and Asia and the greatest part of the Northern America and in the Southern a small part of Africk and almost one half of the Southern America besides what has been discovered of Terra Australis Phil. Now for the Frigid Zones Sophr. These are also one Northern the other Southern And they both lie in the utmost Parts of the World the Northern betwixt the Arctick Circle and the Arctick Pole and the Southern betwixt the Antarctick Circle and the Antarctick Pole So that each of them contains 23. Degrees and a half which comes to 470. Geometrical Leagues or 1340. miles And they are called Frigid or Over-cold because being extreamly remote from the Course of the Sun through the Zodiack they partake but a little of its heat and have Its beams but oblique and without any reflection For which Reason and because of their constant Darkness in Winter-time for several Months the Ancient Geographers and Historians could not imagine these Zones to be at all Inhabited no more than the Torrid for its exceeding Heat But it proves a Mistake though 't is confessed as to the Northern Frigid Zone which is partly known to us that it is but thinly Peopled In which Zone part of Norway and Lapland in Europe is situate some part of Tartary in Asia and Terra Borealis Thus much for the eight principal Circles and the Use of them Now let us take a view of those inferiour Circles which are called Meridians and Parallels The Meridians or Circles of Longitude are those Lines which like the great Meridian go round the Globe from one Pole to the other And the Parallels or Circles of Latitude are those which cross the Globe on both sides of the Aequator You may suppose if you please as many of either sort as there are Degrees But lest the Names of Places and Country's should be darkned with so many Lines therefore in Globes and Maps these Circles do commonly lie at ten Degrees distance of each other And as by the Meridians you may find out the longitude of any Place in a Globe or Map so by the Paralles you may know the Latitude Phil. How so Sophronius Sophr. The Longitude you 'll find thus with a pair of Compasses First set one foot of your Compass in the place the Longitude whereof you desire to know and the other in the next Meridian to it whether it be on the right hand or the left From thence draw down your Compasses following still that Meridian till you come to the Aequator and there mark upon what Degree of the Aequator the foot of your Compasses which was upon the Place do's rest Then see upon the Aequator how many Degrees that is distant from the first Meridian and that is the true Longitude of the Place Phil. But then one must be ruled right or wrong by the great Meridian that 's set down in the Globe or Map Sophr. If you dont like it 't is but adding or bating the number of Degrees which makes the difference The Latitude is to be taken thus First set one foot of your Compasses upon the Place of which you design to take the Latitude and the other upon the next Parallel whether above or beneath Then draw your Compasses from that Place following still that Parallel till you come to the Meridian which is marked with the Degrees of Latitude and mark upon what Degree the foot of your Compasses which you did draw from the Place doth rest That you will find to be the true Latitude of the Place And of that Latitude are all Places Parallel to that how far soever they lie asunder East and West From what is said 't is to be concluded that all Places just under the great Meridian have no Longitude and those under the Aequator no Latitude Phil. I apprehend you Now I desire to know what is the meaning of Climates Sophr. A Clime or Climate is such a Space of the Terr-Aqueous Globe as is included betwixt two Parallels Phi. How many Climes then do you reckon Sophr. The Ancient reckoned but fourteen that is seven in the Northern and as many in the Southern Latitude Those in the Northern Latitude they called by the name of some famous City Island River or Hill through which the middle Parallel of the Climate passeth As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And the Southern Climes opposite to those they called by the same Names by putting only before them the Particle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. But to those fourteen Climes some Geographers have added two more some five and others ten Phil. What is the Use of those Climes Sophr. To find out how long is the longest Day in any Place whatsoever For you must know that the longest Day under the Aequator is equal with the night that is 12. hours of Day and as many of Night But the further you go from the Aequator either