our Lord the circle of the Sun the processions of the Aequinoctials with the change of the Solstitial points which things fall out by the motion which is called Trepidationis the Leap-year the Movable Feasts and the Dominical Letter or Golden Number as it turneth every year There is an immovable Index which incloseth for every year all these things within it the lower part of which Index is joyned to another round Circle which is immovable wherein the Province of Alsatia is fairly described and the City of Strasburgh On both sides of these Circles on the Wall the Eclipses of the Sun and Moon are which are to come for many years even so many years as the Wall might orderly contain The third thing which is to be seen a little above this is a weekly motion of the Planets as they name the day as on Sunday the Sun is drawn about in his Charriot accordingly as the day is spent and so drawn into another place so that before he be full in you shall have Monday that is the Moon clean forth and the Horses of Mars's Charriot putting forth their heads and so it is for every day in the week On this side there are nothing but dumb Pictures to garnish the Wall
dead within three hours after the life is departed unless it be in the night so that then they let the corps alone untill the morning they wash or bathe the bodies of their dead before they are interred in a great Cestern Ceremonies in their burials which they have for the same purpose near the Church to which place they are carried on a Bier in their Clothes and after they are stript and Washt they put them in clean linnen anoint them and so bear them to the Grave being accompanied with his Friends Relations Servants c. in this order first goeth those of his blood rext his Varlets who go naked to the Waist the rest in troozes who to express their love scratch and burn their Breasts Arms and other parts so that the blood oft issueth forth then follow many youths on whose shoulders are affixed some texts taken out of the Alcoran together with Elegies of the deceased in the next place follow several persons of the best ranck each holding a cord that is affixed to the Hearse and on every side abundance of People bearing in their hands Garlands of Flowers Lawrels and such things as befit the Season then follow some Horse-men half naked who oft times massacre their carcasses and in the last place follow weeping-Women that is such as are hired to weep and howle the better to provoke others to passion and being brought to the Grave the Priest after he hath performed several Ceremonies which he readeth out of the Alcoran the Corps is interred with his head towards Mecca his face towards Heaven and his armes expanded as they say to imbrace their Prophet Mahomet placing two Stones one at the head and the other at the foot of the Grave on which are ingraven in Arabick Characters the persons name quality and time of burial and so take their leave but for a good while cease not to visit the Grave twice a day beseeching Mahomet to succour him against his two bad Angels of whom they have this opinion So soon as the Corps is interred there are two hiddeous Devils assaile him the one they call Muengar which is armed with an Iron Club and the other Quarequar armed with a Hook of Flaming brass and in this horrid posture they view the Carcass and in an insolent manner command him to raise his head to fall prostrate upon his knees and begg his soul which then re-enters the body and gives an account unto them of all the actions of his life and upon examination and confession if it appear that his life was good they vanish away like Spirits and two good Angels come apparelled in white to be a comfort unto him and protect him untill the day of doom not stirring from him but sitting one at his head and the other at his feet But on the contrary if it happen that his life is found bad then these Infernal Imps are his tormentors the one knocking him on the head such blows with his Iron Club as beats him as they say ten yards into the Earth and the other drags him up with his Flaming hook and thus is he knockt down by one and dragged up by the other untill Mahomet sends him a deliverance and this as Sir Tho. Herbert relateth in his book of Travels is their belief which if it be true I doubt they will have many a sound knock and torne place before their delivery To persons of quality they observe more Ceremonies than to those of the ordinary degree making Feasts on the third seventh and fortieth day after the Corps is laid in the Grave at which Feasts they are charitable to the poor in their Almes Deeds The King of Persia his power The King of Persia governs by an absolute power disposing of the lives and estates of his Subjects as best pleaseth him making his Will his Law not any one daring so much as to murmure though his actions are never so much unjust Their Kings come to the Goverment by succession and not by election insomuch that if the King hath no Children which are lawfully begotten as by his Wives for want of such those of his Concubines shall succeed him The