Selected quad for the lemma: day_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
day_n	degree_n	hour_n	pole_n	5,957	5	12.5130	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A77649	The description and use of the carpenters-rule: together with the use of the line of numbers (inscribed thereon) in arithmetick and geometry. And the application thereof to the measuring of superficies and solids, gaging of vessels, military orders, interest and annuities: with tables of reduction, &c. : To which is added, the use of a (portable) geometrical sun-dial, with a nocturnal on the backside, for the exact and ready finding the hour of the day and night: and other mathematical conclusions. Also of a universal-dial for the use of seamen or others. With the use of a sliding or glasiers-rule and Mr. White's rule for solid measure. / Collected and fitted to the meanest capacity by J. Browne.	Brown, John, philomath.; Gaywood, Richard, fl. 1650-1680.	1667 (1667)	Wing B5039D; ESTC R173095	73,644	256

The Description and Vse OF THE CARPENTERS-RULE Together with the use of the LINE of NUMBERS Inscribed thereon In Arithmatick and Geometry And the Application thereof to the Measuring of Superficies and Solids Gaging of Vessels Military Orders Interest and Annuities with Tables of Reduction c. To which is added The Use of a portable Geometrical Sun-dial with a Nocturnal on the backside for the exact and ready finding the hour of the Day and Night And other Mathematical conclusions Also of a Vniversal-Dial for the Use of Seamen or others With the Use of a Sliding or Glasiers-Rule and Mr. White 's Rule for Solid measure Collected and Fitted to the Meanest Capacity By J. Browne London Printed by W. G. for William Fisher at the Postern-gate neer Tower-hill 1667 To the Reader Courteous Reader whomsoever thou art I Shall intreat thee to take in good part this Collection of The Ules of the Line of Numbers commonly called or best known to Artificers by the name of C●nter's Line I write it not as a new thing but rather as a renovation of an old one and the great motive that provoked and stimed me up to it is this I making and selling Rules with Gunter's Line on them many a one would say to me How shall I come to know the use of this Line I reply that in Mr. Cunter's Book there the Use is set forth but because of the obscurity of the Instructions there as to the reading of the Line and also the dearness of the Book many a one that would gladly learn are deterred from taking pains therein lest they should spend time and oyl to no purpose and also for want of cases fit to their purpose they are apt to think it as to no purpose Therefore that I might be as an ABCdarian to the Instrumental way of working being the most proper for Mechanick Men such as Carpenters Joyners Masons Bricklayers and the like which for the most part are ignorant of Arithmatick and that knowledge might be increased any way I thought it convenient and make no doubt of a good benefit to accrue thereby to them whose capacities and purses in these Critical times cannot well reach to other more difficult and dear Authors I shall not much Apologise for my self as to style or manner of writing being like my self what it is I beseech you accept in as good part as it was offered I might have implored the aid of some more abler Pen but I thought Mechanick men best understand them of their own profession in this and other Discourses because they are men of the same stature in knowledge and expressions Possibly it may provoke some to a more accurate and universal Treatise In the mean time take this as a Harbinger till that come And being apt to think that Ship-carpenters or Sea-faring men may light of it I have added in the conclusion as an Appendix the Vse of a perticular and Vniversal Sun-dial also of a Nocturnal or Star-dial by which the hour of the Day and Night may be had in all places of the North latitude from 1 degree to 66.30 where the day Artificial is 24 hours long In all which I have laboured after b●evity and plainness as much as may be And to the end you may learn to know the Stars I have been at the charge to print a Paper with all the principal Stars in the Northern Hemisphere from the Pole to the Equinoctial so that you may take any in that compass and they that please may do the like for the South Hemisphere So I wish you may reap much profit thereby and remain willing to serve you in what I may J. B. At the Sphere and Dial in the great Minories Lond. 66. The Description and Vse of the Carpenters-Plain-Rule as it is now made CHAP. 