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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
day_n	degree_n	longitude_n	minute_n	8,159	5	12.3086	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A58159	A collection of curious travels & voyages in two tomes ... / by John Ray ...	Ray, John, 1627-1705.; Rauwolf, Leonhard, ca. 1540-1596. Seer aanmerkelyke reysen na en door Syrien t́ Joodsche Land, Arabien, Mesopotamien, Babylonien, Assyrien, Armenien, &c. in t́ Jaar 1573 en vervolgens gedaan. English.; Staphorst, Nicolaus, 1679-1731.; Belon, Pierre, 1517?-1564.	1693 (1693)	Wing R385; ESTC R17904	394,438	648

Sun without using any 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the Parallax and Refraction which at that time was not necessary I found the Latitude to be 41 degrees 6 minutes And in this Latitude in the Chart I have placed Byzantium and not in that either of the Greeks or Arabians From which Observation being of singular use in the rectification of Geography it will follow by way of Corallary that all Maps for the North-East of Europe and of Asia adjoyning upon the Bosphorus Thracius the Pontus Euxinus and much farther are to be corrected and consequently the situation of most Cities in Asia properly so called are to be brought more Southerly than those of Ptolemy by almost two entire degrees and then those of the Arabians by almost four Concerning Rhodes it may be presumed that having been the Mother and Nurse of so many eminent Mathematicians and having long flourished in Navigation by the direction of these and by the vicinity of the Phoenicians they could not be ignorant of the precise Latitude of their Country and that from them Ptolemy might receive a true information Though it cannot be denied but that Ptolemy in places remoter from Alexandria hath much erred I shall only instance in our own Country where he situates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is London in 54 degrees of Latitude and the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the middle of the Isle of Wight which in the printed Copies is falsly termed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but in the MSS rightly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in 52 degrees and 20 minutes of Latitude Whereas London is certainly known to have for the Altitude of the Pole or Latitude of the place only 51 degrees and 32 minutes and the middle of the Isle of Wight not to exceed 50 degrees and some minutes But in my judgment Ptolemy is very excusable in these and the like Errors of several other places far distant from Alexandria seeing he must for their position necessarily have depended either upon relations of Travellers or Observations of Mariners or upon the Longitude of the day measured in those times by Clepsydrae all which how uncertain they are and subject unto Error if some celestial Observations be not joyned with them and those exactly taken with large Instruments in which kind the Ancients have not many and our times excepting Tycho Brahe and some of the Arabians but a few I say no man that hath conversed with modern Travellers and Navigators can be ignorant Wherefore to excuse these Errors of his or rather of others fathered by him with a greater absurdity by asserting the Poles of the World since his time to have changed their site and consequently all Countries their Latitudes as Mariana the Master of Copernicus and others after him have imagined or else to charge Ptolemy being so excellent an Artist with Ignorance and that even of his own Country as Cluverius hath done from which my Observations at Alexandria and Memphis may vindicate him the former were too great a stupidity and the latter too great a Presumption But to return to Rhodes an Island in Eustathius's Comment upon Dionysius's 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 920 furlongs circuit where according to Ptolemy the Parallel passing 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hath 36 degrees of Latitude and so hath Lindus and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the chief Cities of the Island the same is confirmed by the MS but where the printed Copy and Eustathius read 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Mercator renders Talyssus the MS renders 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Abulfeda in some Copies situates the Island Rhodes for he mentions no Cities there in the Latitude of 37 degrees and 40 minutes And the Geography of Said Ibn Aly Algiorgany commended by Gilbertus Gaulmyn