Coronation of their Kings Upon the Coronation of their Kings amongst other Ceremonies he is presented with a Crown by one of their chiefest Lords which he takes putting it to his forehead and after kissing it thrice in the name of Mahomet and of Aaly he delivers it to the grand Master of the Kingdom who puts it on his head the People making great shouts and acclamations kissing his feet and presenting him with great presents which done the rest of the day they spend in feasting and other jovialties but in all their Ceremonies there is not so much as an Oath imposed upon him as for his well governing them and keeping and preserving their fundamental Laws and other of their rights as amongst us done but all being left to his sole power as being absolute There are belonging to the Court several Officers as Chancellor Secretary of State Controller Master of the Horse Master of the Ceremonies together with several other Officers Their Courts of Judicature and their Justice as amongst our Courts are found The Administration of Justice is decided by the King but first tried by the secular Judges who examine the same and deliver up their opinion to the King They have several strict and severe punishments which they inflict upon the offenders according to the hainousness of their crimes for some offences they cut off the Ears or Nose sometimes the Feet or Hands for others to be beheaded for some again they are tyed between two boards and so sawed asunder with several other cruel deaths which are too tedious to name In their Military affairs they are very experienced Their Military Affairs their Army consisting only of Horse who have for their Armour Darts and Javelins yet have they some in the nature of our Dragoons which are mounted on Horses who have Muskets for their Arms as for an Army of Foot together with the assistance of great Guns by them is not so much set by as being troublesom and a detarder of them from their speedy and great marches they are very expert in all stratagems of War which gives them a great advantage over their enemies Here doth inhabit a sort of People called Gaurs and are of a much different Religion from the Persians observing divers Ceremonies peculiar to themselves In their Baptism they use no Circumsition instead of which they wash the Child c. At their Nuptials after the Priest hath said some Prayers he takes water washes both their fore-heads and gives the Benediction When they are sick they make Confession to the Priest and bestow their Almes in hopes of Pardon of their Sins They bury not their dead but carry them to certain enclosed places where they fasten them to high Stakes with their faces towards the East They bear a great adoration
Insects and Animals Its Insects and Animals as Scorpions as big as Rats but no waies hurtful Lizards so harmless that they frequent the houses and love the company of men Land Crabs in great abundance which are good to eat Also Muskettoes Cockroches and Merrywings which are very troublesom in the night in stinging It s Division and Towns This Isle is severed into Eleven Precincts or Parishes in which are fourteen Churches and Chapels besides many places which may not improperly be called Towns as composed of a long and spacious street and beautified with fair houses and of late years the whole Isle is so taken up that there is no such thing as any wast ground It s chief Towns are 1. St. Michaels formerly called the Bridge Town or Indian Bridge seated at the bottom of Carlisle Bay which is very deep capacious and secure fit to give Harbour for about 500 Vessels at one time The Town is large and long containing several Streets and graced with above 500 well built Houses It is very populous being the Residence of the Governours the place of Judicature and the scale of trade where most of the Merchants and Factors in the Isle have their store-houses for the negotiation of their affairs in the supplying the Inhabitants with such Commodities as they have occasion of in exchange of theirs the product of the Isle For the security of the Ships here are two strong Forts opposite to each other with a Platform in the midst which commands the Road all Fortified with great Guns c. 2. Little Bristol formerly Sprights Bay hath a commodious Road for Ships which is secured by two powerful Forts and is a place well resorted unto 3. St. James hath the conveniency of a good Road for Ships which is well secured by a large Platform and Fortified Breast-works It is a Town of a good trade well Inhabited and the more as being the place where the Monthly Courts for the Precinct is kept And 4. Charles Town seated on Oyster Bay well secured by two strong Forts with a Platform in the midst this Town having the accommodation of a weekly Market and being the place where the Monthly Courts are kept for the Precinct makes it to be well Inhabited and frequented This Isle is of a great strength as well by Nature as Art It s strength being sheltered with Rocks and Shoals and where it is not thus defended by nature it is fortified with Trenches and Rampiers