because the Moone is 10. daies olde I moue the index of the Sunne vntill I bring the tenth day of the Moons age vnto the index of the Moon and there I looke by the Index of the Sunne and finde vpon the Compasse that it is twelue of the clocke at noone and 30. minutes past when the Moone is vpon the point East Northeast being 10. daies olde 2. Q. The Moone being twelue daies olde I demaund at what hower she wile vpon the point S. S. 2. A. In this question the point of the oampas of Moons age is giuen as in the first therfore I place the index of the Moon upon the point S. E. C. and there holding it without mouing I turne the index of the Snnne untill the twelfth day of the moones age come to the index of the moone and then the index of the Sunne sheweth me vpon the Horizon the hower 8. therefore I say that 8. of the clock at night the moone was then vpon the point South Southeast And thus you may at al times know the hower of the night by the Moon vpon any point of the Compasse so that Moones age be also had How by this Instrument you know at all times vpon what point of the Compasse the Moone is I. Q. When the Moone is 10. daies olde vpon what pointe of the Compasse will she he at 9 of the clocke in the morning 1. A. In this question the houre of the day and the Moones age is giuen thereby to finde vpon what point of the Compasse she is at the same time I therefore place the Index of the Sunne vpon the Compasse at the houre 9. of the clocke in the morning being upon the point Southeast then I turne the Index of the Moone untill I bring it to the tenth day of her age and then I see upon the Compasse that the Moone is North and by east and 15. minutes to the Eastwards at 9. of the clocke when she is 10. daies olde 2. Q. When the Moone is 20 daies olde upon what point of the Compas will she be at 2. of the clocke in the after noone 2. A. I place the Index of the Sunne vpon the hower 2. noted in the compasse there holding the same without mouing then I turne the Index of the Moone untill I bring it unto the twentith day of her age and there I see upon the Compasse that the is Northeast and by north and 15. minutes to the Northward at 2. of the clocke in the afternoone when she is 20. daies olde To finde the Moones age by this instrument 1. Q. When the Moone is North at 7. of the clocke in the forenoone how olde is she 1. A. In this question the point of the Compasse and the hower is giuen for the finding of the Moones age therefore I set the Index of the Sunne vpon the hower 7. in the forenoone there holding it without mouing then I bring the Index of the Moone to the point North and then vpon the circle containing the daies of the Moones age I see the Moone is 8. daies and about 18. howers olde when she is North at 7. of the clocke in the forenoone 2. Q. When the Sunne is East and the Moone Southwest how olde is the Moone 2. A. In this question the points of the Compasse are onely giuen for the finding of the Moones age therefore I set the Index of the Sunne vpon the point East there holding him stedie then I put the Index of the Moone vpon the point Southwest and there I see that moone is 18. daies and 18 howers olde when the Sunne is East and the Southwest After this order by the varietie of these fewe questions you may frame vnto your selfe many other pleasant and necessary questions which are very easily answered by this Instrument and entring into the reasons of their answeres you may very readily by a little practise be able by memorye to answere all such questions with ease How to know the times of your tides by this instrument I. Q. When the Moone is 12. daies olde I desire to know the time of full Sea at London 1. A. To answere this question I first looke through all the pointes of the Compasse of my instrument I finde where London is written for when the Moone commeth vpon that point of the Compasse it will then be full Sea at London therefore I place the index of the Moone upon the same point whith I finde to be Southwest or Northeast there holding the index not to be moued then I turne the index of the Sunne untill I bring the twelfth daye of the Moones age to the Index of the Moone and then the index of the Sunne sheweth me that at 12. of the clocke 36. minutes past it is full Sea at London the Moone being 12. daies olde 2. Q. The Moone being 21. daies olde at what time is it full Sea at Dartmouth 2. A. I finde vpon my instrument that Dartmouth is noted vpon the points East and West whereby I know that when the Moone is East or West it is alwaies full Sea at Dartmouth therefore I place the Index of the Moone vpon the pointe East and there holding it without mouing I turne the Index of the Sunne untill I bring the 21. day of the Moones age unto the Index of the Moone and then the Index of the Sunne sheweth me vpon the Compasse that at 10. of the clocke and 48. minutes past it is full Sea at Dartmouth when the Moone is 21. daies olde and not onelye at Dartmouth but my instrument sheweth me that the same instant it is also full Sea at Exmouth Weymouth Plymouth Mounts bay at Lynne and at Homber and thus with great facilitie the time of flowings and reflowings is most precisely knowne And now that there may be a finall ende of the vsâ—s and effectes of the Compasse it is convenient that I make knowne unto you how many leages shall be sailed vpon every perticular point of the Compasse for the raising or laying of the degrees of latitude and in the distance sayling how farre you shall he seperated from the Meridian from whence the saide courses are begun for as euery point of the Compasse hath his certaine limited distance for the degrees of the Poles eleuation so they doe likewise leade from longitude to longtitude euery point according to his ratable limits which distances of leages are without alteration keeping one and the same proportion in euery perticular Horizon of any latitude but the degrees of Longitude answerable to such distances doe differ in euery altitude according to the nature of of the perallell as hereafter shal be more plainly manifested And now know that in sayling North and South you departe not from your Meridian and in euery 20. leages sayling you raise a degree Nor and by east raiseth a degree in sayling 20. leages and one mile and leadeth from the Meridian 4. leages Nor noreast raiseth a degree in saying 21. leages
