Quadrant of Altitude the same degree on it will ly on both the Stars so shall the Index of the Hour-Circle point at the Hour of the Night PROB. XLI The Hour given that any Star in Heaven comes to the Meridian to know thereby the Place of the Sun and by consequence the Day of the Moneth though it were lost BRing the Star proposed to the Meridian and turn the Index of the Hour-Circle to the Hour given Then turn about the Globe till the Index point at the Hour of 12 for Noon and the Place of the Sun in the Ecliptick shall be cut by the Meridian Example March 7. at 11 aclock at Night the Pointers come to the Meridian of London Therefore I place the Pointers on the Caelestial Globe under the Meridian and turn the Index of the Hour-Circle to 11. past Noon afterwards I turn back the Globe till the Index point to 12. at Noon Then looking in the Ecliptick I find the Meridian cuts it in ♓ 26. 45. minutes Therefore I say when the Pointers come to the Meridian at 11. a clock at Night the Place of the Sun is ♓ 26. 45. Having thus the Place of the Sun I may find the Day of the Moneth by the fourth Probleme and so either know the Day that the Pointers come to the Meridian at 11. a clock at Night or at any other Hour given The Day of the Moneth might also be found by the Declination and the Quarter of the Ecliptick the Sun is in given For the Meridian will cut the degree of the Suns Place in the Ecliptick in the Parallel of Declination So that having respect to the Quarter of the Ecliptick you 'le find the Suns Place and having the Suns Place you may as aforesaid find the Day of the Moneth PROB. XLII The Day of the Moneth given to find in the Circle of Letters on the Plain of the Horizon the Day of the Week THe seven Daies of the Week were by the Idolatry of the ancient Roman Heathenish Times Dedicated to the Honour of seven of their Gods which we call Planets The first is the most eminent and therefore doubtless by them set in the first Place called Dia Solis or the Suns Day The second Dia Luna the Moons Day The third Dia Martis the Day of Mars by us called Tuesday The fourth Dia Mercurius Mercuries Day by us called Wednesday from Woden an Idol the Saxons Worshipt to whose Honour they Dedicated that Day and is by all those Germain Nations still called Wodensdagh The fifth Dia Jovis Jupiter or Joves Day which doubtless the Saxons from whom probably we receive it called Donder-dagh because Jupiter is the God of Thunder and we either by corruption or for shortness or both call it Thursday The sixth Dia Veneris the Day of Venus but the Saxons transferring her Honour to another of their Goddesses named Fria called it Fridagh and we from them call it Fryday The seventh is Dia Saturnis Saturus Day The same Day of the Moneth in other Years happens not on the same Day of the Week therefore the Dominical Letter for one Year is not the same it is the next Now because you cannot come to the knowledge of the Day of the Week unless you first know the Sundaies Letter therefore have I in Prob. 5â— inserted a Table of M r Palmers by which you may find the Dominical or Sundaies Letter for ever and having the Dominical Letter you may in the Circle of Letters on the Horizon find it neer the day of that Moneth and count that for Sunday the next under it for Monday the next under that for Tuesday and so in order till you come to the Day of the Moneth Example I would know what Day of the Week June 1. Anno 1658. Old Style falls on I find by the Table aforesaid the Dominical Letter is C then I look in the Calender of Old Style for June 1. and against it I find Letter E which because it is the second Letter in order from C therefore it is the second Day in order from Sunday which is Tuesday PROB. XLIII The Azimuth of any Star given to find its Hour in any given Latitude THe Hour of a Star is the number of Hours that a Star is distant from the Meridian To find which Rectifie the Globe and Quadrant of Altitude and bring the Star proposed to the Meridian and the Index of the Hour-Circle to 12. Then place the lower end of the Quadrant of Altitude to the given Azimuth in the Horizon and turn the Globe till the Star come to the graduated edge of the Quadrant of Altitude so shall the Index of the Hour-Circle point at the Hour of the Star Only this caution you must take If the Star were turned from the Meridian towards the Eastern side of the Horizon you must substract the number of Hours the Index points at from 12. and the remainder shall be the Hour of the Star But if the Star were turned from the Meridian towards the West side the Horizon the Hour the Index points at is without more adoe the Hour of the Star PROB. XLIV How you may learn to know all the Stars in Heaven by the Coelestial Globe REctifie the Globe Quadrant Hour-Index and Horizon as by Prob. 2. Then turn about the Globe till the Index of the Hour-Circle point at the Hour of the Night on the Hour-Circle Then if every Star on the Globe had a hole in the midst and your Ey were placed in the Center of the Globe you might by keeping your Ey in the Center and looking through any Star on the Globe see its Maâ—ch in Heaven that is the same Star in Heaven which that Star on the Globe represents for from the Center of the Globe there proceeds a straight line through the Star on the Globe even to the same Star in Heaven Therefore those Stars that are in the Zenith in Heaven will then be in the Zenith on the Globe those that are in the East in Heaven will be in the East on the Globe those in the West in Heaven in the West on the Globe and those Stars that are in any Altitude in Heaven will at the same time have the same Altitude on the Globe So that if you see any Star in Heaven whose Name you desire to know you need but observe its Azimuth and Altitude and in the same Azimuth and Altitude on the Globe you may find the same Star and if it be an eminent Star you will find its Name adjoyned to it Example December 10. at half an hour past 9. a clock at Night here at London I see two bright Stars at a pretty distance one from another in the South I desire to know the Names of them Therefore having the Globe rectified to the Latitude of London and the Quadrant of Altitude screwed to the Zenith the Hour-Index also Rectified and the Horizon posited Horizontally as by Prob. 2. I observe the Altitude of those Stars in