Northwards or Southwards the longest Day is longer by half an hour in every Clime till they come to the length of 24 hours that is without any night Which length attained they increase no more by hours but by Months till they come to the length of half a year which is just under the Poles But this Division of the Earth into Climes is not generally approved of and that for these two Reasons First because it is as easie to find out the Length of Days for any Place as to find out the Climates and secondly because of their vast Inequality Therefore if we must divide the Terr-aqueous Globe into Climes the best way will be to divide each Latitude into nine Climes and so each Clime shall equally consist of ten Degrees Thus the Situation of any Place will be presently found out by the Degrees of Latitude As for Exemple Paris Rome and Venice being situate betwixt 40 and 50 Degrees of Northern Latitude shall be counted in the fifth Climate London and Amsterdam betwixt 50 and 60 in the sixth Clime Phil. But then how shall one find out the Length of Days Sophr. By the Degrees of Latitude without any more ado as you have it in the following Table Where by the 30 Minutes you must understand half an hour For as a Degree so is an Hour divided into 60 Minutes A Table shewing the Length of Days by the Degrees of Latitude Latitude Longest Day Deg. Min. Hours Min. 8 34 12 30 16 43 13 00 23 10 13 30 30 47 14 00 36 30 14 30 41 22 15 00 45 29 15 30 49 21 16 00 51 58 16 30 54 29 17 00 56 37 17 30 58 26 18 00 59 59 18 30 61 18 19 00 62 25 19 30 63 22 20 00 64 06 20 30 64 49 21 00 65 21 21 30 65 47 22 00 66 06 22 30 66 20 23 00 66 28 23 30 66 31 24 00 Now from 66 Degrees 31 Minutes to the Pole it self set at 90 Degrees we must account by the Months As Latitude  Deg. Min. Months 67 15 1
and five of the third four hundred and seventy seven of the fourth two hundred and seventeen of the fifth and forty nine of the sixth To which if you add besides five Cloudy and nine Dark you will find the compleat Number aforesaid of one thousand twenty two Those of the first Magnitude are reckoned to be each of them an hundred and seven times bigger than the Earth those of the second Magnitude ninety times of the third seventy two times of the fourth fifty six of the fifth twenty six and of the sixth eighteen Thus much for the fixed Stars Now let us come to the seven Planets whose Names follow here according to their respective height with their several Figures as they are used by Astrologers Viz. Saturn ♄ Jupiter ♃ Mars ♂ Sol ☽ Venus ♠Mercury ☿ Luna ☽ Phil. How come they to be called Planets Sophr. They are called Planets that is wandring Stars not that they be subject to any uncertain or irregular Motion but because they have either in respect to themselves or the fixed Stars a different Motion and that they are not always at an equal distance from each other But the Copernicans deny the Sun to be a Planet and will have it to be a fixed Star And whereas we say the Sun turns about the Earth they hold quite contrary that the Earth turns about the Sun I suppose you have heard of this Opinion by the by and for ought I know it may be true enough But we will not insist upon it Shall I now tell you the several but prodigious Distances of the Planets from us You will be amazed at it But thus we have it from approved Astronomers Saturn is fourteen Millions of Leagues distant from us Jupiter eight Millions of Leagues Mars twelve hundred thousand Sol or the Sun eleven hundred thousand Venus a hundred and sixty seven thousand Mercury sixty four thousand and Luna or the Moon betwixt thirty and forty thousand Leagues And yet the Planets are nearer than any of the fixed Stars Phil. This is past any mans Belief but an Astronomers But if it be so sure these Celestial Bodies must be of a vast Magnitude to be seen at such a distance Sophr. The Sun which is counted by much the largest of all the Planets is by some reported to be two hundred times at least bigger than the Earth and by the most moderate a hundred and sixty six times Then they make Jupiter ninety five times at least bigger than the Earth and Saturn ninety times Mars they reckon to be one third part bigger than the Earth Venus lesser by thirty seven times the Moon by thirty nine times but they make Mercury much lesser Phil. Pray what Planet is that you call Venus Sophr. The same which is more commonly known by the name of Morning-Star in the Morning and of Evening-Star in the Evening Phil. But how comes it Sophronius that whilst the Sun appears above our Horizon none of the other Planets and indeed no Star is seen Sophr. The Reason is plain For a greater Light