with Pallisadoes Curtains and Counter-scarfs and for its further Defence hath three Forts one for a Magazine and the other two for Retreats they have also a standing Militia consisting of two Regiments of Horse and five of Foot which are alwaies to be ready at beat of Drum Its Inhabitants or sound of Trumpet The Inhabitants of this Isle may be ranged under three sorts viz. Masters Christian Servants and Negro-slaves which are very numerous The Masters for the most part live at the height of pleasure The Servants after the expiration of five years are Freemen of the Isle and employ their times according to their abilities and capacities and the Negro-slaves are never out of Bondage and the Children they get are likewise perpetual Slaves These poor creatures although they have such extream hard usage for Dyet Apparel or Lodging and are held to such hard labour and so ill treated by their Masters or Overseers yet are well enough contented with their conditions and where they meet with kind Masters think nothing too much to do for them so that it is great inhumanity and pity to wrong them Every Sunday which is the only day of rest to them and should be set apart for the Service of God they employ either in getting of the Bark of Trees and making of Ropes with it which they truck away for Shirts Drawers or other conveniencies or else spend the day in dancing wrestling Isle of St. Christophers described or other meriments St. CHRISTOPHERS so called from Christopher Columbus the first discover thereof seated in the Latitude of 17 degrees 25 minutes In Circuit about 75 miles the soil is light and sandy and very apt to produce several sorts of Fruits Provisions and Commodities as Sugar Tobacco Cotton Ginger c. This Isle by reason of its several great and steep Mountains in the midst from which spring the Rivers which plentifully water the Land many of which are hot and sulphurous with horrid Precipices and thick Woods renders it impassable through the midst On the Sea side is a Salt pit not far from which is a small Isthmus of Land which reacheth within a mile and a half of the Isle of Neivis This Isle is very delightful and of a most delectable Prospect for if the Eye be directed downwards from the top it hath a prospect of curious Gardens which gently descend to the Sea side and in regard of the continual ascent of the Isle the lower stage or story doth not debar the eye of the pleasant prospect of that which lyeth at a remoter distance which is terminated by those high Mountains and that which makes the prospect the more delectable in the several Plantations are the fair houses covered with glazed Slate This Isle is divided into four Cantons or Quarters two of which are possessed by the English and two by the French which parts are not so well watered as those of the English but better for Tillage and not so hilly The English have two fortified places one commanding the great Haven and the other a descent not far from Point de sable and the French have four strong Forts the chief of which Commands the Haven and is called Basse Terre And for the better security of each other constant guard at their Forts are kept In the parts belonging to the English are five Churches for Divine Worship The chief place belonging to the French is at Basse-Terre being a Town of a good bigness and garnished with well built houses where the Merchants have their store-houses and is well Inhabited here is a large and fair Church also a publick Hall for the Administration of Justice a fair Hospital for sick people and a stately Castle which is the residence of the Governor of a most pleasant scituation on the foot of a high Mountain not far from the Sea having spacious Courts delightful walks and Gardens Nieves described NIEVES or MEVIS not far from St. Christophers as before noted of a small extent not exceeding 18 miles in Circuit In the midst of the Isle is a Mountain of a great height but of an easie access and well clothed with wood and about this Mountain are the Plantations which reach to the Sea-shoar Here are divers springs of fresh water and one of a hot and Mineral quality not far from whose Spring head are Baths made which are much resorted unto It is indifferent fertil and hath store of Deer and other Game for Hunting and is found to
Gusph of 7 or 8 Leagues wide leaving on the Right hand Cape de Condi or d'Orange There is found along this River Tobacco Canes from which Sugar may be extracted and Shrubs which yield Cotton and amongst the Beasts they have Stags wild Boars tame Swine and Beeves which have no Horns c. But let us speak a word or two of the temperament and quality of the Soil of these Quarters in which there is something extraordinary It is true that Guiana is under The scituation of Guiana or very near the Aequator that part which stretches most within Land and the nearest to the Amazons is under the Equator from that line the Coast stretches on this side unto the 8th degree of Latitude yet the greatest part of this Coast lies under the 4th 5th 6th and 7th of these degrees which is almost