denomination from the Planetary Day and the rest â—re named orderly from that Planet according to the succession of the Planetary Orbs As if it be Munday that is the Moons day as by Prob. 42 of the second â—ook the Planet reigning the first Hour shall beâ—â— the Planet ruling the second Hour shall be ♄ the third Planetary Hour shall be 〈◊〉 the fourth 〈◊〉 the fifth ☉ the sixth ♀ the seventh Thee begin again with 〈◊〉 for the eight Planetary 〈◊〉 for the ninth and so through the whole Day and Night till the Sun Rise again the next Day The length of this Planetary Hour is found by the Globe thus The Globe rectified Bring the Suns place to the East side the Horizon and make a prick at the degree of the Equator that comes to the Horizon with it Then remove the Suns place to the Meridian and count the number of degrees of the Equator comprehended between that prick and the degree now at the Horizon and divide that number of degrees and minutes by 6. because there is 6 Planetary Hâ—urs past since Noon and the Qâ—â—tient shall shew the number of dâ—gâ—â—â—s and minutes that pass through the Meridian in one Planetary Hour Example Jâ—ly 27. 1658. I would know the length of the Planetary 〈◊〉 here at Lonaon I Rectifie the Globe and bring the Sun place viz ♌ 〈◊〉 50. to the Eastern side the Horizon and find 115 degrees of the Equator come to the Horizon with it to this 115 degrees I make a prick Then I turn the Suns place to the Meridian and find 22â— degrees of the Equator at the Horizon Therefore I either count the number of degrees between the pricks and the degree of the Equator at the horizon or else subâ—â—râ—ct the 〈◊〉 from the greater but both waies I find 111 degâ—ees of the Equator to pass through the Meridian or the Horizon in six Planetary Hours Therefore dividing 111. by 6. I 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 degrees â—0 minutes of the Equator to pass through the Mâ—â—â—â—â—an in one Planetary Hour which 18. degrees 30 minutes reduced into Time yeelds 72. minutes by accounting for every 15. degrees one Hour for 1. degree 4. minutes and for half a degree 〈◊〉 minutes of Time and so proportionably so that the leâ—gâ—h of a Planetary Hour July 27 is 1 coâ—â—on Hour and â—4 minute here at London PROB. IV. The length of a Planetary Hour known to find what Planet Reigneth any green Hour of the Day or Night THe Globe Rectified as in the last Probleme Turn about the Globe till the Index of the Hour Circle points to the Hour of the Day in the Hour Circle Then count the number of degrees comprehended between the degree of the Equator at the Horizon and the prick in the Equator made as in the last Probleme and reduce that number of degrees into minutes of Time by reâ—koning 4. minutes of Time for every degree of the Equator Reduce also the number of degrees and minutes that pass through the Meridian in one Planetary Hour into minutes by allowing as aforesaid 4. minutes for every degree and then divide the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the second and the Quotient shall be the number of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 since Sun Rising Having the number of Planetary Hours since Sun Rising Râ—ckon the first Planetary Hâ—ur by the â—ame of that Planet that bears the denomination of the Day the second Planetary Hour by the Planet succeeding that in order â—he thâ—â—d by the next in order and so for all the rest 〈◊〉 you câ—me to the last Planet viz. 〈◊〉 and then begin again with 〈◊〉 and so 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. 〈◊〉 you have 〈◊〉 so many Planets as there are Planetary Hours siâ—ce Mâ—â—â—â—ing and that Planet the number ends on shall be the Planet Reigning that Planetary Hour Example July 27. 1658. aforesaid I would know what Planet Rules at 5 a clock past Noon The length of the Planetary Hour this Day â—ound by â—he last Probleme is 1. hour 14. minutes Therefore the Globe Rectified I bring the Index of the Hour Circle to the Hour of the Day viz. 5 a clock in the Hour-Circle and then count the number of degrees between the Prick made as by the last Probleme and the degree of the Equator at the Horizoâ— and find them 187. which I reduce into minutes by allowiâ—g for every degree 4 minutes and that gives 748 minutes This 〈◊〉 minuâ—es I divide by the minutes contained in one Planetary Hour this Day viz. by 72. and find 10. hours 8. minutes which shews there are 10. Planetary Hours and 8. minutes past and gon since Sun Rising Therefore ♂ being the Planet after whose name the Day is called viz. Dia Martis ♂ is as aforesaid the Ruler of the first Planetary Hour From him I count the Planet succeding which is ☉ for the second Hour from ☉ I count the Planet succeding which is ♀ for the third Hour and so on to ♀ and ☽ and then I begin the Round again with ♄ ♃ ♂ and ☉ till I come again to ♀ which is the tenth Planetary Hour since Sun Rising and the minutes remaining being 8. shews that there is 8. minutes past since she began to Reign PROB. V. To find Part of Fortune by the Globe COunt the number of degrees and minutes contained between the Suns place and the Moons place begining at the Suns place and counting according to the succession of Signes till you come to the Moons place and having found that number of degrees and minutes add them to the number of degrees and minutes Ascending reckoned from the first point of ♈ If the sum exceed 360 east away 360 and the remainder shall be the number of degrees and minutes from the first point in 〈◊〉 in which Part of Forâ—â—ne falls But if it do not exceed 360 you have already the number of degrees and minutes from the first point of ♈ in which you must place Part of Fortune Example I would find the place of Part of Fortune for the time of ouâ— Figure I seek the two pricks representing ☉ and 〈◊〉 and find ☉ in ♌ 14. 