of December And heere wyll I not omit to say how in those times at these foure dayes that is to meane in the two Solstitialles and two Equinoctialles were celebrated or dyd chaunce foure marueylous thynges in the worlde For in the spring Equinoctiall which was at the xxv of March the Sonne of GOD was incaâ—nate and afterwarde borne of the Uirgin Marie in the Solstitiall of Wynter whyche was at the xxv of December In the Equinoctiall of Autumne whiche was the xxvii of September was conceyued blessed Iohn Baptist the cryer and precursour of Christ and was borne in the sommer Solsticiall that was the xxiiii of Iune And this is the syxth Moneth whereof Saint Luke speaketh in the Gospell Whiche thyng also Iohn Chrysostome doth veryfie saying that S. Iohn was borne when the dayes beganne to decrease and our Lorde when they began to increase And it may certaynely seeme woorthie to be had in memorie that in the sayde Equinoctiall of the spring Christ suffered Adam was created and loste the estate of innocencye Abel was slayne Melchisedech offered bread and wyne Isahac by Abraham was brought to be sacrificed Iohn Baptist was beheaded at Macherunta Peter delyuered out of pryson Saint Iames beheaded by Herode the good Theefe enioyed Paradise and the bodyes of many Saintes rose wyth Chryste And who so further desyreth more precisely to knowe the entraunce of the Sunne into Aries and into the other principall signes shall in the thyrde parte of thys woorke in the eyght Chapter fynde rules whiche shall bryng hym to the knowledge thereof Bâ—t â—o returne to our tyme I say that thys present yeere of 1545. the Sunne entreth into the fyrste degree of Aries at the tenth of Marche at foure of the clocke at after noone and into the fyrst degree of Taurus the nynth of Apryll 2. houres and 7. minutes and into Gemini the 11. of May 2. houres and syxe minutes into Cancer the 11. of Iune 14. houres 44. minutes into Leo the 13. of Iuly 3. houres 50. minutes into Virgo the 13. of August 9. houres 56. minutes into Libra the 13. of September 4. houres 4. miuutes into Scorpio the 13. of October 7. houres 13. minutes into Sagittarie the 12. of Nouember iust at noone into Capricorne the 11. of December 8. houres 16. minutes into Aquarius the 9. of Ianuarie 2. houres one minute into Pisces the 8. of Februarie 1. houre 30. minutes after midday that is to say from noone 1. houre 30. minutes And that we may in the yeeres to come knowe the day houre and minute in the whiche the Sunne entreth into euery signe we will followe this order Upon the dayes houres and minutes that the Sunne entreth into euery signe thys sayde yeere 1545. we must adde for euery yeere fyue houres and 49. minutes which with the 365. dayes which euery yeere conteyneth shal be the tyme in the whiche the Sunne accomplysheth his Reuolution And because that in the yeere of the Bisextile or Leape yeere is added to Februarie one day more to his 28. which he hath once in foure yeeres from 6. to 6. houres yf we shall take from the computation that whyche we haue geuen hym turning one day backward as shal be in the yeere 1548. and vppon that that remayneth shall returne in the yeere folowyng of 1549. to adde fyue hoâ—res 49. minutes and as much more euery other yeere folowing shal be a certayne rule for euer And it is to note that the degrees and minutes which wee haue touched before are properly for the Citie of Cadiz And yf we desyre to applye them for other Cities or places more Eastwarde then for euery xv degrees that they are distaunt from Cadiz in longitude we must adde one houre And yf for Cities or places more Wâ—stwardâ— in lyke maner for euery xv degrees we must take away one houre by reason of the course of the Sun by his rapte moouing from the East to the West For it is certayne that when with vs in Cadiz it is xii houres of the clocke tâ— them that are xv degrees Eastward from vs it is one of the clock and to them that are from vs xv degrees toward the West it is xi of the clocke Nowe that we haue Rules to knowe the entraunce of the Sunne into the xii signes thereby may we also knowe his entraunce into the foure Câ—â—dinall or principall signes whiche are they that determine and ende the Equinoctialles and Solstitialles whereby are caused the foure tymes of the yeere And forasmuch as the generall chaunge of tymes is by reason of the Sunne who by his comming neare warmeth by hys remayning dryeth with his departure cooleth and by his long tarying away causeth maystnesse we will shew the qualities of the principall windes elements regions humours and ages in one briefe Table and then consequently in an other will we describe the beginning middest and ende of the foure times of the yeere aswell in the monethes as in the heauenly signes The Table of the qualities of the Elementes Qualities Hot dry Hot moyst Cold moyst Cold dry Partes of the yere Sommer Spryng Winter Autumne Principall windes East South West North. Elements Fyre Ayre Water Earth Regions East South West North. 4. Humours Choler Blood Flegme Melancholy 4. Ages Youth Mans state Aged Age. The Table of the foure tymes of the yeere Tymes Beginning Myddest Ende Spryng Marche Aries Apryl Taurus May. Gemini Somâ—er Iune Cancer Iuly Leo. August Virgo Autumne Septemâ— Libra Octob. Scorpio Nouemb. Sagit Wynter Decemb. Capricor Ianua Aquar Februa Pisces The v. Chapter of the Moone and of her motions and properties IN the Chapters past of this seconde parte wee haue entreated of the Sunne and of his motions and effects as the most noble and principall luminarie In this present Chapter we wyll entreate of the Moone which is the second luminarie although in the order of the heauens she is the first and nearest vnto vs of all other Planets or Starres The Mâ—one therefore is a round body of heauenly substaunce solide and darke in respecte of the Sunne hauing no proper light of his owne but is apt to receyue light She is mooued from the West into the East according to the order of the signes euery day 13. degrees litle more or lesse and somewhat more then 10. minutes by the proper motion of the heauen or sphere vpon the Ares and Poles of the Zodiaâ—ke I sayd more or lesse because that ouer and beside the moouing of her deferent or circle which is moued euery day the aforesayd 13. degrees and 10. minutes almost 11. she hath an Eclipse where the Moone is fixed at the motion whereof sometimes she is moued more swâ—ftly and sometimes more slowly Neuerthelesse according to her selfe motion she maketh her course in 27. dayes and almost 8. houres and hauing no light of her owne she is lyghtened of the Sunne as manifestly appeareth
consydering the course of the Sunne made the yeére of 365. dayes Then by the commaundement of Iulius Caesar whose order we now obserue were added syxe houres to the ende to make equall this number of dayes with the course of the Sunne and hereof the Bisextile or Leape yeére had his beginning from foure to foure yeéres But to say the trueth they erred The one by somewhat too much and the other by somewhat too litle This yâ—ere conteyneth 365. dayes 5. hâ—ures 49. minutes Lykewyse at the fyrst the yéere had diuers begynninges Numa Pompilius began it from the Winter solsticiall because thâ—t then the Sunne beginneth to rise toward vs as Ouid affâ—rmeth in these verses Brumâ— noui prima est veterisque nouissima Solis Principum capiunt Phaebus Annus idem Which may thus be englyshed Brume is the fyrst of the newe yéere And last day of the olde The Sunne and yeére beginne at once As Ouid hath vs tolde Romulus began it at Marche at the Equinox of the spring because that then all thyngs reuiue and floryshe and by the opinion of the Dâ—uiâ—es it seémeth good reason to begyn the yeére at Marche because the world was created the 25. of the Kalendes of Apryl which is the 18. of