in 37 degrees if it be not by a transposition in the MS of the numerical Letters in Arabic 37 for 36. which by reason of their similitude are often confounded in Arabick MSS. By my Observations under the Walls of the City Rhodes with a fair Brass Astrolabe of Gemma Frisius containing 14 inches in the diameter I found the Latitude to be 37° and 50′ A larger Instrument I durst not adventure to carry on shore in a place of so much jealousie And this Latitude in the Chart I have assigned to the City Rhodes from the Island so denominated upon which on the North-east side it stands situated better agreeing with the Arabians than with Ptolemy whom I know not how to excuse CHAP. VI. Some Observations made in a Voyage to Aegypt By M. Belon IN our sailing between Rhodes and Alexandria a sort of Falcon came and sate two hours upon our Sails Abundance of Quails flying from the North Southwards fell into our Ship We observ'd in our sailing many Pelecans and some unknown Birds At Alexandria I observ'd them to burn the Kali for Fuel Wood being scarce they calcine Lime with the Ashes then call it Soda and sell it to the Venetians who melt it with a particular Stone brought from Pavia by the River Tesino and so make their famous Crystal Glass at Muran but the French find the Sand brought from Estampes to serve as well as the Pavian Stone From this place they send their Commodities and Merchandise into all parts of the World In my passage to and from Grand Cairo and during my abode there I observ'd besides other things the Animals and Plants As the Garaffa or Camelopardalus the Bubalus of Africk different from the Buffalo Flocks of the Oryx and of Gazells which they shoot the Axis a most beautiful Creature by the Description it may be the Zebra or Zembra of Africk great varieties of Monkeys at Caire the Hippopotamus about the Lakes and Rivers Goats with very long Ears hanging down almost to the Ground Sheep with great Tails and vast Laps under their Chin the Ichneumon tame in their Houses like Cats this Animal destroys Rats and Mice like Weasils hunts Serpents which the People eat destroys Chamaelions and other Lizzards it creeps and darts upon its Prey 't is bigger and much stronger than a Cat. I observ'd at Caire many Civet-Cats Two kinds of Camelions frequently sitting on the Rhamnus catching of Insects with their Tongues as they fly by Crocodiles common in the Lakes and Rivers the little Lacerta Chalcidica hunts Insects under the Walls the Stellio or Swift Lizzard is common about the Pyramids and the other Sepulchres where it runs after Flies the Excrement of this Animal is sold up and down for an excellent Cosmetick I saw also the Serpent call'd Cerastes The great Batts abound in the Caves Amongst the Birds the Ostrich whose Skins and Feathers are in use amongst the Turks the Pelecan with whose Bills and Bags the Watermen of the Nile throw the Water out of their Boats the Vulp-Anser is common in the watery places I observ'd also the Crex and the Ibis The Inhabitants never hatch their Eggs under Hens but all in Ovens or Furnaces The common Trees are the Tamarisk

make a red Powder to excite the Appetite of the Stomach These and more strange and unknown Simples I did find at Tripolis But because it would be too tedious to describe them all therefore I have only made mention of those that Authors have described CHAP. V. Which way I travelled from Tripolis further to the two Famous Cities of Damant and Halepo AFter I had rested for several Weeks in Tripolis and had observed that City its Building and pleasant Situation and moreover the Manners Customs and Habits as well of the low as high ones I propounded to my self to Travel to Aleppo which is almost the biggest and the most Famous Trading City of Syria which lies five or six days Journey towards the North-east of Tripolis And when I met with some Companions to Travel with me we stored our selves with Provisions viz. Bread Cheese Eggs c. for our Journey and so set out of Tripolis the 9 th of November Anno 73. By the way we met with a great deal of Rain which commonly begins at that time of the Year and continueth almost all the Winter long This kept us so much back that we reached not to Damant which is in the mid-way from Tripolis to Aleppo before the fourth day There we lodged in one of their great Champs called Carvatscharas where we had a Chamber assigned us in which we found neither Table nor Chairs nor Bench nor Bed only upon the Floor was laid a Stromatzo twisted of Canes which was to serve us instead of them all