which the Sun doth possesse or vpon any place of the globe hauing a latitude answerable to the declination of that degree which the Sun doth possesse then turn the globe toward the Sun the gnomō being right against him will cast no shadow or otherwise bring the gnomon close to the meridian and there set it fast vntill noone for then the Sun will fall so iust vpon the point of the gnomon that it will yeeld no shadow P. What are they whom you call Amphiscij M. They are such as haue a shadow falling two seuerall wayes one while to the Northward and another while to the Southward These dwell within the two tropickes as you may perceaue by the terrestriall globe This you know standeth with reason common sence proueth it true that the shadow bendeth to the opposite place from the Sunne as if the Sunne be South ware the shadow runneth Northward whereuppon this must needs follow that for so much as they which dwel within the tropicks haue the Sunne sometimes to the northward of their Zenith as those in the Iland of S. Thomas sometimes to the Southward they must of necessity haue the shadow bēding to the same places as when the sun is in the north signes the shadow of any thing standing vpright vpon the horizō must at noone run Southward when he is in the south signes the shadow will bend northward You may trie if you wil abide the trial of it by the spherical gnomō rectify your globe place the gnomō vpon the Iland of S. Thomas or vpō any degree of the equator or any other degree of the ecliptick bring the guomō to the meridiā whē the sun approcheth neer vnto that degree mark which way the shadow falleth after the sun is past that degree ether ascending or descending do the like againe and you shall finde the shadow of the gnomō to fall toward a cōtrary place to that toward which it fel before the Hetroscij are those whose noonstid shadow falleth but one way onely such are all they that dwel between the tropickes the circle arctick or antarcticke they that dwel betweene the tropick of cācer the circle arctick neuer see their noonstid shadow bēding but to the northward because the sunne is alwaies south vnto thē contrariwise they which dwel to the south between the tropick of capricorn the circle antarctick neuer see the noonstid shadow but bending southward You may trye this also by the globe for the globe being rectified the gnomō applied to any place betweene the foresayd circles and then brought vnto the meridian there set fast you shall not at any time finde the Sunne to cast the shadow any way but one The last of these are the Periscii whose shadow runneth round about them to euery point of their Horizon in one and the same day wherein they differ from the Amphiscii For albeit their shadow being also vnto all partes of their Horizon yet vpon one and the same day it tendeth but toward one halfe of the Horizon that is ether to the Northward or to the Southward But the Periscii haue their shadowe going round about in one day Such are they that dwell within or vnder the circles Arcticke or Antarcticke The reason wherof is the long continuance of the Sunne aboue the horizon who neuer setteth sometimes vntill he haue compassed the horizon round about Now let vs come vnto the Horizon P. Is there nothing then to bee sayd of the two colures M. No for they haue no vse but this that the degrees of longitude beginne at that place where theequinoctiall colure and the hed of Aries concurre in the Equator so that it may in that respect bee counted the first meridian or first circle of Longitude P. Well then let vs discourse of the horizon what vse hath it in the terrestrial globe M. It seuereth the antipodes one from another how soeuer the globe is situated and is common to them both And whereas in the Celestiall Globe you were taught to finde the length of the artificiall day with the time of the Sunnes rising and setting vppon the terrestriall Globe you may readily see who they be that haue the day of such a length and the Sunne rising and setting at such a time P. Howe is that to bee found out I pray you rub my memorie but with one example M. The length of any day being propounded seek which degree of the eclipticke the Sunne possesseth that present day as for example the day being 16. houres long I suppose the Sunne to bee in the head of Cancer then in the first meridian or circle of longitude which is distinguished into degrees count his declination and at the end thereof make a pricke which in this example selleth out to be in the very intersection of the tropicke and the foresayd circle of longitude thirdly diuide the length of the day into two equall partes and conuert the houres into degrees of the Equator which as this example requireth are 120. from the head of Aries toward your right hand count so many degrees in the equator applye the end of that number close to the meridan raise or let fal the pole of the Globe vntil the mark of the declination made in the circle of longitude doe touch the Horizon the cities or other places of the terrestriall globe which are then 90. degrees distant from the Horizon in the reuolution◠of the globe are those which haue the day of such a length or otherwise as many as haue their latitude correspondent to the eleuaon of the pole are those whose day is so long as it was propounded to be P. I remember now very well that you taught mee the like of this in that proposition of the celestiall globe wherein I learned the length of the day being giuen to sinde the height of the pole M. You say true this is the onely difference that here wee must haue an eie to the latitude because the true place of any citie or to wne vppon the terrestriall Globe is found rather by it than by the cleuation of the pole albeit in number they be all one By that which I taught you euen now this also may be gathered that if the Sunne being in any certayne signe assigned do rise an houre two or three ether sooner or later vnto others than vnto mee I say I may know what people they are as for example if the sunne in Cancer rise vnto me at 4. a clocke and to another at 3. or 2. a clocke in the morning or to another at 5. clocke how farre do they differ in latitude from me ether to the northward or to the southwarde P. I pray you tell mee how this may bee dispatched readily M. The chiefest consideration which is to bee had in this matter is in what halfe of the Zodiacke the sunne is If the sunne be in the northren signes they which haue the longer day haue the pole
higher eleuated than they which haue a shorter but the sun possessing the southern signes they which haue the longest day haue a lesser latitude if you remember this you cannot erre so that the situation of the places be both toward one pole or one of them vnder the equator P. Let me try if I my selfe can hammer out this question the Sunne in Cancer riseth to me at London at 4. a clocke and 45. minutes in the morning how far do they dwell from me ether Northward or Southward that is to say otherwise how do they differ in latitude from me to whom being in the same signe he riseth at 3. a clocke 45. minutes First I conclude this that they dwell to the Northward because their day is longer the Sunne possessing the Northren signes then doe I raise the pole according as the fatitude of London doth require and afterwardes bring the intersection of the first circle of ongitude and the tropicke vnto the Horizon setting fast the Globe that it sturre not and notinge what degree of the Equator is vnder the meridian 〈◊〉 doe consider moreouer how much their day is longer than ours in this example it is longer by an houre conuert that time into degrees and count from that degree of the Equator which is vnder the meâ—idian to the Westwarde where as otherwise if their â—ay had begun after ours I should haue counted them 〈◊〉 the Eastwarde that is I should haue subducted them I turne that degree to the Meridian and afterwardes raise the pole of the Globe vntill the foresaid â—â—tersection of the tropicke and the circle of longitude â—oe touch the Horizon for then is the pole at his due eight from whence if I subduct the latitude of Lonâ—on I shall finde them to be the Northward of vs 5. derees M. You haue concluded well and in like manâ—â—r may you finde how farre another is to the Southward and which of the two poles is raysed aboue the round but I leaue these thinges to your hammering â—eing you can hammer them out so well Let vs now â—ll in hand with those thinges which are inscribed in the â—orizon P. I had thought that you had sufficiently discoursed 〈◊〉 them in the celestiall globe M. Yet there is in regard of the terrestriall globe peculiar vse of the pointes of the compasse or windes we commonly terme them For by them may wee now how one coast or countrey beareth from another which way it lieth ether East West North or South 〈◊〉 otherwise P. I imagined that thing to be knowen by the crooked lines described vpon the terrestriall Globe which you called the Rhombes M. Not so indeede they teach vs how to direct our course to any place but they teach vs not how one place lyeth from another and therefore the Latines in this case vse 2. seuerall words whereof the one is Plaga a coast the other directio a direction Whereof the one greatly and alwayes differeth from the other except the two places assigned whose coast or direction I seeke for lie vnder the same meridian or neare the equator P. This seemeth to be a Paradox vnto me must not direct my course vnto a place according as it lyeth from me M. No except the places lie North and South foâ— a place may be East or West from you as the Ilandes 〈◊〉 Maldinar which lie Easte from London yet if you dâ—â—rect your course by the East or West point of the compasse you shall neuer come there P. What doe you call a coast M. A coast is an Arke of the horizon contained betweene two verticall circles whereof the one is alwaieâ— the meridian and the other is the circle which passeâ—â—â— from our Zenith through the place whose position from vs wee seeke for This arcke and position of the place vsually is denominated according to the point of the compasse vpon which the verticall circle lighteth in thâ— Horizon as for example if the verticall circle light vppon the Northeast point of the Horizon I pronounâ— the place to lie Northeast from me P. By what meanes shall I finde vpon the terrestriaâ— globe how any Citie doth lie from mee and toward what coast M. First rectify your globe according as the latitude of your place doth require wherein you are then fasten â—he quadrant of altitude to the Zenith and bring the â—nowen place vnto the meridian turne the quadrant of â—ltitude to the citie or towne assigned whose coasting â—om you you desire to know and marke vpon what soint of the compasse it lighteth in the Horizon for acâ—â—ding thereunto you must pronounce the place to lie â—â—om you northeast or Southeast or otherwise as it falâ—th out P. Is there any other vse of these points of the comâ—â—sse described vpon the Horizon of the globe M. Yea for being at Sea the latitude being giuen â—e point of the compasse whereupon anie knowen land â—escried doth beare from you you shall know how farre â—â—u are from it In this manner rayse the pole of your â—â—be according to the latitude bring the quadrant of â—itude to the Zenith and then turne it to the point of â—e compasse vpon which the land descried doth beare â—â—m you bring the said point of the land close vnto â—e quadrant and see how manie degrees of the quadraÌ„t â—e contained betweene it and your Zenith those deâ—ees conuerted into miles or leagues as you were â—â—ght before do yeld the distance Here also note this â—at as you do in one so you may do in two or more hed â—â—des if you descrie them being at sea Thus much conâ—ning the vse of the greater circles of the terrestriall â—â—be it remaineth now to speake of the lesser but for much as this matter whereof I haue now last of all inâ—ated hath great affinitie with the Rhombes if it please 〈◊〉 I wil instruct you in them and their vse before I fall in hand with the lesser circles P. I pray you doe so and for so much as I cold neuer see any Author which did write of them giue me leaue to require what I doubt of them and their vse M. With a good will I will doe what I can to â—aâ—tissy you P. What is the reason of this name why are they called Rhombes M. We in our speach all theÌ„ the points of the câ—passe but the name of Rhombe is receaued from thâ—â— Spaniard the reason of the name is this as I gather it Among the geometricians as you know this kind of siguâ—â— â—Š is called a Rhombe for so much therefore as the pointes of the compasse described vpon thâ— globes but especially in the plaine sea card do represent such a like forme hereupon the Spaniard hath giuen this name vnto these lines translating the name from the plaine Sea card to the Globe And here I mâ—â— craue leaue of you to vse this name because I find it is teaching to be most conuenient for there is such affinity in your English