the moneth aforesayde Lykewyse God speaking of this moneth to the people of Israel sayd vnto them This shal be the fyrst of the monethes of the yeére The Arabians begin from the Sommer solstiâ—iall whose opinion is that the Sunâ—e was made in the signe of Leo. Other begin the yere in September about the Equinoctial of Autumne as do the Iewes resting in the aucthoritie of Genesis where it is wrytten thus Let the earth bryng foorth greéne hearbes to haue fruite agréeable to theyr kynde c. And because Autumne is a fruitefull tyme they beganne from thence to accompt their yeére The Greékes Persians and Egyptians accompt it from October The Christians some from the Incarnation of Christe other from his byrth and other from the fyrst daye of Ianuarie In lyke manâ—er is great diuersitie in beginning the number of yeéres whiche we call Era that is the date The Greékes beganne their date from the death of great Alexander The Egyptians from the death of Nabuchodonosor The Persians from Gesdargit The Arabians or Moores from the preaching of Mâ—chomet who was after the byrth of Christ 626. yeéres Other also from the Romane Emperours The Christians began the accompt of our Sauiour Iesu Christ 500. yeéres after his byrth as writeth Cardinal Cusanus And héere it shall not be from my purpose to shewe how iustly and ryghtfully was commaunded by Don Iohn King of Spayne the fyrst of that name that iâ— the Courtes and Parliamentes whiche he helde in Segoâ—ia in the yeére of 1383. leauing the dates that they had begun from the Emperour Octauian for tributes and other payments specifyed in Wrytynges and Priuiledges they should no more put the date of the Emperour for as much as the day in the which the Sonne of God became man and was borne by the blessed Uirgin was so excellent a thyng and most worthie to be had in memorie So that in Spayne since that tyme in all common Writynges the date is made from the Natiuitie of our Lorde begynnyng there the fyrst day of the yeére and commonly the fyrst day of Ianuary Some Astronomers begyn it the fyrst of Marche We haue in this Chapter entreated of the great yeére and of the Solar yeére with his quantitie beginning and date In the Chapter folowyng we wyll entreate of the Lunar yeére which we call a moneth ¶ The xi Chapter of the moneth and of his differences COnsydering the moneth â—bsolutelyeâ— without hauing respecte to the Solar yeére it may be called a yéere according to the diuision we haue made in the Chapter of the yeére For it is a reuolution of the heauen of the Moone whicâ— moueth slowly in comparâ—son of the first heauen And yf we consyder the moneth as part of the yéere then is the name of a moneth more proper vnto it For this word Mens mensis in Latin is deriued of Mensurâ— which signifieth measure And so the moneth and yeére referred to tyme all may be called moneth forasmuch as all is the measure of tyme as we haue touched in the sayd Chapter of the yeére The moneth is to be consydered in two maners eyther as it is part of the Solar yeére or is caused by the course of the Moone The moneth that is part of the Solar yeére is that which at this day we vse And into xii oâ— these monethes is the yeere diâ—ided as Ianuarâ—e Februarie Marche Apryll May Iune Iuly August September October Nouember December They are not all of equall dayes Apryl Iune September and Nouember haue 30. dayes all the other haue 31. except Februarie which hath 28. and when the Bisextile or Leape is it hath 29. The names and numbers of these monethes were assigned at the wyll and pleasure of men and the cause why they haue remayned so long time is the aucthoritie of the Emperours that ordeined them for the common people who accepted them by the Romane Church which admitted the vse of them The Lunar moneth hath two consyderations The one is the tyme whiche the Moone tarieth from that sheé commeth foorth from one poynt of the Zodiacke vntyll she returne thyther by her proper moouing and this is called the moneth of the peragration in which reuolution she spendeth 27. dayes and almost 8. houres The other consyderation is hauyng respect to the tyme whiche the Moone taryeth from that she is in coniunction with the Sunne vntyll another coniunctiâ—n And this is called the moneth of Consecution and is more then the moneth of Peragration by two dayes 4. houres 44. minutes For the Sunne and the Moone beyng in coniunction vnder one punct of the Zodiacke and moouing both by theyr proper moouinges towarde the East as the moouyng of the Moone is swifter then the moouing of the Sunne she leaueth hym behynde And when she had ended her moneth of peregrination she returneth to the poynt from whence she departed and not findyng the Sunne there because in the meane tyme the Sunne of hys proper motion hath gone almost 27. degreés the Moone passeth from this poynt and in the sayde 2. dayes 4. houres 44. minutes ouertaketh the Sunne and so commonly hath this moneth of consecution 26. dayes 12. houres and 44. minutes So that whatsoeuer is sayd of the Lunar moneth is to be vnderstood of this moneth of consecution whiche all they vse that accompt by Moones as doo the Hebrues Arabians and Persians The Mariners ought not to neclect this computation because it is conuenient for them to knowe the tydes and other effectes caused by the aspectes of the Sunne and the Moone for their aspectes do correspond to the partes of this
the day or day spryng should equally and at one time appeare to them in the West as to them in the East But we see the contrarie that it appeareth fyrst to them that dwell in the East and afterward to them in the West This is prooued by the Eclipse of the Moone which beginning at one instant they of Hierusalem see it begin at foure a clocke of the night and we of Andalusie in Spayne at one a clocke of the night It foloweth hereby that to them it nighteneth three houres sooner then vnto vs in Spayne and this is caused by the roundnesse of the earth But heere some may mooue a doubte saying that on the earth we may see many Mountaynes and consequently many great Uallyes and Pâ—aynes with many diuersities of sundrye other deepe and vnequall places by reason whereof the earth can not truely be called rounde To this I say that in two manners the earth is called and vnderstoode to be rounde As after one manner speakyng precisely it is called rounde as a Ciâ—cle or a Sphere which we call rounde because that all ryght lines drawen from the center thereof to the circumference are equall The other roundnesse is consydered without this precisenesse and is suche as not by all his partes is equally distant from his myddest or center but hath some partes hygher and some lower yet not in such quantitie as may destroy the roundnesse of the whole As yf in a Bowle there weâ—e certayne clyftes or holes it should not thereby leaue to be round although not perfectly or precisely rounde And for this cause sayth Auerrois that although both the heauenly bodyes and the Elements are of round fourme yet differ they in this that the heauenly Spheres haue perfect roundnesse and the Elemeâ—ts not As the earth by reason of his Mountaynes and Uales the Sea by his encreasing and decreasing the Ayre also for his nearenesse to the fyre and by his contrarietie doth sometime doo and soâ—etime suffer that is to say is sometime actiue and sometyme passiue So that folowing the one it fleeth the other by reason whereof it also lacketh perfect roundnesse But the fyre for as muche as it is neare to the concaue of the circle of the Moone which is Sphericall may therefore be called Sphericall or rounde The viij Chapter of the motion of the Heauens and Elementes IT is not to be forgotten that all the Elementes are wholy mooueable by locall motion except the earth The water is mooued by the motion of the Moone or tossed by the