collection of which Trauerses the ships uniforme motion or Corse is giuen What Instruments are necessary for the execution of this excellent skill THe Instrumentes necessary for a skilfull Seaman are a Sea Compasse a Crosse staffe a Quadrant an Astrolabie a Chart an instrument magneticall for the finding of the variation of the Compasse an Horizontall plaine Sphere a Globe and a paradoxall Compasse By which instruments all conclusions and infallible demonstrations Hidrographicall Geographicall and Cosmographicall are without controlement of errour to be performed but the Sea Compasse Chart and Crosse staffe are instruments sufficient for the seamans vse the Astrolabie and Quadrant being instruments very vncertaine for Sea obseruations What is the Sea Compasse THe Sea Compasse is a principall instrument in Nauigation representing and distnguishing the Horizon so that the Compasse may conueniently be named an Artificiall Horizon because by it are manifested all the limits and distinctions of the Horizon required to the perfect vse of Nauigation which distinctions are the 32. points of the Compasse wherby the Horizon is deuided into 32. equall partes and euery of those points hath his proper name as in the figure following appeereth Also euery point of the Compasse doth containe degrees minuts seconds and thirds c. Which degrees are called degrees of Azumuth whereof there are in euery point 11¼ so that the whole Compasse of Horizon containeth 360. degrees of Azumuth for if you multiplie 11¼ degrees the degrees that ech point containeth by 32. the points of the Compasse it yeeldeth 360. the degrees of the Compasse And of minutes eche point containeth 45. being ¾ of an hower so that the whole Compasse is heereby deuided into 24 howers by which accompt there are in an hower 15. degrees so that euery degree containeth 4. minutes of time for an hower consisting of 60. minutes hath for his fifteenth part 4. minutes of time and in euery minute there is 60. seconds and euery second containeth 60. thirds either in degrees applied to time or degrees applied to measure so that the generall content of the Compasse is 32. points 360. degrees and 24. howers with their minutes seconds and thirds What is the vse of the 32. points of the Compasse THe vse of the 32. points of the Compasse is to direct the skilful Pilote by Horizontall trauers how hee may conclude the corse or peradoxall motion of his Ship therby with the greater expedition to recouer the place desired because they deuide the Horizon into such limits as are most apt for Nauigation they doe also distinguish the windes by their proper names for the winde receiueth his name by the parte of the Horizon from whence hee bloweth What is the vse of the 360. degrees of Azumuth BY the degrees of Azumuth is knowne the quantitie of the rising and setting of the Sunne Moone and Starres whereby is knowne the length of the dayes and nightes in all climates and at all times they also shew a most precise Horizontall distiuction of the motion of the Sunne Moone and Starres whereby the certaintie of time is measured and the variation of the Compasse with the Poles height is ingeuiously knowne at all times and in all places by helpe of the Globe How is the hower of the day knowne by the Compasse IT hath been an ancient custome among Mariners to deuide the Compasse into 24. equall partes or howers by which they haue vsed to distinguish time supposing an East Sunne to be 6. of the clocke a Southeast Sunne 9. of the clocke and a South Sunne 12. of the clocke c. as in the figure following shall plainely appeere But this accompt is very absurd for with vs in England the Sunne hauing his greatest North declination it is somewhat past 7. of the clock at an East Sunne and at a Southeast Sunne it is past 10. of the clocke also when the Sunne is in the Equinoctiall the Sunne is halfe the day East and halfe the day West to all those that be vnder the same so that the Sunne then and to those people vseth but 2. pointes of the Compasse to perfourme the motion of 12. howers therfore the distinctions of time may not well be giuen by the Compasse vnlesse the Sunne be vpon the Meridian or that you be farre toward the North in such places where the Sunnes Horizontall motion is very oblique for there the hower may be giuen by the Compasse without any great errour but elsewhere it cannot Therefore those that trauaile must either vse the Globe or an Equinoctiall diall by whom time may be most certainly measured if there bee good consideration of the variation of the needle by which the Equinoctiall diall is directed for this is a generall thing to be regarded aswel in the compasse as in any dials or other instrument or conclusion whatsoeuer wherin the vse of the needle is required that vnlesse there be good regarde vnto the variation of the same there can no good conclusion follow of any such practices What is the next necessary thing to be learned HAuing perfectly learned the Compasse the next necessary thing for a Seaman to know is the alteration or shifting of tydes that thereby he may with the greater safetie bring his Ship into any barred Port Hauen Creeke or other place where tydes are to be regarded And this difference of tides in the alteration of flowing and reflowing is by long experience found to be gouerned by the Moones motion for in such proportion of time as the Moone doth seperate her selfe from the Sunne by the swiftnes of her naturall motion in the like proportion of time doth one tide differ from another therefore ta vnderstand this difference of the Moones motion is the onelye meane whereby the time of tides is most precisely knowne Of the Moones motion YOu must vnderstand the Moone hath two kinde of motions a naturall motion and a violent motion her violent motion is from the east toward the West caused by the violent swiftnes of the diurnall motion of primum mobile in which motion the Moone is caried about the earth in 24. howers and 50. minutes nerest one day with another for although the diurnall period of the first mouer the perfourmed in 24. howers yet because the Moone euery day in her slowest naturall motion moueth 12 degrees therefore she is not carried about the earth vntill that her motion be also caried about which is in 24. howers and 50. minutes nerest Her naturall motion is from the West towards the East contrary to the motion of the first mouer wherein the Moone hath 3. differences of mouing a swift motion a meane motion and a slowe motion all which is perfourmes by the diuine ordinance of the Creator in 27. daies and 8. howers nerest through all the degrees of the Zodiac Her slowe motion is in the point of Auge or apogeo being then farthest distant from the earth and then she moueth in euery day 12. degrees Her swift motion is in the