1. I Thought good to add this Chapter for the sake of some possibly young beginners and them that would not be ignorant altogether in the way of Measuring therewith though they may seldom have occasion of it and also knowing that they that have the most knowledge once had little enough And farther I find by experience that many there be that can measure by the Plain Rule that cannot use the Line of Numbers and some also know not the use of the plain Rule neither For these Reasons I have added this Chapter of The Description and use of the Carpenters-Plain-rule It is call'd a Carpenters Rule rather-then a Joyners Bricklayers Masons Glasiers or the like I suppose because they find the most absolute necessity of it in their way for they have as much or more occasion to use it than most other Trades though the same Rule must measure all kind of Superficies and solids which two Measures measure every visible substance which is to be measured And it is usually made of Box or Holly 24 Inches in length and commonly an Inch and half or an Inch and quarter in breadth and of thickness at pleasure and on the one side it is divided into 24 equal Inches according to the Standard at Guild-hall London and every one of those 24 Inches is divided into eight parts that is Halfs Quarters and Half-quarters and the Half-inches are known from the Quarters and Quarters from the Half-quarters by short longer and longest strokes and at every whole Inch is set figures proceeding from 1 to 24 from the right hand toward the left and these parts and figures are on both edges of one side of the Rule both ways numbred to the intent that howsoever you hold the Rule you have the right end to measure from provided you have the right side On the other side you have the Lines of Timber and Board measure The Timber-measure is that which begins at 8 and a half that is when the figures of the Timber-line stand upright to you then I say it begins at the left end at 8 and ½ and proceeds to 36 within an Inch and ⅜ of an Inch of the end Also of the beginning end of the Line of Timber-measure is a Table of figures which contains the quantity of the Under-measure from one Inch square to eight Inches square for the figure 9 comes upon the Rule as you may see neer to 8 in the Table On or next the other edge and same side you have the Line of Board-measure and when those figures stand upright you have 6 at the left or beginning end and 36 at the other or right end just 4 Inches of the end unless it be divided up to 100 then it is nigh an inch and half of the end This Line hath also his Table of Under-measure at the beginning end and begins at 1 and goes to 6 and then the divisions on the Rule do supply all the rest to 100. Thus much for Description Now for Use The Inches are to measure the length or breadth of any Superficies or Sollid given and the manner of doing it were superfluous to speak of or once to mention being

16 ounces is a pound 8 pound a stone 28 lib. a quarter of an hundred 56 lib. half a C. 84 lib. 3 quarters of an C. and 112 lib. or 14 Stone or 4 quarters of a C. is an hundred weight 5 C is a Hogshead weight 19½ C is a Fother of Head and 20 C is a Tun weight and note that l. signifies a Pound in money and lib. signifies a Pound in weight either Troy or Averdupois Rules for Concave Dry measure Note that 2 pints is a quart 2 quarts a pottle or a quarter of a peck 8 pints 4 quarts 2 pottles is one Gallon or half a peck 2 Gallons is a peck 2 pecks make half a Bushel 4 pecks or 56 lib. make a Bushel 2 Bushels is a Strike 2 Strikes a Coomb or half quarter 2 Commbs 4 Strikes or 8 Bushels make a quarter or a Seame 10 quarters or 80 Bushels make a Last Rules for Concave Wet-measure Note that 2 pints is a quart 2 quarts a pottle 2 pottles 4 quarts or 8 pints make a Gallon 9 Gallons make a Firkin or half a Kilderkin 18 Gallons make 2 Firkins a Kilderkin or a Rundlet 36 Gallons is 2 Kilderkins or a Barrel 42 Gallons make a Terce 63 Gallons or 3½ Rundlets make a Hogshead 84 Gallons or 2 Terces make a Tercion or Punchion 126 Gallons is 3 Terces two Hogsheads one Pipe or But. A Tun is 252 Gallons 14 Rundlets 7 Barrels 6 Terces 4 Hogsheads 3 Punchions 2 Pipes or Buts Note that is sweet Oyl 236 Gallons make a Tun but of Whale Oyl 252 goes to the Tun. Water-measure Note that 5 Pecks is a Bushel 3 Bushels a Sack 4 2 2 Bushels a Flat 12 Sacks 4 Flats or 36 Bushels make a Chaldron of Coals Rules for Long-measure Note that 3 Barley corns make an Inch 2¼ Inches make a Nail 4 Nails or 9 Inches make a quarter of a Yard 12 Inches make a