drowns a lesser and the Sun being as it were the source of Light must needs have a greater proportion of it than any of the Stars Phil. Are you then of Opinion that the Stars have no Light of their own Sophr. I do not say so But it is credibly thought they borrow the greatest part of their Light from the Sun And therefore it seems that God has placed the Sun in the midst of the Planets that those above and beneath it might equally partake of its Splendor Phil. So much for that Sophronius I desire now to understand their Motion Sophr. To clear this Point you must know that those Philosophers who hold the Sun moves about the Earth which is the vulgar Opinion suppose two several Motions of the Stars in general The one Natural or Proper from West to East and the other Violent from East to West And they attribute the Cause of this last Motion as I have already hinted to the great Orb called Primum Mobile which turns from East to West round the World with an equal rapidity within the space of twenty four hours and with it hurries away all the lesser Orbs. Which is observable in the Sun particularly Whereas according to the Natural Motion of the Stars from West to East 't is to be observed amongst the Planets That cold Saturn does not finish its Course but within the Compass of almost thirty years bright Jupiter finishes his in about twelve years fiery Mars within little less than two years the Sun in one year fair Venus in one year and a half Mercury in something less than half a year the Moon in twenty seven days and about eight hours Phil. I do not understand these contrary Motions It is apparent as you say that the Sun moves daily from East to West and so goes round about the World But how can it at the same time move by a proper motion of its own a quite contrary way that is from West to East How can any thing go backward and forward at the same time This is past my Understanding Sophr. Do but suppose a small Fly upon a Globe to run through the Ecliptick Line which shews the proper Motion of the Sun Phil. What then Sophronius Sophr. Then turn the Globe never so much about from East to West still you will find that the Fly in the mean time gets forward in her course from West to East And if you do so turn the Globe about that as often as it turns quite round the fly may advance one Degree in her Course Westward you will find that by turning the Globe three hundred sixty five times the fly shall be gone as many Degrees in a quite contrary way Such is the Yearly Course of the Sun from West to East according to which it goes about one Degree every day and in a years time runs over the twelve Signs or Constellations called the Houses of the Sun Phil. You have explained it to me with as much clearness as may be Sophr. Now from this Course of the Sun is come the Distinction and Distribution of Time which is the measure of Motion And to proceed à minori ad majus there is first a Minute next an Hour then Days Weeks Months Seasons Years Threescore Minutes go to an Hour twenty four Hours to a natural Day seven Days to one Week four Weeks to a Month according to the Moon and some odd dayes more to a Month of the Sun Now twelve of these Months make the four Seasons of the Year viz. three Months to each Season And so the Year does consist of twelve Months fifty two Weeks or of three hundred sixty five Dayes and about six hours Except it be a Leap-year and then there is three hundred sixty six Days Phil. Pray what 's the Occasion of this additional Day Sophr. You must know that according to the old Julian Account the Year consists of
its Gold and Silver Mines lies Northward of Chili East of the South or Pacifick Sea and is parted from North to South almost in the midst by the huge Mountains called Andes The Country is about 600. Leagues in length from North to South but the breadth from East to West is not proportionable From hence it is that some can the whole Peninfule by the name of Peruana as they call the other from Mexico Mexicana This great and rich Kingdom was Conquered by the Spaniards ten years after that of Mexico viz. in the year 1522. Pizarro was the Man imployed in Chief in the Conquest of it a Man basely extracted and as sordidly brought up who was fain at last to steal for shelter into America Where being grown Rich and Bold by his Adventures and being well informed of the Wealth of Peru he undertook the Conquest of it and at last per fas nefas got it for the Crown of Spain Since which Time the Spaniards have divided it into three Audiencas or Prefectures Viz. Audienca de Quito which takes up the Northern Parts Audienca de los Reyes which contains the middle Parts