March How to finde the Moones age FIrst consider the day of the moneth wherein you seeke the Moones age then note how many moneths there are betweene the said moneth and March including both moneths vnto those numbers adde the Epact of that yeere that is you must adde into one summe the day of the moneth betweene March and your moneth reckoning both moneths and the Epact all which numbers ioyned together if they exceede not 30. is the moones age if they be more then 30. cast away 30 as often as you can and the remainer is the Moones age if it be iust 30. it is then new Moone if 7. it is the first quarter day if 15. it is full Moone if 22. it is then the last quarter day and thus the Moones age is found for euer And now being able for all times either past present or to come to giue the Moones age I think it good by a few questions conuenient for the Seamans practise to make you vnderstand the necessary vse thereof For the accompt of Tydes WHen you desire to know the time of full Sea in any place at all such seasons as occasion shall require you must first learne what moone maketh a full Sea in the same place that is vpon what point of the Compasse the Moone is when it is full Sea at the said place you must also know what hower is appropriated to that point of the Compasse as before is shewed for vpon the change day it will alwaies be full Sea in that place at the same instant of time by which considerations you must thus proceed for the search of tides Multiplie the Moones age by 4. deuide the product by 5. and to the quotient adde the hower which maketh full Sea in that place vpon the change day if it exceede 12. cast away 12. as oft as you may and then the hower of full Sea remaineth and for euery 1. that resteth vpon your diuision allow 12. minutes to be added to the howers for 2. 24. minutes for 3. 36 and for 4. 48. minutes for more then 4. will neuer remaine and thus you may know your tides to a minute Example the Moone being twelue daies olde I desire to know the time of full Sea at London first it is found by experience that a Southwest and Northeast Moone make full sea at London next I consider that 3. of the clocke is the houre appropriated to that point of the Compasse whith number I keepe in memory then I multiplie the Moones age being 12. by 4. and that yeeldeth 48. which being deuided by 5. it giueth in the quotient 9. and three remaineth I adde the quotient 9. to the hower 3. and it maketh 12. howers and for the remaining number 3. I also adde 36. minutes so that I finde when the Moone is 12. daies olde it is 12. of the clocke and 36. minutes past at the instant of full Sea at London by this order you may at all places times know the certaintie of your tides at your pleasure But those that are not practised in Arithmetick may accompt their tides in this sorte knowing how many daies olde the Moone is he must place the Moone vpon that point of the Compasse which maketh full Sea at the place desired and then reckoning from that point with the sunne according to the diurnal motion must accompt so many points and so many times 3. minutes as the Moone is daies olde that is for euery day one point and 3. minuts and there finding the Sun he must consider what is the hower allowed to that point where he findeth the Sunne for that is the hower of full Sea As for Example the moone being 12 daies olde I desire to know the hower of full Sea of London now finding by former experience that a Southwest Moone maketh full Sea at London I therefore place the Moone vpon the point Southwest then I accompt from the point Southwest 12 points reckoning with the Sunne according to the diurnall motion Southwest and by west for the first pointe West Southwest for the second West by South for the third West for the fourth point and so forth vntill I come to North which is 12. points from Southwest and because the Moone moueth 3. minutes more then a point in euery day I therefore adde three times twelue which make 36. minutes vnto the point North at which place I finde the Sunne to be and knowing that twelue of the clocke is appropriated to the point North I may therfore boldely say that at twelue of the clocke 36. minutes past it is full Sea at London when the Moone is twelue daies olde which 36. minutes are added because the Moone hath moued 36. minutes more then twelue points in those twelue daies which is one point and 3. minutes for euery day as before Heere followeth a very necessary Instrument for the knowledge of the Tydes named an Horizontall tyde Table Of this Instrument and his partes THis necessary instrument for the yong practising Seamans vse nameâ— an Horizontall tyde table whereby he may shift his Sunne and Moone as they terme it and know the times of his tides with ease and very certainly besides the answering of many pleasant and necessary questions vsed amongst Mariners I haue contriued into this methode onely for the benefite of such yong practisers in Hauigation The first parte of this instrument is a Sea Compasse deuided into 32. points or equall partes the innermost circle of which Compasse is deuided into 24. howers and euery of those into 4. quarters eche quarter being 15. minutes and against euery point of the Compasse those places are laide downe in which places it is full Sea when the Moone commeth vpon the same point so that whatsoeuer is required as touching time or the pointes of the Compasse is there to be knowne The next moueable circle vpon this Compasse is limited to the Sunne vpon whose index the Sunne is laide downe which circle is deuided into 30 equall partes or daies signifying the 30 daies between change and change according to the Seamans accompt so that whatsoeuer is demaunded as touching the age of the Moone is vpon the circle to be knowne The vppermost moueable circle is applied to the Moone vpon whose index the Moone is laide downe which is to be placed either to the points and partes of the Compasse or to the time of her age as the question requireth which considered the vse of this instrument is largely manifested by these questions with their answeres following How to know the hower of the night by the Moone being vpon any point of the Compasse by this instrument I. Q. The Moone 10. daies olde I demaund what it is a clocke when she is East Northeast 1. A. In this question the Moones age and the point of the Compasse is giuen therby to know the hower I therfore place the index of the Moone vpon the point East Northeast there keeping the same not to be moued then