9. and ☽ in â™ 19. 44. therefore counting from the Suns place to the Moons place according to the succession of Signes I find 95. degrees 35. minutes contained between them This 95. degrees 35. minutes I add to 267. degrees 47. minutes the degree and minute contained between the first point of ♈ and the Ascendent and they make together 363. degrees 22. minutes This exceeds 360. therefore I cast away 360. and the remains are 3 degrees 22. minutes for the place in the Ecliptick of Part of Fortune reckoned from the first point of ♈ Therefore this character â™ which represents Part of Fortune I set in its proper place of the Figure as I did the Planets PROB. VI. To find in what Circle of Position any Star or any degree of the Ecliptick is CIrcles of Position are numbred from the Horizon upwards upon the Quadrant of Altitude
every common Year so that in a Revolution of 4. Years one Day is gained which is added to February and therefore February hath every fourth or Leap Year 29. Daies PROBLEME IIII. To find the Day of the Moneth the Place of the Sun being given AS in the last Probleme it was your task to find on the Horizon the Day of the Moneth first so now you must first seek the Signe and degree the Sun is in and against it in the Circle of Moneths you shall see the Day of the Moneth As against ♉ 29. you have May 10. PROBLEME V. The Place of the Sun given to find its Declination HAving by the third Probleme found the Suns Place on the Plain of the Horizon you must seek the same degree in the Ecliptick on the Globe then bring that degree to the Brazen Meridian and the number of degrees intercepted between the Equinoctial and the degree just-over the degree of the Ecliptick the Sun is in is the Declination of the Sun for that Day and bears its Denomination of North or South according to its Position either on the North or South side the Equinoctial Example By the third Probleme aforesaid of May 10. I find ♉ 29. the Suns Place Therefore I seek in the Ecliptick Line on the Globe for ♉ 29. and bring it to the East side of the Brazen Meridian which is the graduated side and over ♉ 29. I find on the Brazen Meridian 20. deg 5. min. numbred from the Equinoctial and because ♉ is on the North side the Equinoctial therefore I say The Sun hath May 10. North Declination 20. degrees 5. min. PROBLEME VI. The Place of the Sun given to find its Meridian Altitude THe Globe rectified Bring the degree of the Sun to the Meridian or which is all one the degree of the Ecliptick the Sun is in and the number of degrees contained between the Horizon and the Suns Place in the Meridian is the number of degrees that the Sun is Elevated above the Horizon at Noon or which is all one the Meridian Altitude of the Sun Example To know what Meridian Altitude the Sun hath here at London May 10. I bring the Suns Place found by the third Probleme to the Meridian and count on the Meridian the number of degrees contained between the Horizon and the degree just over the Suns Place which in this Example I find to be 58½ Therefore I say the Suns Meridian Altitude May 10. is here at London 58½ degrees PROBL. VII The Suns Place given to find the Hour of Sun Rising and the length of the Night and Day THe Globe and Hour Index rectified Seek the degree the Sun is in on the Globe and bring that degree to the Eastern Side of the Horizon and the Index of the Hour Circle will point at the Hour of Sun Rising Example To know the Hour of Sun Rising here at London May 10. The Suns Place as before is ♉ 29. Therefore the Globe being rectified as before I seek ♉ 29. degrees on the Globe and bring that degree to the East Side of the Horizon and looking on the Index of the Hour Circle I find it point at 4. a clock and â…™ part of an hour more towards 5 therefore I say May 10. the Sun rises here at London at â…™ which is 12. minutes after 4 a clock in the Morning If you double 4 hours 12. minutes it gives you the length of the Night 8 hours 24. minutes And if you substract the length of the Night 8. hours 24. minutes from 24. hours the length of Day and Night it leaves the length of the Day 15. hours 36. minutes PROB. VIII To find the Hour of Sun Set. TUrn the Place of the Sun to the West side of the Horizon and the Index of the Hour Circle shews on the Hour-Circle the hour of Sun set which on the 10th of May aforesaid is 〈◊〉 parts of an hour after 〈◊〉 7. a clock at Night Viz. the Sun Sets at 48. minutes past 7. a clock PROB. IX To find how long it is Twilight in the Morning and Evening TWilight is that promiscuous and doubtfull light which appears before the Rising of the Sun in the Morning and continues after the setting of the Sun in the Evening It is made by the extension of the Suns beams into the Vapours of the Air when the Sun is less then 18. deg below the Horizon for the Sun ere it Rises and after it Sets shoots forth its Beams through the Air and so illuminates the Vapours of the Air which illumination does by degrees enlighten the Horizon and spreads through the Zenith even into the West ere the Sun Rises and