There we bought in their Bazar some Victuals according to our pleasure and staid there all Night long The Town which some take to be the Old Apamia is pretty big and pretty well built it lies in a Valley between Hills so that you can see nothing of it the Castle only excepted which lyeth on the Hill and guardeth it very well before you are just come to it Round about it there is many Orchards and Kitchen-Gardens which they Water out of the River Hasce which is pretty large and runs through the Town The Water they lift up with Wheels for that purpose fixed in the River that pour it into Channels that carry it into the Gardens and so Water them in the great heat of the Sun to refresh them These Gardens had been worth my seeing but my Fellow-Travellers were in hast and so we put on the next Morning for Aleppo By the way we saw very good Corn-Fields Vineyards and Fields planted with Cotton which is brought from thence and sold to us under the Name of the place where it grew and also Silks and other Goods that are bought there at the first hand In these Countries are a great many Wild Asses called Onagri the Skins of them are very strong to wear and as they prepare them finely frockt on the outside as Strawberries are or like the Skin of the Sepia or Cuttle-Fish wherefore they commonly make their Scabbards for their Scymitars and Sheaths of their Knives thereof Their Blades are watered on both sides very subtilly they are made of good Metal well hardened and so sharp chiefly these that are made in Damascus that you may cut with them a very strong Nail in pieces without any hurt to the Blade They wear rather Knives than Daggers which they tye to their Girdles with finely wrought Tapes by their backs When we went on and came to the Promontory of Mount Libanus we saw abundance of Villages by the way which for the most part are inhabited by Christians viz. Syrians Maronites c. with whom we did Lodge sometimes over-night these entertained us very civilly and gave us such Wine to drink as grew on the Mountains than which I hardly remember I ever drank better Amongst the rest of the Villages we came to one called Hanal lying high in a Fruitful Country where as I am informed in former days a very fine City stood which is so desolated and in process of time decayed to that degree that in our days there is almost nothing of it left but a small Village and here and there in the Fields some small Ruins of Old Houses We went on further between the Mountains where we spied a little Town upon the Hills and above it a strong Castle which it 's said the French did formerly build that lyeth in a very convenient place between the Mountains so that you must go just by it but because it is haunted with Evil Spirits and Hobgoblins it remaineth unrepaired and uninhabited We left it on our left hand and came out into a spacious Corn-Field well tilled where on our left we saw the Town Sermin at a great distance and near to it and about it great Woods of Pistacio-Trees which are gathered there and sent to Tripolis and so by the Merchants to us Some of them grow also near the High-ways chiefly in the Village of Basilo where we stayed all Night In our way we found nine or ten Champs called Caravatscharas these are open Inns where the Caravans and Travellers go in commonly towards Evening to stay there all Night they are free to any body but you find neither Meat nor Drink there if you will have it you must bring it along with you and must be contented to lye upon Straw if you can have it upon the lower Wall which goes round about the sides on purpose to give to Horses Asses and Camels their Food upon it They are generally three Miles distant from one another they are large and stately and as strong in Walls as Castles commonly built four-square and have within a large Yard and round about it are Stables which are quite open just like Cloisters Some of them have a Garrison of Nine or Twelve Janisaries to keep the Roads clean and to protect the Travellers from Assaults of the Inhabitants and Arabians When we had travelled over several rough Mountains and came almost near to Halepo we saw at last the City just like Damand of the bigness of Strasbourg at the Gates we dismounted because in Turky no Outlandish Man hath liberty to Ride through a City and so we went into it and I went into the French Fundique to take my Lodgings as all Germans use to do CHAP. VI. Of the Situation of the Potent City of Halepo of the Buildings thereof and also of the delicate Fruits and fine Plants that grow there within and without Gardens THE Town of Halepo which is the greatest and most Potent in Syria anciently called Nerea is in some places well Fortified with Ditches and Walls only they are not quite round it so that one may the same it is with Tripolis at any time of Night go in and out Neither are the Gates as used in our Country chiefly in Cities of Account beset with Souldiers but you will only see two or three waiting at the Head-Gates where the High-ways go through which are rather there to take Custom than to keep the Gates neither have they