instâ—â—ments belonging to the Globe Now you may take whâ—â—â— course you please for the circles and their vse eyther siâ—â—plie alone or ioyntly together or as they craue the helâ— of these instruments P. I must needes confesse mine ignorance in the 〈◊〉 matters to be great and therefore I am willing to taâ—â— the more payne I pray you giue me leaue to aske whâ—â—â— I thinke good and I will take the Globe vnto me and bâ—ginne with the Equator following from one to one vâ— till I haue runne them ouer all You say that the Equator is a great circle lying iust in the middest betweene thâ— two Poles therefore first I conclude this that the Poâ—â— of the world are the Poles of the Equator as for the dâ—grees of the Equator I see that they are 360. and that the number goeth on coÌ„tinually from one to 360. beginning â—hat point of the Globe where the Eclipticke crossing â—â—oth bende towarde the North pole M. You say true These degrees for distinctioÌ„ sake from the degrees of other circles the Grecians doe call â—â—â—vot the Latines Tempora that is times because by them the seuerall times of the day and night are limited 〈◊〉 when soeuer there is any question made of any time be it a day or the partes thereof it may well be resolued by the degrees of the Equator yet the houre circle wherof wee spake before doth serue for that purpose P. What is the reason of this name M. It is so called because when the Sunne is vnder this circle the day and night are of an equall length P. By your leaue Sir why doe you say vnder this â—â—cle in common phrase of speach wee say that the â—â—nne is in the Equinoctiall and in the Eclipticke and in 〈◊〉 Meridian c. M. It is true that wee say so but in these kinde of speaches wee vse the worde in for vnderneath or right against I tolde you before that these circles which are described in the Globe are especially to be conceaued in the. 10. Sphere and considering that the Sunne is in the. 7. Sphere beneath therefore wee cannot trulie say that he 〈◊〉 in the Equator c. But when wee say so our meaning it this that he is vnderneath or right against some one 〈◊〉 there circles so that a right line drawne from the cenâ—â—â— of the worlde through the centre of the Sunne and continued vp to the. 10. Sphere would light vpon that circle in the which the sunne is said to be Wherefore to â—eturne to my former speach when soeuer the Sunne is 〈◊〉 that is to say vnderneath this circle the day and the night through out the worlde are equall wheresoeuâ— the Sunne riseth setteth within the space of 24. houre and therefore it is called the Equator The Greciaâ— call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which worde for worde may be teamed the Equidiall but the Latines following the pleasantnesse of the worde haue chosen rather the Equinâ—ctiall deriuing the name from the night not from tâ— day as the Grecians doe This circle is also tearmed 〈◊〉 girdle of the world in regarde that it possesseth the miâ—dle place betweene the poles as a girdle on the body a man The seafaring men for the excellent vse there doe call it the Line P. In that this circle lieth in the middest betweâ—â— the two Poles what haue I to note thereby M. Hereby the Globe is diuided into 2. halfâ— which we call Hemispheres wherof the one is the Noâ— Hemisphere froÌ„ the Equator to the Northpole the othâ—â— is the South Item the Equator lying as it doth is the bâ—ginning of all declination whensoeuer therfore you shâ— heare hereafter of the declination of the Starres of 〈◊〉 declinatioÌ„ of the SuÌ„ne or of the signes it must be couÌ„â—â—â— from this circle and whatsoeuer is precisely in or vnâ— this circle hath no declination Last of all in that the 〈◊〉 quator lieth iust in the middest betweene the two Polâ—â— of the worlde wee are to note this that it must need mooue vniformally according to the motion of the heauen at no time faster than at an other but looke how many degrees thereof arise set in one houre so many degrees arise and set in euery other houre as you you selfe may prooue hereafter and therfore as I said it is thâ— measure and rule of all time Thus much concerning thâ— Equator simply considered in it selfe P. In the Eclipticke for that is the next me thinâ—â—th there doe many doubtes arise You defined it to be a greate mooueable circle of the Globe cutting the Equinoctiall at oblique angles and declining from it 2â— d. 30 m. towarde each pole of the worlde Therefore by your generall rules set downe before concerning the Poles of the great circles I maie conclude that the poles of the Eclipticke are 23. d. 30 m. from the poles of the world But what is the chiefest ende of the Eclipticke M. The chiefest vse of this circle is to lay foorth vnto vs the proper motion of the Sunne for euen as you see the Eclipticke line to trauerse the heauen obliquely and to decline bothe to the North to the South poles euen so dothe the Sunne keepe his course neuer waruing from this line but going on euery day from the West to the Eastwarde almost one degree of this cirâ—â— that is to say 59. m. 8. sec 19 thirds 37. fourths He fiâ—â—sheth his course within the space of 365. daies 5. houres 〈◊〉 min. 26. sec 10. thirds 56. fourths which is the length of a yeare Also this circle is the beginning of all Latitude so that whatsoeuer is distant from this circle either toward the one pole or toward the other is said to haue a Latitude as you shall see hereafter and whatsoeuer is in or vnder it hath no Latitude P. Then belike the Sunne neuer hath any Latitude for as you said euen now the Sunne neuer swarueth froÌ„ the Ecliptike line M. You say true this circle also serueth for the Longitude of all Starres or what soeuer else is called in question in the heauen the which Longitude how it is to be founde I will declare vnto you hereafter It serueth also for the Eclipses of the Sunne or Moone as you may gather by the name for there is no Eclipse but whâ—â— the Sunne or Moone are bothe precisely in or very near vnto this circle To conclude whensoeuer there is an question mooued of the rising or setting or any other thing else concerning the Sunne wee must haue recouâ—â— to this circle because it representeth as I saide euen not the progresse of the Sunne and there is no day but thâ— Sunne possesseth one degree or an other of this circle the which degree must alwaies be sought out whenseuer there is any conclusion to be wrought concerniâ—â— the Sunne or the place of the Sunne P. Are the degrees of the circle as many as the dâ—grees of the Equator M. I told you
Is there any excellent thing to be gathered by the meridian altitude of the Sunne or starre M. Yea for it bringeth vs to the eleuation of the pole for considering that each seuerall eleuation of the pole hath a seuerall and peculiar eleuation of the Sunne or starres therefore by it wee may knowe the eleuation of the pole If the eleuation of the Sunne or starres be equall to the complement of their declination then are wee iust vnder the equator and bothe the poles are in the horizon If the eleuation be equall to their declination then are wee iust vnder the pole The other eleuations of the pole are found by addition or subduction â—n this manner If the Sunne or starre decline toward the pole eleuated the declination being subducted from the meridian altitude leaueth the heigth of the equator which is alwayes the complement of the eleuation of the pole therefore if you take the heigth of the equator from 90. you haue the eleuation of the pole If the Sunne or starre decline from the pole eleuated their declination added to the meridian altitude geueth the heigth of the equator and consequently the heigth of the pole P. But what if the Sunne or starre haue no declination M. Then is this a generall rule that the Sunne oâ— starre is then in the equator and therefore the Meridian altitude expresseth the height of the equator which being subducted from 90 geueth the pole Thus much concerning the meridian altitude of the Sunne or Starrâ— The intermeridian altitude is the distance of the Sunne or Starre from the Horizon when they are in some other place of heauen and not in the meridian This altitude is either antemeridian or postmeridian The antemeridian altitude is the distance of the Sunne or Starre from the Horizon at any time before noone the post meridian altitude is the distance of the Sunne or Starrâ— from the Horizon after noone And for so much as thâ— Sunne or Starre by their proper motion make but smaâ— difference in their place so that it cannot sensibly be perceaued in the after noone a that they haue moue froÌ„ that place wherin they were in the forenoone therfore we say that the antemeridian postmeridian altitude of the Sunne or Starres is all one this being supposed that they bee equally distant from the meridian 〈◊〉 searching out the antemeridian or postmeridian altitude of the Sunne or Starres the rule is all one with that generall rule which I gaue you before so that the Sunne oâ— Starre be supposed to be in any place aboue the Horizon bet weene it and the Meridan P. But put case that I did not suppose the Sunne or Starre to bee in any place may not I finde out bâ— the Globe their certaine and true altitude which the haue in heauen M. This you must vnderstand that some thinges arâ— found out immediatly some things mediatly by certain meanes If the Sunne shine hee will bewray his own height by the helpe of the sphericall gnomon but the height of the starres cannot so bee found out for they require the knowledge of the houre or some other such like thing as you shall perceaue hereafter P. Tell me then how shall I finde the height of the Sunne by the sphericall gnomon M. Rectify your Globe perfectly in the open aire where the Sunne shineth so that it may stand precisely North and South and that the Horizon be leuel and the pole raised as it is conuenient set your spherical gnomoÌ„ vpon the place of the sunne on the East or West side of the globe acording as the time requireth and turne the globe to and fro vntill the gnomoÌ„ geue no shadow theÌ„ if you fasten the globe that it moue not bring the quadrant of altitude ouer the place of the sunne the degrees therof intercepted between the place of the sunne the Horizon wil expres the true height of the sunne Thus much concerning the altitude of the sun or starres P. Now teach me how I may know how long they continue aboue the Horizon M. Here you must note this that for so much as the sunne is the efficient cause of the day therefore to know how long he continueth aboue the horizon is to know the length of the day which is found in seuerall manners First thus Bring the degree which the sunne possesseth to the East side of the horizon then rectify the index setting if vpon 12. a clock in the houre circle Turn the globe about vntill the said degree come to the West side of the Horizon the hours which the index runneth ouer expresse the continuance of the sunne aboue the Horizon in like maner may you finde how long any starre continueth aboue the Horizon The second way to finde out the continuance of the Sunne or starre aboue the Horizon is by the difference of ascension taken twise P. Why doe you take the difference of ascension M. This you shall perceaue by the Globe that in a right Sphere there is no point of heauen which doth not rise and set within the space of 12. houres so that the day is neuer longer than 12. houres neither doth any starre continue aboue the Horizon longer than that time But in an oblique Sphere if the Sunne or starres be not in the equinoctiall the day is either longer or shorter than 12. houres If the Sunne or starres decline toward the pole eleuated their continuance is longer if from that pole their continuance is shorter aboue the horizon than 12. houres by the difference of ascension twise taken as I finde before P. But why take you this difference twise M. The one declareth how much the Sunne or any Starre ariseth sooner or later in an oblique than it doth in a right Sphere the other telleth how much sooner or later it setteth and thereupon wee frame our rule thus if the difference of ascension of the Sunne or starre declining toward the pole eleuated be twise taken and added to 180. degrees the totall summe conuerted into houres and partes of houres as occasion offereth shall declare the continuance of them aboue the ground Againe if the difference of ascension of the Sunne or starre declining from the pole eleuated be twise taken and subducted from 180. degrees the remainder conuerted into houres c. declareth their continuance aboue the ground P. The length of the day being found what may be inferred thereupon M. Many things both pleasant and profitable in Astronomie as the eleuation of the pole If the day be continuallie but 12. houres long then are wee precisely vnder the equator If the day be 6. moneths long then are wee directlie vnder the pole The other eleuations are found out thus Diuide the length of the day into two equall partes and conuert the houres into degrees as if the day be 16. houres long the halfe thereof is 8. houres which containe 120. d. From the head of Aries count these degrees in the equator to the West
side of the Horizon and set fast the last degree vnder the meridian so that it stirre not from it then in the equinoctiall colure count the declination of the Sunne for the day propounded either vpward or downeward from the equator according as the place of the signe requireth Last of all rayse or let fall the pole of the Globe vntill the degree of declinatioÌ„ doth touch the Horizon so shall the pole haue his iust eleuation the like may be done by any fixed starre The second thing to be noted in knowing the length of the day is the time of the Sunnes rising or setting for if the length of the artificiall day be diuided into two partes the one declareth the houre of his setting the other being subducted from 12. â—ffordeth the time of his rising as if the day be 16. houres long he setteth at 8. and riseth at 4. a clocke The like may be done concerning the rising and setting of the starres The third thing is the length of the night for the length of the day being subducted from 24. houres yeeldeth the length of the night P. But may not these three last things be performed by the Globe it selfe M. Yes very conueniently I taught you before how the time of the sunne his rising setting may be found out The length of the night is knowen in this maner Seeke out that degree of the eclipticke which is opposite to the place of the sunne Bring it to the East side oâ— the horizon set the index of the houre circle vpon 12. a clocke turne the Globe about vntill the said degree touch the horizon in the West the houres which the index hath passed ouer expresse the length of the night The fourth thing ro be gathered out of the length of the day being knowen is the length of the planetarie houre The planetarie houre is the twelft part of the artificiall day or night therefore sometimes it is longer than the common houre sometimes shorter sometimes equalâ— vnto it in a right sphere the coÌ„mon houre and the planet houre both of the day night are equall in an oblique sphere if the sunne dicline froÌ„ the pole eleuated the common houre of the day is lesser than the planetary houre but the coÌ„mon houre of the night is greater contrariwise if the sunne decline toward the pole eleuated the common houre of the day is greater than the planetary houre but the common houre of the night is lesser The next conclusion is to finde the houre of the day by the sunne shining P. Why do you say by the sunne shining may not the houre be found if the shine not or may it not bee found by the starres M. If the sunne shine he leadeth vs vnto the knowledge of the houre by his light but if he shine not there must bee one thing or another granted and geuen oâ— else wee cannot come to the knowledge of any particular thing be it houre or height or coasting the like is to be said of the starres whose beame being so weake that it cannot make a shadow inforceth vs to craue some one thing granted vnto vs before wee can inferre any conclusion P. I perceaue your meaning first therefore tell me what I may doe by the shining of the sunne and then I will craue the other conclusions M. The hour of the day by the sun shining is fouÌ„d thus Rectify your globe perfectly seeke out the place of the sunne and rectify the index bring the place of the sunne ether to the East or West side of the meridian according as the time of the day shall aduise you set the sphericall gnomon vpon it and turne the globe to and froe vntill the gnomon cast to shadow then will the index in the houre circle giue the houre of the daye Now marke how many thinges followe vpon this worke First so soone as you haue found the houre if you fasten the Globe that it