where you will find Peru properly so called and Audienca de los Charcas which takes up the Southern Parts By Amazonia I mean all those Inland and Unknown Countrys which lye betwixt Peru on the West and Brasil on the East bounded North-wards with Terra-firma Southward with Paraguay and Part of Peru. Called Amazonia from the Amazone that great and prodigious River which runs through the North Parts of this Country from West to East into Mar del Nort or North Sea Thus you have Philalethes a general Account of the Known Parts of the World In Terra Polaris Arâ—ctica you will find Greenland first discovered in the year 982 by Ericus Rufus but little of it besides the Sea-Coast is known Famous most of all for the Fishing of Whales hereabouts East of Greenland lies Nova Zemla of which nothing is discovered as yet besides the Western Shore So that it is not known whether it be an Island or part of the Continent In Terra Australis or towards it you will find these Country 's as imperfectly discovered as those Viz. the Land of Papous East of the Molucca's and New Guinea East of that But some take the Land of Papous to be part of New Guinea South of these is New Holland not long since discovered by the Hollanders But whether it is an Island or Continent we are as yet to seek Phil. I think we have run pretty well over the World It is high time for us to rest our selves But I desire next time we meet to learn the Meaning of the Circles that so I may understand the use of Globes and Maps Sophr. With all my heart The Seventh Discourse Of the Vse of Globes and Maps with their several Circles SOphronius In our former Discourses you have had a general Account of the Real Parts of the Earth Now I come to the Imaginary ones I mean those Lines or Circles supposed to go about the World and accordingly drawn in Terrestrial Globes and Maps for the better teaching and learning of Geography Phil. Pray let me have their Definition Sophr. A Globe is a compendious Representation of the Earth in its round Figure with several Circles and an exact Situation with the Names of its several Country's Seas chief Lakes and Rivers Hills Towns or City's A Map is either general or particular By a general Map is meant a Planisphere or a Map of the whole Earth describing the Old and New World by themselves the first on the right hand and the other on the left A particular Map is a Representation of a particular Part of the World as of Europe Asia on Africa the Northern or Southern America Which are but particular Maps in respect of a Map of the whole World 'T is true there are Maps indeed more particular such as give an account of a particular Country or of one Province or more of that Country In which respect the Maps of Europe Asia Africk and America be said to be general And so I come to the Circles But first I begin with the Axel-tree of the World which is a right Line imagined to pass through the Center or midst of the World from one end of it to the other The upper end of which Axel-tree is called the Pole Arctick or North Pole and the nether end opposite to that the Pole Antarctick or South Pole Phil. How many Circles are there Sophr. There are eight principal Circles four greater and four lesser The greater Circles are The Equinoxial The great Meridian The Zodiack The Horeon The lesser Circles The Tropick of Cancer The Tropick of Capricorn The Arctick The Antarctick The Equinoctial otherwise called Aequator and by Mariners the Line is a great Circle going round the. Globe in the very midst betwixt the two Poles It is called Equinoctial because when the Sun is come to this Circle then is the Equinox that is the day and night are of an equal length And it hath the name of Aequator because it divides the World into two equal Parts the one Northwards the other Southwards From whence comes the Distinction of Northern and Southern Latitude that reaching from this Circle as far as the North Pole and this from the same Circle as far as the South-Pole Now this Circle is divided into 360. Parts called Degrees of Longitude as shewing the Length of the World Whereof the first 90. Degrees run from West to East then 180. Degrees by the back-side of the Globe from East to West and at last 90. Degrees more from West to East all which make up the number of 360. Degrees The great Meridian is a Circle that go's round the Poles and so divides the World likewise into two equal Parts In Globes it is made commonly of Brass The same has got the name of Meridian from the Latine Meridies that is Noon day because when the Sun is come to that Circle then 't is Noon in the Place whereof it is the Meridian And it is called