Equinoctiall that the Sunne hath 20 degrees of North declination 3. Q. The Sunne hauing 10. deg of South declination being vpon the Meridian is 53. deg from my Zenith I demaund what is the poles height 3. A. In the first question the Poles height and the Sunnes declination are giuen fore finding of the Sunnes meridionall distance from the Zenith In the second the Poles height is giuen and the Sunnes meridionall distance from the Zenith therby to finde the Sunnes declination And in this question the Sunnes declination and meridionall distance is giuen for the finding of the Poles height I therefore bring the thrid fastned in the center of the instrument 10. degrees South from the Equator between the Equinoctiall and the tropick of Capricorne there holding the third not to be moued I then turne the Horizon vntill I bring the 53 degree of the verticall circle vnder the third and then the Horizon she weth me that the North pole is 43. degrees aboue the same 4. Q. The Sunhauing 12. degrees of south declination and being vpon the Meridian South from me is 30. degrees aboue the Horizon I demaund how farre the Sun is from my zenith how much the Equinoctiall is aboue the Horizon and what is the Poles height 4. A. First I bring the third to the place of the Sunnes declination as before there holding it not to be moued then I turn the Horizon vntill I bring it to be 30 deg vnder the thrid and then the third sheweth me that the Sun is 60. deg from my zenith and the Horizon she weth that the Equinoctiall is 42 deg aboue the same and that the North pole is also eleuated 48. deg aboue the horizon Although these questions are so very easie and plain as that they may readily be answered by memory yet because the reasons how they are answered may the better appeare is the cause wherefore they are demaunded and in this sort answered only for the benefit of such as are not altogether expert in these practises that thereby they might like wise frame vnto themselues questions of other varietie and so gather thereby the more sufficient iudgement in this parte of Nauigation What is the Zenith THe Zenith is that prick or point in the heauens which is directly ouer your head from whence a line falling perpendicularly will touch the place of your being and so passe by the center of the sphere and this line may be called the Axis of the Horizon and the Zenith the Pole of the same being 90. deg The vse of the Regiment FOrasmuch as the Poles height cannot be obserued by the Sunne vnlesse the Suns true declination be knowne I haue therfore carefully calculated these Tables or Regiment out of Stadius Ephimerides for the yeeres 1593. 94. 95. and 1596. which will serue vntill the yeere 1612. without further correction and because there may growe no errour by mistaking the yeeres I haue ouer euery moneth written the yeere of the Lord in which the declination of the same month is to be vsed therefore when in any yeere and moneth you seeke the Sunnes declination firste looke for the moneth and there you shall finde 4 of those moneths which are the moneths betweene the Leape yeeres then look ouer eche of those moneths vntil you finde the yeere of the Lord wherein you seeke the declination and directly vnder that yere is the month wherin you must seeke the Suns declination Example 1595. the tenth day of February I would know the Suns declination first I seeke out February and ouer the third moneth I see the yeere 1595. therefore that is my moneth against the tenth day of which moneth I finde that the sunne hath 11. degrees 10 minutes of south declination and after the like manner you must doe in all the rest as occasion requireth Ianuary First Second Third Fourth 1 2 3 4 1593 1594 1595 1596 Yeere of the Lord 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 21 50 1 21 52 1 22 56 1 21 57 2 21 40 2 21 43 2 22 9 2 21 48 3 21 30 3 21 33 3 21 36 3 21 38 4 21 20 4 21 23 4 21 26 4 21 28 5 21 9 5 21 16 5 21 15 5 21 17 6 20 58 6 21 1 6 21 4 6 21 7 7 20 47 7 20 50 7 20 53 7 20 55 8 20 35 8 20 38 8 20 41 8 20 44 9 20 22 9 20 26 9 20 29 9 20 32 10 20 9 10 20 1â— 10 20 16 10 20 20 11 19 56 11 20 0 11 20 3 11 20 6 12 19 43 12 19 47 12 19 50 12 19 53 13 19 29 13 19 33 13 19 36 13 19 39 14 19 14 14 19 19 14 19 22 14 19 25 15 19 0 15 19 4 15 19 8 15 19 11 16 18 45 16 18 49 16 18 53 16 18 56 17 18 29 17 18 34 17 18 38 17 18 41 18 18 14 18 18 19 18 18 22 18 18 26 19 17 58 19 18 3 19 18 7 19 18 11 20 17 42 20 17 46 20 17 50 20 17 54 21 17 25 21 17 30 21 17 34 21 17 38 22 17 8 22 17 13 22 17 17 22 17 21 23 16 51 23 16 56 23 17 0 23 17 4 24 16 32 24 16 38 24 16 43 24 16 47 25 16 16 25 16 21 25 16 25 25 16 29 26 15 57 26 16 3 26 16 7 26 16 12 27 15 39 27 15 45 27 15 49 27 15 54 28 15 21 28 15 26 28 15 30 28 15 35 29 15 2 29 15 7 29 15 12 29 15 23 30 14 43 30 14 48 30 14 53 30 14 58 31 14 24 31 14 29 31 14 34 31 14 39 February First Second Third Fourth 1 2 3 4 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 14 4 1 14 9 1 14 14 1 14 19 2 13 44 2 13 50 2 13 54 2 14 0 3 13 24 3 13 29 3 1â— 35 3 13 40 4 13 4 4 13 9 4 13 15 4 13 20 5 12 44 5 12 49 5 12 54 5 13 0 6 12 23 6 12 28 6 12 34 6 12 39 7 12 2 7 12 7 7 12 13 7 12 18 8 11 41 8 11 46 8 11 52 8 11 58 9 11 20 9 11 25 9 11 31 9 11 37 10 10 58 10 11 4 10 11 10 10 11 15 11 10 37 11 10 43 11 10 48 11 10 54 12 10 15 12 10 21 12 10 26 12 10 33 13 9 53 13 9 59 13 10 5 13 10 11 14 9 31 14 9 37 14 9 43 14 9 49 15 9 9 15 9 15 15 9 21 15 9 27 16 8 47 16 8 53 16 8 59 16 9 5 17 8 25 17 8 30 17 8 36 17 8 43 18 8 2