also continues above the Horizon afteâ— the Sun sets Now though it be Twilight when the Sun is 18. degrees below the Horizon yet the duration of Twilight is alterable both in respect of Time and Place for at such Time at the Sun is farthest distant from any Place the Twilight shall be greater then when it is neerest And in respect of Place All Places that have great Latitude from the Equator have longer Twilight than those that are neerer to the Equator for as Authors say under the Equator there is no Twilight when again in many Climes both Northward and Southward the Nights are indeed no Nights but only as it were a little over-spread with a cloudy Shade and is either increased or diminished according to the â—autation of Meoâ—erological Causes Therefore to know the beginning of Twilight in the Morning here at London May 10 you must having the Globe rectified turn the degree of the Ecliptick which is opposite to the Place of the Sun till it be elevated 18. degrees in the Quadrant of Altitude above the Horizon in the West So shall the Index of the Hour-Circle point at the Hour that Twilight begins Then subtract the Hour and Minute that Twilight begins from the Hour and Minute of Sun Rising if in the Morning or substract the Hour of Sun sett from the Hour of Twilight if at Night and the remainder is the length of Twilight Example The Globe Quadrant and Hour-Index being rectified as before and the Suns place given ♉ 29. I seek the opposite degree on the Globe after this manner I bring ♉ 29. to the Meridian and observe what degree of the Ecliptik the opposite part of the Meridian cuts and because I find it cuts â™ 29. therefore I say â™ 29. is opposite to ♉ 29. Having found the opposite degree I bring it into the West and also the Quadrant of Altitude and joyn â™ 29. to 18. degrees accounted upwards on the Quadrant so shall ♉ 29. be depressed 18. degrees in the East Side the Horizon Then looking what Hour the Hour-Index points at in the Hour-Circle I find it to be 1. Hor. 8. Min. which shews that Twilight begins at 8. Minutes past 1. a clock in the Morning And if you substract 1. Hour 8. Minutes from 4. Hours 11. Minutes the time
of Sun Rising found by the 7th Probleme it leaves 3. Hours 3. Minutes for the length of Twilight And if you double 1. Hour 8. Minutes the beginning of Twilight it makes 2. Hours 16. Minutes for the intermission of Time between Twilight in the Evening and Twilight in the Morning So that May 10. absolute Night is but 2. Hours 16. Minutes long here at London The reason why you bring the degree opposite to the Suns Place to the West is because the Quadrant containing but 90. degrees will reach no lower then the Horizon but this Probleme requires it to reach 18. degrees beneath it therefore by this help you have the Proposition Answered as well as if the Quadrant did actually reach 18. degrees below the Horizon This shift you may have occasion to make in some other Problemes If you would know when Twilight ends after Sun set you shall find it by bringing the degree of the Ecliptick opposite to the Place of the Sun to 18. degrees of the Quadrant of Altitude on the East side the Horizon for then shall the Index of the Hour-Circle point at 10. Hours 52. Minutes which shews that it continues Twilight till 52. Minutes past 10. a clock at Night May 10. here at London PROB. X. The Suns Place given to find its Amplitude And also to know upon what point of the Compass it Riseth THe Globe c. rectified Bring the Suns Place to the East Side the Horizon and the number of degrees intercepted between the East point of the Horizon and the Suns Place is the number of degrees of Amplitude that the Sun hath at its Rising and bears its denomination either of North or South according to its inclination to either point in the Horizon Or if you would know upon what point of the Compass the Sun Rises Look but in the Circle of Winds and against the Place of the Sun you have the name of the point of the Compass upon which the Sun Riseth Examples of both May 10. the Suns Place is ♉ 29. Thereâ—â—re â— the Globe being rectified I bring ♉ 29. to the East side the Horizon and find it touch against 33 degrees 20. Minutes from the East point towards the North Therefore I say the Sun hath North Amplitude 33 degrees 20. Minutes And to know upon what point of the Compass the Sun rises I keep the Globe to its Position and look in the Circle of Winds in the outmost verge of the Horizon and find the Suns Place against the Wind named North East and by East Therefore I say May 10. here at London the Sun riseth upon the North East and by East point of the Compass PROBL. XI The Hour of the Day given to find the Heigth of the Sun THe Globe c. Rectified Turn about the Globe till the Index of the Hour-Circle point in the Hour-Circle to the Hour of the Day Then bring the Quadrant of Altitude to the Suns Place in the Ecliptick and the degree on the Quadrant which touches the Suns Place shall be the number of degrees of the Suns Altitude Example May 10. here at London At 53. Minutes past 8. a clock in the Morning I would know the Heigth of the Sun above the Horizon Therefore I turn about the Globe till the Index of the Hour-Circle come to 53 Minutes past 8. a clock which is almost 9. in the Hour-Circle And keeping the Globe to this Position I bring the Quadrant of Altitude to the Suns place viz. 〈◊〉 29. found by the third Probleme and because the Suns Place touches upon 40. degrees of the Quadrant therefore I say May 10. 