in the middle of the Torrid Zone and consequently seems to be in a Climate extreamly hot But the Eastern-winds which do almost continually blow upon the Coast the Nights being equal with the Days the large Rivers which refresh and water the Country the great Dews which fall the height of their Mountains the thickness of their Forrests c. yield such refreshments as renders this Country one of the most pleasant and would be made were it cultivated one of the best and richest Countries in all America They have two Summers and two Winters their Summers during the Aequinoxes and their Winters during the Solstices and to speak truth they have always either Spring or Autumn their Flowers being always in their beauty the Trees always in their verdure and their Fruits fit to gather all the yearlong The Air is so temperate and healthful that those of the Country live commonly 100 or 120 years sometimes 150 without being subject to any disease or sickness The fertility of the Country Provisions cost almost nothing all sorts of Game being had for only hunting all sorts of Fish are here very plentiful They have several rich Commodities as Cotton Cotton-Thread and Hamacks or Beds of Cotton China-wood green Ebony white and red Saunders Dyersstood Brazil Medicinal Oils Jallop Salsaparilla Turbith Gayac Gommegutte Gum-Arabick Gum-Eleni a Balm excellent against the Gout Torquesses Emeralds Stag-skins Tigers Otters and black Foxes grains of Musk taken from Lizards Munkeys Apes and Tamarins a little Beast of pleasure so beautiful and joyful that one alone hath been sold for 500 Crowns The Americans themselves loving to play with them and putting about their Necks collars of Pearls and Pendants of Stones in their Ears In the bowels of its Earth are Mines of Copper Tin Lead and Iron which are very rare in America and to all appearance there are Mines of Gold and Silver here is also Roch-Alum Chrystal of the Rock Azure and likewise Dragons Blood c. That part of Guiana most advanced within Land and which retains particularly the name of Guiana is very little known yet here should be the Kingdom and City of Manoa or El Dorado of which some have formerly made such account but not being found at present is by most believed Imaginary The AMAZONE THE River AMAZONE is the greatest and swiftest either in the one or other part of America and it may be said the largest of both Continents From its Springs to its disburthenings into the Sea is 8 or 900 Leagues in a strait line and according to its course 11 or 1200 it receives both on the Right and Left abundance of Rivers of which some have 100 200 300 others 4 5 or 600 Leagues course All the Amazon is inhabited by abundance of People The Amazon inhabited by abundance of People less barbarous than those of Brazil nor yet so much civilized as those of Peru were They eat not one another for by their Hunting Fishing Fruits Corn and Roots they are furnished with what is needful either for Meat or Drink they have some Idols particular to them but pay them no adoration contenting themselves to expose them to publick view when they enterprize any Affair It s beginning Springs and Mouths The breadth of its Channel The Amazon begins at the Foot of the Cordillier Mountains 8 or 10 Leagues from Quito in Peru pressing forward its streams from West to East Its Springs and its Mouths are under or near the Aequator The breadth of its Channel from Junta de los Rios which is 60 and odd Leagues from its Springs unto Maranhon is of one or two Leagues and below Maranhon two three or four enlarging still as it approacheth the Sea where it makes an opening of 50 or 60 Leagues between the Capes de Nort and Zaparare this on the Coast of Brazile the other on the Coast of Guiana Its depth likewise from Junta los Rios unto Maranhon is at least 5 or 6 Fathom in some places 8 or 10 from Maranhon unto Rio Negro 10 15 or 20 and from Rio Negro to the Sea 30 40 50 and sometimes much more The course of the Amazon endeavoured to be found out by Prancis Orilhant Pedro de Orsua and others with the adventures mis-fortunes which befel them One Francis Orilhane was the first that took any pains to know the course of this River In 1540 he transported himself to Junta de los Rios where he caused to be built a Vessel proper to descend this River to the Sea In 1541 he imbarqued himself with some Souldiers had divers encounters in the way but about the end of August he found the Sea after which he hasted to Spain to make this discovery known unto the King In 1549 he returned from Spain to the Amazone where after his spending a long time upon the great Sea being sometimes beaten to and fro by the impetuosity of the winds which caused great storms then retained as long by calms which together with the loss of a great many of his men at length he entred into its mouth yet after all these labours and miseries he was so unhappy that not finding the true channel to remount the Amazone he died with grief having gained nothing for all his travel labour and expence but the honour that some give his name to the River calling it Orelhane After Francis Orelhane the Amazone was let alone for a good continuance of time In 1560 those of Lima in Peru tried it another way they caused some to embark on the River of Xauxa otherwise of Maranhon which begins in Peru below Guanuca and about 150 Leagues from Lima passes within 30 or 40 of Cusco and by a course of 5 or 600 Leagues descends into the Amazon which hath scarce made 300 at this meeting yet is found the large this voyage was likewise unhappy for Pedro de Orsua Chief of this expedition was slain by his own men and Lopez de Aguyre chief of the sedition finished to descend to the Sea by the Orinoque and landed at La Trinity where he was arrested and chastised for his felony In