Wyndes The fyre as sayth Aristotle is mooued circulerly by the motion of the day and is drawen of the circlesâ— that embrace it or compasse it about as is manyfest by the Cometes or blazing Starres and other fyerie exhalations conteyned and engendred in it Which beeyng caryed with thys motion conclude that the fyre mooueth in lyke maner And with thys motion is the superiour parte of the ayre violently caryed about as the other impressions therein doo shewe The inferiour part is mooued by dyuers motions that is to meane laterally as by experience we see when the wyndes blowe The Moone with her Heauen or Sphere by her proper motion geueth her turne from the West to the East in xxvii dayes and vii houres with xv minutes Venus Mercuri and the Sunne in a yeere which is the space of three hundred threescore and fyue dayes with fyue houres and fourtie and niene minutes Mars in two yeeres Iupiter in twelue yeeres Saturne in xxx yeeres The eyght heauen which is the Fyrmament or Starrie Heauen by his owne proper motion is mooued by the nienth Heauen vpon the beginning of Aries and Libra and vpon these two poyntes accomplysheth hys Reuolution in seuen thousand yeeres This motion is called Motus trepidationis that is to say the tremblyng motion or motion of accesse and recesse The nienth heauen endeth his motion from the West to the East in fourtie and niene thousand yéeres And by this motion moueth the eight heauen Tâ—e tenth heauen called Primum mobile is mooued from the East to the West and in twentie and foure houres whiche is a naturall day perfourmeth one reuolution and with the myghtye force and swyftnesse of his motioâ— caryeth wyth hym all the other inferior heauens and maketh them to geue the same turne in twentie and foure houres where as neuerthelesse they ceasse not in the meane tyme to keépe the course of theyr owne proper motion As for example yf an Ant or Pismiâ—e shoâ—ld goe about the wheéle of a Myll contrary to the moouing of the whéele before the Ant in goyng styll forward should come agayne to the poynt from whenee she fyrst departed which is once about or one turne the wheéle should in that space make many turnes The ix Chapter of the diuision of the Sphere into formall partes THE Sphere of the worlde is diuided in two manners that is to say by substaunce and by accident By substaunce into tenne Spheres as we haue sayde By accident into a right Sphere and oblique or crooked Sphere They haue the ryght Sphere that dwell vnder the Equinoctiall lyne and is called ryght because to them the Pâ—les are equally in the Hâ—rizon as appeareth by thys Figure folowing The Sphere is compounded of tenne circles imagined And as sayth Iohn de sacro bosco in his booke of the Sphere syxe of them are greater and foure lesse The greater Circle is that which deuideth the Sphere into two equall partes and hath his center with the center of it These are the Equinoctiall the Zodiacke the two Coluri the Horizon and the Meridian The lesse Circle is that that deuideth the Sphere into two vnequall partes These are the two Tropykes and two Poler Circles The x. Chapter of the Equinoctiall Circle THE Equinoctiall is a Circle that deuideth the Sphere into two equall partes and is by euery parte equally distaunt from both the Poles It is one of the greateâ— Circles in the Sphere and is the greatest Circle of those which are described in the Sphere by the motion of Primum mobile or fyrst moueable This Circle for his equalitie and regularitie is more noble then the Zodiacke which we haue described in the eightâ— sphere and also then any of the other It is imagâ—ned to gyrd the world round about by East and West It is called Equinoctiall because this word Equinoctium signifyeth equalitie of nyghtes and dayes whereof the cause is that the Sunne comming to this Circle the Arke of the day is equall with the Arke of the night and then is the Equinoctiall It is also called the Zone or gyrdle of the fyrst mooueable For euen as a gyrdle doth gyrde a man by the myddest so doth this Circle gyrd in the middest betweene both the Poles vppon the whiche the fyrst moouâ—able is mooued One of these imagined on our paâ—te
23 55 14 38 47 17 53 36 7 68 22 29 83 7 19 9 59 16 24 54 49 39 46 38 54 35 16 69 21 30 84 6 16 10 59 5 25 54 23 40 45 58 55 34 25 70 20 31 85 5 14 11 58 54 26 53 56 41 45 17 56 33 33 71 1â— 32 86 4 11 12 58 41 27 53 28 42 44 35 57 32 41 72 18 32 87 3 8 13 58 28 28 52 59 43 43 53 58 31 48 73 17 33 88 2 5 14 58 13 29 52 29 44 43 10 59 30 54 74 16 32 89 1 3 15 57 57 30 51 58 45 42 26 60 30 0 75 15 32 90 0 0 The xviii Chapter of the circuite or compasse of the Earth and Water according to the opinion of the auncient and latter aucthours IT may heere appeare to be necessarie for our purpose to declare what space of the superficie of the earth or water the auncient wryters diâ— suppose to aunsweare to one degree of a greater circle in the heauen for in diuers countries they vsed to count by diuers sorts of measures as the Latines counted by miles the Greeks by furlongs the Spanyards Frenchmen by leagues the Egyptians by signes or marks and the Persians by saguas But they all agree that foure graynes of Barly make a finger breadth four fingers a hand breadth four hands a â—oote fiue foote a Geometricall pase for two simple pases make fiue feete Also 125. Geometricall pases make a furlong eyght furlongs one myle whiche is a thousand pases and three myles one lâ—ague In Germanie they make leagues of more feete and in some places more then in other In Fraunce they count thyrâ—ie leagues to one degree The Spanyards count sixteene leagues and two terces and seuenteene and a halfe for a degree of the great ciâ—cle this difference that one league is bigger then another may come heereof that one Barly corne is bigger then another But to our purpose let vs geue to euery league three thousand pases and to euery pase fyue foote and so shall euery league haue xv thousand foote In the Cardes of the sea that haue their degrees of xvi leagues and two terces we say that of these the roundenesse of the land and the water conteyneth sixe thousande leagues And in the Cardes that haue seuenteene leagues and a halfe for a degree of these we say that it conteyneth sixe thousand and three hundred leagues And who so desyreth to knowe howe muche is the Diameter of the earth and water may knowe it by multiplying the circumference by seuen so that diuiding the summe that riseth thereof by twentie and two the part that ryseth of that calculation shall be the Diameter and the halfe thereofâ— shall be the semidiameter The xix Chapter of the seueâ— Climates THE auncient aucthours did also diuide that part of the superficie of the earth on the North side of the Equinoctiall which they supposed to be most habitable into seuen Climates wherein they did fynde to be dyuers conditions and customes of men and diuersities of beastes and of other naturall thynges the whiche thyngs they perceyued to haue a diuersâ—tie in the countreys as where the day of the one did encrease or differ aboue the day of the other by halfe an houre so that the space of the superficiall of the earth betweene two paralelle lynes wherein the longest day doth increase or differ by halfe an houre is called a Climate The place where they suppose the fyrst climate to begin is distant in Latitude from the Equinoctial by 12. degrees and 45. minutes where the longest day is 12. houres and 45. minutes the place where the last climate doth finishe is in the Latitude of 50. degrees and 30. minutes where the longest day is 16. houres and 15. minutes so that the increase of the longest day in the ende of the seuenth climate dooeth exceede it in the beginning of the fyrst climate by three houres and an halfe and the whole compasse of the earth with all the seuen climates