stirre not and bring the quadrant of altitude ouer the place of the sunne you shall finde his altitude aboue the Horizon Item the globe being fastened and the quadrant of altitude being brought ouer the place of the Sunne you shall finde vpon what point of the compasse he is with his distance ether from East West North or South Item the houre being found you haue all the Starres aboue the Horizon at that houre Item you may by the Globe perceaue what Starres are in your Zenith at that time Item if you note what point of the Eclipticke is vnder the Meridian both aboue and beneath the Horizon and also what point of the Eclipticke is in the East and West you may thereby very well knowe the foure Cardinall pointes of Heauen as wee terme them and consequently the beginnings and endings of the 12. housen of heauen which is commonlie tearmed the erecting of a figure P. All that you haue mentioned before is easie but I do not perceaue this last conclusion M. I will helpe your vnderstanding so well as I can First therefore a figure as wee take it commonlie in this sence is the diuision of the heauen into 12. parts by certaine great circles drawen from the intersections of the meridian and the horizon through equall partitions of the equator diuiding the eclipticke into 12. vnequall partes Each part of heauen thus diuided is called an house The beginning of them is in the East and from thence the rest are accounted vnder the horizon to the nether part of the meridian and from thence vpward to the West and so by the South side of the meridian to the East againe for so the reuolution of the heauen requireth The instrument whereby the housen are found out is that halfe circle which we commonly call the circle of position wherof I spake before The manner of finding theÌ„ out is this The houre being knowen by the shining of the Sunne the 4. cardinall points doe straightway offer themselues whereof that which is in the East is called the first house that which is vnder the horizon in the meridian is the fourth house that which is in the West is the seuenth house and that in the South part of the meridian is the tenth house These being noted seuerally according as you see in the figure following from the point of the equator which is vnder the meridian you shall count 30. degrees toward the East ouer the thirtith degree bring the circle of position and note what point of the eclipticke it crosseth for that is the beginning of the eleuenth house and the degree opposite vnto that degree of the eclipticke is the beginning of the fift house Againe from the point of the equator which is vnder the meridian you shall count 60. degrees toward the East and ouer the said 60. degree bring the circle of position and note what point of the eclipticke it lighteth vpon for that is the beginning of the twelfth house and the opposite degree of the eclipticke vnder the Horizon is the
we may finde his place the â—â—dex being rectifyed P. That may bee easily done by the height of the â—â—nne at twelue a clocke hauing consideration of the â—ason of the yeare because in each quarter of the eclipâ—cke each seuerall degree hath a certaine altitude in the â—eridian But how it should be done at any other houre â—ther before or after noone I do not see M. You must suppose that when your index was â—ectifyed you did then knowe the place of the Sunne â—ut when you went about to take his height you forgot 〈◊〉 if therefore you desire to know it againe turne the â—obe to and froe vntil you bring the index to the houre â—ssigned fixe the Globe and apply the quadrant of altiâ—â—de to the ecliptick that degree of the eclipticke which â—nder the quadrant of altitude answereth to the height of the Sunne knowen is the place of the Sunne Which beeing founde wee may proceede by a necessary consequence to all the former conclusions whatsoeuer As to the point of the compasse vpon which he shineth to his distance from the East West North oâ— South c. P. Then if I perfectly knowe the distaunce of the Sunne from the Easte or Weste together with hiâ— height I may finde his place in any eleuation of the pole M. You may hauing consideration of the time of the yeare which is alwayes requisite in these propositions which leade vs to the place of the Sunne For if you sette the Quadrant of altitude to the point of the Compasse vppon which the Sunne is sayde to shine or vppon that distaunce from the true Easte or West which the Sunne is sayde to haue and turne that quarter of the ecliptick which the time of the yeare requireth vnto the quadrant of Altitude that degree which vnder the Quadrant answeareth to the supposed height of the Sunne is the degree which the Sunne possesseth Contrariwise wee may by the place of the Sunne and the point of the compasse vppon which hee shineth finde the height of the Sunne P. Mee thinketh that that is easie for if I set the Quadrant of Altitude agaynst the point of the Compasse assigned and bring the place of the Sunne vnto it the degrees of the Quadrant contayned betweene the place of the Sunne and the Horrizon expresse his height M. You say true this proposition also is performed with the same facilitie The point of the Comâ—asse beeing giuen and the place of the Sunne to find â—â—e houre of the Daye in this manner Rectify your â—ndex set the Quadrant of Altitude vppon the point â—f the Compasse assigned then bring the place of the â—unne to the edge of the Quadrant so shall the â—ndex expresse the houre This also is another consequent the point of the comâ—asse beeing giuen and the height of the Sunne to â—nder the time of the rising or setting you knowe that â—â—e point of the compasse and the height of the Sunne â—ust necessarily leade vs to his place hauing found his â—lace rectify the Index then bring the place of the Sunne 〈◊〉 the East side of the Horizon so will the Index point â—ut the time of his rising againe turne the place of the â—unne to the West side of the Horizon and the index â—ill expresse the time of his setting P. I find it now true which you sayd before nameâ— that the supposition of some certaine things bringeth 〈◊〉 the consequence of all the other For mee thinketh â—â—at I my selfe knowing the point of the Compasse and â—â—e height of the Sunne coulde easilie inferre by your â—xample the declination the right and crooked ascenâ—on of the Sunne the length of the day or night the â—eridian Altitude and whatsoeuer hath beene spoâ—en of before For the height of the Sunne and the point â—f the compasse vpon which he shineth leadeth me to â—e place of the Sun the place of the Sun being brought 〈◊〉 the meridian geueth his declination also his right â—cension and his meridian altitude likewise the same â—ace being brought to the Horizon affordeth his crooâ—ed ascention then keeping the place of the Sunne at the horizon if I set the index vpon 12.2 clocke and turne the Globe about to the West I cannot but finde the length of the day c. Let vs now proccede M. Hetherto you haue heard those coÌ„clusions which may be inferred by the Globe the Sunne or Starres being supposed to bee either in the horizon or about it there are some which belong to the Sunne or Starres being vnder the horizon Among the which 3. or 4. only are vsually sought after the other ether because they are not greatly profitable or because they are easily performed by that which hath bin deliuered heretofore are neglected The first of them is to finde the depression of the Sunne at anie houre assigned but especially at midnight P. What meaneth the depression of the Sunne M. The depression is opposite vnto the altitude and it is the distance of the Sunne from the horizon downward it is found thus Seeke out the degree of the eclipticke opposite vnto that degree which the Sun possesseth bring it to the South side of the meridian aboue the horizon the degree of the meridian betweene it and the horizon expresse the depression of the Sunne at midnight Whereby is gathered how he is vnto them which are our antipodes P. But put case I would know the depression of the Sunne at any other houre how shall I find it M. Bring the opposite degree vnto the meridian rectify the index turne the Globe about vntill the index fall vpon the same houre fasten the Globe then bring the quadrant of altitude ouer the sayd degree the portion of the quadrant betweene it and the horizon expresse the depressioÌ„ of the sunne at the hour assigned The second concerneth the dawning of the day That is â—ound in this manner Bring the degree of the Sunne â—o the meridian rectify your index then seeke out the degree of the ecliptick opposite to the degree which the Sunne possesseth moue it toward the West side of she Horizon and by the helpe of the quadrant of altitude â—et it 18. degrees aboue he Horizon the houre vpon which the index falleth expresseth the dawning of the â—ay P. I pray you tell tree this what is the reason why â—ou bring the opposite degree to the West side of the Horizon M. As before in seeking the depression of the Sun â—he opposite degree being brought to the South side of â—he meridian declared how low the degree of the Sunne â—as vnder the Horizon in the North side euen so here â—he placing of the opposite degree 18. degrees aboue the Horizon in the West causeth the true place of the Sun â—o be 18. degrees vnder the Horizon in the East at which â—istance the dawning doth beginne P. What if the opposite degree cannot haue 18. degrees of eleuation but falleth vnderneath it M. Then must you conclude that the twilighte â—ontinueth from the setting
difference of longitude otherwise if you be not skilful in Arithmetick the place which hath the lesser longitude being as I told you brought vnto the meridiaÌ„ the degrees of the equator coÌ„tained between it c the longitude of the other place afford the difference of longitude P. The difference of longitude being knowen what may I inferre thereon M. First you may infer your course froÌ„ the one place to the other caÌ„ neuer be north south but vpon some other point of the compas SecoÌ„dly they neuer haue the same hours of the day or night for if it be noon or midnight to the one it is past or before noone or midnight vnto the other yet in the opposit houres they may agree as if it be 6. in the morning it may be 6. at night to the other if it be noone to the one it may be midnight to the other the difference of longitude being iust 180. degrees P. If they that differ in longitude do thus differ in their houres how shall I know by the globe comparing two places together which of them preuenteth one the other M. Bring ether of the two places vnto the meridian if the other be to the Eastwaad thereof I say that that place which is vnder the meridian is preuented in the time As if the question were betweene London and Rome London being brought to the meridian Rome is found on the East side thereof therefore I say that London is preuented in the time and that at Rome it will be 6. 7. or 8. a clocke in the morning c. before it be the same houres at London Contrariwise if one of the 2. places being brought to the meridian the other be found on the West side thereof then doth the place vnder the meridian preuent the other as for example London Mexico being compared together London being placed vnder the meridian Mexico is on the West side thereof therefore London preuenteth Mexico whereby I may conclude that it is 6. a clocke in the morning at London before it be 6. a clocke at Mexico c. P. You haue taught me to know which place preuenteth the other tell mee now how long the time is wherein the one place preuenteth the other M. If you conuert the difference of longitude into houres partes of houres as is conuenient you shal easily find out what the time is wherein the one place preuenteth the other Otherwise you may do it thus bring the westermost of the two places assigned vnto the meridian set the index of the houre circle vpon 12. a clocke turne the globe Westward vntill the other citie come to the meridian the Index expresseth how long the time is wherein the westermost of the two places is preuented As for example if the index light vpon the third houre then doth it signify that it is but 9. a clocke at the westermost place when it is 12. a clocke at the other c. and what eclipse or other celestiall appearance the Westermost place seeth at 12. a clock the other seeth it at 3. a clocke after noone c. P. What haue you else to say of the equinoctiall circle M. It is the beginning of latitude P. Let me throughly conferre with you about this matter how do you define latitude in resspect of the terrestriall Globe M. It is the distance of any point assigned in the terrestriall Globe from the equator limited by the degrees of a great circle drawen from the poles of the World through the point assigned P. Then by your wordes I gather this that for so much as the beginning of latitude is in the equinoctiall what so euer is vnder that circle can haue no latitude Also the latitude may be counted toward ether of the poles so that it is ether Northerne or Southerne according as the pole is toward which the place bendeth froÌ„ the equator But when you say that the latitude must be accounted from the equinoctiall to the place doe you not meane the Zenith M. Yes you must alwaies so vnderstand it for albeit the word latitude be applyed to the terrestriall Globe yet is it sought out by the circles of heauen and commonly being demaunded what the latitude is wee answere that it is the distance of our Zenith from the equator notwithstanding it is sufficient speaking of the terrestriall Globe to say that the latitude is to be accounted from the equator to the place assigned P. What great circle is it in which the latitude must be accounted M. It is that great circle of longitude which is drawen from the poles of the world through the place assigned but because it were an infinite worke to drawe a great circle through euery place therefore in seeking out the latitude wee make the meridian of the Globe to serue our turnes in this manner Bring the place assigned to the meridian of the Globe the degrees of the meridian intercepted betweene the equator the place assigned expresse the latitude of it so I say that the latitude of London is 51. degrees 30. min. because London being brought vnto the meridian falleth vnderneath that degree and minute and is so farre distant from the equator 7. Is the latitude of London 51. degrees 30. min I tooke that to be the eleuation of the pole at London M. So it is also for the eleuation of the pole and latitude are all one in number for this is vsually to bee seene vpon the Globe that so far as any place is distant from the equator so high is the pole from the horizon Therefore when you desire to raise the pole of your globe vnto his due height seeke out the latitude of the place assigned according to that raise the pole aboue the horizon P. The greatest longitude is 360. degrees what may be the greatest latitude M. Nothing can be further distant from any circle then the pole which is but 90. degrees so that the greatest latitude is no more P. Be the circles of latitude expressed on the globe M. Yea as many circles as are parallell to the equator may rightly be called circles of latitude albeit some of them admit particular names P. Thereupon I thinke it commeth to passe that wee confound those phrases of speech to haue the same laâ—itude and to be in the same parallell M. You say right for a place to be in the same parallell with London is nothing els but to be in the same latitude to be of equal distaÌ„ce with it froÌ„ the equator P. You said before that if I see any place what soeuer vpon the Globe bringing it vnto the meridian I shall find the latitude thereof Contrariwise therefore if I know the latitude of a place and seeke it out in the meridian ether toward the North or South pole according as the situation of the place requireth I shall be sure to finde out the place in the reuolution of the globe if it be inscribed in the globe