edge or ende thereof do likewise touch the Horizon at that place where it seemeth that the Skye and seas are ioyned hauing especiall regarde in this your obseruation that you holde the transuersary as directly vpright as possibly you may and you must begin this obseruation somwhat before the Sun or Starres be at South and continue the same so long as you perceiue that they rise for when they are at the highest then are they vpon the Meridian and then you haue the meridionall altitude which you seeke at which time they will be due South from you if your Compasse be good and without variation and then doth the transuersary them vpon the staffe the degrees and minutes that the said body in from your Zenith if the degrees of your instrument be numbred from the Zenith toward the Horizon or else it sheweth the distance betweene the saide body the Horizon if the degrees of your instrument be numbred from the Horizon concluding 90. in the Zenith as commonlye Crosse staues are marked which is not the easiest way but if your staffe be accompted from the Horizen then substract the degrees of your obseruation from 90. and the remainer sheweth the distance betweene your Zenith and the Sunne or Stares which is the number you must know vnto that number so knowne by your instrument adde the declination of the bodye by which you doe obserue whether it he the Sun or any star and that which commeth by the addition of those 2. numbers together is the poles height or the latitude of the place wherein you are as for Example In the yeere of our Lord 1593. the 3. day of March the Sunne being then betweene my Zenith and the Equinoctiall I obserued the Sunnes Meridionall altitude from the Horizon to be 72. deg and 20. min. but because I must know the distance of the Sun from my Zenith I therfore substract 72. deg 20. min. from 90. deg and there remaineth 17. deg 40. min. the distance of the Sunne from my zenith to that distance I adde the Sunnes declination for that day which by my Regiment I finde to be â— degrees of South declination and it ameunteth vnto 20. deg 40. min. so much is the South pole aboue the Horizon and so much is my Zenith south from the Equinoctiall because the Sun hauing South declination and being betweene me and Equinoctiall therefore of necessitie the Antartick pole must be aboue my Horison 89 60 the distance betwene the Zenith and the Horizon 72 20 the Sunnes altitude 17 40 the Suns dist from the Zen. 3 00 Sunnes declination 20 40 Poles height When the Equinoctiall is betweene your Zenith and the Sunne or Starres the latitude is thus found in all places BY your instrument as before is taught you must seek the meridionall distance of the Sunne or Starres from your Zenith which being knowne substract the declination of the Sun or Stars from the said distance and the remaining number is the poles height or latitude which you seek Example The 20. of October 1593. I fitnde by my instrument that the Sun is 60 deg 45. min. from the Zenith at noone being then vpon the Meridian the Equator being then betweene my Zenith and the Sun I also finde by my Regiment that at that time the Sun had 13. deg 47. min. of South declination because the Equinoctiall is betweene me and the Sun therefore I substract the Suns declination from the obserued distance and there resteth 46 deg 58. min. latitude desired and because the Sun hath South declination and the Equinoctiall being betweene me and the Sun therefore I may conclude that the pole Artick is 46. deg 58. min. aboue my Horizon or that my Zenith is so much toward the North from the Equator g m 59 15 the Sunnes distance 13 47 the declination 46 58 the latitude When your Zenith is betweene the Sunne or Starres and the Equinoctiall the Latitude is thus found BY your instrument as in the first example is shewed you must obserue the Meridionall distance of the Sunne or Starres from your Zenith you must also by your Regiment or other tables search to know the declination of that body which you obserue then substract the obserued distance from pour Zenith out of the declination and the remaining number is the latitude desired Example The Sun hauing 20. deg of North declination and being vpon the Meridian is 5. deg 9. min. from my Zenith I therefore substract 5. deg 9. min. from 20. deg and there resteth 14. deg 51. min the latitude desired and because the Sun hath North declination my Zenith being between the Sun and the Equinoctiall therefore I conclude that the North Pole is 14. deg 51. min. aboue my Horizon g m 19 60 the Suns distance from my Zenith 5 09 the declination 14 51 the Poles height How shall I know the true order of placing the Crosse sffe to mine eye to anoide errour in my obseruation TO finde the true placing of the staffe at your eye thereby to amend the parallar or false shadowe of your sight do thus take a staffe hauing two crosses a long crosse which endeth in 30. degrees and a short crosse which beginneth at 30. deg where the long crosse endeth put the long crosse vpon his 30. deg and there make him fast then put the short crosse like wise vpon his 30. de there fasten him without mouing then set the end of your stasse to your eye mouing it from place to place about your eye vntill at one instant you may see the ends of both crosses which when you finde remember that place and the standing of your body for so must your staffe be placed and your body ordered in all your obseruations Are these all the rules that appertaine to the finding of the Poles height THose that trauell farre towards the North vnder whose Horizon the Sunne setteth not shall some time haue occasion to seeke the latitude by the Sunne when the Sunne is North from them the pole being then betweene the Sunne and their Zenith When such obseruations are made you must by your instrument seeke the Suns height from the Horizon substract that height from his declination and the remaining number sheweth how far the Equinoctiall is vnder the Horizon vpon the point North for so much is the oposite parte of the Equator aboue the Horizon vpon the point South substract that Meridionall altitude of the Equinoctiall from 90. and the remaining number is the poles height desired Example The Sunne hauing 22. degrees of North declination his altitude from the Horizon is obserued to be 3. degrees 15. minutes therefore substracting 3. deg 15. min. from 22. degrees there resteth 18. deg 45. min. which is the distance of the Equinoctiall from the Horizon which being taken from 90. there resteth 71. deg 15. min the poles eleuation desired g m 22 60 the Suns declination 31 15 the Sunnes altitude 18 45 the