King Solomon did begin to build a House for the Lord at Jerusalem many years afterwards This was formerly very high surrounded with deep Ditches and Cliffs so that it would make a Man giddy to look down from the top into the depth Wherefore Pompey and Titus took a great deal of pains before they could get upon it to take and destroy that glorious and well-built Temple which was in the last Desolation as well as before in the first burnt by Nabuhcodonosor demolished and razed to the Foundations as Christ foretold them Mark xiii That there should not be left one stone upon another that should not be thrown down because they did not acknowledge the gracious time of their visitation And that all hopes might be taken away from the Jews to return and to build the Temple again to re-establish their Worship Hadrian the Emperor to prevent all ordered in the year of Christ 134 all to be broken down that was left and to root it up to demolish all heighths to fill up all Ditches to level Cliffs and to make the Ground even all over he did also alter the Name and Religion of the Inhabitants and instead thereof introduced the Heathenish Idolatry In the place of the Grave of Christ he built a Temple for the Idol Jupiter on Mount Calvaria another for the Idol Venus and another at Bethlehem to the Idol Adonis and at last in the place where formerly in the Temple of Solomon did stand the Sanctum Sanctorum he erected his own Image on a high Column for his memory which was still standing in Hieronymus's time The heighth of this Mount cannot be observed any where else now then without by the Fountain Siloah and in the Valley of Benhinnon and so it did remain desolate to the times of the great Emperor Constantine After that when the Jews undertook to rebuild the Temple at the Charge of Julian the Apostate who would make Christ a liar the Lord having said that their House should be left unbuilt a great Earthquake when they had opened the Ground to lay the Foundation did move and shake the whole place to that degree that every thing was turned upside down and abundance of Jews did perish in it But when the Jews did not matter this but endeavoured to go on with the Work in hand the next day Flames of Fire broke out of the Ground and fiery Beams struck down from Heaven which destroyed more than the Earthquake and burnt all their Tools viz. Saws Axes Shovels Hammers c. When the Jews would not leave their Error for all this the night following some small glittering Crosses like Stars fell down upon their Cloaths which they could not wash off the next Morning nor get out by any means and an Earthquake and such a violent Hurricane came upon it that it dissipated all t● Mortar and other Materials into the Air so that frightened and full of fear they were forced to confess that Christ whom their Ancestors Crucified was the true and only Lord and God Seeing that the Temple together with the Mount it stood upon are razed and desolated so that one can hardly now discern what they have been anciently every one that goeth by because the Lord did not favour his own House where his Name was sanctified hath reason to be astonished at it and to call to mind the strange anger of God against those that leave the Lord their God and adhere to other gods serve and adore them Now adays the Turks have taken possession of this Mount and all the Ground whereon Solomon's Temple did stand and have built a Mahumetan Mosche on it which Homar the Third after the great Impostor Mahomet built when he had taken the holy Land and the City of Jerusalem This is not very large nor high but fine and covered with Lead hath a great Court Yard about it paved with white Marble and here and there Orange and Date Trees are planted in it which is very pleasant about the sides thereof are some high Towers and Gates one whereof is vastly bigger than any of the rest which is near to their Batzar or Exchange which is very old high and hath very good Workmanship in it wherefore the Franciscan Monks shew