Foot 3 Foot 4. Quarters 16 Nails or 36 Inches make a yard 45 inches or 5 quarters of a yard make an ell 5 foot is a pace 6 feet or 2 yards is a fathom 5½ yards or 16½ feet is a pole rod or perch 160 perch in length and one in breadth or 80 perch in length and 2 in breadth or 4 in breadth and 40 in length make an acre 220 yards or 40 pole is a furlong 1760 yards 320 pole or 8 furlongs is an English mile 3 miles is a League 20 leagues or 60 mile is a degree in ordinary account and every mile a minute Rules for Motion and Time in Astronomy and Navigation Note that a minute contains 60 seconds and 60 minutes is one degree and 30 degrees is one sign 2 signs or 60 degrees is a sextile ⚹ 3 signs or 90 degrees is a quadrant or quartile □ 4 signs or 120 degrees a trine ▵ 6 signs or 180 degrees is one opposition ● or semicircle 12 Signs or 360 deg is a Conjunction ♂ and the Suns Annual or Moons monthly motion Note also every hour of time hath in motion 15 Degrees And a minute of time hath 15 minutes of motion and one Degree of motion is 4 minutes of time Note further that every hour of time hath 60 minutes therefore 45 is 3 quarters 30 is half 15 is a quarter of an hour 24 hours a day natural 7 days a week 365 days and about 6 hours is a year Hence it follows that ¼ of a degree in the heavens is 5 Leagues on the earth or 15 minutes of motion above is 1 minute of time below therefore a degree or 60 minutes of motion is 4 minutes of time as before is said All these rules I shall express more largely and in shorter terms by these following Tables Equation for Motion   Signs Degr. Minutes Seconds Note that the 12 Signes is 13 360 21600 1296000 One Signe is 1 30 1800 108000 One Degr. is   1 60 3600 One Min. is     1 60 Equation for Time   Mon. Week Day Hour Minute One Year 13 52 365 8760 52560 Month hath 1 4 28 671 40320 Week hath   1 7 168 10080 Day natural     1 24 1440 Hour hath       1 60 Minute is         1 Equation for Long-measure   Mile Furl Perch Yards Feet Inches Leag 3 24 960 5971 ¼ 15840 190080 Mi. 1 8 340 1760 5280 63360 Furlong 1 40 220 660 7920 Per. Rod. Pol. 1 5 ½ 16 ½ 198 Aere contains of Squar Perc. 160 14520   43560 Acre is in leng 1 40 220 660 7020 Acre is in bredth 4 22 66 792 1 Rood or ¼ of an acre is in len 40       1 Rood or ¼ of an acre is in bread 1 5 ⅕ 16 ½ 198 One Fadom is     6 72 One Elne English is 3 ¾ 45 One Yard is     3 36 One Foot is     1 12 One Inch is 1 Inch 3 grains 1 Equation of Liquid-measure   Gallons Pottle Quart Pints Tun of sweet Oyl 236 472 944 1888 Tun of Wine is 252 504 1008 2016 But or Pipe is 126 252 504 1008 Tertian of wine is 84 168 336 672 Hogshead is 63 126 252 504 A Barrel of Beer or 2 runlets of wi is 36 72 144 288 Kilderkin or one Runlet is 18 36 72 144 Barrel of Ale is 32 64 128 256 Kilderkin of Ale 16 32 64 128 Firkin of Beer is 9 18 36 72 Firkin of Ale is 8 16 32 64 Equation of small dry measure and then of great measure   Peck Gal. Pottl Qu. Pi. Bushel of water-m is 5 10 20 40 80 Bushel of land-me is 4 8 16 32 64 One Peck is 1 2 4 8 16 One Gallon is   1 2 4 8 One Pottle is     1 2 4 One Quart is       1 2   Last Weig Chal Qu. Bush Peck Pints Last of Dry-m is 1 2 2 ½ 10 80 320 5120 One Weight is 1 1 ¼ 5 40 160 2560 Chaldron of coals 1 4 36 144 2098 Quarter of wheat is 1 8 32 512 One Bushel is     1 4 62 Equation for Avoirdupois weight   Hogsheads C. Stons Lib. Ounces Drams Scruples Grains Tun W. gross is 4 20 280 2240 35840 286720 860160 17203200 One Hogshead is 1 5 70 560 8900 71680 215040 4300800 One C. or Hund. is 1 14 112 1792 14336 43008 860160 One Half C. is   7 56 876 7168 21504 430080 One Quarter of C. is 3 ½ 28 448 4584 10752 213040 One Stone is     1 8 128 1024 3072 61440 One Lib. Pound is     1 16 128 384 7680 One Ounce is       1 8 24 480 One Dram is         1 3 69 One Scruple is           1 ●● Equation for Troy-weight   Lib. Ounce Dp. Carrots Grains C. w. 100 1200 24000 28800 576000 ½C is 50 600 12000 14400 288000 ¼C is 25 300 6000 7200 144000 ⅛C is 12 ½ 150 3000 3600 72000 Pound 1 12 340 288 5760