great Meridian in opposition to those lesser Meridians which are to be seen in Globes and Maps This is the Circle wherein are set down the 360. Degrees of Latitude or Breadth of the World divided into four times 90. Now the Question is which is the most proper place for the great or first Meridian to pass through For our Modern Geographers differ much about it which causes a great Confusion Some follow still Ptolomy who placed it in the Canary Islands others have removed it more Westward to the Azores Neither do these agree amongst themselves For some will have it pass through S. Michael and S. Mary others through Corvo and Flores For my part I don't admire an Innovation that causes so much Distraction and whatever they pretend to the Remedy to be sure is worse than the Disease Therefore it were much to be wished
that they would agree in this particular and unanimously fix their Meridian somewhere without which we cannot agree as to the Longitude of Places One should think that el Pico in Tenariffe might be a Place very fit for that purpose The Zodiack is a Circle to be seen in Globes and general Maps but not in particular ones The same is a sloping Circle crossing the Equinoctial in two places and dividing it into two equal Parts It is called Zodiack from the Greek word Zodion that signifies a living Creature For it consists of Twelve Signs which are as I said in a former Discourse the Twelve chief Constellations of all the fixed Stars and most of which are represented to us under the name and figure of living Creatures The Use of this Circle is to shew the natural Motion of the Sun which in a years time runs over those Twelve Signs and therefore those Signs are called the Houses of the Sun Amongst which Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo are Northern and the other six Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricornus Aquarius and Pisces Southern Phil. I desire to know the Course of the Sun through those Signs Sophr. Supposing you remember what I told you formerly of the Equinoxes and Solstices I shall only add that those Twelve Signs answer to the Twelve Months of the Year Aries to March Taurus to April and so forth with this difference that when the Sun comes to Aries for exemple 't is about the 10th of March and then is our Vernal Equinox From whence the Sun proceeds to Taurus and Gemini till it comes to Cancer and then is our Summer-Solstice From Cancer it comes through Leo and Virgo to Libra and there we have our Autumnal Equinox From Libra it goes on through Scorpio and Sagittarius to the Sign of Capricorn and then is our Winter-Solstice From whence it comes up again through Aquarius and Pisces to Aries aforesaid Thus the Sun passes every Month from one Sign to another and Seasons follow one another Thus we have the Vernal Equinox in March when the Sun is come to Aries the Summer-Solstice in June when the Sun is come to Cancer the Autumnal Equinox in September when it is come to Libra and the Winter Solstice in December when it is come to the Sign of Capricorn And as the Twelve Signs answer to the Twelve Months of the Year so the Degrees into which each of them is divided do answer pretty well to the Days of the Month. For every Sign contains 30. Degrees so that all of them together make up 360. Degrees Phil. Now you made it out to me as clear as the Sun But what Circle is the Horizon Sophr. 'T is an outside Circle not to be seen in Maps but only in Globes and Spheres And it is called Horizon because it confines our sight and divides both Heaven and Earth into two parts called Hemispheres the one seen and the other not seen The Use of it is to shew the Rising and Setting of the Stars and the four Quarters of the World But as we generally conceive a Horizon it is a moveable Circle For we can never so little remove from any place but we make a new Horizon So that it is with Horizons as with Meridians of both which we may fancy an infinite number whereof the Vertical or Perpendicular point hanging over our heads is called Zenith and that over the heads of our Antipodes Nadir In short there are two kinds of Horizon the one Rational or Intelligible and the other Sensible That reaches to the Firmament and divides the whole World into two equal Parts the one above and the other beneath our Dwelling Place Whereas the Sensible Horizon is only that part of the World which our sight can reach in a Plain the rest of the World by reason of the Rotundity of the Globe being out of our sight Phil. And what are the Tropick Circles Sophr. They are two Circles at an equal Distance from the Aequator that is 23. Degrees and and a half that of Cancer