53. Minutes past 8. a clock in the Morning here at London The Sun is just 40. degrees above the Horizon or which is all one hath 40. degrees of Altitude PROB. XII The Altitude 〈◊〉 Sun and Day of the Moneth given to find the Hour of the Day AN Hour is the 24th part of a Day and a Night or the space of time that 15. degrees of the Equator takes up in passing through the Meridian for the whole Equator which contains 360. degrees passes through the Meridian in 24. Hours therefore 15. degrees which is the 24th part of 360 pass through in one Hour These Hours are Vulgarly divided into halfs quarters and half quarters but Mathematically into Minutes Seconds Thirds Fourths c. A Minute is the 60th part of an Hour so that 60 minutes make an Hour 30 half an Hour 15. a quarter of an Hour A Second is the 60th part of a Minute a third is the 60th part of a Second a Fourth is the 60th part of a Third and so you may run on to Fifths Sixths Sevenths c. if you please 12. of these Hours make a Day and 12. more make a Night so that Day and Night contain 24. hours as aforesaid which are Volgarly numbred from Noon with 1 2 3 to 12 at Night and then begin again with 1 2 3 till 12 at Noon But by Astronomers they are Numbred from Noon with 1 2 3 c. to 12. at Night and so forward to 13 14 15 till 24 which is just full Noon the next Day Yet in this Treatise I shall mention the Hours as they are Vulgarly coâ—â—ted viz. from 〈◊〉 after noon to 12. at Night and call the Hours after Midnight by 1 2 3 4 c. in the Morning to 12. at Noon again the next Day But to the operation The Globe c. Rectified Bring the Place of the Son to the Number of degrees of Altitude accounted upon the Quadrant of Altitude and the Hour-Index shall point at the Hour in the Hour-Circle yet herein respect must be had to the Fore or After noons Elevation as shall be shewed in the next Probleme Example May 10. The Sun is elevated 40. degrees above the Horizon here at London Therefore having found the Place of the Sun by the third Probleme to be â—29 I move the Globe and Quadrant till I can joyn the 29. degree of 〈◊〉 to the 40. deg upon the Quadrant of Altitude and then looking on the Hour-Circle I find the Index point at 53. Minutes past 8. a clock for the Fore noon Elevation and at 3. hours 7. Minutes for the After noons Elevation Therefore if it be Fore-noon I say It is 53. Minutes past 8. a clock in the Morning But if it be After noon I say It is 7. Minutes past 3. a clock in the After noon PROB. XIII How to know whether it be Before or After Noon HAving made one Observation you must make a Second a little while after the First and if the Sun increase in Altitude it is Before Noon but if it decrease in Altitude it is After Noon Example The Sun was at 8. hor. 53. Min. elevated 40. degr above the Horizon A little while after suppose for examples sake aquarter of an hour viz. at 9. hor. 8. Min. I observe again the heigth of the Sun and find it 42. degrees high
as I can so as the Spherick Gnomon may cast no shadow yet if it do and the shadow fall towards the North Pole then I elevate the North Pole more till the shadow fals just in the middle of it self but if the shadow fall downwards towards the South Pole then I depress the North Pole If the shadow fall on the East side I turn the Globe on its Axis more to the West and if the shadow fall to the West I turn the Globe more into the East and the degree of the Meridian which the North point of the Horizon touches is the degree of the Poles Elevation which in this Example is 51½ the Latitude of the City of London By this Operation you have also given the Hour of the Day in the Hour-Circle if you keep the Globe unmoved and the Azimuth and Almicantar if you apply but the Quadrant of Altitude to the Place of the Sun as by the 22 and 23. Problemes PROB. XIX To observe by the Globe the Distance of two Stars YOu must pitch upon two Stars in the Meridian and observe the Altitude of one of them first and afterwards the Altitude of the other Then substract the lesser Altitude from the greater and the remainder shall be the distance required Example March 7. at 11. a clock at Night here at London I see in the Meridian the two Stars in the foremost Wheels of the Waggon in the Constellation of the Great Bear called by Sea-men the Pointers because they alwaies point towards the Pole-Star Therefore to observe the distance between these two Stars I first observe as by the last Probleme the Altitude of the most Northern to be 77. degree 59. minutes and set down that number of Degrees and minutes with a Pen and Ink on a Paper or with a peece of Chalk or a Pencil on a Board and afterwards I observe the Altitude of the other Star which is under it as I did the first to be 83. deg 21. min. and set that number of degrees and minutes also down under the other number of degrees and minutes Then by substracting the lesser from the greater I find the remainder to be 5. degrees 22. min. which is the distance of the two Stars in the Great Bear called the Pointers PROB. XX. How you may learn to give a guess at the number of degrees that any two Stars are distant from one another or the number of degrees of Altitude the Sun or any Star is elevated above the Horizon only by looking up to Heaven without any Instrument BEtween the Zenith and the Horizon is comprehended an Arch of a Circle containing 90. degrees so that if you see any Star in or neer the Zenith you may know that Star is 90. or neer 90. degrees high and by so much as you may conceive it wants of the Zenith so much you may guess it wants of 90. degrees above the Horizon By this Rule you may guess at an Arch of Heaven containing 90. degrees or at an Arch of Heaven containing 45. degrees if by your imagination you divide the whole Arch into two equal parts for then shall each of them contain 45. degrees And if by your imagination you divide the Arch of 90. into 3. equal parts each division shall contain an Arch of 30. degrees c. But this way is a little