dooeth conteyne in breadth 37. degrees and 45. minutes but their length is supposed to extend to 180. degrees of longitude In that maner a climate the neare it is vnto the Equinoctial the more it conteyneth of the superficiall of the earth because the paralelle circles the nearer they be vnto the Equinoctial the greater is the compasse of the earth which they make in length and the lesser the compasse is the nearer they be vnto the poles as dooth appeare euidently by the Meridians where they doo all concurre and meete in the poles â—heir distaunces waxeth continually lesser and lesser the nearer they be vnto the sayd poles so that the nearer the climate is vnto the pole the lesser it conteyneth of myles in the length In lyke maner shall you vnderstand that greater is the breadth of the first clime then of the second and the second then the third and lykewyse of the other For in how much the more the Equinoctial you come neare to the pole so much the more is the Sphere oblique or crooked and consequently the day encreaseth more by reason whereof in lesse space is found the increaseth of halfe an houre in which the climate maketh difference and doth varye Whiche thyng shall be more manifest to hym that beholdeth the Latitude of them all as may appeare by the Table heere folowyng In whiche you may see the houres whiche the greatest daye conteyneth of euery climate in his beginning middest and ende with also the eleuation of the Pole or distaâ—nce from the Equinoctial and also the degrees of Latitude which euery Climate conteyneth The longest day   The eleuation of the Pole  Differences of the latitude Climates Beginning Midst End beginning Midst End     Ho. M Ho. M Ho. M G M G M G M G M 1 12 45 13 0 13 15 12 45 16 40 20 30 7 45 2 13 15 13 30 13 45 20 30 24 15 27 30 7 0 3 13 45 14 0 14 15 27 30 30 45 33 40 6 10 4 14 15 14 30 14 45 33 40 36 24 39 0 5 20 5 14 45 15 0 15 15 39 0 41 20 43 30 4 30 6 15 15 15 30 15 45 43 30 45 24 47 15 3 45 7 15 45 16 0 16 15 47 15 48 40 50 30 3 15 The fyrst Climate is called Dia Meroes Meroe is a Citie of Aphrike vnder the burnt Zone on this side the Equinoctiall 16. degrees The second is called Dia Siena Siena is a Citie in the conâ—ines of Ethiope where there is a well that sheweth the Sommer solstitiall because that place is vnder the circle of the Tropike of Cancer and the Sunne seemeth to stand directly ouer that place at mydday of the solsticiall whereby the well is then very cleere and hath in it no shadowe at all as the Poet
hereby that being in coniunction with the Sunne or neare vnto him we see her not lyghtened because the lyght which she then receyueth is onely her vppermost or highest parte whereby she directly beholdeth the Sunne forasmuche as he is in the fourth heauen and she in the first And departing from the Sunne by her propâ—r moouing the Sunne remayneth on the West part Then toward that part we begyn to see a lytle of the part of the Moone lyghtened and so more and more by lytle and lytle as she departeth farther from the Sunne And at thys tyme she hath her hornes or corners towarde the East because the Sunne is in the West During this tyme also she is sayde to increase or that she goeth increasing vnto the opposition whiche we see by the part of her which the Sunne directly beholdeth And so do we see her altogeather lyghtened and call it the full Moone Then passyng from the opposition she commeth nearer the Sunne by lytle and lytle beyng darkened and hyd fâ—om vs and lyghtened onely by her hyghest part and this tyme is calâ—ed the decreasing or wane of the Moone Then also hath she her hornes toward the West because the Sunne is in the East and this vntyll she turne agayne in coniunction with the Sunne and that we see her not lyghtened at all The Moone is lesse then the Starres or other Planets except Mercurie and lesse then the earth And yf any shall affirme the contrary saying that it is written in the fyrst of Genesis that God made two great lyghtes the greatest to geue lyght to the day and the lesse to lyghten the nyght as Dauid also affirmeth To this I answeare that the Moone beyng nearest vnto the earth appeareth vnto vs greater then she should do yf she were further distaunt from vs. And although she be great of lyght receyued as we haue sayde and bigge of body yet is she not great in respect of the other Starres And therefore the words of Genesis aforesayd may be vnderstoode to be spoken in such maner and phrase as holy Scripture often vseth to humble and apply it selfe to the weakenesse of our vnderstanding and grosenesse of our senses The vi Chapter of the coniunctions and oppositions of the Sunne and the Moone THE Sunne and the Moone are mooued vnder the Zodiacke with diuers motions The Moone with a swifter motion then the Sunne foloweth hym ouertaketh him and goeth before him vntill she place her selfe in Diameter with him And when she hath thus ouertaken him so that they are both in one selfesame degree of the Zodiacke then is the coniunction Then departing from him and being in equall degrees of the signes opposite according to the Diameter is the opposition To knowe the times of these coniunctions and oppositions is very profitable and necessarie for Mariners These times may be knowen in two manners One way by the Ephimerides or Almanacke or other tables or Lunaâ—ie instrumentes And by these meanes is knowen precisely the day houre and minute of the coniunction and opposition It may lykewyse be knowen by the rules of computation whiche are the rules that are knowen by memorie although not precisely as by the bookes aforesayde And heere is to be vnderstoode that from one coniunction to another accordyng to the halfe moouings of the Sunne and the Moone there passeth 29. dayes twelue houres and 44. minuts And consequentâ—y from coniunction to opposition and from opposition to coniunction the halfe thereof which is fourteene dayes 18. houres and 22. minutes To knowe theâ—e coniunctions by rules of computatâ—on is presupposed to knowe the golden number and by it the concurrent or Epacte The golden number is the number of nienteene yeeres In which time the coniunctions of the Sunne and the Moone make all their varieties in the times of euery yeere so that yf the coniunction were the twelfth day of Marche in this yeere of 1545. from this yeere in the nienteene yeeres folowing which shal be in the yeere of 1564. the coniunction shall returne to be at the twelfth day of Mâ—â—che It was fyrst called the golden number by the Egyptians who fyrste found the vse thereof and sent it to Rome written in golden Letters To fynde this number it is needfull to know his rootes which is this In the yeere that Christ our Lorde and redeemer was borne whereby we make this accompt the golden number was the number of one which was the yeere of the roote or begiâ—â—â—ng and the fyrst yeere of the byrth of Christ was two of the golden number So that ioyning to the yeeres of our Lord one of the roote or begâ—â—ning and from all take away the nienteene then the rest shall be the golden number And yf you desyre to make computation by a nearer roote take for the roote the yeere of 1500. when nienteene was the golden number and in the yeere of 1501. did begin one of the golden number and so consequently euer taking away the nienteene This present yeere of 1545. we haue seuen of the golden number And in the yeere of 1546. we shall haue eyght c. The golden number being knowen it is necessarie for thys computation of the Moone to knowe the concurrent The concurrent of euery yeere is the number of the dayes passed of the coniunction of the Moone at the beginning of Marche And theâ—e grow of the difference of the Solar yeere to the Lunar As the Lunar yeere hath 354. dayes and the Solar yeere 365. so hauing euery yeere eleuen dayes of difference