altitude of the equinoctiall gm 89 60 the dist between Zen. Dori 18 45 altitude of the Equator 71 15 the altitude of the pole But you must know that the declination found in your Regiment is not the declination which in this case you must vse for the regiment sheweth the Suns declination vpon the Meridian or South point in the place for whose Meridian the same was calculated and not otherwise therefore it is necessary to know the Suns declination at all times and vpon euery point of the Compasse for I haue beene constrained in my Northwest voyages being within the frozen zone to search the latitude by the Sun at such times as I could see the Sun vpon what point of the Compasse soeuer by reason of the great fogges and mistes that those Northern partes are subiect vnto and there is consideration also to be had vpon euery difference of longitude for the Sunnes declination as I haue by my experience found at my being in the straights of Magilane where I haue found the suns declination to differ from my regiment calculated for London by so much as the Sunne declineth in 5. howers for so much is the difference between the meridian of London and the Meridian of Cape froward being in the midst of the said straights How may this declination be found for all times and vpon all points of the Compasse FIrst consider whether the Sun be comming towards the Equinoctiall or going from him that being knowne consider the time wherin you seeke the declination then looke for the Sunnes declination in your regiment for that day and also looke his declination for the next day substract the lesser out of the greater and the remainer is the whole declination which the Sun declineth in 24. howers or in his mouing throughu all the points of the Compasse for which number you may by the rule of proportion finde his declination vpon euery point of the compas as for euery hower of the day as by these examples may appeare Example In the yeere 1593. the 20. of March I desire to know the Suns declination when he is vpon the North parte of the Meridian of London I seeke the Suns declination for that day and finde it to be 3. deg 41. min. the Sunn then going from the Equator I also searche his declination for the next day being the 21. of March and finde it to be 4 de 3. min I then substract 3. deg 41. min. from 4. de 3. min. and there resteth 22 min. so much the Sun doth decline 24. howers or in going through all the points of the Compasse Then I say by the rule of proportion if 24. howers giue 22. min of declination what will 12. howers giue c. I multiplye and deuide and finde it to be 11. min. the Suns declination in 12. howers motion to be added to the declination of the 20. day being the Suns going from the Equator or for the points of the Compasse I may say if 32. points giue 22. min. of declination what will 16. pointes giue which is the distance betweene South and North I multiply and deuide as the rule of proportion requireth and finde that 16. points giue 11. min. the Suns declination in mouing through 16 points of the Compasse which is to be added to the declinanation of the 20. day because the Sun goeth from the equator so I conclude the declination to be 3. deg 52. min. the Sun being North the 20. of March ho. m. ho. 24 22 12 11 12 44 22 264 ho. m. po m. 32 22 16 11 16 132 22 352 Being West from the Meridian of London 19 degrees of longitude I desire to know the Suns declination when the Sun is vpon the Meridian the 20. of March 1593. I must here consider that 90. deg of longtitude make 6. howers of time for euery hower containeth 15 deg whereby I know that when the Sun is South at London he is but East from me for when it is 12 of the clocke at London it is but 6. of the clocke in the morning with mee and when it is 12. of the clocke with me it is then 6. of the clocke in the after noone at London therefore I must seeke for the declination of the Sun at 6. of the clocke in the afternoone and that is the meridionall declination which I must vse being 90. deg West from London which to doe the last example doth sufficiently teach you whereby you may easily gather the perfect notice of whatsoeuer is requisite in any of these kinde of obseruations if you reade with the eye of reason and labour to vnderstand with iudgement that which you read There is another way most excellent for the finding of the Suns declination at all times that is to search by the Ephimerides the Sunnes true place in the Ecliptick for any time proposed whatsoeuer and then by the tables of Sinus the declination is thus knowne Multiply the Sinus of the Suns longtitude from the Equinoctiall points of Aries or Libra to which soeuer he is neerest by the Sinus of the Suns greatest declination and deuide the product by the whole Sinus and the arke of the quotient is the declination dlsircl but because Seamen are not acquainted with such calculations I therfore omit to speake further thereof sith this plaine way before taught is sufficient for their purpose A necessary Instrument for the better vnderstanding of such things as are required to the finding of the Poles Eleuation The vse of this Instrument BY this instrument you may sufficiently vnderstand the reasons of whatsoeuer is before spoken for the finding of the Poles eleuation or the latitude of your being into the consideration whereof because the yong practiser may the better enter I think it not amisse by a few examples to expresse the necessary vse thereof 1. Q. The Sun hauing 7. degrees of North declination and the pole Artick being 45. degrees aboue the Horizon I demaund what will be the Sunnes meridionall distance from my Zenith 1. A. First I turne the Horizon vntill I bring the North Pole to be 45. degrees aboue the same there holding the Horizon not to be moued I then bring the thnd that is fastened to the Center of the instrument 7. degrees from the Equinoctiall towards the North because the Sun hath so much North declination and the thrid doth shew me vpon the verticall circle that the sunne is 38. degrees from my Zenith 2. Q. The pole artick being 50 deg aboue the Horizon and the Suns distance 30. deg from the Zenith I demaund what is the Suns declination 2. A. As in the first question I place the North pole 50. degrees aboue the Horizon there holding the Horizon not to be moued then I bring the thrid to the 30. degree vpon the verticall circle because the Sunne is 30. Degrees from my Zenith and then the thrid she weth vpon the Meridian betweene the tropick of Cancer and the