they lengthen by degrees gradually therefore the Winter and Summer 12 and consequently the rest of the hour lines run sloping upwards and downwards as the days lengthen or shorten This being premised and considered an easier Dial all things considered cannot be had Now for an Example or two Having found out the parallel of Declination for so is it called if there be 25 lines or of the Suns rising if there be but 19 you may easily know it by the name at the end of it or by being a prick-line or the next to or the 2 next to a prick line c. hang or hold the Dial up as was taught in the 1 Problem and you shall have the exact hour of the day among the Summer or Winter hours according to the time of the year Example On the 2 of Aug. 1656. I look for A in the lower line of the months because the days shorten and laying a string or causing a shadow to fall from the centre upon the 2 of August which if it hath not a particular stroke for it is a little beyond the long stroke by the A and toward the S and I observe the thred to cut upon the line of Declination called 15 and also it is a prick line in one of 25 lines but almost midway between the first beyond a prick line and may be called the line of the Suns rising at 4. and 41 min. then I hold up my Dial and find at 8 a clock the shadow to cross the 8 of clock line just in the prick line and at the same instant the Suns altitude is 30.15 and the quadrat is 29 and the line of shadows is 1. and 7 tenths that is the shadow of a yard or any thing held upright is the length of the yard and 7 tenths more of another length or yard and note that at 4 a clock the same day the shadow will fall in the same place exactly as was hinted before for equal hours from 12. the Sun hath the like altitude at all times of the year and if it is morning the height increases if afternoon then it decreaseth so that two observations will resolve the question But note First for the months of June and Decemb. where the days are close together the reason is because the days at that time lengthen or shorten but a little so must their spaces be on the instrument if you should miss 3 or 4. days there it makes no sensible error take near as you can and it sufficeth Also note the hours of 11 and 12 are neer together therefore you must be so much the more cautious in observing to hold the Dial wel and to look just on or between the parallel of declination or rising and at 12 of the clock you may look in the Kalender for the day of the month for just on that day will the shadow be at 12 of the clock and short of it increasing before but decreasing after 12. Note also on the 10 of March and 13 of September you must observe in the upper line but on the 11 of June and 11 of December on the lowest line as the rules rehearsed make manifest Lastly if you meet with a Dial that hath the Kalender of Months on the backside then it is but laying a thred over the day and on the line of Declination the thred cuts the correspondent number of Declination as before also the rising and true place and amplitude as I hinted before Then having the number look for the line on the other side that shall have the same number and proceed as before Thus much shall suffice for the Dial particular for one latitude The use of the other line to make it General as also of a Joynt-rule to find the hour and azimuth I shall refer you to the Book of the Joynt-rule a book of this volume fit to be bound up with it being a very useful peice for Dialling Geometry Astronomy and Navigation and many other Mathematical Conclusions and a portable universal Sea-Instrument as any whatsoever extant CHAP. III. The Description of a Universal Dial for all Latitudes from 0 to 66. 30 of North or South Latitude 1. First the Dial it self is an oblong made of Box Brass or Silver or the like and at the shortest side it hath two sights either of it self or fitted into it parallel to one of the shortest sides 2. It hath a Bracheolum with a Thred Bead and Plummet fastned to it that is 3 pieces of Brass so fitted together that being pinn'd on the middle will reach to any of the lines of Latitude and it may be cut away after the work is on to a very comely Form or left Square as shall best please the Fancy 3. Thirdly for the lines on the Dial consider first the centre on the 6 of Clock line where the tangents of Latitude begin and pass on to 66.30 being straight parallel lines drawn cross the oblong to every single Degree of Latitude and you have them numbred with 10.20.30 40.50.60.65 at both ends of those lines 4. Then you have from the Centre aforesaid long streight sloping lines drawn to every 5 or 10 Degr. of the signs and on that end next the sights on the middle line you have ♈ and 🝞 from thence toward the left hand you have 10.20 ♉ and ♍ and then onwards the same way still 10.20 ♊ and ♌ then 10.20 ♋ on the other side to the right hand you have 10.20 ♓ and ♍ and 10. 