in the Northern and the other of Capricorn in the. Southern Latitude The same are called Tropick from the Greek word Tropos which signifies Return because when the Sun is come to either of these Circles it goes no further Northward or Southward but go's back to the Aequator For as I told you before when the Sun comes to the Tropick of Cancer then we have our Summer Solstice and when it gets to that of Capricorn then is our Winter-Solstice So that these Circles do mark the greatest Declination of the Sun that is its furthest Distance from the Aequator Now they borrow their Names of Cancer and Capricorn from the two Signs so called through which the Sun passes when he comes to those Circles As for the Arctick and Antarctick they are two lesser Circles each of them 66. Degrees and a half distant from the Aequator the Arctick Northward and the Antarctick Southward And there being but 90. Degrees from the Aequator to each Pole it follows that these Circles are each of them but 23. Degrees and a half from their respective Poles viz. the Arctick from the Northern and the Antarctick from the Southern Pole Therefore some call them otherwise me Polar Circles because nearest to the Poles Now the said four lesser Circles viz. the Tropicks and Polar serve to divide the World into five Parts called Zones Phil. I long to know the Meaning of these Zones Sophr. Then you must know there is one Torrid two Temperate and two Frigid Zones The Torrid Zone reaches from one Tropick Circle to another and so takes up 47. Degrees of Latitude which at the rate of 20. leagues or 60. miles a Degree comes to 940. leagues or 2820. miles In this Zone it is that almost all Africk and the better part of the Southern America lie besides a small part of Asia and of the Northern America And it is called Torrid or Over-hot because of the great and constant Heat of it caused by the Sun 's continual course and return betwixt the two Tropicks where this Zone is placed Which made the Ancients believe that it could not be inhabited for heat But 't is found since by experience that it is not only Inhabited but in some places most fruitful and pleasant to live in Phil. What d' ye call then the Temperate Zones Sophr. There 's one Northern and the other Southern The Northern wherein we live lies betwixt the Tropick of Cancer and the Arctick Circle and the Southern betwixt the Tropick of Capricorn and the Antarctick Circle Each of them takes up 43. Degrees of Latitude which comes to 860. Geometrical Leagues or 2580. miles Both called Temperate Zones because lying as they do betwixt the Torrid Zone and the Frigid they are so tempered with heat and cold that neither of them is so hot as the Torrid or so cold as the Frigid In the Northern Temperate Zone lies almost all Europe
00 69 30 2 00 73 20 3 00 78 20 4 00 84 00 5 00 90 00 6 00 Now Philalethes you must know there are several Ways of measuring the Earth As by Miles in most part of Europe by Leagues in France and Spain and by Versts in Moscovy Neither do's any Nation make use every where exactly of one and the same Measure For the Leagues in France as the Miles in England are in some places very short and in others as long again But according to the Geometrical Measure a League is to contain 3000. Paces a German Mile 4000 and other Miles as English and Italian 1000. So that there go three of our Miles to a League and four to a German Mile Whereas they reckon four Moscovian Versts to League Thus a Degree is 20 Leagues which comes to 60 English or Italian Miles and but 15 German And so the Compass of the Earth being 360 Degrees comes to 7200 Leagues 21600 English or Italian Miles 5400 German Phil. But how shall I do Sophronius to find out the true Distance of any two Places either in a Globe or Map Sophr In order to that you must first understand that two Places may differ three manner of ways that is in Latitude only in Longitude only or in both If they differ only in Latitude 't is but taking with a pair of Compasses the difference of Latitude then summing up the Degrees it comes to and multiplying the said Degrees by Miles or Leagues according to the foresaid Geometrical Measure And if there be any odd Minutes allow for every Minute an English Mile or for every three Minutes a League But if the two Places be in the same Latitude and differ only in the Longitude then take with your Compasses 5 or 10 Degrees of Longitude more or less according to the distance of the Places Take them upon the Equinoctial in the Longitude answering to the said Distance Then look how many times the Distance taken with your Compasses is comprehended in the space that lieth betwixt