in the morning to the one it is 11. a clocke at night to the other c. Thus briefly coÌ„cerning the coÌ„munities differences incident to sundry inhabitautes of the earth in regard of their difference and agreement ether in longitude or latitude Let vs now speake of the meridian P. Me thinketh that it hath the same vse in diuiding the terrestriall which it hath in diuiding the celestiall Globe into two seuerall partes whereof the one is the East the other the West So that what people or countries soeuer are toward the East side from the meridian of any place may be called the Easterne people and the other toward the setting of the Sunne may be called the Westerne people M. It is true that they may bee so called but it is respectiuely onely in regard of the place wherein you dwell otherwise the true East and west parts of the terrestriall Globe are limited by the first meridian or circle of longitude what countries soeuer lie from that meridian Eastward an hundred and eightie degrees are called the East countries and the other are called the West yea the names of these places by meanes oâ— the first inuentors of Geographie are knowen so autheÌ„ticall that they are not chaunged as the other be which only are spoken respectiuely for albeit it so fall out aâ— many times it doth in trauailing sarre that Hispaniola or Cuba Brasill and all that cost of America do lie from vs to the Eastwarde yet doe wee commonly call them the West India Agayne thongh that Sumatra Borneo the Moluccas and diuers other places also thereaboutes bee from vs towardes the setting of the Sun yet doe wee tearme and call them by the name of East India P. What are the partitions in the meridian M. Those which are next vnto the Globe are the legrees which haue no other vse thaÌ„ hath bin spokeÌ„ of â—ther in the celestial globe or heretofore in the terrestriâ—ll when I spake of finding the latitude of any place But â—esides the degrees there are other partitions seruing â—articularly vnto the terrestriall Globe Those partitions which are next aboue the degrees expresse the quantitie â—f the longest day so that when you shall heare the day 〈◊〉 be 13.15.24 houres long or 1.2.3 moneths long c. You may by these partitions finde out what people â—â—ey are which haue the day of such a length The vpper â—ost partitions are the climates P. What is that which you call a climate M. It is nothing but a certaine space of the earth â—ntained betweene two imaginarie circles parallell â—â—to the Equator From the beginning of which space â—â—to the ende the longest Daye admitteth the diffeâ—â—nce of halfe an houre As for example the space of the trestriall globe betweene the 12. d. 45. min. of latitude â—here the longest day is 12. houres and three quarters to the latitude of 20. d. 30. m. where the longest day is th oures ¼ is called a climate P. How many climates are there M. The number of the climats are diuers The ancieÌ„t Cosmographers made but 7. beginning at the 12. d. 45. m. of latitude and ending at the 50. d. 30. m. But they which succeded added two other and made 9. climates the which number is expressed vpon the meridian of the Globe Others made 19. neglecting the ordinarie increase of halfe an houre in the longest day and the place also where the ancient Cosmographers began their climates Others made 23. others 47. P. Why did the ancient Cosmographers begin 〈◊〉 the 12. degree 45. minutes of latitude end at the 50. d. 30. m. M. They thought that that part of the earth betweene those two paralleles to bee habitable therefore had onely respect to them But the latter Cosmographers knowing the earth to be more habitable ertended their climates ouer the whole surface thereof from the equator to the pole P. Me thinketh the Climates on the meridian aâ— extended but toward one pole are they not also to be considered toward the other pole M. Yes in the selfe same distance from the equâ—tor but with contrarie names P. Hath each climate a seuerall name M. Yea for they are denominated according to thâ— name of certaine notable places which are in the middeâ— of them as appeareth in the Table following the Câ—â—mates to the Southward are called by the same name the word anti which signifieth against being put there vnto as for example that which is the next beyond thre equator to the Southward is called anti dia Meroes because it is as farre beyonde the Equator as that Climaâ—â— which passeth through Meroe is on this side therof c. Loe here is the Table of the ancient Cosmographers wherein is expressed the number of the Climates with their limites c. as you see it set downe in the front thereof g By this Table as also by the Globe you may gather Philomathes the whole difference of time from the beginning of the first climate to the last to be 4. houres and an halfe but the diuersitie of the height of the pole is 42. d. 49. m the breadth of them according to Ptolemee is 2359. miles â…œ but according to our account that ascribe to euery degree of a great circle 60 miles it amounteth vnto 2569. miles The other thinges which may be sayd concerning the Climates as that the beginning of the one climate is the end of the other and that the climates next vnto the equator are greater than those which are further of c. I leaue them to your owne contemplacion because you may gather them not onely out of this table but also out of ehe globe it selfe Yet this I must tell you that the Cosmographers haue diuided each climate into two partes whereof each part is called a parallell So that in this sence a parallell may be defined briefly to be the limite of halfe a Climate or otherwise it is a portion of the terrestriall Globe contayned betweene two circles from the beginning whereof vnto the end the longest day admitteth the difference of a quarter of an houre But of this matter let this suffice Let vs now speake of the eclipticke P. With a good will to what ende serueth that circle mee thinketh it should be needles in this globe P. No for hereby the terrestriall Globe is not only made fit to serue for all those propositions which in the Celestiall globe are performed by knowing the place of the Sunne but hereby also wee learne whether the Sun passeth by the Zenith of any people yea or no what people they be by whose Zenith he passeth not and how many times hee passeth by them and how far he is distant from their Zenith with other conclusions more whereof I will speake hereafter as they come to my memory P. How shall I know whether the Sunne passeth by the Zenith of any place yea or no M. You know that the Eclipticke expresseth the high way of the Sunne therefore as
neueâ— change for then if the first day in the yeare were Suâ—day the last day would be Saturday and the first day 〈◊〉 the next yeare continuallie would be Sunday againe anâ— A would still be the Dominicall letter But in respect 〈◊〉 the odde day it falleth so out in euery common yeare that the yeare beginneth and endeth with the same day as if the first of Ianuary be Sunday the last of Decembeâ— that yeare is Sunday also the first of the next yeare being Monday the Dominicall letter must needes change and being A it becommeth G thus much shall suffice for that matter P. In that space where the number of the dayes are expressed I note certaine letters to be written nameâ—â—â— K. N. and I. to what vse serue they M. They signifie the manner which the ancient 〈◊〉 manes obserued in expressing the dayes of euerie â—â—oneth They did not count their dayes from one to 30 or 31. as wee doe but they diuided their moneth into three seuerall partes which were Kalends Nones and Ides according as the three foresayd letters doe import The first day of euery moneth was called the Kalends and therefore the letter K. is applied vnto it throughout the horizon The other dayes of the Kalends were they more or lesse did not succeede in the same moneth but did goe before in the former moneth and were counted backward As for example the Kalends of Ianuarie did not follow the first of Ianuarie but went before in the moneth of December in this manner the last of December which is the 31. day they called the day before the Kalends the 30. of December was the third of the Kalends of Ianuarie the 29. of December was the fourth 〈◊〉 the Kalends of Ianuarie and so they counted them to the 14. of the moneth of December which was the 19. of the Kalends of Ianuarie Which moneth had more Kalends and which had lesse may be gathered easily out of the horizon by the place of the letters Also you may finde which moneth had more Nones and which had lâ—sse The number of the Ides in euery moneth was eâ—â—â—all namely 8. P. But were the Nones and the Ides counted backward as the Kalends were M. Yea for where you see the letter N stand that was the first of the Nones As for example the 5. of Ianuarie was the first of the Nones of Ianuarie the last of the Nones was the 2. of Ianuarie so that the Romanes account was contrarie to ours Likewise the 13 of Ianuarie was the first of the Ides the last of the Ides waâ— the sixt of Ianuarie These things are to be regarded especiallie by the learned sort that they may be skilfuâ— in the account of the ancient Romanes P. The next space which followeth containeth thâ— names of the moneths I pray you let me haue a woâ—â— or two with you concerning them because not beinâ— skilfull in the Latine Authors I cannot satisfie my selâ—â— in many things which I would gladlie knowe Tell 〈◊〉 I pray you hath this number of moneths bene continuall I speake of the Romanes M. No for Romulus the first King of Româ— counted but 10. moneths to the yeare according to thâ—â— time which a woman beareth her child in her wombe Numa Pompilius succeeding him added other twâ— moneths namely Ianuarie and Februarie so that heâ—â— by he made the moneths of the yeare answerable to tâ—â— 12. signes This number of the moneths hath continue still P. Hath the order of them bene all one from thâ— beginning M. Romulus who was the first author of thâ— yeare began it at the moneth of March in the honourâ— Mars his father Numa Pompilius adding two otheâ— moneths made Ianuarie the first and Februarie the laâ—â— moneth of the yeare because it was consecrated to thâ— infernall gods The Decemuiri afterwards ioyned Ianuarie and Februarie together and made Februarie thâ— second moneth of the yeare P. What is the reason of their vnequall quantitie M. It was not possible that they should all be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quantitie because of the motion of the Sun making 〈◊〉 seuerall dayes of the yeare if the Sunne had gone â—â—â—iselie euerie daie one degree of the Eclipticke then â—â—â—ht euerie moneth of the yeare haue had iust 30. daâ—es but considering that there is fiue dayes more in thâ— yeare than there are degrees in the Eclipticke it is 〈◊〉 possible but that fiue moneths must haue one odde â—aiâ— more P. But now there are 7. moneths which haue 31. â—â—â—es and one moneth hath but 28. M. It is so first there were but fiue moneths that had 31. dayes but Iulius Caesar tooke one daye 〈◊〉 Februarie to put to Iulie that as he thought himâ—â—â—â— inferior to no man so his moneth should haue as â—â—â—y dayes as anie other Augustus Caesar succeeâ—â—â—g him and beeing as ambitious as his predecessor â—â—h drewe an other daie from Februarie and ioyned it 〈◊〉 his moneth August to the ende that it might not be â—â—â—rior to Iulie in the number of dayes P. Haue these names of the moneths continued â—â—â—m the first beginning M. No. For the moneth of Iulie because it was the fift from March was called in olde time Quintilis and August beeing the sixt was called Sextilis Moreâ—â—er Domitianus Germanicus Emperour of Rome â—â—â—nged the name of September and called it Gerâ—â—â—nicus because in that moneth he ouerthrewe the Gâ—rmanes Hee changed also the name of October and called it Domitianus after his owne name but after his decease those two moneths receaued their â—uncient names againe P. What is the reason of these names M. The moneth of Ianuarie hath his name of 〈◊〉 latine word Ianua which signifieth a gate a dore oâ— entrie because it is the first entrance into the yeare 〈◊〉 else it receaueth his name from Ianus the two faâ—â— God to whome this moneth was consecrated Febâ—arie receaued his name from the word Februus whâ— was the infernall God otherwise called Pluto to whoâ—â— in this moneth the Romanes did sacrifice or else of â—â—brua which were sacrifices and ceremonies for pâ—â—ging of soules which in this moneth especially they â—â—fred to the Gods beneath Some deriue it from the wâ—â— Febris an ague because in this moneth they were soâ—â— what rife Marche receaueth his name from Marsâ—â— father of Romulus and God of warre as the Romaâ— accounted him and in this moneth they began thâ— warlike prouision Aprill this moneth was conseâ—â—ted to Venus the mother of Aeneas from whome 〈◊〉 Romanes fet their discent The Grecians called her 〈◊〉 phrodite to signifie that she was bred of the foameâ— the sea which is by them called aphros and from theâ—â— they fet the name of this moneth striking out theâ— calling it Aprill as it were Aphrill But Varro thinkâ— it more conuenient to deriue the name from the Laâ—â— word aperio which signifieth to open because the eaâ—â— beginneth then to be free from the binding force of 〈◊〉 frost and to send forth the grasse and other fruites 〈◊〉