20. ♒ and ♐ and 10.20 ♑ In all 12 signs 5. Also adjoyned to them you have a Kalender of months and days that knowing the day of the month you have the sign answering thereto 6. You have the same signs as was above pourtrayed on the right side and 5 and 10 parts reciprocal to the former signs and parts on the top 7. You have the hour lines parallel to the length of the oblong and numbred with 12. 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12 on the upper end of them and with 12. 11.10.9.8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1.12 at the lower end 8. About the 2 sides opposite to the right upper corner you have Degrees of Altitude and Declination to find the Latitude the use of which followeth with as much brevity and plainness as may be PROB. 1. To find the Latitude Having the Suns Declination and his Meridian Altitude to find the Latitude When the Sun is just on the Meridian observe his Altitude and set it down then find his Declination for that day and consider whether it be North or South for if it be North Declination you must substract it from it if South you must adde it to the Meridian Altitude found and the Sum or remainder shall be the comment of the Latitude sought for Example I am on the first of August in a place where the noon Altitude is 50 the Suns Declination the same day is 15.18 North which taken out of 50. there remains 34.40 whose complement to 90 is 55.18 the Latitude sought The Degrees

have the signs added to them so that when you have the Suns place by the help of the Kalender above look for the like Suns place in the Degrees and just against it you have his Declination and when you have the Latitude by this or any other means you may find the hour of the day in this manner PROB. 2. To find the Hour of the Day Having the day of the Month by the help of the Almanack as before Find the same day in the Kalendar of Months and days and right against it you have the Suns place in the Zodiack or 12 signs then bring the end of the Bracheolum to the same sign or part of the sign in your respective Latitude and bring the Bead on the string to the same sign and Degree among the signs on the right side then is it rectified for observation then hold it up till you see the Sun-beams peirce through both holes of the sights the thred playing easily by the side the same time the Bead will fall upon the hour of the day if it be the forenoon reckon among the forenoon hours but if it be after-noon among the after-noon hours for the same as was 9 in the morning is 3 in the afternoon and so of the rest On the 10 of April in the Latitude of 51.30 at 8 a Clock I would find the hour of the day by this Instrument First I look for the tenth of April in the Kalendar and right against it I find ♉ that is the Sun is their entring ♉ then I come down in that line till I come to the Latitude of 51.30 and there I set the hole in the end of the Bracheolum where the thred is fastned then that being fixed there I bring the Bead on the string to the same sign ♉ on the right hand and then it is rectified for that day and Latitude then hold it up as before and you shall find the Bead to fall on the line called 4 and 8 that is 8 in the morning and 4 in the afternoon As before said PROB. 3. To find the time of the Sunsrifing or Setting Rectifie the iustrument as before and make the string lie parallel to the hour-lines and the bead will shew you the time of the Suns rising reckoning in the Morning hours and his setting reckoning in the after-noon hours and by them you may have the length of the day and night for if you reckon backward to 10 at night you have the length of the night the other way gives you the length of the day being doubled Example On the 10 of April the Index or Bracheolum rectified and the Bead set right and the string drawn straight and parallel to the hours the Bead falls on 5 for the Suns rising 7 for his setting then from 7 to 12 at night is 5 hours which doubled is 10 hours the length of the night and from 5 to 12 at noon is 7 which doubled is 14 hours the length of the day CHAP. IV. The Description and Use of the NOCTURNAL There are two places in the Nocturnal or more commonly it is one plate of brass on the backside of another Instrument for the one hath ōnly 34 hours and each hour is divided into quarters or more parts as the largeness of the plate will admit This Nocturnal hath the hour divided into 12 parts that is into 5 minutes a piece and when the Nocturnal is added to another instrument these hours and parts are set on that and this one part of it The other part of it is a Rundle or round plate of Brass on which is described first and next the Edge 365 divisions representing the days of the year every month having the name at the beginning of it or the first letter of the name viz. I. F. M. A. M. I. I. A. S.O.N.D. and a longer stroke at the last day than any of the rest and figures at the tenth and twentieth day for the more ready finding of it next within you have the 360 Degrees of a Circle to find the right ascension of any star and numbred with 10. 