which are added euery yeere vntyll they come to the number of thyrtie and passyng thyrtie those that do passe are of the concurrent The number of the concurrent of euery yeere is founde in this maner And the better to beare it in memorie you must imagine three places and these commonly are assigned on the thumbe As the fyrst place at the roote of the thumbe the second in the middle ioynt thereof and the thyrd and last in the toppe of the thumbe Then â—n the fyrst place put tenne in the second twentie and in the thyrd thirtie Then by the order of these places shal be compted the golden number As one in the fyrst place two in the second and three in the third returning foure to the fyrst place c. vntiâ—â— the golden number of that yeere for the whiche the concurrent is sought And the number of that place where the golden number endeth must be ioyned with the number of the golden number and that doth amount thereof shall be the concurrent so that it passe not 30. But if it passe 30. then that that is more then 10. is the concurrent of that yeere And heere is to be noted that the yeeres of this computation of the Moone begin at the first day of March and last vntyll the last day of Februarie so that this present yeere of 1545. by computation of the
distaunt froÌ„ the Equinoctial the complement of the Meridian altitude toward the Pole where the shadowes are By these rules beside the vse whereof we haue spoken may be knowen how much is the greatest declination of the Sunne thâ— altitude of the Equinoctial the day houre and minute when the Equinox was the which is knowen as foloweth Hauing taken the greater Meridian altitude of the Sommet which is in the beginning of Cancer and the lesse of Winter which is in the beginning of Capricorne taking away the lesse from the more the â—est is that that is from Tropike to Tropike consequently parâ—ed by the middest is the greatest declination As for example I suppose that being in the Citie of Cadiâ— to finde the great Meridian altitude of the Sunne being in the beginning of Cancer to be 77. degrées and the lesser Meridian altitude which is when the Sunne is in the beginning of Capricorne to be 30. degreés then taking 30. from 77. remayne 28. degrées and so much is froÌ„ Tropike to Tropike And the halfe which is 23. and a halfe is the greatest declination Consequently the greatest declination added to the lesse Meridian altitude taking it away from the greater Meridian altitude that riseth thereof is the altitude of the Equinoctiall Example 23. and a half of the greatest declination ioined with 30. of the least Meridian altitude or taken away from the 77. of the greatest Meridian altitude remayne 53. degreés and a halfe which is the altitude of the Equinoctiall in the Citie of Cadiz Hereof it foloweth that wâ—eÌ„ we shal â—ake the meridian altitude in 53. degreés and a halfe that day is the true Equinoctial But if it had one day lesse and the other day folowing it had more we must take the lesse from the more fourme the rule of threé vppon the rest saying If 24. minutes which is that that the Sunne declineth in one day doth yeéld 24. houres how much shall those minutes that lacketh of 53. degreés and a halfe of the altitude of the Equinoctial yeéld me Multiplying deuiding according to the foresayd rule then that which commeth thereof shall be the houres after the midday when it is Equinox Example of the experience that I made in the Citie of Cadiz the tenth day of March at midday or high noone I toke the altitude of the Sunne in 53â— degreés and 26. minutes they lacke to be the Equinoctial 4. minutes An other day the xi of Marche at noone I tooke the Sunne in 53. degrées and fiftie minutes which are more then the Equinoctiall by twenty minutes Then to knowe at what houre the Sunne was in the 53. degreés and thirtie minutes of the Equinoctiall I tooke away the Meridian altitude that I tooke at the tenth of March from that that I tooke at the eleuenth which is the difference 24. minutes and I formed the rule saying if 24. minutes the Sunne did rise to me in 24. houres then in how much time shall ryse vnto me the four minutes that failed me at the tenth of March I multiplyed deuided found that in four houres and so shall you say that the Equinoctiall was in the citie of Cadiz the tenth day of March at foure of the clocke at after noone which is vnderstoode according to the Astronomers at foure houres run at the eleuenth day of March at this present yeére 1545. The ix Chapter of the making of the crosse staffe wherewith the Marinerâ— take the altitude of the North Starre MAke a square sâ—affe or yarde of the thicknesse of a â—â—nger more or lesse according to the goodnesse of the wood and of length sixe spannes or more For the longer that it is the more precise shall it be and the degreés shall be the greater whereby followeth the certainetie of the altitude Then take a very plaine table of the length of the staâ—â—e and two spannes of breadth or at the least a spanne and a halfe and in the myddest of this Table make a ryght lyne by longitude and in the one end of this lyne make another lyne that may cut it in right angles And vppon the cutting of these two lynes put the foote of the compasse and make halfe a circle which may remayne on the parte of the long lyne so that the halfe circle may haue so much Diameter as you desire the height of the hammer head or crossepéece of the staffe to be This halfe circle being made you shall drawe two lynes equidistaunt to the lyne which you haue made by the middest of the Table These lines must touch in the extremities or ends of the half circle Then deuide euery halfe of y e halfe circle or quarter of the circle into two equal parts the two halfes that shal end in the first line deuide eche of them into 90. equall parts Then take a ruler and put the edge thereof vpon the center of the half circle and vpon euery of the marks which deuide the 90. parts and so proceéde making punctes in the lynes which you haue made equidistant to the fyrst lyne Then drawe certayne ryght lynes from the punctes of the one lyne to the opposite punctes of the other and so shal the draught be ended Then take y e staffe or yard put the one end therof in the center of the halfe circle and apply the edge of the yarde to the lyne that goeth by the middest of the Table and marke in the yarde the markes that are in the said lyne by meanes of the trauersing lynes and seé also that the markes which you make in the yard be trauersing lynes and make them their numbers beginning at the end or poynt of the yarde that shal be to the contrary part from that whiche you did in the punct of the halfe circle And to knowe with what degreés you shall beginne the yarde or staffe and what number you shal marke in the fyrst lyne of the punct looke how many degreés are from the circle whiche you deuided betweéne the lyne that goeth to the last marke and with so many degreés enter and so consequently shall you place the numbers from fyue to fyue or from tenne to tenne When you haue thus numbred the yard then to make the crosse peéce thereof take a table or planke of good wood which shal be so muche in lengthâ— as shal be the Diameter of the halfe circle so much in breadth as thrée tymes the thycknesse of the yarde and of thicknesse two fyngers or litle lesse On the one syde also it must bée very playne and on the other side in the myddest it must haue a square or quadrature of al the thicknes of the plancke and from the square to the ends it must be made thinner and thinner so that it hath in maner the fourme of suche pickars wherewith milstones are pycked And in the myddest by longitude and latitude it must haue a square hole by the whiche the yarde may enter iust