moneth of May hath his name deriued sundry wayâ— Some will haue it taken from the word Maius that 〈◊〉 Iupiter Others deriue it from the Goddesse Maiestâ—â— daughter as the poets will haue of Honour and Reâ—â—rence because in this moneth the first worship of theâ—â— â—â—ds began Others take the name from Maia the 〈◊〉 of Vulcane vnto whome Vulcans high Priest 〈◊〉 sacrifice in the Kalends of May which is the first of 〈◊〉 moneth Others say this moneth was so called of â—â—â—ia the daughter of Atlas and mother of Mercury 〈◊〉 of Merchants because in this moneth the Merâ—â—â—ts offred sacrifice to Mercurie and Maia Last of 〈◊〉 me affirme that in this moneth Romulus diuided 〈◊〉 people of Rome in maiores minores that is 〈◊〉 the elder and yonger sort Hinc sua maiores triâ—â—â—e vocabula Maio. So that this moneth receaued 〈◊〉 â—ame from the maiores that is the elder sorte 〈◊〉 hath his name also deriued from sundrie things â—â—e fetch the name from Iunius Brutus by whome â—â—quinius and the name of the Kings were expulsed â—â—me Others deriue the name from Iuno Moneta 〈◊〉 whome for her good admonition and counsaile in â—â—â—ng the fearefull earthquake at Rome the Romances â—â—cated a Chappell the first of this moneth so that the â—â—â—eth was called Iunonius and afterwards Iunius to â—â—de the length of the word Others call it Iune a â—â—â—endo of ioyning because in this moneth the Roâ—â—es and Sabines were ioyned together in one citie â—â—ers take it from Iuuenta the Goddesse of youth 〈◊〉 wife of Hercules Ouid writeth thus Iunius a â—â—â—num nomine dictus adest that as May was deriâ—â— from the maiores that is the elder sort so Iune â—â—ld be deriued from the minores that is the yonger 〈◊〉 Iulie is deriued from Iulius Caesar who was borne 〈◊〉 is moneth it was first called Quintilis as I sayde â—â—re August taketh his denomination from Auguâ—â—â— because in that moneth he greatlie augmented the Empire of Rome and came three times triumphing 〈◊〉 the Citie September is so called because it is Septiâ—â—â— a Vere the seuenth from the spring time at which 〈◊〉 as I noted before the auncient Romanes began tâ—â— moneths Likewise October is the eight Nouemâ—â—â— the ninth December the tenth from the Spring Tâ—â— you heare the reason why euerie Moneth is called by 〈◊〉 name The great space which is next to the nameâ—â— the moneths containe the names of certaine daies the which those that are written in the greater Româ— letters are the names of the festiuall daies obserued 〈◊〉 the Church of England P. What is the generall vse of placing the sigâ—â— and the moneths in the Horizon M. They serue to this purpose the daye bâ— giuen to finde the place of the Sunne in the Ecliptic that is what signe of the Eclipticke and what degreâ—â— euery signe he doth possesse with his entrance into 〈◊〉 signe and contrarywise the degree which the Suâ— possesseth being knowen and the signe to finde the 〈◊〉 of the moneth the which things are very necessariâ— the vse of the Globe For many questions cannot eâ—â— be answered except the place of the Sunne be knowâ— The day therefore of the moneth being found out in 〈◊〉 Horizon the degree which standeth right against 〈◊〉 day is the place of the Sunne But considering that in 〈◊〉 Leape yeare there is a day more than in the other thâ— yeares that went before it and that day is put in 〈◊〉 wayes immediatly after the 24. of Februarie therefâ—â—â— in that yeare after the foresayde 24. day of Februaâ—â— if you seeke the place of the Sunne you shall adde 〈◊〉 daye more than the number of the daye is in wâ—â— â—â—u seeks the place of the Sunne As for example If â—â—u seeke it the eyght and twentith of Februarie you 〈◊〉 all take the fyrste of Marche and if you seeke it 〈◊〉 fyrste of Marche you shall take the seconde of â—â—rche c. For so shall you come nearest to the â—â—â—th P. Why then doth not this table affoord the preâ—â—â—â— place of the Sunne M. No but it is done to helpe the nouice in â—â—â—ronomie vntill hee attaine vnto farther knowâ—â—ge in that Arte and this is sufficient for him beâ—â—â—se in common practise hee shall neuer by sense finde â—â—ifference betweene this and the exact place of the â—â—nne P. What meane the names of the moneths that â—â—owe howe chanceth it that they are twise set â—â—wne M. The first of them is the new reformed Alâ—â—nacke of the Romanes proclaimed by Gregorie Pope 〈◊〉 Rome The other is that which our Countreyman 〈◊〉 hath lately set forth contayning the true compuâ—â—on and reduction of the moneths to their first and â—â—â—cient seates the which were therefore set downe in 〈◊〉 Horizon belonging to this Globe that thereby â—â—â—ght be seene the difference that is betweene our Kaâ—â—â—dar and that of the new stile and also that wee may â—â—â—dily keepe an account according to our owne and â—â—â—ir Kalendar P. I praye you geue mee some instructions touching thys matter for I see some Globes that haue â—â—â—yr Horizon described after the newe Romane Alâ—â—â—nacke namely those Globes which were made at Amsterdame by Ieames Floris the which troâ—bleth me many times because I cannot reduce them 〈◊〉 our account M. You see this that the newe Romane Almâ—nacke preuenteth our 10. dayes and the other preueâ—teth our 15. dayes one rule applied orderlie to thâ—â— bothe shall be your direction in them in this mannâ—â— If the day of the moneth be assigned according to 〈◊〉 account and you hauing none other Horizon butt tâ—â— which is made after the new stile would notwithstaâ—ding know what degree and signe the Sunne possesseâ— adde tenne dayes vnto the number of the day propouâ—ded and seeke that out in the horizon the degree of 〈◊〉 signe which is correspondent to that day is the place 〈◊〉 the Sunne As for example the 11. of August I desire 〈◊〉 know the place of the Sunne by the Horizon made aftâ— the new stile I adde 10. to the number of the daie it mâ—keth 21. which number I seeke in the Horizon and rigâ— against it I finde the 27. degree and 30. min. of ♌ P. But put case the question were propounded coâ—cerning the 24. of August if I should put 10. to thâ— number it maketh 34. how shall I make answere heâ—â— considering that August hath not so manie daies M. If the two numbers added together exceeâ—â— the number of the daies belonging to the moneth assâ—â—ned take the daies of the moneth assigned from the tâ—tall summe the number remayning is the dayes of thâ— moneth following as in your example 24. and 10. maâ—â— 34. August hath but 31. dayes take them from 34. the 〈◊〉 mainder 3. referreth me to the third of September thâ— degree answering vnto that daie is the place of the Suâ— Contrary wise if you knowe what degree of the Eclipâ—â—â—ke the Sunne possesseth and by the Horizon of the â—â—â—w stile you would know
what day of the moneth it is 〈◊〉 cording to our account first seeke in the sayd Horizon 〈◊〉 day opposite to that degree and if it be possible subâ—â—â—ct 10. from the number the remainder giueth the day 〈◊〉 the moneth according to our account as for exâ—â—â—ple if against the degree of the Sunne you finde the 〈◊〉 day of any moneth the day vpon which the Sunne â—â—ssesseth that degree according to our account is the 11. 〈◊〉 of the same moneth P. But put case I cannot subduct tenne from the â—â—â—mber of the day which standeth against the degree â—â—â—gned M. Then adde that number to the number of the â—â—â—es belonging to the moneth next before it and subâ—â—ct 10. from the totall summe the remainder is the 〈◊〉 of the moneth immediatlie going before according â—â—â—our account As for example the day answering to 〈◊〉 degree of the Sunne in the Horizon of the new stile â—â—â—he sixt of August forsomuch as I cannot subduct 10. â—â—â—m this number therefore I adde it vnto the 31. dayes 〈◊〉 Iulie the totall summe is 37. from whence I take 10. 〈◊〉 remainder is the 27. of Iulie vpon which day the â—â—â—ne possesseth the same degree namely the 13. d. 5. m. 〈◊〉 ♌ which he possessed the sixt of August according 〈◊〉 he new account This that I haue sayd touching the 〈◊〉 Romane Kalendar may be sayd of the other next â—â—â—oyning to it taking the number 15. for 10. To conâ—â—â—de this is a generall rule for you to note that what â—â—gree soeuer in the Horizon you finde the Sunne to â—â—ssesse the same degree must be sought out in the Eâ—â—â—ticke the which degree wee call manie times simplie the Sunne sometimes wee call it the place of the Sunnâ— and therefore whensoeuer wee saie bring the Sunneâ— the Meridian or bring the place of the Sunne to 〈◊〉 Meridian c. our meaning is that you should briâ—â— the degree of the eclipticke which the Sunne possesseâ—â— to the Meridian or to the Horizon P. Do these degrees of the signes continuallie aâ—swere to the same dayes of the moneth M. No but they may serue the turne 24. yeare 〈◊〉 30. without great inconuenience That they doe 〈◊〉 keepe the same dayes of the moneth you may seeâ— the entrance of the Sunne into the equinoctiall poinâ— and into the solstitiall points for the vernall eqâ—noctiall at the Incarnation of Christ was the 25. 〈◊〉 March and the sommer solstice was the 24. of Iuâ—â—â— The Nicene Councell found the vernall equinoctiall 〈◊〉 be the 21. of March and now it is the eleuenth of 〈◊〉 sayd moneth The reason of this difference is in 〈◊〉 Iulius Caesars Almanack which wee follow presuppâ—seth the yeare to be 365. dayes and 6. houres which â—â—ing greater than the yeare of the Sunne it commâ—â— hereby to passe that the Solare yeare preuenteth 〈◊〉 yeare of Iulius Caesar and draweth by litle and 〈◊〉 nearer vnto the first day of the moneth so that in 〈◊〉 to come the entrance of the Sunne into the head of â—â—ries which is the equinoctiall point will be the first 〈◊〉 March if there be not a correction vsed In the othâ—â— spaces that followe are set the names of the windâ—â— which commoÌ„lie wee call the 32. points of the compâ—â— both in english and latine to the intent that not only 〈◊〉 learned but the ignorant also might haue vse of them 〈◊〉 the latine names the author thought good to follo◠〈◊〉 Lemnius both in respect of the learning of the â—ame and also because the names which are vsed by â—hers sauour rather of the Italian speach than of the â—â—cient Romane tong The vse of them is excellent as â—â—al be declared hereafter both for the place of the rising and setting of the fixed starres and the Sunne and also for their coasting round about the heauen P. This is one thing that I would faine be resolued 〈◊〉 why in saying the compasse as the mariners tearme 〈◊〉 they begin at the North point and so goe on from â—â—ence Eastward were it not as good to begin at the â—â—ast where the Sunne alwaies riseth M. In deede if the Sunne did alwaies rise full East 〈◊〉 were conuenient the compasse should begin there â—ut they follow the Sunne and for so much as the vtâ—rmost rising of the Sunne is at the North point of the â—â—orizon and beyond that he cannot rise as you shall see â—â—ereafter therefore they begin there Thus much conâ—â—erning those things which are described vpon the Hoâ—â—zon of the Globe whereof the points of the compasse â—ust be vnderstood in the Horizon of heauen and beâ—â—des them certain degrees for the quarter froÌ„ the East to the South froÌ„ the West to the South also froÌ„ the East to the North and from the West to the North is to be vnâ—â—â—ood to be deuided into 90. degrees the nuÌ„ber of which â—â—egrees is not vsually expressed because the degrees of â—â—e signes next vnto the Globe may easily supply them The reason why each quarter must be vnderstood to be â—â—us diuided is the differeÌ„ce which is between the learâ—ed the coÌ„mon mariner The common mariner seing a star or the Sun to rise and set vsually nameth the point â—f the compasse vpon the which it appeared as that it riseth East Northeast or East and by South The lâ—â—ned Astronomer he counteth how many degrees thâ— rise from the East and how many degrees they set froâ— the West as that the Sunne riseth 22. degrees 30. minâ—â— the Northward or 11. degrees ¼ to the South waâ—â— Therefore that you may quicklie vnderstaÌ„d them both 〈◊〉 you must accustome your selfe to turne the degrees 〈◊〉 each quarter into the points of the Compasse and coâ—trary wise the points of the compasse into degrees 〈◊〉 this manner The whole circle is diuided into 360. â—â—grees therefore the 32 points of the compasse and 〈◊〉 360. degrees are equall the quarter of the circle contâ—neth 90. degrees and 8. points of the compasse euâ—â— point of the compasse therefore containeth 11 degrâ—â— two points containe 22. degr ½ three points contaâ—â— 33. degrees ¾ foure points containe 45. degrees Nâ—â— demaund what you thinke good concerning the Hoâ—â—zon as it is to be conceaued in the heauen P. I haue diuers things to aske concerning 〈◊〉 circle I will fet them out of the definition which 〈◊〉 this The Horizon is a great fixed circle of the Gloâ—â— diuiding that part of the heauen which is seene fâ—â—â—â— that part of the heauen which is not seene First tell 〈◊〉 what is the reason of the name M. You obserue this that when you stande 〈◊〉 plaine champion countrie where there is nothing 〈◊〉 hinder your sight that round about you there seemeâ—â— circle to be described which is a representation of 〈◊〉 circle whereof wee speake beyond this circle you◠〈◊〉 nothing neither doth your sight passe it but endâ—â— there whereupon the Grecians haue called it the Hoâ—â—zon of the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is finio