too rude for guessing at Stars elevated but few degrees or for Stars distant but few degrees from one another Therefore that you may learn to guess more precisely at Distances in Heaven you may either with a Quadrant Astrolabe or the Globe find the exact distance of any two known Stars that are but few degrees asunder and by a little revolving the distance of those Stars in your fancy you may at length so imprint their distance in your memory that you may readily guess the distance of other Stars by the distance of them Example You may find either by the Globe Quadrant or Asâ—rotabe for they all agree 3. degrees comprehended between the first Star in Orions Girdle and the last therefore by a little 〈◊〉 nating upon that distance you may imprint it in your fancy for 3. degrees and so make it applicable to other Stars either of the same distance or more or less And the Pointers by the last Probleme are distant from one another 5. degrees and almost an half These are alwaies above our Horizon and therefore may alwaies stand as a Scale for five and an half degrees So that by these for 5½ degrees and those in Orions Girdle for 3. degrees and others observed either of greater or lesser distance you may according to your own Judgement shape a guess if not exactly yet pretty neer the matter of Truth when you come to other Stars Thus you may exercise your fancy upon Stars found to be 10. or 15. degrees asunder or more or less and with a few experiments of this nature enure your Judgement to guess distances and enable your memory to retain your Judgement This way of guessing will be exact enough for finding the Hour of the Night by the Stars for most common Uses or the Hour of the Day by guessing at the Altitude of the Sun if after you have guessed at the Altitude you shall work as was taught by Prob. 12. for the Hour of the Day and as shall be taught in the next Probleme for the Hour of the Night PROB. XXI The Day of the Moneth and Altitude of any Star given to find the Hour of the Night THe Globe Quadrant and Hour Index rectified Bring the Star on the Globe to the same number of Degrees on the Quadrant of Altitude that it hath in Heaven So shall the Index of the Hour-Circle point in the Hour-Circle at the Hour of the Night Example March 10. the Altitude of Arcturus is 35. degrees above the Horizon here at London Therefore having the Globe Quadrant and Hour Index rectified I bring Arcturus on the Globe to 35. degrees on the Quadrant of Altitude And then looking in the Hour-Circle I find the Index point at 10. a clock which is the Hour of the Night PROB. XXII The Place of the Sun and Hour of the Day given to find its Azimuth in any Latitude assigned THe Globe c. rectified to your Latitude Turn the Globe till the Index of the Hour-Circle come to the given hour and bring the Quadrant of Altitude to the Place of the Sun so shall the number of degrees contained between the East point of the Horizon and the degree cut by the Quadrant of Altitude on the Horizon be the number of degrees of the Suns Azimuth at that time Example May 10. at 53. minutes past 8. a clock in the Morning I would know the Azimuth of the Sun Therefore the Globe being first rectified I turn about the Globe till the Index of the Hour-Circle point to 53. minutes past 8. a clock or which is all one within half a quarter of an hour of 9 then I move
the Quadrant of Altitude to the degree the Sun is in that Day and there let it remain till I see how many degrees is contained between the North point and the Quadrant which in this Example is 108. deg 25. min. And because this distance from the North exceeds 90. degrees therefore I substract 90. degrees from the whole and the remains is 18. degrees 25. min. for the Azimuthal distance of the Sun from the East point towards the South But if it had wanted of 90. degrees from the North point then should the Complement of 90. have been the Azimuthal distance of the Sun from the East point PROB. XXIII The Place of the Sun and hour of the Day given to find the Almicantar of the Sun THe Almicantars of the Sun is upon the matter the same thing with the Altitude of the Sun only with this distinction The Almicantars are Circles parallel to the Horizon discribed by the degree of the Quadrant of Altitude upon the Zenith as its Center by turning the Quadrant round about the Globe till it comes again to its first Place But the Altitude is an Arch of the Vertical Circle comprehended between the Horizon and any point of the Globe assigned Their agreement consists in this When the Sun or any Star haâ—â— any known Almicantar they are said to have the same number of degrees of Altitude As if the Sun be in the 20th Almicantar he hath 20 degrees of Altitude if in the 30th Almicantar he hath 30. degrees of Altitude c. Now because the Operation is the same for finding the Altitude and Almicantar I shall refer you to the 11th Probleme which shews you how to find the Altitude or Heighth and by consequence the Almicantar PROB. XXIV The Place of the Sun given to find what Hour it comes to the East or West and what Almicantar it then shall have THe Globe Quadrant and Hour Index rectified Bring the Quadrant of Altitude to the East point in the Horizon if you would know what hour it comes to the East or to the West point if you would know what hour it comes to the West Then turn about the Globe till the place of the Sun come to the Quadrant of Altitude and the Index of the Hour Circle shall point at the hour of the Day which on the Day aforesaid will be 7. hor. 7 min. in the Morning that the Sun commeth to the East and 4 hor. 53. min. after noon that the Sun commeth to the West And if you then count the number of degrees from the Horizon upwards on the Quadrant of