which when the Sunne commeth the daies are then longest to all those that inhabit in the North partes of the worlde and shortest to the Southerne inhabitants betweene this circle and the Equator are included the 6. Septentrional signes ♈ ♉ ♊ ♋ ♌ ♠in which signes during the time that the Sunne abideth being from the 11. of March to the 13. of September he hath much declination and then is the spring and Summer to all such as inhabite in the North partes of the Worlde and Autumme and Winter to the inhabitants of the South partes of the Worlde this circle doth touch the Ecliptick in the first minute of ♋ where the Sun beginneth his returne toward the South wherupon it tooke the name Tropick which signifieth conuersion or returne by which point of the Ecliptick the diurnall motion describeth this Circle What is the tropick of Capricorne THe Tropick of ♑ is one of the lesser circles deuiding the sphere into 2. vnequall partes and is described vpon the pole Antartick a perallell to the Equinoctiall 23. degrees 28 minutes from him being the farthest bending of the Ecliptick towards the South to which when the Sunne commeth the daies are then longest to al those that inhabite in the South partes of the worlde and shortest to the Northern inhabitants betweene this circle and the Equator are included the 6. Southern signes ♎ ♠♠♑ ♒ ♓ in which signes during the time that the Sunne abideth being from the 13 of September to the 11. of March he hath South declination and then is the Spring and Summer to all such as inhabite in the South partes of the worlde and Autumme and Winter to all the inhabitants in the North partes of the worlde this circle toucheth the Ecliptick in the first minute of ♑ by which point the diurnall motion describeth this perallell What is the vse of the Tropicks BY the Tropicks the Sunnes declination is known as also the tropicks by the Sunnes farthest motion towardes the North and South for so much as the Tropicks are distant from the Equator so much is the sunnes greatest declination and such as is the Suns greatest declining such is the distance betweene the Tropicks and the Equator they are also the limits of the burning Zone seperating the burning and temperate zones For between the two Tropicks is contained the burning Zone What is the Artick polar Circle THe Artick Polar Circle is one of the lesser circles deuiding the sphere into two vnequall partes and described vpon the Pole Artick in perallell to the Tropick of ♋ hauing such distance from the Pole as the Tropick hath from the Equator being 23. degrees 28. minuts vpon which circle the Artick pole of the Zodiac is placed which being fixed in the firmament by the vertue of the first mouer is carried about with the heauens by which motion this circle is described What is the Antartick polar Circle THe Antartick polar circle is opposite to the Artick and perallell to the Tropick of ♑ being in all respect of such distance and description from and about the pole Antartick as the Artick polar circle is about the Pole Artick What is the vse of the Artick and Antartick polar Circles THe vse of these 2. polar Circles is to shew the distance of the poles of the Zodiac from the poles of the Worlde for so much as the Solsticiall points are distant from the Equator so much are the poles of the Zodiac from the poles of the Worlde these circles doo also deuide and limit the temperate and frozen zones for betweene the Tropick of ♋ and the Artick Polar circle is contained the Northern temperate zone and betweene the Artick polar circle and the Pole artick that is within the Artick polar circle is contained the Northern frozen zone Also betweene the Tropick of ♑ and the Antartick polar circle is contained the Southern temperate zone and within the said polar circle is included the Antartick frozen zone and chese are all the circles that are described vpon the body of the Globe What is the Meridian THe Meridian is a great circle passing by the Poles of the Worlde and by your zenyth deuiding the Horison into 2. equall partes in the pointes North and South it also deuideth the sphere with all the perallell circles therein contained into 2. equall partes crossing them at right spherick angles And this Meridian is not fixed in the firmament as the rest of the circles are for if it were then should it be moued with the first mouer as the rest are but it is not so therefore the Meridian is manifested vpon the Globe by a circle or ring of copper fastened vnto the Globe vpon the 2. Poles so that the Globe moueth round vpon his 2. Poles within the Meridian this Meridian is graduated in euery of his quarters into 90. degrees by which his vse is perfourmed and note that one Meridian may haue many Horyzons yet euery Horizon hath but one Meridian yet in euery sencible difference of distance you shall enter into a change of Horizons for there bee as many Horizons as there be sencible differences of distance and there bee as many Meridians as there be sencible differences of distance so that the difference be not vpon the points North or South but this copper Meridian annexed to the Globe is to be applyed to all differences and distances whatso euer as amply as if the number were infinite What is the vse of the Meridian THe vse of the Meridian is to know the highest ascending of the Sunne Moone or Starres from the Horizon for when they bee vpon the Meridian then are they farthest from the Horizon and then is the most conuenient time to take the altitude of the Sunne or Starres thereby to finde the Poles eleuation By the Meridian of your Globe is knowne the latitude and longitude of any place vpon the Globe contained for if you bring any place vnder the Meridian the degrees of the Meridian do shew the latitude of the same and that degree of the Equator which the Meridian doth crosse is the longitude c. What is the Horizon THe Horizon is a great circle deuiding the heauens into 2. equall partes the one halfe being aboue the horizon is alwaies in sight the other halfe is not seene being vnder the Horizon and therefore is called the finitor or lymit of our sight for where the heauens and feas seeme to ioyne together that is the Horizon the Horizon is not fixed in the firmament and yet is a fixed circle constant to his proper latitude but because in the Globe one and the same Horizon may perfourme whatsoeuer is required to all eleuations the Horizon is so artificially annexed to the Globe that by the motion of the Meridian in the same there faulteth nothing in his vse and the Horizon is in all respects distinguished as is the sea Compasse There are two kindes of Horizons a right Horizon and an oblique Horizon when the