the two Places and so compute how many Degrees it comes to And if so be there remains any odd space not fully answering the first wideness of your Compasses then take that odd space with your Compasses being straightned and made fit to it That done multiply the whole by Leagues or Miles and you will find the Product to be the true Distance of the Places Lastly if the two Places differ both in Longitude and Latitude do but take with your Compasses the true Distance of the two Latitudes upon the first Meridian Then look as before how many times the foresaid Distance taken with your Compasses is comprehended in the space that lieth betwixt the two Places and multiply the Distance accordingly Which being multiplied again by 20 for Leagues or 60 for Miles you will find the Product thereof to be the true Distance of the one Place from the other And if there be any odd space remaining do in this Case as in the former Thus you may take the Distance of any two Places in a Globe or General Map as also in the Maps of Europe Asia Africk the Northern or Southern America As for other particular Maps they have Scales whereby you may readily find out the Distance of any two Places therein mentioned And so I have done with this Part of Geography What remains is to give you a short Description Of Amphiscii Periscii Heteroscii Antoeci Perioeci Antipodes Phil. I have heard indeed of Antipodes but I know not what 's meant by the rest Sophr. First you must know the first three are so called in respect of their Shadows and the other three in respect of their Site and Position Those are called Amphiscii that dwell in the Torrid Zone between the two Tropicks For their Shadows are both ways sometimes to the South and sometimes to the North. Periscii are such as dwell beyond the Polar Circles whose Shadows are on all sides of them Heteroscii are those that dwell in either of the two Temperate Zones Called Heteroscii because their Shadows reach but one way viz. in own Zone to the North only as in the other to the South only Those we call Antoeci that dwell under the same Meridian and are equally remote from the Aequator but with this difference that the one is in the Northern and the other in the Southern Latitude So that the Summer of the one is the others Winter Perioeci are those that dwell in the same Parallel or Circle of Latitude but so distant Schema Incolarum Terra ratione Umbrarum c Sitûc Septentrio Oriens Meridies Occidens East and West that though the Season of the Year and the Length of Days be to both alike yet it falls out the one's Mid-night is the others Noon By the Antipodes we mean those that dwell feet to feet so that a right Line drawn from the one into the other passeth from North to South through the Center of the World And these are distant 180 Degrees from each other it being half the Compass of the Earth They differ in Seasons of the Year Length of Days Rising and Setting of the Sun Phil. These Antipodes are odd kind of Creatures and I do nor yet understand them thoroughly My Brains are a little giddy and methinks I see them tumbling down to Heaven Sophr. So our Antipodes might think of us and yet you see we stand upon our Legs and every where the Heavens above not under us Phil. Well I will beat it if I can into my head Sophr. Do but mind the following Scheme and if that do not convince you nothing will See the Scheme Phil. This is pretty and now I see clearly what a gross Error I was in Sophr. It is I confess an unpardonable Error in these Times when the World has in a manner Through-Lights made in it But before the New World was found out the Doctrine of the Antipodes was counted an incredible ridiculous Fable S. Augustine Lactantius and some others of the Ancient Writers made no more of it Venerable Beda joyned with them in their Error And 't is observable that Virgilius Bishop of Saltzburg in Germany was condemned of Hereresy by Pope Zachary in the year 745. for having writ a Book inducing the belief of the Antipodes For which he was complained of by Boniface Arch-Bishop of Mentz as if some damnable Doctrine had been designed under hand by it And so the poor Bishop of Saltzburgs Misfortune was to be Learned in a Time of Ignorance Phil. Well But you don't tell me all this while how I shall find my Antipodes Sophr. When you have a Globe and desire to know your Antipodes it is but turning the Globe East and West till you bring your Dwelling Place just to the Horizon And then observe the Degree If the Place in the Northern Latitude be West from the Meridian 't is but telling so many Degrees on the East side of the Meridian and there will be your Antipodes FINIS