it instead of the Gate of Solomon's Temple before which lay the Man that was lame from his Mother's Womb that begged Alms from Peter and John to whom Peter said Silver and gold I have none but such as I have give I thee In the Name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth rise up and walk At the end of the Gate of this Yard as commonly in all their Church Porches hung some Lamps I could have willingly gone in before them to see the Rock and Fountain whereof Ezek. in his Forty seventh Chapter maketh mention together with the inward Building but because according to their Mahumetan Laws all those that are not circumcised are accounted to be unclean therefore going into their Churches is forbid to Christians if any one is catch'd ●ithin he is in danger of his life or else he must deny his Faith and be made a Mamaluck or Renegado In this Court-Yard is still another Gate called the Golden Gate by the Franciscans but because it stands just over against the Mount of Olives therefore it is to be taken to be the Gate Sur or rather as Nehemias ch iii. Ezek. xlvii and 2 Chron. xxxi say For the Gate of the Stairs which Semaia the Son of Sahamia the Keeper of them did build through which our Lord Christ did go into the Temple on Palm-Day to drive out the Buyers and Sellers Now altho this is walled up in the New Town Wall so that you cannot go either out or in yet considering its ancient Arches it looketh rather like a Church than a Town-Gate In the middle of the Yard stands a Turkish Mosche or Temple called the Rock this is esteemed very much by the Turks and next to those of Mecha and Medina reputed to be the most holy Because God Almighty hath wrought many great Miracles there and that there Mahomet as they falsly write of him in their Books called by God to be the last and greatest Prophet did ride from Mecha to that of the holy Rock of the Temple of Jerusalem which is Forty Days Journey on a very swift Beast called Elmparae conducted thither by the Angel Gabriel who at his arrival did help him off of his Beast tied it up and then led him by the Hand into the Temple where he found many Prophets standing together in a Circle which God had resuscitated for his Honor and to receive him and to acquaint him with new good Tidings and what God had prepared for him I suppose ever burning Flames of Fire among the rest he did also find Abraham Moses and Jesus the Son of Mary each of them presenting him first Moses with a Fatt of Wine Abraham with a Fatt full of Milk and Jesus with a Fatt of Water Then

People about in the Plain The Pilgrims being returned to Mecha divide themselves in several Caravans because of the different Countries they come from and are to go back to them again The Caravan that met at Damascus upon their return pass by Medina and visit Mahomet's Tomb seeing it is upon their Road Of the rest those who are prompted by Devotion go thither but a great part return back to their several Countries without turning out of their way to visit the said Sepulchre their Law not obliging them to that as it does to visit the other places above mentioned So that they are grosly mistaken who have affirmed that the Pilgrimage of the Turks is to the Sepulchre of Mahomet who obliged them to it For that false Prophet told his Followers when he drew near his death that if any one returning from Mecha had the curiosity to come and see his Sepulchre he should say a Fatha for his Soul which is a Prayer taken out of the Alcoran resembling in some manner our Pater Noster and be gone Mecha is the place of Mahomet's Birth Medina of his Burial An Extract of a Journey through part of Arabia Felix from the Copy in Ramusio's Collection WE travell'd in most places of Arabia by the help of a Compass and were forty days and forty nights in going between Damascus and Mecha Port Ziden is forty miles distant from Mecha from whence it receives the greatest part of its Provisions by the Red Sea from Aegypt Aethiopia and Arabia Felix the numbers of Pilgrims and Camels being incredible and fresh Water very scarce and as dear as Wine in Europe I stole away secretly from Mecha in the disguise of a Mammaluke to Ziden in order to pass round Arabia by Sea into Persia Ziden contains about 500 Houses there lay at Anchor in the Haven almost 100 Brigantines and Foysts with divers Barks of sundry sorts both with and without Oars After six days sailing we came to Gezan a fair commodious Port full of Vessels the Soil is very fruitful and delicious abounding with many rare Fruits and Flowers The