maketh Solstice and toucheth the Sommer or Estiuall Tropike and then are the dayes longest with vs and the nightes shortest Then declyneth he no farther from the Equinoctiall but returning towarde it passeth by this signe shortening the dayes to vs and lengthening the nightes From thys signe of Cancer it entreth into Leo and passeth by it into Uirgo and by it entreth into the first degree of Libra where he is in the Equinoctiall and then he maketh the other Equinox so that the nyght is then equall vnto the day ouer all the worlde And passyng by this signe goeth declyning from the Equinoctiall towarde the pole Antartike increasyng the nyghtes to vs and shortening the dayes and so entreth into Scorpio and from thence into Sagittarius And passyng by it entreth into the fyrst degree of Capricorne to the Hyemall or Winter Tropike and then are the longest nyghtes vnto vs and the shortest dayes From hence he returneth towarde the Equinoctiall shortening vnto vs the nyghtes and lengthening the dayes He passeth by thys signe of Capricorne and entreth into Aquarius and passyng by it entreth into Pisces and passyng from thence returneth to hys fyrst poynt of the Equinoctiall of Aries whâ—â—e he begâ—n Heereby it followeth that as the Sunne goeth the halfe of the Zodiacke on thys part of the Equinoctiall and the other halfe on the other part of it and in these halfes hath diuers declinations is caused the increasing or decreasing of the dayes and nyghtes to one more and to another lesse accordyng as euery one with his Horizon discouereth of the course of the Sunne by the lytle or muche that he is departed or distant from the Equinoctiall or as the pole is raysed aboue his Horizon So that when as to them that are on this part of the Equinoctiall is the longest day and the shortest nyght euen so to them on the other part is the longest nyght and shortest day And contrarywise when vnto vs is the shortest day vnto them is the longest which shall further appeare by euident demonstration in the last Chapter of the thyrd part The discreete Reader shall heere note that the Sunne is not mooued regularly in the Zodiacke making so much by his proper motion in one day as in the other because his reguler motion is in respect of the center of his owne proper sphere or orbe wherein he is mooued whose center is distaunt without the center of the world toward that part of Cancer so that the greater part of his orbe eccentricke is toward the septentrionall part where the Sunne passyng by the septentrionall signes is more distaunt from the earth and hath more to goe of his orbe eccentricke then being in the South signes for passyng by the North signes he â—aryeth nyne dayes more to describe that halfe of the Zodiacke then the other halfe toward the South part and for that cause the Sunne is more swifter in his motion in the Zodiacke one time then another for his motion in one day in the South signes shall be greater then it is in one day in the North signes as shall appeare in the table that foloweth whose vse is for the fynding of the motion and true place of the Sunne in the Zodiacke for euery day of the yeere And hereby it foloweth of the sayd vnequall moouing of the Sunne and by the obliquite of the Zodiacke certayne dayes of Wiâ—ter with their â—yghtes are longer then certayne other of Sommer with their nyghtes that is to say that the day naturall in the Winter doth surmount that in the Sommer because the ryght assension which answeareth to one dayes motion of the Sunne being in the South signes is greater then the assension for one dayes moouing being in the North signes The ij Chapter of the true place of the Sunne in the Zodiacke THE true place of the Sunne is a poynt or prick in the Zodiacke which is thus found that drawyng a ryght lyne from the center of the world to the center of the sunne and carying the same continually right foorth vnto the Zodiack where this lyne sheweth or toucheth that is the true place of the Sunne This place is found in three maners One way by a table anâ—ther way by an instrument and the thyrde way by a certayne rule to be borne in memorie To fynde the true place of the Sunne by a table seeke in the table folowing the moneth that you are in in the front or head of the table and the dayes of the moneth on the left syde of the table Then directly against the dayes vnder the litle of the monethes you shall fynde two numbers which are the degrees and minutes of the signe which you shall fyrst fynde named ouer the head or aboue the sayde numbers Tâ—en to the degrees and minutes whiche you shall fynde you shal adde the equation that is directly of the yeere in the which you are or seeke to knowe And this shall you seeke in the table of equations which is after this and that which doth amount or rise thereof shall be the true place of the Sunne And heere is to be noted that in the comâ—on yeeres which are they that haue not the bisextile or leape yeeres from the ende of Februarie vntyll the ende of the yeere I say of December shal euer one degree be diminished or taken away and the degrees and minutes that shall remayne is the true place of the Sun How to knowe this by an instrument and by memorie shall be said in the seuenth Chapter The Table of the true place of the Sunne Months Ianuary February March Apryll May. Iune Signes Caprico Aquarius Pisces Aries Taurus Gemini Dayes G M G M G M G M G M G M 1 20 22 21 53 20 55 21 24 20 21 19 55 2 21 24 22 54 21 55 22 22 21 18 20 52 3 22 25 23 54 22 54 23 21 22 16 21 49 4 23 26 24 55 23 54 24 19 23 11 22 46 5 24 27 25 55 24 53 25 17 24 13 23 43 6 25 28 26 56 25 53 26 16 25 8 24 40 7 26 30 27 56 26 52 27 14 26 6 25 37 8 27 31 28 56 27 52 28 12 27 3 26 34 9 28 32 29 57 28 51 29 10 28 0 27 31 10 29 33 ☉ ♓ 57 29 50 ☉ ♉ 8 28 58 28 28 11 ☉ â™’ 35 1 57 ☉ ♈ 49 1 6 29 55 29 25 12 1 36 2 58 1 48 2 4 ☉ ♊ 52 ☉ ♋ 22 13 2 37 3 58 2 47 3 2 1 50 1 19 14 3 38 4 58 3 46 4 0 2 47 2 16 15 4 39 5 58 4 45 4 58 3 44 3 13 16 5 40 6 58 5 44 5 56 4 41 4 10 17 6 41 7 58 6 43 6 54 5 38 5 7 18 7 42 8 58 7 42 7 52 6 36 6 4 19 8 43 9 58 8 41 8 49 7 33 7 1 20 9 44 10 58 9 39 9 47 8 30 7 58 21 10
45 11 58 10 38 10 45 9 27 8 55 22 11 46 12 58 11 37 11 43 10 24 9 52 23 12 47 13 57 12 36 12 40 11 21 10 49 24 13 48 14 57 13 34 13 38 12 18 11 46 25 14 48 15 57 14 33 14 36 13 15 12 43 26 15 49 16 56 15 32 15 33 14 12 13 40 27 16 50 17 56 16 30 16 31 15 10 14 37 28 17 51 18 56 17 29 17 28 16 7 15 34 29 18 51 19 56 18 28 18 26 17 4 16 31 30 19 52   19 27 19 23 18 1 17 29 31 20 52   20 25   18 58   The Table of the true place of the Sunne Months Iuly August SepteÌ„ber October NoueÌ„ber DeceÌ„ber Signes CaÌ„cer Leo. Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittariâ— Dayes G M G M G M G M G M G M 1 18 26 18 â— 18 4 17 39 18 49 19 24 2 19 23 1â— â— 19 2 18 39 19 50 20 26 3 20 20 19 58 20 1 19 38 20 51 21 27 4 21 17 20 55 21 0 20 38 21 52 22 29 5 22 14 2â— 53 21 58 21 38 22 53 23 30 6 23 11 22 51 2â— 57 22 38 23 54 24 31 7 24 8 23 48 23 56 23 38 24 55 25 33 8 25 5 24 46 24 55 24 38 25 56 26 34 9 26 2 25 44 25 54 25 39 26 57 27 36 10 27 0 26 42 26 53 26 39 27 58 28 37 11 27 57 27 40 27 52 27 39 28 59 29 39 12 28 54 28 38 28 51 28 39 ☉ â™ 0 ☉ ♑ 40 13 29 51 29 36 29 50 29 39 1 1 1 42 14 ☉ ♌ 48 â— â™ 34 ☉ ♎ 49 ☉ â™ 39 2 3 2 43 15 1 46 1 32 1 48 1 40 3 4 3 45 16 2 43 2 30 2 47 2 40 4 5 4 46 17 3 40 3 28 3 46 3 40 5 6 5 48 18 4 38 4 26 4 45 4 41 6 8 6 49 19 5 35 5 24 5 45 5 41 7 9 7 51 20 6 32 6 22 6 44 6 42 8 1â— 8 52 21 7 30 7 21 7 44 7 42 9 11 9 54 22 8 27 8 19 8 43 8 43 10 12 10 55 23 9 25 9 17 9 42 9 43 11 13 11 57 24 10 22 10 16 10 42 10 44 12 14 12 58 25 11 20 11 14 11 41 11 45 13 15 13 59 26 12 17 12 13 12 41 12 45 14 16 15 1 27 13 15 13 11 13 41 13 46 15 18 16 2 28 14 12 14 10 14 40 14 47 16 19 17 3 29 15 10 15 8 15 40 15 47 17 20 18 5 30 16 7 16 7 16 39 16 48 18 22 19 6 31 17 5 17 5   17 49  22 20 7 The Table of the Equation of the Sunne