obliquitie of the sphere What is the axis of the worlde THe Axis of the worlde is a right line passing by the center of the sphere and limited in the circumference about the which the Sphere moueth and is therefore called the Axis of the Sphere and as all lines comensurable are limited betweene two pointes or pricks so is the Axis of the worlde and those two limiting pricks are called the Poles of the worlde What are the Poles of the Zodiac THe zodiac hath likewise two Poles Artick and Antartick being two prickes fixed in the firmament limiting the Axis of the zodiac and are distant from the Poles of the world 23. degrees 28. minutes which Poles by the motion of the sphere doe describe the Polar circles perfourming their motion about the Poles of the worlde in euery 24. howers by vertue of the first mouer vpon these poles the Ecliptick and zodiac is described also a quarter of a great circle graduated into 90 degrees being fastened to either of these Poles and brought to the center of any Star sheweth by that graduation the latitude of the same Starre and where the quarter retire circle toucheth the Ecliptick that is likewise his longitude also the 7. Planets do perfourme their naturall reuolutions vpon these Poles whose motion is from the West towards the East coutrary to the motion of the first mouer What is the Axis of the Zodiac THe Axis of the zodiac is a right line passing by the center of the sphere and limited in the circumference whose limiting pointes are the Poles of the zodiac and this Axis is moued with the Sphere as are his Poles What are the Poles of the Horizon THere are two Poles of the Horizon which are the limits of his perpendicular dimetient being equidistant 90. degrees from all parts of the Horizon and are the extreme limits of all altitude that Pole which is in the vpper Hemisphere is called the zenith and his opposite pole is called Nadir they are extended to the firmament but not fixed in it for they moue neuer but remaine alwaies stable to shew proper Horizon which could not be if they were fixed in the firmament for then should they be moued with the firmament as the rest are by the helpe of these Poles is found the Azumuth and Almicanter of any celestiall body for a quarter circle deuided into 90. degrees and fixed to the zenith as is the Quarta altitudo being moued to any celestiall body doth by those degrees shew the almicanter or altitude of the same bodye from the Horizon and that parte of the Horizon which the quarter circle teacheth is the azumuth of the same body alwaies prouided that the zenith stand auswerable to the Poles eleuation that is so many degrees from the Equator as the Pole is from the Horizon How many Zones are there THere are 5. zones 2. temperate zones 2. frozen zones and one burning zone the burning zone lyeth between the two Tropicks whose latitude is 46. degrees 56. minutes which zone by auncient Geographiers is reported to be not habitable by reason of the great heat which there they supposed to be through the perpendicularitie of the Sunne beames whose perpetuall motion is within the saide zone but we finde in our trauels contrary to their reporte that it is not onely habitable but very populous contayning many famous and mightie nations and yeeldeth in great plentye the most purest thinges that by natures benefits the earth may procreate twice I haue sayled through this zone which I found in no sorte to bee offenciue but rather comfortable vnto nature the extremetie of whose heate is not furious but tollerable whose greatest force lasteth but 6. howers that is from 9. of the clocke in the morning vnto 3. in the afternoone the rest of the day and night is most pleasing and delightfull therefore they did nature wrong in their rash reporte Of the frozen Zones THe frozen zones are contained within the polar circles the Artick frozen zone within the Artick polar circle and the antarttck frozen zone within the Antartick Polar circle which are also reported not to be habitable by reason of the great extremetie of colde supposed to be in those parts because of the Sunnes farre distance from those zones but in these our dayes we finde by experience that the auncient Geographiers had not the due consideration of the nature of these zones for three times I haue beene within the Artick frozen zone where I haue found the aire very temperate yea and many times in calme wether meruailous hot I haue felt the Sunne beames of as forcible action within the frozen zone in calmes neere vnto the shore as I haue at any time found within the burning zone this zone is also inhabited with people of good stature shape and tractable conditions with whome I haue conuersed and not found them rudly barberous as I haue found the Caniballs which are in the straights of Magilane and Southerne partes of America In the frozen zone I discouered a coast which I named desolation at the first viewe thereof supposing but by the loathsome shape to be waste and desolate but when I came to an Ancker within the harbours thereof the people presently came unto me without feare offering such poore thinges as they had to exchange for iron nailes and such like but the Canibals of America flye the presence of men shewing themselues in nothing to differ from brute beastes thus by experience it is most manifest that those zones which haue beene esteemed desolate and waste are habitable inhabited and fruitfull If any man be perswaded to the contrary of this truth he shall doe himselfe wrong in hauing so base an imagination of the excellency of Gods creation as to thinke that God creating the worlde for mans vse and the same being deuided but into 5. partes 3. of those partes should bee to no purpose but 〈◊〉 let this saying therefore of the Prophet Esaias be your ful satisfaction to confirme that which by experience I haue truly spoken For thus saith the Lord that created heauen God himselfe that framed the earth and made it hee that prepared it hee created it not in vaine hee framed it to be inhabited c. Esai 45 18. Of the temperate zones THe temperate Artick zone is included betweene the tropick of ♋ and the Artick Polar circle whose latitude or bredth is 42 degrees 2. miuntes within the which we haue our habitation THe temperate Antartick zone is limited by the tropick of ♑ and the Aatartick Polar circle and hath breadth or latitude 42 degrees 2 minutes What is a Climate A Climate is the space or difference vpon the vpper face of the earth included betweene two perallells wherein the day is sensibly lengthened or shortned halfe an hower for as you trauaile from the Equator toward the Artick Pole the Sunne hauing North declination the daies doe grow Ionger and longer vntill at last the Sunne not setting under the