by reason of the motiâ—◠〈◊〉 the ninth Sphere so in regard of the motion of trepiâ—â—tion belonging to the eight Sphere the Sunne doth â—â—â—nge his greatest declination Ptolemee founde the â—â—atest declination to be 23. d. 51. min 20. s Io. Regioâ—â—â—ntanus auouched it to be 23. d. 30. min. Copernicus pronounced it to be 23. d. 28. m. All the other points of 〈◊〉 eclipticke are of a lesser declination according as they are nearer to the equinoctiall and in them this is a generall rule that those points of the eclipticke which 〈◊〉 opposite or equallie distant from the equinoctiall points haue equall declination as ♉ and â™ being opposite item ♉ and ♓ or ♉ and â™ which are of equall â—â—stance from the equinoctiall points haue equall declination P. Hetherto you haue made the Meridian the â—â—mmon measurer of the declination but may I not â—â—de it otherwise M. Yes you may finde it by your compasses more â—â—ecisely in this manner set one foote of your comâ—â—sses in any starre propounded or in any degree of the â—clipticke whose declination you desire and turne the other foote of them to the equator or any other circle parallell vnto the equator putting the said foote out or pulling it in vntill you do but touch the circle Then appâ—â—e your compasses to the equinoctiall line and obserue the number of degrees intercepted betweene them for they expresse the declination P. What commoditie doth the knowledge of the declination bring M. First it helpeth vs to finde the heigth of the pole as I will teach you hereafter when I speake of the â—eigth of the starres and Sunne Secondly it bringeth vs to the knowledge of the place of the Sunne Last of aâ—â— it bringeth forth the day of the moneth P. Tell mee the declination being knowen as sâ— example suppose I know the Sunne to decline 11. deâ—â— 30. m. how shall I finde the place of the Sunne M. Forsomuch as 4. meane points of the ecliptioâ— haue equall declination as I said euen now there mâ—â—â— therefore consideration be had of the time of the yeaâ—â— as whether the Sunne be supposed to haue this declinâ—tion in the spring or in the sommer c. For the decâ—â—nation propounded must be sought out only in that pâ—â—â— of the eclipticke which is correspondent to the seasoâ— then is your rule this if the quarter of the ecliptick 〈◊〉 swerable to the season propounded be applied to 〈◊〉 meridian the degree of the eclipticke which falleth 〈◊〉 vnder the assigned declination is the place of the Sunâ—â— so if it be spring time the Sunne declining 11. d. 30. 〈◊〉 must needes possesse the head of ♉ if it be sommer 〈◊〉 possesseth the head of â™ c. P. Hereby me thinketh I could answere the 〈◊〉 proposition my selfe M. Let me see the declination of the Sunne beâ—â— giuen how can you finde the day of the moneth P. If the degree which the Sun possesseth being foâ—â— out by the former proposition be sought for afterwaâ—â— in the horizon of the Globe the day of the monâ— which standeth right against it is the day required 〈◊〉 for example the Sunne in the Spring time declineth 〈◊〉 d. 30. m. by the former proposition I finde his place to 〈◊〉 the head of ♉ vnto the which in the horizon of tâ—â— globe I finde the ende of the tenth of Aprill to answeâ— M. You saie true the fourth thing which craueâ—◠〈◊〉 certaine position of the Globe is the Longitude this â—ay belong to any point assigned in the Globe but generally wee seeke the longitude either of the Starres or of the degrees of the eclipticke wherby also wee count â—â—e longitude of the Sunne The beginning of longiâ—â—de is the head of ♉ the circle wherein it is counted â—nd measured is the eclipticke The extremitie or ende of the longitude in respect of the Starres which are distant from the eclipticke toward either pole thereof is â—â—at point of the eclipticke vpon which that great â—â—cle lighteth which is drawne from the poles of the â—â—lipticke through the centre of the starre But in reâ—â—â—ct of the eclipticke it selfe or in regard of any starre 〈◊〉 the sunne supposed to be in the eclipticke the end or â—â—â—it of longitude is that degree which the sunne or starre is supposed to possesse Hereupon wee define the â—â—â—gitude thus The longitude is an arcke of the eclipâ—â—â—ke contained according to the naturall succession of the signes betweene the head of ♈ and that great circle â—hich is drawne from the poles of the eclipticke through the point assigned in the Globe Heere you must note this that forsomuch as the head of ♈ is the beginning of all longitude therefore whatsoeuer is contained vnder the halfe of that great circle which is â—â—â—wen froÌ„ the one pole of the eclipticke through that â—â—int vnto the other hath no longitude at all The other â—â—ints assigned in the globe may increase in longitude â—â—to 360. degrees than the which there can be no greateâ— because they are the degrees of the whole eclipticke P. You say that the longitude is an arcke of the eclipticke but how shall I expresse it as for example 〈◊〉 I be demaunded of the Longitude of the Starre called the Lions hart what shall I say that it is an arâ—â—â— of the eclipticke c me thinketh that were somewhâ—â— absurd M. If you should answere so your answere weâ—â— true but for your instruction note this that when 〈◊〉 be demanded of the Longitude of the Sunne or starrâ— wee make answere two seuerall waies sometimes by 〈◊〉 degrees of the signe vpon which the great circle falleâ— which is drawen froÌ„ the poles of the eclipticke throuâ—â— the centre therof so wee say that the Longitude of 〈◊〉 Lions hart is the 23. d. 43. m. of Leo. Sometimes 〈◊〉 answere by the continuall succession of the degrees coâ—tained in the arcke of the eclipticke for wee say the Lioâ— hart hath Longitude 143. d. 43. m. P. But the degrees of the eclipticke are not 〈◊〉 downe in continuall succession vpon the Globe M. It is true and therefore the Longitude vpâ—â— the Globe is not found but according to the signes 〈◊〉 their degrees Yet if for euerie whole signe you coâ—â— 30. degrees and vnto that summe adde the odde degreâ— and minutes remayning if there be anie the totall is 〈◊〉 Longitude according to the continuall succession as 〈◊〉 example the Lions hart is in the 23. d. 43. m. of Leo. â—â—fore Leo there are 4. whole signes therefore I take foâ— times 30. which make 120. vnto which I adde the oâ—â— degrees and minutes remayning which are 23. d. 43. 〈◊〉 the totall summe 143. d. 43. m. is the Longitude accoâ—ding to the continuall succession of the degrees P. You sayd that in finding the declination 〈◊〉 meridian circle is a fit and conuenient instrument 〈◊〉 what shall wee haue to finde the longitude M. It were conuenient for this purpose and for 〈◊〉 latitude whereof I am to speake to
eleuation 〈◊〉 â—he pole being giuen how shall I finde by the Globe â—â—at starres do arise and set what starres neuer set and â—â—at starres neuer rise M. Rectifie your Globe that is rayse the pole of 〈◊〉 Globe according to the eleuation assigned so shall 〈◊〉 presently answere your selfe by the reuolution of 〈◊〉 Globe If bothe the poles be in the Horizon you â—â—ll see euery starre and euery degree of the eclipticke 〈◊〉 â—rise and set If one of the poles be in your Zenith â—â—u shall see all the starres and degrees of the eclipticke â—â—â—m the equator vpward neuer to set and contrarywise â—â—â—se that are from the equator downeward neuer to 〈◊〉 If the pole be raysed 66. d 30. m. you shall see all the â—â—â—res from the one tropicke vpward neuer to set and â—â—â—m the other tropicke downeward neuer to rise and 〈◊〉 Sunne being in the tropicke next to the pole that is â—â—â—uated doth but touch the Horizon with his centre 〈◊〉 being in all other places of the eclipticke he doth 〈◊〉 the rise and set To conclude this is a generall rule to 〈◊〉 gathered out of the declination If the declination â—â—â—â—er of the Sunne or Starre be lesser than the compleâ—â—â—nt of the heigth of the pole the Sunne and Starre aâ—â—â—th and setteth If the declination be greater they neâ—â—â— set or else neuer arise If the declination be equall â—â—ey touch the Horizon but neuer set or else neuer aâ—â—â—â— The next thing to be considered in the Horizon is 〈◊〉 ascension and descension of the Sunne or Starres â—â—â—h the difference thereof Ascension is the portion of 〈◊〉 equator contained the orderly succession of the degrees being obserued betweene the head of ♈ aâ— the horizon at the time of the rising of the Sunne 〈◊〉 Starre Descension is the portion of the equator contayned in like manner betweene the head of ♈ and thâ— horizon at the time of the setting of the Sunne 〈◊〉 Starre Therefore whatsoeuer is in the horizon wiâ—â— the head of ♈ hath neither ascension or descensioâ— Ascension and descension is either right or crooked otherwise called oblique Right ascension is the portioâ— of the equator contained betweene the head of Ariâ—â— and the meridian at the time of the comming of aâ—â— either sunne or starre vnto the meridian Descensioâ— may be defined in the same manner by the departiâ—â— from the meridian P. How commeth it to passe that you define thâ— right ascension by the meridian and not by the hoâ—â—zon as you did generally define it before M. I define it by the meridian because I would haâ—â— you remember that which I tolde you before namelâ— that the meridian of the Globe may very fitly supply 〈◊〉 place of the horizon in a right sphere Therefore if yâ—â— would know the right ascension of the sunne or starreâ— bring the degree of the eclipticke which the sunne pâ—sesseth or else bring the starre assigned to the meridiaâ— and there obserue what portion of the equator is coâ—tained betweene the head of ♈ and the meridian 〈◊〉 that is the right ascension Heere this is to be noâ—â— that the right ascension and descension are alwayes onâ— for the same degree of the equator which commeth 〈◊〉 the meridian the same degree goeth from the meridiaâ— with the sunne or starre Moreouer there is no degreâ— of the eclipticke nor no starre but it hath a right ascenâ—â—â— and descension excepting those which were geneâ—â—â— excepted before namely those which are iust vnâ—â—â— the meridian with the head of ♈ P. By your words I gather that the oblique ascenâ—â—â—â— is the portion of the equator contained betweene 〈◊〉 head of ♈ and the horizon of an oblique sphere at â—â—â—rising of the sunne or starres Descension also may 〈◊〉 â—efined in the same manner by the setting So that if â—â—sire to know the oblique ascension I must bring the â—â—â—â—ee of the eclipticke or else the starre assigned to the â—â—â—â—zon and there obserue what portion of the equator â—â—ntained betweene the head of ♈ and the horizon 〈◊〉 that on the East side of the horizon is the oblique â—â—â—nsion on the West side it is the descension M. You say right And here note this that the â—â—â—que ascension and descension are neuer the same 〈◊〉 some starres and the sunne likewise haue neither â—â—â—ension or descension namely when they neither rise 〈◊〉 set P. What is the difference of ascension which you â—â—â—red before M. In searching out the right and crooked asâ—â—â—sion you shall finde this continually to be true that of â—ne and the same signe or starre the seuerall ascensiâ—â— neuer agree the one is alwayes either greater or â—â—â—r than another therefore hauing found out the â—â—â—t and crooked ascension of any one starre subduct 〈◊〉 lesser from the greater the degrees of the equator â—â—â—ch remayne is called the difference of ascenâ—â—â—â— P. To what ende serueth this ascension and diffeâ—â—â—ce of ascension whereof you speake P. It serueth to diuers purposes whereof I shâ—â— make mention hereafter now let vs follow the matâ—â— which we haue in hand Wee vse in the Horizon to oâ—serue with what degree of the eclipticke any Staâ—â— doth arise or set which thing is done only by mouâ—â— the Globe vp and downe vntill the Starre assigned coâ—meth to the East or West side of the Horizon the dâ—gree of the eclipticke which is then in the Horizon 〈◊〉 the degree required P. By this meanes also I may knowe what degrâ—â— commeth to the meridian for if I bring the Starre pâ—â—pounded to the meridian the degree of the ecliptic which is vnder the meridian with the starre is the â—â—gree required But what dothe the knowledge of 〈◊〉 auaile me M. Hereby you may learne vpon what day of 〈◊〉 uery moneth euery Starre is to be seene rising or sâ—â—ting or in the meridian at midnight in this manneâ— Bring the Starre propounded to the East side of the Hâ—rizon marke what degree of the eclipticke is in the Hâ—rizon with it when the Sunne shall possesse the oppoâ—â— degree that day shall the assigned starre arise at the â—â—ting of the Sunne P. But how shall I knowe that daye M. I tolde you before that whensoeuer there any degree of the eclipticke assigned it must be souâ— out in the Horizon and right against it you shall finâ—â— the day of the moneth wherein the sunne possesseth thâ— degree Take an example the litle dogge ariseth in oâ— Horizon with the 5. d. 30. m. of Leo the degree opposâ— to this in the west side of the Horizon is the 5. d. 30. m Aquarius the sunne possesseth that degree as I perceâ— â—he Horizon the 16. of Januarie therefore vpon that â—â—at the setting of the Sunne the litle dogge ariseth â—â—e Horizon Contrarywise bring any Starre to the 〈◊〉 side of the Horizon marke the degree of the eâ—â—â—icke which commeth to the Horizon with it â—â—â—n the Sunne possesseth the opposite degree on that â—â—at the rising of the Sunne the sayd Starre shall
set in 〈◊〉 West And heere is the first meanes offred to finde 〈◊〉 eleuation of the pole This is certaine that there is 〈◊〉 eleuation wherein one and the same Starre ariseth or â—â—â—eth with the same degree of the eclipticke with â—â—â—ch it riseth and setteth in an other eleuation but a Starre in each seuerall eleuation of the pole hath â—â—uerall degree of the eclipticke with which it riseth 〈◊〉 setteth euery day If the lesser dogge arise in one â—â—e with the head of Leo in an other place he ariseth 〈◊〉 the 10. or 20. of Leo. Therefore if you can obserue 〈◊〉 Starre rising in the Horizon when the Sunne doth 〈◊〉 or setting in the Horizon when the Sunne doth aâ—â—â—â— note the day of the moneth in the Horizon and the degree of the eclipticke answerable to that day find out also the opposite degree then if you noted the Starre to arise bring the Starre to the East side of the Horizon and raise or depresse the pole of the Globe vntill the â—â—â—â—re and the degree of the eclipticke fall bothe together in the Horizon for then shall the pole of the â—â—â—be be at his true eleuation P. If I noted the Starre to set I must worke this conclusion on the West side of the Globe M. It is so Moreouer if you note with what degree any Starre commeth to the Meridian seeke out the opposite degree when the Sunne possesseth that degree then at midnight you shall see the starre in the meridian but wee cannot from hence infer the eleuation of the pole because euery where be the pole higher or lower the starres continuallie come to the meridian with the selfesame degree of the eclipticke Heere is occasion offred to deliuer vnto you the cosmicall achronicall and helicall rising and setting of the signes and starres which are not to be neglected of young students especially such as are conuersant in reading of the Poets because in many places they can hardlie be vnderstoode without the knowledge of these things Cosmicall rising and setting of the starres generally taken is their ascending and descending at any houre of the day whatsoeuer Likewise wee define generallie the Achronicall rising and setting of the signes and starres to be their ascending and descending in the night But properlie they are applied to that time onlie at which the Sunne doth arise or set Therefore the degree which the Sunne possesseth being applied to the East side of the horizon the signe or starres which are then on the East side of the horizon with the Sunne are said to arise Cosmicallie and they which at the same time are in the West side of the horizon are said to set cosmicallie Furthermore the degree which the Sunne possesseth being brought to the West side of the horizon the signe or starres that are on that side with the said degree doe set Achronicallie that is by interpretation in the edge of the night and they on the other side arise achronicallie Whereby this appeareth that what signe or starres soeuer arise cosmicallie the same doe set achronicallie and contrarywise Likewise what starre or signe soeuer riseth achronicallie the same doe set cosmicallie and contrarywise The helicall rising of the starres is their appearaÌ„ce after they haue bin hidden by the beames of the sunne The helicall setting of the starres is the hiding by the beames of the