most sincere Judges Yet this Opinion found but few Abettors insomuch that many Ages it was as it were buried in oblivion so that there was no mention in Schools made thereof until such time that eminent Astronomer Copernicus some two or three Ages past made it famous and so prevailed therein The opinion of Copernicus therein that very many excellent Astronomers imbraced this Opinion and confirmed it with sundry Arguments and Reasons among whom not long since flourished Kepler the Emperour's profest Mathematician and Galilaeus of Galilee the Italian Mathematician to the grand Duke of Tuscany or Florence and Lanthergius Belga And because there is a twofold motion of the heavenly Bodies perceived by us the first whereof is whereby all the Stars as well fixed â—s Planets seem with equal time to wit in 24 hours to be carried round aboâ—t the Earth and to rise and keep their southing and setting The second motion is that which is called proper whereby the Planets are observed with a different or diverse motion as also are the fixed Stars to be carried from West to East The Ptolomaians aâ—â—irm that both these motions are in the Stars themselves or their Orbs But the Copernicans ascribe that first motion not to the carrying about of the Earth only from one place to another but to the wheeling and turning about of it remaining in her own place about her own Axil from West to East such as is seen to be implanted in all the Stars yet they acquit the fixed Stars as also the Sun from the aforesaid second motion and attribute the apparent motion of these to the carrying of the Earth about the Sun and to the inclination of the Axil notwithstanding they leave the said second motion to the rest of the Planets Forsooth they deny the Sun to be a Planet but place the Earth in his stead and they prefer the Sun into the Ptolomaian place of the Earth to wit the Center of the whole World forasmuch as that is the cause which maketh the Earth Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus and Mercury to turn round about These are the Reasons of this Opinion Of the great number of the Stars which seem to perform their circuit in 24 hours 1. Because so great is the number of the Stars which seem to perform their Circuit in 24 hours about the Earth and this appearance may be declared by the motion of the Earth only remaining in her place therefore it is more agreeable to reason to determine this motion rather then that insomuch as when we sit in a Ship and sayling nearer to a Station or Harbour of many Ships which in the mean while seem as it were to approach or sayl to us yet we do not ascribe a motion or sayling to them And seeing nature doth in no case work by many things that which she can perform with a few it is likely in this business also that that is so observed and kept by her Of the swift motion of the Stars c. 2. Because the swiftness of that motion of the Stars would be incredible and such as would surpass all our imagination for seeing that they are distant from the Earth almost an infinite space and that most vast circuit ought to be run in one minute of an hour at least that they should be carried through 100000 miles Contrariwise if this motion should be ascribed to the Earth she remains still in her place neither need we to fear the least swiftness because she is turned about her own Axil as a Wheel The vastness of the Celestial Bodies compared with the body of the Earth 3. There accrues a greater force to this Argument if we compare the huge vastness of the Celestial Bodies with the Body of the Earth for seeing that the Sun at least is 200 times bigger then the Earth but the fixed Stars are in a manner 1000 times bigger to what man can it not be made more probable that the Earth is turned about its own Axil by a natural motion than that so huge Celestial Bodies should be moved from place to place Of the solidity of the Celestial Orbs according to Tycho Brahe 4. Because all the most famous Astronomers being compelled with Tycho Brahe by the appearances of the Stars c. do now deny that the Celestial Orbs are solid and hard which appearances the ancients used for proving the more easie supposition of the motion of the Stars therefore the carrying or wheeling of them about the Earth seemeth more incredible Yea they deny the Orbs to be solid because if these were so a mutual penetration