Altitude it will shew you the Almicantar of the Sun for that time which will both Morning and Evening be 15 deg 30. min. as was taught you by the last Probleme PROB. XXV To know at any time what a clock it is in any other Part of the Earth THe difference of Time is reckoned by the access and progress of the Sun for the Sun gradually circumvolving the Earth in 24. hours doth by reason of the Earths rotundity enlighten but half 〈…〉 at one and the same moment of Time as shall be shewed hereafter so that hereby it comes to pass that when with us here in England it is 6. a clock in the Morning with those that have 90. degrees of Longitude to the Westward of us it is yet Midnight with those that have 180. degrees of Longitude from us it is Evening And with those that have 90. degrees of Longitude to the Eastwards it is Noon So that those to the Eastward have their Day begin sooner then ours But to the Westward their Day begins after ours Therefore that you may know what Hour it is in any Place of the Earth of what distance soever it be you must first Bring the Place of your own Habitation to the Meridian and the Index of the Hour Circle to 12. on the Hour Circle Then bring the other Place to the Meridian and the Arch of the Hour Circle comprehended between the hour 12. and the Index is the difference in Time between the two Places Example London in England and Surat in the East Indies First I bring London to the Meridian and turn the Index of the Hour-Circle to 12 then I turn the Globe Westward because London â—s Westward of Surat till Surat come to the Meridian and see at what Hour the Index of the Hour Circle points which in this Example is 5. hor. 54. minutes And because Surat lies to the Eastward of us so many degrees therefore as was said before their Day begins so much before ours So that when here at London it is 6. a clock in the Morning at Surat it will be 11. a clock 54. minutes when with us it is 12. a clock with them it will be 5 a clock 54. minutes afternoon If you would know the difference of Time between London and Jamaica Working as before you may find 5. hor. 15. min. But Jamaica is to the West of London therefore their Day begins 5. hor. 15. min. after ours so that when with us it is Noon with them it will be but three quarters of an hour past 6. a clock in the Morning and when with them it is Noon with us it will be one quarter past 5. a clock after Noon c. Or you may yet otherwise know the difference of Time if you divide the number of Degrees of the Equinoctial that pass through the Meridian while the Globe is moved from the first Place to the second by 15. so shall the product give you the difference of hours and minutes between the two Places as you will find if you try either of these Examples or any other PROB. XXVI To find the Right Ascension of the Sun or Stars THe Right Ascension of any point on the Globe is found by bringing the point proposed to the Meridian and counting the number of degrees comprehended between the Vernal Colure and the Meridian Example for the Sun June 1. I would know the Right Ascension of the Sun His Place found as by the third Probleme is ♊ 20. Therefore I bring ♊ 20. to the Meridian and then the Meridian cuts the Equinoctial in 79. degrees 15. minutes accounted from the Vernal point ♈ Therefore I say the Right Ascension of the Sun June 1. is 79. deg 15. Minutes Example for a Star I take Capella alias Hircus the Goat on Auriga's sholder and bring it to the Meridian and find the Meridian cut the Equinoctial counting as before from the Vernel point ♈ in 73. degrees 58. minutes Therefore I say the Right Ascension of Hircus is 73. degrees 58. min. Do the like for any other point of the Globe proposed PROB. XXVII To find the Declination of the Sun or Stars THe Declination of any point on the Globe is found by bringing the point proposed to the Meridian and counting the number of degrees comprehended on the Meridian between the Equinoctial and the point proposed and bears its Denomination
thereof mark it well first with your Compass observing diligently upon which Point thereof it lieth And secondly you must there take the heigth of the Sun or of the Pole-star as you were taught Prob. 13. of the second Book that you may know in what Point your Ship is and that point you must call the First Point which being so done your Ship may sail on her Course all that day till the day following without losing her Way and the next day mark the Land again and see upon what Point it lieth and then take your heigth and with it cast your Point of Traverse once again and that you may call your second Point Then take a pair of Compasses and placing one foot upon the First Point and the other upon the Rhumb towards which the Land did Bear when you Cast your First Point set also one foot of another pair of Compasses in the second Point and the other foot upon the Rhumb upon which the Land lay when you cast your second Point and these two Compasses thus opened you must move by their Rhumbs till those two feet of both Compasses do meet together which were moved from the foresaid two Points and where they do so meet together there may you say is the Land which you Discovered which Land you may point out with the In lets and Out-lets or Capes and other Signes which you saw thereupon And by the graduation you may see the Latitude thereof that thereby you may find it if a any time after you go to seek for it PROB. XVIII Seeing two known Points or Capes of Land as you sail 〈◊〉 long how to know the distance of your Ship from them PItch one foot of one pair of Compasses upon one of the two foresaid Capes and the other foot upon the Rhumâ— which in this Compass pointeth towards that Cape 〈◊〉 in like manner shall you do