Sunne For this you must note that the Sunne mouing from the West to the East doth by litle and litle gather vpon the starres which are Eastward from him and comming neare vnto them within some 15. degrees litle more or lesse according to the quantitie of the starres by his brightnes he obscureth their light and then are they said to set helicallie Afterwards the Sunne keeping on his course leaueth the starres to be seene toward the West then are they said to rise helicallie By the Globe you shall gather the helicall rising and setting thus turne the degree which the Sunne possesseth to the East side of the horizon the starres which are alitle aboue it are those which are risen helicallie for the Sunne hath left them to be seen before his rising Againe turne the degree which the Sun possesseth to the West side of the horizon the starres which are alitle aboue it are those which are ready to set helicallie for the Sunne will come vpon them from the West The next thing to be noted is the amplitude of the Sunne or starres P. Tell me what it is how it is diuided what vse it hath M. The amplitude is to be consider at the instant time of the rising and setting of the Sun or starres and not else The amplitude is the distance of the Sunne or starres from the true East or West measured by the arcke of the horizon Therefore you must bring the place of the Sun that is the degree of the ecliptick which the Sun possesseth or the starre assigned to the East or West side of the horizoÌ„ according as the time requireth then marke how many degrees of the Horizon are contained betweene the Sunne or the Starre and the true East or West point of the Horizon for those degreeâ— expresse the amplitude Amplitude is either North or South North amplitude is the arcke of the Horizon counted from the true East or West Northward South amplitude is to the Southward The seafaring men kepe account as I told you before by the points of the Compasse but it is better to obserue the amplitude by degrees The Sunne or Starres vnder the equator haue no amplitude because that circle alwayes riseth and setteth full East and West for the other points of heauen this is generall that those which haue equall declination haue equall amplitude be it to the North or to the Southward In a right Sphere the declination and amplitude of the Sunne and Starres is of one quantitie so that knowing the one I knowe the other therefore if at any time in trauailing wee finde the declination and amplitude of the Sunne or Starres to agree together it is a certaine signe that wee are then vnder the equator and our Zenith is iust in that circle P. Then may I inferre this also that for so much as the meridian of a right Sphere the Horizon may be counted as one if the distance of the Sunne or Starres from one Zenith be equall vnto their declination wee are iust vnder the equinoctiall M. You say true in any oblique Sphere the declination and amplitude of the Sunne or Starres doth alwayes differ for the amplitude doth exceede the declination yet is it neuer more than 90. degrees Where the pole is eleuated as you may perceiue by the Globe 66. d. 30. min. the amplitude of the Sunne in the tropicall points is 90. degrees Where the pole is in our Zenith there is no account made of the amplitude because there is neither rising nor setting of the starres The vse of the amplitude is in the finding of the eleuation of the pole
M. That also is true but if both the longitude the latitude of a place be giuen you caÌ„not but find it out presently in this manner Bring the degree of longitude vnto the meridian set the Globe fast and in the meridian seeking out the latitude you shall be sure to finde the place or at leastwise where it should be if it be not expressed in the globe Thus much concerning the longitude and latitude P. Then must I trouble you with a question propounded before which was this what thing they haue common and wherein they may differ that haue onâ— longitude the which question you promised to satish me in when you had discoursed of the latitude M. I will doe what I can especially becuse I know it is most pleasant You see by the Globe that of the seuerall inhabitants of the Earth dwelling ether on thâ— North or South side of the equator Some may haue diuers longitudes but the same latitude as the Germanâ— the Muscouites the TartariaÌ„s c. differing in longitud% haue notwithstanding the same latitude with the Englisâ— men These inhabitants generally considered are calleâ— Perieci they haue their Zenith in the same parallell the starres rise and set vnto them all vpon the same point of the compasse and at the same houre and haue the same height aboue the horizon They haue the day and night increasing and decreasing alike vnto them all the seasons of the yeare changing after one manner and at one time yet they that dwell to the Eastward of the other preueÌ„t the other dwelling to the westward in the time as thus they in Germanie may see the Sunne rise at sixe a clocke so may we in England yet their 6. a clocke preuenteth ours by an houre more or lesse according as they are more or lesse vnto the Eastward so that when the sunne riseth vnto them at sixe a clocke it is then but fiue a clocke to vs that dwell fifteene degrees more vnto the Westwarde and the Sunne will haue beene vp vnto them an houre when hee beginneth but newly to rise vnto vs. And if wee happen to see the moone eclipsed at nine a clocke they that dwell forty fiue degrees from vs Eastward shall fee her eclipsed at twelue a clocke yet shall it be but sixe a clocke to them that dwel as many degrees froÌ„ vs to the westward Here you are to vnderstand this that albeit the word Perieci according to the signification thereof may bee generally applyed to all them that haue the same latitude yet properly in Geographie it is attributed vnto them that haue the same meridian but dwel on the contrary sides thereof and haue their difference of longitude 180. degrees and one of the poles of the world alwaies in the middest betweene their verticall pointes such are they that dwell in Arabia Felix on the one side and in Hispania noua on the other side of the meridian These men differ one from another in this that when it is high noone to the one it is midnight to the other and contrariwise item when the Sunne setteth to the one he riseth to the other and contrariwise item the South side of our meridian is their North side all these communities and differences may be easily found out vppon the Globe ether by ayplying a thredde vnto the Globe in stead of another Horizon or else by comparing the two globes together The thredde must crosse the meridian so many degrees distant from the pole as the pole is distant from the horizon as if the pole of the place assigned be 50. degrees the thredde must crosse the meridian in the 50. degree on this side the pole From the meridian it must bee directed to the East point of the Horizon and from thence crossing the nether side of the meridian in the 50. degree from the pole it must be directed to the West side of the horizon vntil it come to the vpper side of the meridian againe So shal you most easily perceaue all those communities and differeces of the Perieci to be true whereof I spake before as that their dayes and nightes being seuerally compared are of an equall length that the starres and the Sunne rise and set at the same houres c. P. If I were desirous to trye this by two seueral globes how shall I goe to worke M. You may goe to worke diuers wayes as yoâ— thinke best for your owne capacity hauing raised thâ— poles of each globe according to one and the same eleuation set the Globes so one by the other that the Eaâ—point of the one may ioyne with the West point of thâ— other or that the South pointes of their horizon maâ— close and ioyne directlie all together or which 〈◊〉 take to be better their Northren pointes Set also the Zeniths in their places according as the eleuation of the pole doth direct you Here must you conceaue this that the greater arcke of the meridian is the noonesteed line and the lesser arcke from the pole downeward to the Horizon and vnder it is the line of midnight then seeke out the place of the Sunne for any day propounded and bring it to the East side of the one globe and â—o the West side of the other for of them that are pecuâ—atly called Perieci the one seeth the sunne and starres â—etting when the other seeth them rising afterwardes â—urne the Globes so about the one from you the oâ—her toward you in such sort that the place of the Sun â—rysing to the one may fall vnder the horizon of the oâ—her for by that meanes you shall finde out the commuâ—ities and differences spoken of before P. I doe partly perceaue the matter I hope by practise 〈◊〉 vnderstand it the better Proceede now I pray you in â—hat which I requested at your handes M. As some of those which inhabit ether the North â—r South part of the earth may haue the same latitude â—ut diuers longitudes so agayne some may haue the â—â—me longitude but diuers latitudes as they here in Engâ—â—nd haue the same longitude and are vnder the same meridian which the Spaniardes and those that dwell to â—he West side of Africa yet do they al differ in longitude â—hese men haue the selfe same houres of the day and ight with the foure seasons of the yeare But in many â—ther thinges they differ as they dwell nearer or further â—om the pole or nearer or further from the equator â—hey that dwell nearer the equator haue the Sunne alâ—aies higher aboue their Horizon than the other that well further of also they which dwell nearer to the equator haue a longer day in Winter but a shorter night than they which dwel toward the pole but in Sommeâ— they which dwell toward the pole haue a longer day a shorter night than they that dwel toward the equator as for example in Winter the Spaniardes day is longer than ours namely whilest the Sunne is in the Southerne signes from the
13. of September to the 11. of March but from the eleuenth of March to the 13 of September our day is alwaies longer than theirs Againe from the 13. of SepteÌ„ber to the eleuenth of March their night is shorter than ours but from the 11. of March to the 13. of September our night is shorter than theirs Moreouer the Sunne neuer riseth vnto these men at one houre ercept he bee in the equator as for example to vs and the Spaniards Whilest the Sunne is in the North signes he riseth more early and shineth longer to vs than to them but the Sunne being in the South signes he riseth more early and shineth longer to them than to vs Last of alâ— the Sunne neuer riseth or setteth to them and vs on the same point of the compasse c. all which thinges you may easily perceaue to be true by those rules which you haue heard before in the celestiall globe if you do buâ— find out by the terrestriall globe their feuerall latitudes that dwell vnder the same meridian and then raise the pole seuerally working the conclusions aforesaid according as you haue bin taught P. Haue not these people any peculier name which dwell vnder one meridian but differ in latitude M. No but there are another kinde of people hauing one longitude which haue a peculier name and are called Anteci They are such inhabitants of the earth as dwell vnder one meridian and haue the same longitude also the same latitude but toward diuers poles so that as farre the one dwelleth from the equator northward the others haue the same distance from it Southward and as high as the North pole is raised to the one so high is the South Pole raised to the other Such are they that dwell in the West side of Arabia twentie degrees Northward and they that dwel in Madagascar in the same longitude twentie degrees to the South warde These men haue the day and night of equall length the Sunne rising and setting at the same houres on the same point of the compasse but at diuers times and the seasons of the yeare are opposite as when it is Sommer to them which dwell in Aâ—abia it is Winter to them in Madagascar And conâ—rariwise when the day is longest to them in Arabia it â—s shortest to them in Madagascar Furthermore if the Sunne rise 25 degrees from the East to them in Arabia hee riseth so many degrees from the East to them in Madagascar but to the one in Sommer to the other in winter if the day be fourteene houres long to them in Aâ—abia it is so long also to them in Madagascar but hee possesseth contrary signes These thinges may seuerally be tried by the globe or by comparing your 2. Globes â—ogether and raising the North pole of the one and he South pole of the other aboue the Horizon so â—hall you see that that degree of the Eclipticke which â—ontinueth longest aboue the horizon to them that dwel Northward continueth the shortest aboue their Hoâ—izoÌ„ that dwel Southward Moreouer also you may perâ—eaue this that they which dwell Northward see the Sunne rising and the Heauens moouing from the left and to the right but they which are to the Southward see the Sunne arysing and the heauens moouing froâ— the right hand to the left Besides these inhabitant before named there are other to be noted which because they goe foot to foote right opposite one to the other they are therefore called of the Grecians Antâ—podes and Antichthones because they dwell in opposite places of the earth P. Mee thinketh it is impossible that you speake oâ— how can they that are vnder vs walke vpon the eaâ—â— without falling Can two men walke the one on the to of a wheele the other on the nether side thereof with out tumbling downe M. Your reason is not alike in the wheele and 〈◊〉 the earth All they that dwell vpon the earth haue oâ— common centre in the Globe of thâ— earth vnto whiâ—â— they doe naturally tend in respect of their grauity anâ— therefore where soeuer they stand they cannot fall from the earth but bend naturally vnto the centre thereoâ— But they which stand vpon a wheele or any such rounâ— thinge els haue not any one point in the wheele or 〈◊〉 the round bodie vnto the which they doe natural bend and therefore whensoeuer he commeth vnto anâ— such place of the wheele wherin his legs caÌ„not keep thâ— weightines of his bodie perpeÌ„dicular and imminent the centre of the Wheele he must needes fall from thâ— wheele toward that centre vnto which naturally he iâ— clineth which is the centre of the earth This is certaiâ— both by reason and experience of our owne countrieâ—â— that there are Antipodes and therefore let the truâ— preuaile with vs more than the opinions either of Aâ—gustine or Lactantius who haue stoutly denied tâ—â— Antipodes yea Lactantius as I remember held it heresie and counted them accursed that sayd there were â—ntipodes P. How doe you define the Antipodes M. They are certaine inhabitants of the earth right opposite one to another in the extremities of the diameâ—er of the Globe Therefore the antipodes haue the same meridian yet they differ in longitude one from the other 80 degrees They haue the same horizon indeede but â—iffering in reason namely thus that the Zenith or verâ—icall point of the one is the nadir to the horizon of the other and contrariwise they haue also the same latitude but bending toward contrarie poles P. How shall I readily by the globe finde out who â—e antipodes one to another M. Bring any point or place assigned in the globe into the meridian and note what latitude it hath the â—oint or places hauing the selfe same latitude in the meâ—dian vnder the Horizon is the habitation of them that â—â—e antipodes to the former Such are the inhabitants of Trinideda and Iaua maior also the inhabitantes of old and new Guinea with infinit other places of the earth whose antipodes are not yet discouereed The Antipoâ—es haue all thinges contrary excepting those that dwel â—nder the equinoctiall if the heauen moue to the one â—â—om the left hand to the right it moueth contrary waies into the other if it be day to the one it is night to the â—ther if the Sunne rise to the one he setteth to the other 〈◊〉 the day or night increase to the one it decreaseth to â—he other if it be Sommer to the one it is Winter to he other c. P. Why do you make exception of those that dwel â—nder the equator M. Because they being aswell Perieci as antipodes haue all the seasons of the yeare agreeable and the same length of day night the Sun rising setting at the same houre yet when he riseth to the one he setteth to the other the houres of day and night are opposite for when it is high noone to the one it is midnights to the other when it is 11. a clocke