of the Orbs must needs be granted seeing that some Planets are found frequently in the Sphere of some other No reason for the motion of the Stars about the Earth 5. No reason can be given why the Stars can be moved about the Earth when as contrariwise there may some reason be given why the Earth and the rest of the Planets may be moved about the Sun Of the Pole and Axil 6. Neither is the Pole nor Axil real about which the Stars are determined to be moved contrariwise in the Earth there is both Pole and Axil The sayling of Ships from West to East more easie than from East to West 7. Because the sayling of Ships from West to East is more easie than from East to West For out of Europe into the Indies they sayl in about four months when as in their return home it is about six months And this is because in their Voyage thither they are carried or moved into the same point with the Earth but in their return they are moved or carried into the contrary From the moving of the Earth the Celestial appearances c. may be declared 8. Because all the Celestial appearances the rising and setting of the Stars the increase or lengthning of the days c. may be evidently declared if we maintain the Earth to be moved But most especially the commodiousness and necessity of this Hypothesis is seen in those admirable properties of the Planets to explicate which the Ptolomaicks are compelled to invent many Circles Epicycles and Eccentricks without any reason But the Copernicans do so derive them from the second motion of the Earth about the Sun with easie labour insomuch that thereby they can make the cause of them manifest and so easie that the very unlearned may understand them to wit first why the Planets may seem sometimes to be retrograde or go backwards and indeed Saturn oftner and longer than Jupiter Jupiter than Mars c. sometimes to be carried with a swifter motion and sometimes to be stationary 2ly Why Venus and Mercury can never the whole night long be seen 3ly Why Venus can never depart any greater distance from the Sun than â—0 degrees but Mercury no greater then thirty degrees and therefore those two Planets can never be seen to be opposite to the Sun Fourthly why Venus in the evening
of the same day after the Sun and in the morning before the Sun may be seen I forbear to bring hither any more appearances but they are the principal from which I think an Argument of greatest moment may be fetcht for this Motion of the Earth when as by this Motion of the Earth they may be so commodiously declared that it should rather be admired if the Earth could not be moved by such evident appearances These are the easier Arguments by which the Copernicans would evince the motion of the Earth which although they be not demonstrative yet they make this hypothesis more probable than that which determines the Heaven to be moved for one of them must needs be admitted The Reasons of â—ome against the moving of the Earth as the Ptolomaians But these Reasons which some men to wit the Ptolomaians alledge to the contrary are easily dissolved which are these First that the Earth is unfitting for motions by reason of its ponderosity Secondly that the parts of the Earth are naturally moved with a strait motion to the Center therefore a circular motion is contrary to the nature thereof Thirdly if the Earth should be moved a stone cast down from a Tower could not fall to the foot thereof Fourthly a bullet shot out of a piece of Ordnance towards the East at some mark it could not come home to it or hit it if the mark with the whole Earth were moved towards the East or at least the hitting the mark should be more swift than if the bullet were shot towards the East Fifthly neither the Towers nor buildings could stand stedfast but would fall by reason of that motion of the Earth neither could men be without giidiness by reason of the whirling about of the Earth Sixthly because we see that the Stars change their place but not the Earth Seventhly because the Earth is in the Center of the World but the Center is not moved Eightly because the holy Scriptures do confirm the stability or stedfastness of the Earth The aforesaid Reasons of the Ptolomaians answered by the Copernicans Yet indeed the Copernicans to these Arguments use to answer after this manner To the first they Answer denying the whole Earth to be heavy for ponderosity is a tendency of the parts to their whole homogeneous of the same kind and such a heaviness is also discovered in the parts of the Sun and Moon and yet notwithstanding neither the Sun nor Moon is said to be heavy To the second they Answer That that right motion of the parts of the Earth not of the whole Earth and the circular motion thereof doth not hinder the strait carrying of those parts which is evidenced by the parts of the Sun and Moon To the third Argument they reply in a threefold manner First that such heavy things are not primarily carried to the Center of the Earth and therefore are born by a very short line to the superficies thereof as Iron tendeth not to the Center of the Loadstone but