The yeres of our lord The equation to be added The yeres of our lord The equation to be added The yeres of our lord The equation to be added The yeres of our lord The equation to be added  G M  G M  G M  G M 1545 R1 0 1581 1 16 1617 1 32 1653 1 48 1546  45 1582 1 1 â—618 1 17 1654 1 33 1547  30 1583  46 1619 1 2 1655 1 18 1548  15 1584  32 1620  47 1656 1 3 1549 1 2 1585 1 18 1621 1 33 1657 1 49 1550  47 1586 1 3 1622 1 18 1658 1 34 1551  32 1587  48 1623 1 3 1659 1 19 1552  18 1588  33 1624  49 1660 1 4 1553 1 4 1589 1 â—9 1625 1 35 1661 1 51 1554  49 1590 1 4 1626 1 20 1662 1 36 1555  34 1591  49 1627 1 25 1663 1 21 1556  19 1592  35 1628  51 1664 1 7 1557 1 05 1593 1 21 1629 1 37 1665 1 53 1558  50 1594 1 â—6 1630 1 22 1666 1 38 1559  35 1595  51 1631 1 7 1667 1 23 1560  21 1596  37 1632  53 1668 1 9 1561 1 7 1597 1 23 1633 1 38 1669 1 55 1562  52 1598 1 8 1634 1 23 1670 1 40 1563  37 1599  53 1635 1 8 1671 1 25 1564  23 1600  39 1636  54 1672 1 10 1565 1 9 1601 1 25 1637 1 40 1673 1 56 1566  54 1602 1 10 1638 1 5 1674 1 41 1567  39 1603  55 1639 1 10 1675 1 26 1568  25 1604  40 1640  56 1676 1 12 1569 1 11 1605 1 26 1641 1 42 1677 1 58 1570  56 1606 1 11 1642 1 27 1678 1 33 1571  41 1607  56 1643 1 12 1679 1 28 1572  26 1608  32 1644  8 1680 1 13 1573 1 12 1609 1 28 1645 1 44 1681 R2 ☉ 1574  57 1610 1 13 1646 1 29 1682 1 45 1575  42 1611  58 1647 1 14 1683 1 30 1576  28 1612  44 1648 1 0 1684 1 15 1577 1 14 1613 1 30 1649 1 46 1685 2 2 1578  59 1614 1 15 1650 1 31 1686 1 4 1579  44 1615 1 10 1651 1 16 1687 2 32 1580  29 1616  46 1652 1 2 1688 1 8 This Table of the Equation of the Sunne serueth from the yeere of 1545. where it hath hys roote or beginning vntill 1680. and in the yeere of 1681. it shal returne to the roote adding therevnto one degree more As for example In the yeere of 1681. adde one degree vpon the other degree that the roote hath and so shall the yeere of 1681. haue two degrees of Equation and the yeere of 1682. shall haue one degree and 45. minutes which is to adde one degree vpon 45. minutes that had the yeere of 1546. c. And hauing passed other 136. yeeres you shall returne to the roote adding two degrees The iij. Chapter of the declination of the Sunne THE declination of the Sunne is the arcke of the greater Circle whiche passeth by the Poles of the worlde included betweene the Equâ—noctiall and the Zodiacke And heere is to be noted that whatsoeuer foure poynts or prickes which are equally distaunt from the poynts of equinoxes which are the beginnings of Aries and Libra shall haue equall declinations Whereof if foloweth that the foure quarters of the Zodiacke haue equall declinations And to auoyde prolixitie I will adde heerevnto a Table of the declinations of onely one quarter of the Zodiacke so that all hauing one selfe same maner of declinations it may serue for all and the order of it is this The signes whose declination increaseth are in the head or front of the Table and the degrees of these signes descend by the left side thereof And the signes whose declination decreaseth are in the foote of the Table and the degrees of these signes rise by the right side of the same The disposition of the Table being
vnderstood then to knowe what declination the Sunne hath in euery degree of the Zodiacke you ought Signes ♈ ♎ ♉ ♠♊ â™ Signes G G M G M G M G 0 0  11 30 20 12 30 1 0 24 11 51 20 25 29 2 0 48 12 12 20 37 28 3 1 12 12 33 20 49 27 4 1 36 12 53 21 0 26 5 2 0 13 13 21 11 25 6 2 23 13 33 21 22 24 7 2 47 13 53 21 32 23 8 3 11 14 13 21 42 22 9 3 35 14 32 21 51 21 0 3 58 14 51 22 0 20 11 4 22 15 10 22 9 19 12 4 45 15 28 22 17 18 13 5 9 15 47 22 25 17 14 5 32 16 5 22 32 16 15 5 55 16 23 22 39 15 16 6 19 16 40 22 46 14 17 6 42 16 57 22 52 13 18 7 5 17 14 23 57 12 19 7 28 17 31 23 3 11 20 7 50 17 47 23 8 10 21 8 13 18 3 23 12 9 â—2 8 35 18 19 23 15 8 â—3 8 58 18 34 23 19 7 24 9 20 18 49 23 22 6 â—5 9 42 â—9 4 23 24 5 26 10 4 19 18 23 â—6 4 27 10 26 â—9 32 23 28 3 8 10 47 19 46 23 29  29 11 9 19 59 23 30 1 30 11 30 20 12 23 30 0 Signes ♓  ♠♒ ♌ ♑ ♋ Signes to know the true place of the Sunne as in the Chapter past is declared for the day of the declination which you desire to knowe and the signe which the Sunne shal be found in that day shall you seek in the front or foote of the Table And if it be in the front you shall seeke the number of the degrees on the left side And if it shal be at the foot of the Table you shall seeke it on the ryght syde Then aboue or vnder the signe in the front of that degree of the sayd signe you shall fynde twoo numbers whereof the first is of degrees and the second of minutes and those degrees and minutes of declination the Sunne hath that day And thys is vnderstoode without hauing respecte to the odde minutes aboue the degree which the true place of the Sunne hath And if you desyre to veryfie this more precisely note the declination of that degree and of the degree folowing and take the lesse from the more and that whâ—ch remayâ—eth shal be the difference of the declination from the one degree to the other of which difference yee shall take a part propoâ—tioâ—ally as are the minutes of the place of the Sâ—nne vnto 60. And this part of minutes must be added to the fyrst declination of it and be lesse then the second or must be taken from it if it shall be gâ—eater and then that riseth thereof shal be the precise declination for that signe degree and minute As for example In the yeere 1546. the tenth day of September the Sunne shal be in 26. G. 38. M. of Virgo to the 26. G. precise shall correspond 1. G. 36. M. of declination And to verifâ—e the declination that commeth to 38. minutes which is more of the 26. G. you must marke the difference that is from the declination of 26. G. which is one G. 36. M. to the declination of the 27. G. which is 1. G. 12. M. The difference is 24. M. Of these you must take such part proportionally as the 38. minutes beareth vnto 60. which are almost two terces of a degree Then the two terces of 24. are 16. which must be taken from one degree 36. M. which correspond to the 26. G. of Virgo because the declinatioâ—s goe decreasyng and remayneth 1. G. 20. M. and if the declinations increase you must adde thereto as you take away when they decrease An other example for this yeere of 1561. Example for the yeere 1561. the 20. of Apryll I fynde the true place of the Sunne at noone in 9. degrees 54. minutes of Taurus then in the Table of the signes present I seeke for 9. degrees of Taurus to whiche doth answeare for the declination 14. degrees 32. minutes to the next degree folowing doth answeare 14. degrees 51. minutes then take the lesser out of the more so resteth 19. minutes Then from a rulâ— of 3. say if 60. minutes geue 54. miâ—utes which 54. minuts doth rest before of the 9. degrees of Taurus how many doth 19. minutes geue which 19. minuts are the diuersitie of the 9. 