many as dwel within the obliquitie thereof betweene tropicke and tropicke must needes see the Sunne in their Zenith the rest from ether tropick to each pole neuer haue the Sunne in their Zenith P. How often may the Sunne bee in the Zenith M. Not aboue twise to any nation and to some but once As many as haue their latitude equall to the greatest declination of the Sunne they neuer see the Sun in their Zenith but once such are all they that dwell iust vnder the tropickes But as many as dwell within the two tropickes haue the Sunne perpendicular ouer their heads twise in the yeare namely at that time when the declination of the Sunne and the latitude of the place are equall one to the other for then the Sunne declining from the equator commeth to their Zennith and passeth beyonde it to the tropicke and descendinge from the tropicke hee crosseth their verticall points againe P. Then in seeking out the declination of the Sun the latitude of any place I shall not only know whether the Sunne commeth to the Zenith of the said place but also at what time he commeth thether M. You say well for if the declination of the sunne the latitude of the place ether are or may be equall then wil the Sun passe by the Zenith but if the latitude be greater than the declination of the Sunne may be the Sunne neuer commeth to the Zenith Againe when the Sunne possesseth any degree of the eclipticke hauing a declination equall vnto the latitude of the place assigned that day will he crosse the verticall point of the said place P. If the Sun be not in the Zenith how shall I know his distance from it by the Globe M. Seeke out in the meridian the declination of the Sunne and there make a marke seke out also the latitude of the place assigned there also make a marke the degrees of the meridian intercepted betweene the two markes expresse the distance of the Sunne from the Zenith So shall you finde the Sunne in Cancer to be distant from our Zenith here at London 28. degrees but being in Capricorne hee is distant from it 75. degrees If you desire to know this by rule the rule is the place assigned being without the Tropickes and the Sunne declining toward the pole eleuated the declination of the Sunne taken frō the latitude geueth his distance frō the Zenith as the Sunne declining northward twenty degrees twelue minutes is distant from our Zenith at London thirtie degrees eighteene minutes If the Sun decline from the pole eleuated his declination added to the latitude giueth his elongation from the Zenith Item if his place assigned bee within the two Tropicks his declination toward the pole cleuated cōpared with his latitude and the lesser being subducted from the greater the remainder geueth his distance from the Zenith Otherwise if the Sunne decline from the pole eleuated the totall summe made of the declination and the latitude affordeth the foresayd distance If the place assigned be vnder the equator the declination of the Sun is equal to his distance from the Zenith according as you may perceaue by the Globe P. What other vse hath the eclipticke in the terrestriall Globe M. We are hereby certifyed of the seuerall seasons of the yeare in each seuerall place Summer is caused by the accesse of the Sun vnto our Zenith Winter by his recesse from the same Hereby therefore wee may gather what people haue two winters and two Summers also who haue but one winter and one Summer as many as dwell vnder the tropicks and from thence toward the poles haue but one because the Sunne falleth from their Zenith commeth toward them but once in a yeare they which dwell within the tropicke haue two because the Sunne crosseth their Zenith twise and falleth twise also from it once to the North and agayne to the Southward But betweene their Summers and Winters there is not an equall distance vnto any of them those onely excepted which liue vnder the equator who being iust in the middest of the Sunnes proper motion haue the seuerall seasons of their yeare distinguished equally in common sence The other haue their seasons diuided vnequally as they that dwell in the 20. d. 12. m. to the Northward haue from their first Summer to the second two moneths but from the second to the first Summer following in the next yeare they haue ten moneths namely all that time wherein the Sunne is going from Leo to Gemini Furthermore this is generally to bee noted by the eclipticke that they which dwell on seuerall sides of the equator haue neuer the same seasons falling out at the same time for if it be Winter to them that dwell to the Northward of the line it is Summer to them that dwell to the Southward and contrariwise P. But they that dwell on one and the same side of the Equator haue their Summer and Winter at one time M. Not so as many as are vnder or without the tropick toward the pole haue their Winter and Summer at one time namely when the Sunne entreth the hed of Cancer but they that dwel from the equator to the tropicke haue their Winter and Summer onely then when the Sunne is furthest from their Zenith or els crosseth it As they that doe dwell vnder the equator haue their Summers when the Sunne entreth into Aries and Libra and then crosseth their Zenith But their Winters fall out when he commeth to the tropicall points and is furthest distant from their Zenith they that dwell 11. d. 30. m. to the Northward of the line haue their Summers when the Sunne entreth into Taurus Virgo but their Winters are in his entrance into the tropickes for that is generall to them that dwel within the tropickes that howsoeuer their Summers alter their times their Winters alwaies keepe their appointed dayes which are those wherein the Sunne entreth the tropicall pointes P. Shall wee now proeceede vnto the other circles of the Globe M. Not yet there is one rhing remaining to be noted in the terrestriall globe concerning the shadowes that are made vpō earth at noone wherevpō the inhabitantes reccaue diuers names for some of them are called Ascij others Amphiscij others Heteroscij others Periscij They are called Ascij who hauing the Sun in their vertical point do wāt the shadow of any thing that standeth vpright vpō the ground for the Sun beame falling perpendicular vpon the earth doth illuminate the thing which stādeth vpright round about so that the shadow thereof cannot be seene vntill the Sun declineth frō the Zenith Such are all they that dwel ether under or within the tropickes as by experience you may proue vpon the terrestriall Globe by the sphericall gnomon P. In what manner I pray you M. Rectify your globe perfectly in the open aire where the Sunne doth shine and set your sphericall gnomon ether vpon the degree of the eclipticke
of the Sunne vntill his riâ—ing P. Is the dawning of the day in all places at the same â—oure the Sunne possessing one and the same degree M. No for the more oblique the sphere is the dawâ—ing beginnineth so much the sooner because the Sunne â—reepeth his course continually nearer to the Horizon â—herfore lighteneth our hemisphere so much the sooner The third conclusion concerneth the length of the dawning which is the time from the first breaking of the day vnto the rysing of the Sunne the conclusion is wroughâ— thus Seeke out by the former proposition the time 〈◊〉 the dawning then seeke also the time of the Sunne rising the difference of these two times expresse the length of the dawning which is more or lesse according to the obliquitie of the Sphere The fourth conclusion concerneth the length of time wherein any signe a ariseth aboue the Horizon P. What is one signe longer arising than another I thought that as they were all equall so the time 〈◊〉 their rising or setting was also equall and this is certaine that any sixe Signes arise and sette in 12. houre M. That is true if you take them ioyntly together otherwise being taken seuerally the one is longer a â—sing than the other wherevpon there ariseth another distinction of ascensioÌ„ which in respect of the time limited vnto each signe is said to be right or oblique without respect had to the situation of the sphere as it was before Those signes haue a right ascention with whom theâ—â— arise more than 30 degrees of the equator that is to say that are loÌ„ger arising than 2. houres contrariwise if there arise with the signe fewer thaÌ„ 30. degrees of the equator that is to say if the signe arise in lesser time than 2. hours then is that called an oblique ascention Ether of these ascensions may be found out 2. seueral wayes by the degree of the Equator for that is the measure of all time oâ— els mechanichally by the houre circle By the degrees of the equator the length of time that is the ascentioÌ„ of any whole signe is found thus in any situation of the sphere Bring the hed of any signe to the East signe of the horizon marke what degree of the equator is in the horizon with it theÌ„ moue the globe vntil the end of the said signe â—oÌ„meth to the horizoÌ„ mark the degree of the equator in the horizon subduct the lesser from the greater the remainder conuerted into houres and minutes if neede require expresseth the assention of the signe propounded By the houre circle the length of time wherin any signe ariseth is thus sought out Bring the hed of any signe to the East side of the horizoÌ„ set the index vpon 12. a clock moue the globe west ward vntil the end of the said signe come to the horizon the index in the houre circle will expresse the length of time wherein the signe did arise These are the chiefest questions moued concerning those thinges which happen vnder the horizon P. I pray you hath the circle of position no other vse then to rectifie a figure M. Yes for it findeth that circle whereof it receaueth his name that is the circle of positioÌ„ which is but a great circle drawen froÌ„ the one intersectioÌ„ of the horizon and meridiaÌ„ vnto the other through the centre of some star or any point els assigned in the heaueÌ„ diuiding the sphere into 2. peeces By it in erecting of the 12. housen we find what notable starres or what planets are in any of the housen The distance of any circle of position from the meridian is found thus The circle of position being raised froÌ„ the horizon vnto any point assigned in the globe moue the quadrant of altitude fixed to the Zenith to the east or west point of the horizon as occasion requireth the degrees of the quadrant contained between the said circle of position the meridian expresse the quantity of the angle which it maketh each circle of positioÌ„ may supply the place of halfe an horizoÌ„ in that respect it hath singular vse in astronomical geographical matters as shall be declared if God spare me life and ability to performe that which I haue in hand It remaineth now to speake of the lesser circles of the Globe P. But by your leaue sir you haue sayd nothing of making the dials by the Globe which is a matter mentioned by all Astronomers in handling the vse of the Globe M. It is true and therefore I did omit it because it is the matter which I haue now in hand the which I am so much the more desirous to performe because it hath binne earnestly required by a friend of mine whose forwardnes in these in studies I would helpe so much as lyeth in me Therefore let me at this instant craue pardon for that matter vntill such time as I shall particularly discourse thereof P. Well then proceed in the vse of the lesser circlet of the celestiall Globe M. You see that the foure lesser circles of the globe diuide the whole surface thereof into 5. partes Euery one of them is called a Zone P. What meaneth chat word Zone M. It signifieth among the Grecians a gyrdle or a swadling band and therefore it is fitly applyed vnto these portions of the globe because they in their figure represent after a manner such a thing Of the Zones some are enclosed with one onely limit some with two those which are inclosed with one only limit namely with the circle arcticke and antarcticke are the two Zones which lie about each pole which because of their distance from the eclipticke and place of the sunne are called cold Not that there is ether heate or colde in heauen but because they which dwell on earth vnder that circuit of the heauen feele not the Sunne so forceable in his heat by reason of his obliquitie as others doe The other 2. Zones are limited on each side That which is in the middest being limited on the one side with the tropick of Cancer on the other side with the tropicke of Capricorne â—s called the burning Zone because the Sunne keeping â—his course continually within it doth greatlie heate that part of the earth which is subiect vnto it The other two being nether too neare the Sunne nor too farre of are called temperate because they are nether so hot as the â—one nor so cold as the other that which is to the Northward is limitted with the circle arcticke the tropick of Cancer the other to the Southward is enclosed with the circle antarcticke and the tropicke of Capricorne The breadth of each cold zone is 47. degrees the breadth of the burning Zone is as much each temperate Zone hath 43. degrees in breadth As they are described on the celestiall globe they expresse vnto vs what starres are enclosed within each seuerall Zone which are to be noâ—ed because they adde somewhat according to their nature vnto the quality of