to the Loadstone Secondly the whole Air cleaveth to the Earth and is moved together with her therefore all such heavy things being thrown together downwards get this circular motion and are moved as it were in a Vessel And Thirdly The Opinion of Gassendus therein Gassendus by frequent experience hath demonstrated that if any thing be cast from a moved body that which is so cast is also moved with that motion of the moved body as for example a stone thrown down from the top of the Mast of a Ship moved most swiftly is nevertheless not left by the Ship but falls down to the foot of the Mast and from the foot of the Mast a bullet being shot perpendicularly out of a hand-Gun falleth again perpendicularly therefore the alledged Objection is nothing worth To the fourth Reason they answer in the same manner as unto the third To the fifth they say That some such thing hath no place because the motion is equal neither doth it dash against another body and the buildings as it were heavy bodies and homogeneous or of like to the Earth are moved as in a Ship for we find in a Ship moved very swiftly or slowly the bodies set upright therein are not overthrown yea Cups and pots full of Wine or other liquor shed nothing thereof at all To the sixth we say That the change of the Stars place is not perceived but we find the change of their situation in respect of our selves but this mutation of position may be observed and be whether we be moved with the Earth or the Stars be moved we being stedfast or also both we and the Stars In the seventh Objection both the major and minor proposition is false or at least doubtful To the eighth they reply First that the holy Scripiure in physical or natural things doth speak according to appearances and the capacity of the Vulgar for example when the Moon with the Sun is called a great light because it was created to give light to the Night Of the Moon whenas indeed the Moon is not great in respect of the Stars and Earth neither hath she any light of her own proper nature nor doth she give light in all Nights to the Earth So the Scripture saith Of the Sun that the Sun goeth to the extreamest part of the Earth and that he returneth to that end again when as notwithstanding there is no such end or furthermost part So in the book of Job a plane and square figure is attributed to the Earth under whom Pillars are set upon which it leaneth which indeed must not at all be so understood as the very Vulgar well know There might more places be alledged hither but these are sufficient For the holy Scriptures were not given to us thereby to play the Philosophers but to practice Piety Secondly certain places of Scripture are wont to be alledged which speak not concerning the immobility thereof but concerning its constancy and durance as that place which we have brought hither out of Job Thus have we briefly declared of what sort the motion may be which the Copernicans ascribe to the Earth of which a more exquisite explication is usually given in Astronomy But that being supposed all those things are to be applied to the Earth which are wont to be considered in a Globe turned round about Of the Axil Poles Periphery Parallels c. of the Globe to wit the Axil about which it is turned is one of the Diameters the Poles are the extremities or two points which are not moved the greater circle or periphery according to which the circumrotation or wheeling about is made and its parallels Now let us see concerning the swiftness of that motion The first motion by which the Earth is turned round about his Axil cannot be seen and considered in the whole Earth at once Of the motion of the Earth its difference swiftness c. but in divers
again opposite four days of the year in two of which the Sun shall obtain a middle distance from the place given if therefore the place given be North take two of those four days whereof one happeneth between the 21 of December and the 21 of March this shall be the entrance of the Spring the other between the 21 of September and the 21 of December this shall be the entrance of Autumn But if the place given be South from those four days you must take the day between the 21 of June and the 21 of September for the entrance of the Spring and for the beginning of Autumn that which happeneth between the 21 of March and the 21 of June The beginning of Winter shall be the 21 of June if the place be South but if North the 21 of December 3. If the place given be between the Aequator and the eighth degree of Latitude it shall have two Summers and two Spring seasons besides Autumn and Winter except peradventure we will cast away that second Spring which is intermedial between the two Summers as we said in the end of the preceeding Proposition and attribute a continual Summer to that time which if you do we must act no otherwise with the given place than in the former Mode If we will attribute two Summers and two Springs to it as the definitions of Summer and Spring accurately observed do require we shall first act by the first Mode as in the former Theorems viz. we shall