Inhabitants for the most part go naked Leaving Gezan in the space of five or six days we reach'd an Island named Camaran ten miles in circuit In it is a Town of 200 Houses the Inhabitants are Mahometans it hath great store of Flesh and fresh Water The Haven is eight miles from the Continent and is subject to the Sultan of Arabia Felix In two days sailing we came to the mouth of the Red Sea The day after our arrival at Aden I being suspected for a Portuguese Spy was cast into heavy Chains and thrown into Prison After fifty five days Imprisonment I was set upon a Camel with my Shackles and in eight days Journey came to Rhada a City where the Sultan then lay with 30000 men to make War against the Sultan of Sana three days distant from Rhada The Sultan's Guard were Aethiopians with short broad Swords painted Targets and Darts Slings and Ropes made of Cotton Having obtain'd ●y Liberty I pass'd through Almacaran and Lagh● to Aden where I embark'd for Persia In this Journey I observ'd many Monkeys Lyons Sheep with prodigious great Tails variety of Spices Sugars and a sort of Grape without Stones very delicious Many strange Gum Trees as the Balsam the Myrrhe Frankincense Coffee Coco's c. Some Observations made by Sir Henry Middleton and other English-men in Arabia Felix when they were most treacherously seized and led Prisoners from Moha and Aden up to Zenan Also Capt. Payton's and Capt. Heyn's Observations in some parts of Arabia Felix WE were fifteen days in going from Moha to Zenan which is about 180 miles distant N. N. W. it lies in 16 degrees and 15. min. Lat. We were carried about our Christmas time and were almost starved with cold there being hoary Frosts and Ice at Zenan Some of our men got Furrs this was wonderful in such a Latitude We fed much upon Dates and Plantanes Zenan appeared to me bigger than Bristol its situation is in a Stony Valley encompass'd with high Hills with many Gardens and places of Pleasure The Buildings are of good Stone and Lime February the 17 th we obtained our Liberty and began on the 18 th our Journey from Zenan to Moha That night we came to Siam 16 miles some on Asses others on Camels On the 19 th to Surage 18 miles On the 20 th to the City Damare in a plentiful Country 20 miles from Surage On the 21 st we arrived at Ermin 15 miles here we staid the 22 d. On the 23 d we came to Nagual Samare The 24 th to Mohader 13 miles from Nackelsamar On the 25 th to Rabattamain 16 miles from Mohader Here they make Opium of a Poppy but it is not good The 26 th we came to Coughe called Meifadine 16 miles from Rabattamain On the 27 th we were at Tayes half as large as Zenan here they make Indigo out of an Herb. March the 1 st we travelled from Tays to Eufras 16 miles distant March the 2 d to Assambine 11 miles On the 3 d to Accomoth The 4 th to Mousa 17 miles Here we observ'd them steeping the Indigo Plant. On the 5 th we got to Moha Moha is less than Tayes but very populous it stands close by the Sea in a Salt and Sandy Soil unwalled yet it hath Platforms and Forts Abundance of Shipping resort thither from India and great Caravans by land from Syria and Mecha to trade and exchange Commodities Aden is the greatest Port of Arabia Felix 't is situated at the foot of vast high Mountains which rise up with Pikes and run with great Promontories into the Sea These Hills were called Cababarre according to the Journal of Don John of Castro the Portuguese Capt. Dunton of Sir Henry Middleton's Fleet observ'd Aden to lye in 12 deg 35 min. of N. Lat. The variation Westerly was 12 degrees and 40 minutes It flows upright between 6 and 7 foot Water on the change day The Canoos came about the English Ships with Indigo Olibanum and Myrrhe but no trade with them by reason of their treachery Aden has been a great City of above 6000 Houses but Capt. Dounton found the Buildings much decay'd and many of them sunk Capt. Sharpeigh was the first Englishman that ever landed at Aden he had been there 16 months before in the year 1610. The aforementioned parts of Arabia Felix were at that time under the subjection of the Turks who had got possession of them from the Arabians by tricks and treachery whom they kept in awe by many Castles built on Hills and Passes and by the many Captives they always kept as Pledges Sir Henry Middleton observ'd many of the mountainous parts to be under the Dominion of the Arabians who are very populous in all the places where he passed and are at frequent Wars with the insolent Turks who pretended secret Orders from the Grand Signior to destroy all