20.30.40.50 to 360. beginning at the tenth of March and proceeding onwards as aforesaid 3. Then you have a Scale of Declinations numbered both ways from the Equator and Pole viz. 10. and 80 20. 70 30. 60.40 50.50 40 by which you may find the Declination or distance from the Pole of any star 4. You have 5 Constellations of those Stars next the North-pole and the rest of the Stars of other constellations as come within that compass The names of which constellations are the great Bear the little Bear Cephus Cassiopeia and the Dragon and part of Perseus and Auriga 5. You have a string lying cross the Diameter from 12 to 12 for a Meridian The uses follow in order But for their sakes that may be willing to know more Stars than are here set down I have provided a larger plate all the noted Stars from the Northpole to the Aequinoctial whose use is the same with this therefore I shall speak no more as to the use of that then this only there is more variety and it is a great help to the knowing of the Stars for which cause it way by me chiefly composed First then for the use the most hard and difficult thing is to know the Stars one from another The best means to know which next to a Tutor is to compare them you do know in the Rundle with them in the heavens and then one with another as thus In a night when the Stars may be seen and it is best for to learn when there is not so many Stars seen as there is in some clear frosty nights for then onely those in the Nocturnal will be seen Look toward the North part of the heavens and you shall see 7 fair Stars standing as you see the 7 in the great Bear beginning at the tail of the Bear and the two last being bright Stars from which two if you conceive a line to be drawn it will cut the Pole-star and when you find the Pole-star and them two they will help you to find all the rest with diligent observation Another way to find the North-star is to hang a plummet on the Centre and make it play on the degree of the latitude of the place and then lift it up toward the North part of the heavens till you see a bright star so bright as one of the 7 in the great Bear for that is the Pole-star Note that it is not the very Pole as you may see by the Nocturnal but it is the nearest the Pole this being known and the great Bear which almost every Country-man knows by the name of Charles-wane with help of the string lying across you may straight-way look East or West North or South or between for any of the Stars set down in the Nocturnal for the string you must conceive to lye North and South always By

quadrat as on a quadrant you may then move the pin to the hole at the other end of the horizontal line and you shall see that defect to be supplyed Note lastly that by heights we speak only of perpendicular or upright heights and in distances only of levels or horizontals PROB. 5. How to find unaccessable heights by the quadrat at two Observations If the place which is to be measured cannot be approached unto then work thus to find both height and distance first make choice of a place where looking up I find the thred to fall on 50 in the quadrat then the distance will be equal to the height Then make a mark at that Station and go directly backward in a right line with the former distance and make choice of a second Station where the thred may fall on 25 parts of right shadow then this second Station is double to the height and also to the distance departed from the first Station and the half therefore is the height and first distance But if it be so you cannot come to take such a height as 50 and 25 then take as you may as suppose one be at 25 and the other at 20 and suppose the height to be 100. I find that As 25 the parts cut are to 50 the side of the quadrat so is 100 the supposed height unto 200 the distance And as 20 the second Station to 50 the side of the quadrat so is 100 the supposed height unto 250 the second distance wherefore the difference between the Stations should seem to be 50 then if in measuring you find it to be either more or less then this proportion doth hold as from the supposed difference to the measured difference so from the supposed height to the true height and from the supposed distance to the true distance And now suppose