find the entrance of Summer and Winter and except the four days of moderate distance found in the Table of those four those two which we advised to take in the former Mode for the entrance of the Spring and Autumn here again we shall take on the same conditions but of the other two days that only which is proximate to the day of the Summer shall be taken For this will shew the end of the Summer and the beginning of the second Spring but for the day of the second Summer another day of the three remaining shall be taken in that Area from which the beginning of the first Summer was taken viz. that which is distant by an equal number of days from the 21 of June and the 21 of Capricorn if the place be South the first day of the Summer So the days shall be found in which the Summer the Spring Autumn and the Winter do begin and end in the places of the Torrid Stone Proposition V. In the places in the temperate and frigid Zones the four seasons of the year are almost equal or consist of an equal number of days But in the places of the Torrid Zone they are unequal Neither are only the times of the divers seasons unequal but also the time of the season in the divers places of the Zones is unequal The seasons of the year in the places in the Temperate and Frigid Zone are equal 1. For the places of the temperate and frigid Zones what I have said is easily demonstrated For seeing that the Sun in every time of those four quarters of the Year runs through three Signs therefore the times of the Spring Summer Autumn and the Winter shall be equal or of equal days except some days viz. five in which the Summer and four in which the Spring of the Northern places exceed the Autumn and the Winter but in the Southern places it is otherwise for Autumn and Winter exceed the Spring and Summer which as we have shewed before proceedeth from the excentricity of the Sun 2. In places lying under the Aequator there are two Summers as also other Seasons but hoth short as also both the Springs viz. each Summer and each Spring hath only 32 days which is 64 days but the Autumns and Winters are longer viz. 55 days which is 110 days 3. In the places of the Torrid Zone by how much the less they are remote from the Aequator by so much the more they have the longer Summer the less Winter and more or less moderate Autumn and Spring for in places not remote above 10 degrees from the Aequator the Summer continueth six Months Now the greatness of the Summer Autumn Winter and Spring is known by the preceeding Proposition What hath hitherto been said is only to be understood concerning the Celestial Seasons that is those which depend on a Celestial Cause or from the access or recess of the Sun for from this alone cometh not light heat and cold as we have said in some places before therefore we shall consider the other causes in the following Propositions Proposition VI. In places of the Tornid Zone as the Sun by day is very near the Vertex so on the contrary by night he is beneath the Horizon Of the Motion of the Sun in places of the Torrid Frigid and Temperate Zones and very much removed from the Vertex of those places so that those places by night lye almost in the middle shadow of the Earth neither can the Air possibly any wayes be warmed by the Suns rayes by frequent reflection In places of the Frigid Zone as the Sun by day is not very nigh the Vertex so by night he doth not profoundly remain beneath the Horizon but for the greatest part of the night doth so turn round beneath the Horizon that many rayes from him by reflection do penetrate into the Air. In places of the Temperate Zone as the Sun by day cometh to the Vertex of those places by a moderate Vicinity so by night by an easie distance he is depressed beneath the Horizon so that some rayes at least are in the Air. To shew this by the Globe first let the Pole be elevated for some place scituated in the Torrid Zone or rather let the Pole be placed in the Horizon it self that the places of the Aequator may be in the Vertex of the Horizon or that the wooden Horizon may become the Horizon of the places of the Aequator then consider the depression of the Parallels which the Sun describeth by his circumrotation beneath the Horizon and the truth of the member of this Proposition will appear Then let the Pole be elevated for the places of the Frigid Zone or let the Poles be placed in the Vertex of the Horizon and the Parallels of the Sun beneath the Horizon from the first degree of Libra to the first of Aries being considered it will again be manifest that they are very little depressed below the Horizon And so we have shewed the second member or part of this Proposition Lastly let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of any place scituated in the Temperate Zone and the depression of the Parallels beneath the Horizon again being considered the third part of this Proposition will be proved Proposition VII A place being given in the Globe and the day of the year to find the Longitude of the Crepusculum or Twilight in the place given at the day given That time is