10. degrees of Taurus Sâ— I finde that 19. minutes geueth 17. minutes and 6. secoâ—des which 17. mâ—nutes and 6. secondes I adde to the 14. degrees 23. minuts which answeareth to the 9. degrees of Taurus And it commeth to fourteene degrees 49. minutes and syxe secondes which is the true declination for the twentie day of Apryâ—l Anno. 1561. It is also to be noted that I adde these seuenteene minutes and sixe secondes because the declination doth encrease for if it decreased it were to be taken out so much and the rest is the declination So is the declination for the twentie of Apryll in the yeere 1561. fourteene degrees 49. minutes and syxe secondes The iiij Chapter of the encrease of the Sunne into the twelue Signes And of the Equinoctials and Solstitials which deuide the foure tymes of the yeere OF that is sayd in the Chapter before it followeth that the sunne entring into the foure principall signes causeth the foure tymes of the yeere For entring into Aries it chaungeth the time to vs from winter to the spring time And entryng into Cancer it chaungeth the tyme from spryng to sommer And entring into Libra from sommer to Autumne Likewise entring into Capricorne it chaungeth from Autumne to Winter So that when to vs that be on the part of the North is sommer then is it winter to them that are on the South part Or contrarywyse being sommer to them on the South it is winter to them on the North. The enâ—rance of the sunne into these signes and all other of the Zodiacke hath not been euer at one selfe same tyme of the yeere The cause of this is that the Latine yâ—ere is not equall with the moouing of the sâ—nne in the Zodiacke as shal be sayd in the x. Chapter where we wyl entreate of the yeere In the tyme that Christ our redeemer was borne were the Equinoctialles The one at the eyght of the â—aleâ—des of Apryll and the other at fyue of the kalendes of October So that they had the Equinoctiall of the Spryng at the xxv of Marche and the Equinoctiall of Autumne at the xxvii of September as writeth Iohn Baptist Capuano vppon the seconde Chapter of the Sphere of Iohan. De sacro bosco They iudged then the Solsticialles as that of the Sommeâ— at the eyght day of the kalendes of Iuly whych is the xxiiii of Iune the other of the Wynter they iudged at the eyght day of the kalends of Iâ—nuarie which is the xxv
signes and so of the rest Then to knowe in what degree the sunne is you shall take away the dayes that are applyed to euery Moneth according to the sayd numbers of the dayes for the which you desyre to knowe the true place of the sunne and in them that remayne in so many degreés is the sunne of the signe into the which it entreth the Moneth And yf the dayes past of the Moneth shal be lesse then the dayes applyed to the same Moneth you shall ioyne thirtie with those dayes past of the Moneth and of the summe that amounteth you shall take away the dayes applyed to the sayd Moneth and the rest shal be the degrées in which the sunne shal be of the signe of the Moneth past as for example Example Ianuarie 10 â™’ Februarie 9 ♓ Marche 10 ♈ Apryll 10 ♉ May. 11 ♊ Iune 12 ♋ Iuly 13 ♌ August 14 â™ September 13 ♎ October 14 â™ Nouember 14 â™ December 13 ♑ The 22. of October taking away fourâ—teéne that were applyed remaine eyght degrées of Scorpio where the Sunne is Another Example The syxe of December whiche are lesser then twelue whiche is applyed vnto it yf we ioyne syxe to thyrâ—ie whiche are the dayes of the moneth next afore they make 36. and from them we take away the 12. rest 24. So in 24. degreés is the sunne of the signe of the moneth before whiche is Sagittarie The viii Chapter of the Eclipse of the Moone and the Sunne THe Eclipses of the sunne and of the Mooâ—e is a thyng that causeth great feare and admiration among the common and ignoraunt people and â—o them that vnderstand the cause thereof nothing at all And therefore haue I thought gâ—od to declare the effectes thereof It is to vnderstand that the sunne is much bigger then the earth and by perspectiue the shadowe of the earth in howe muche the farther it parteth from it becommeth sharper and sharper vntyl it come to a poynt so that the shadoâ—â— of the whole earth is piramidally sharpe And as the Moone is lesse then the earth yet although his shadowe goeth sharpning it suffiseth to eclipse the Moone if she passe by the middest thereof The Eclipse of the Sunne is the interposâ—tion of the Moone betweéne vs and the Sunne as yf the Sunne be in the fourth heauen and the Moone in the fyrst she beyng a darke body and by her proper motion ouertake the Sunne then putting her selfe betweéne him and vs she couereth him in part or in the whole and this is the Eclipse of the Sunne As the Sunne also goeth euer vnder the Ecliptykes at that time that he commeth to the head or tayle of the Dragon if then the Moone make coniunction with him shal be the Eclipse of the Sunne for as much as they are both vnder the Ecliptyke The Eclipse of the Sunne can not be vniuersall in the whole earth I say vnto all them that may seé the Sunne at the tyme of the Eclipse as is the Eclipse of the Moone vniuersall For yf the Moone haue one part Eclipsed all that may sée her shall seé her Eclipsed But the Sunne some may seé al wholly Eclipsed and other in part or other also not at all Eclipsed and this all at one selfe same time The cause whereof is the diuersitie of the â—specte which is to seé the Moone in the Zodiacke out of her place as yf the Sunne and Moone should make coniunction in the beginning of Aries and in the head of the Dragon they that then should be in the Equinoctial vnder the Sunne and the Moone or that the Sunne and the Moone should be in theyr Zenith they should seé the Moone hyde all the Sunne And they that should be in the North Climates shoulde seé that the Moone hydeth or darkeneth onely the South part of the Sunne and not al. Againe they on the South part should seé the Moone hyde the North part of the Sunne and not all And yf at the tyme of the coniunction she haue a lytle passed the head of the Dragon or lacke a lytle to come to the tayle so that she be in the North latitude they that then should be in the North Climates shoulde seé the Moone Eclipse all the Sunne and they of the Equinoctiall shoulde seé onely the North parte of the Sunne Eclipsed and they of the South shoulde see hym nothyng at all Eclipsed So that although the Eclipse of the Sunne shal be totall or perticuler it can not be vniuersall in the whole earth It is also to be noted that although the Sunne be bigger then the Moone yet at sometyme the Moone seemeth greater then the Sunne And thys shall beé when the Sunne is in the Auge of the Eccentrike and the Moone in the opposite of the Auge of the Epicicle And when it so appeareth he may be all Eclipsed Sometymes also the Moone seemeth lesse This is when the Sunne is in the opposite of the Auge of the Eccentricke and the Moone in the Auge of the Epicicle Then although we shoulde seé the center of the Moone in the center of the Sunne she can not hyde hym all whollye because the Sunne shall appeare greater Of this that we haue sayd it foloweth that all the Eclipses of the Sunâ—e must of necessitie be in the coniuncttion and the Eclipses of the Moone in the opposition whereby is inferred that the Eclipse of the Sunne in â—â— By the description of other the great yeére is when the eight sphere ioyâ—tly with all the Aâ—ges make one perfect reuolution at the moouing of the nyenth Sphere And this shall be in the space of xlix thousand yeéres The solar yéere is a reuolution of the Sunne carried by the proper moouing of his heauen vppon the Axis and Poles of the Zodiacke ending where it began and returnyng an other yeére by the selfe same course as the Poet Viâ—gil affyrmeth saying Atque in se sua per vestigia voluitur annus That is to say The yeére turneth agayne to hym selfe by his owne proper steppes The Egyptians lackyng the vse of Letters and hauyng the same consideration paynted the yéere lyke vnto an Adder bytyng her owne tayle and heéreof was a ryng called Annulus as it were Annus that is a yeére because a ryng turneth round in it selfe as doth the yeére Of the quantitie of this yeére were diuers opinions and computations among them of auncient tyme. The Arabians and Persians accompted it regulerly by xii Mooâ—es which are 354. dayes Romulus gaue to his yéere x. monethes because that tyme suffiseth to a woman to bryng foorth her byrth and also for that duryng so much tyme it was not lawfull for a Wâ—ddow to marrie after the death of her husbande Numa Pompilius added two monethes to make it vp twelue monethes in 350. dayes whiche was the mâ—st auncient yeére of the Hebrues accordyng to the which they accompt at this day The Greékes and Egyptians