the difference between the two Stations were found to be 30 by measuring Then as 50 the supposed difference to 30 the true difference so is 100 the supposed height to 60 the true height And 200 the supposed distance to 120 the true and 250 at the second Station unto 150 the distance the like reason holdeth in all other examples of this kind and if an Index with sights were fitted to the Centre it might serve for all other horizontal distances by the same reason The Vse of the Almanack PROB. 6. Having the Day of the Week to find the Day of the Month for ever First find what day of the Week the first of January is on which is thus done First find the Dominical Letter for the last Leap-year set down in the Almanack the next letter is for the next year following and so till you come to the year you look for And note every Leap-year hath two Dominical letters viz. the next before it till the 24 of February and that over it for the remainder of the year Having found it reckon from A either backwards or forwards always calling A Sunday you shall find what day is the first of January Example For the year 1656 F is the Dominical Letter therefore say A Sunday G Monday F Tuesday and that is the first of January and then make use of that thus On the first Tuesday in the beginning of February I would know the day of the Month Among the Months look for 12 which is for February reckoning from March which is always the first Month and right under ●● you have 5 for the fifth day being the first Tuesday in February and 12 19 26 for the other Tuesdays in February But now for the other Months after March you must say Wednesday the reason is because February hath 29 days and the Leap-year two Dominical Letters viz. F. and E. then reckon from E to A and it falls on Wednesday which use thus in the year 1656 and all other Leap-years As in the beginning of August on Thursday what day of the Month is it August is the sixth Month look for 6 among the Months and right under it you have 6 which is Wednesday therefore 7 is Thursday and the first Thursday in August But now for 1657. I find that Thursday is the first of January saying thus A Sunday B Saturday C Friday D Thursday And so it is all the year long in all the Months for having found the Moneth all the days right under are Thursdays and then reckon onwards or backwards for any other of the Week-days and you have your desire for any yearpast present or to come PROB. 7. To find the Epact and by that the Moons age any day of the Month. On the Leap-year you have it set down in the Almanack for the next year add 11. and you have your desire And for the next year adde 11 to that and so to the next leap-year But if by so adding it exceed 30 then take away 30 and the remain is the Epact Having the Epact add to it the day of the Month and the number of the Month from March also including both the Moneths and if they come not to 30 that is the Moons age but if they exceed 30 and the Month hath 31 days then Substract 30 and the remain is the age but if the month have but 30 days then substract but 29 and the remainder is the age of the Moon required Example In July 1656. on the 20 day the Epact is 14. then 14.20 and 5 added is 39. from which take 30 rest 9 days old on the 20 of July 1656. the Moons age sought for PROB. 8. To find the hour of the day Having found the day of the month by the Almanack you must find the mark or the space between two marks in the Kalender representing that day which do thus Look for the first letter or name of the month in the Kalender according to the time of the year then reckon from thence to the day you are in either by 5 10 15 20 25 30 31 if the parts are so divided as in small Instruments they cannot well be more but if you have single days every fifth and tenth is known from the rest by a longer stroke and the last day by the longest stroke Well having found the day or the place between two strokes representing it lay a thred from the centre over that day or for want of a thred stick a ●in in the centre and cause the shadow to fall upon the day and then observe on which or between which of the 25 or 19 lines the thred cuts the 12 of clock line for on that line must you look for the hour all that day Before I come to example I shall hint a plain word of the reason of this which I find some to marvel at The hour of the day in this and in most Instrumental-Dials is given by the Suns height now all men know the Sun is not so high in Winter as in Summer therefore the Summer hour lines will not serve the Winter and also all men know