with another pair of Compasses placing one foot thereof upon the other known Cape 〈◊〉 the other foot upon the Rhumb which stretcheth towards 〈◊〉 said second Cape and moving the two Compasses so opened by these two Rhumbs off from the Land the very same Point where the two feet which came from the two Capes do meet you may affirm to be the very Point where your Ship is And then measuring by the degrees of the Equinoctial you may see what distance there is from the said Point to either of the foresaid Capes or to any other place which you think good for it is a very easie matter if you know the point where your Ship is PROB. XIX Of Tides and how by help of the Globe you may in general judge of them DIvide the Equinoctial into 30 equal parts as was directed in Prob. 54. of the last Book These 30. equal parts represent the 30. daies of the Moons Age. Then on the North and South point of the Compass in the outmost Verge of the Horizon Write with red Ink 12. From the North Eastward viz. at the Point North and by East Write 11 ¼ At the next point to that the same way viz. North North East Write 10 ½ At the next viz. North East and by North Write 9 ¾ And so forward to every point of the Compass rebating of the last hour ¾ till you come to 12. in the South where you must begin again to mark that Semi-Circle also in the same order you did the last In this Circle is then represented the Points of the Compass the Sun and Moon passeth by every Day and the Figures annexed represent the twice 12. hours of Day and Night Having thus prepared your Globe and Horizon you may by having the Moons Age and the point of the Compass on which the Moon maketh full Sea at any Place given find at what Hour of Day or Night it shall be high Tide in the same Place Thus It is a known Rule that a North and South Moon makes high water at Margarate Therefore Bring the first point of ♈ to the North or South point in the Horizon and Elevate the North Pole into the Zenith Then count in the Equinoctial the Daies of the Moons Age numbred in red figures and the Hour and minutes written in red figures annexed to the names of the Windes that stands against the Moons Age shall be the Hour of High Tide on that Day or Night at Margarate The End of the Third Book The Fourth BOOK Shewing the Practical Use of the GLOBES Applying them to the Solution of Astrological Problemes PRAEFACE THe Practise of Astrology is grounded upon a two-fold Doctrine The first for erecting a Figure of Heaven placing the Planets in it finding what Aspects they bear each other and in what Places they are constituted c. and this we call the Astronomical part of Astrology The second is how to judge of the events of things by the Figure erected and this is indeed the only Astrological part The first of these I shall briefly handle because what therein is proposed may be performed by the Globe both with speed ease delight and demonstration The second I shall not meddle with but refer you to the whole Volumnes already written upon that Subject PROB. I. To Erect a Figure of the 12 Houses of Heaven BEfore you erect a Figure of the 12 Houses of Heaven it will be requisite you place the Planets ☊ and ☋ according to their Longitude and Latitude upon the Globe as was directed in Prob. 55. of the second Book for then as you divide the Houses of your Figure by the Circle of Position you may by inspection behold in what Houses the Planets are scituated and also see what fixed Stars they are applying to or separating from But to the matter There is disagreement between the Ancient and Modern Astrologers about erecting a Figure of Heaven M r Palmer in his Book of Spherical Problemes Chap. 48. mentions four several waies and the Authors that used them whereof one of them is called the Rational way used by Râ—giomontanus and now generally practised by all the Astrologers of this Age. This way the face of Heaven is divided into twelve parts which are called the twelve Houses of Heaven numbered from the Ascendent or angle at East downwards with 1 2 3 c As in the following Figure In a Direct Sphear viz. under the Equator these twelve Houses are twelve equal parts but in an Oblique Sphear they are unequal parts and that more or less according to the quantity of the Sphears obliquity These twelve Houses are divided by 12. Semi-Circles of Position which are Semi-Circles passing from the two intersections of the Horizon and Meridian through any Star degree or point in the Heavens The degrees and minutes of the Ecliptick upon the Cusps of these four Houses that is upon the beginning of these Houses are found all at once only by bringing the Rising degree of the Ecliptick to the Horizon for the Horizon represents the Cusp of the Ascendent and then shall
the Night and Day 42 Prob. 8. To find the Hour of Sun Set. 42 Prob. 9. To find how long it is Twilight in the Morning and Evening 43 Prob. 10. The Suns Place given to find its Amplitude And also to know upon what point of the Compass it Riseth 44 Prob. 11 The Hour of the Day given to find the Height of the Sun 45 Prob. 12. The Altitude of the Sun and Day of the Moneth given to find the Hour of the Day fol. 46 Prob. 13. How to know whether it be Before or After Noon 47 How to take Altitudes by the Quadrant Astrolabe and Cross-staff 47 To take Altitudes by the Astrolabe 50 To take Altitudes by the Cross-staff 51 Prob. 14. To observe with the Globe the Altitude of the Sun 52 Prob. 15. To find the Elevation of the Poleâ— by the Meridian Altitude of the Sun and Day of the Moneth given 53 Prob. 16. To take the Altitude of any Star above the Horizon by the Globe 54 Prob. 17. By the Meridian Altitude of any Star given to find the Height of the Pole 54 Prob. 18. Another way to find the Height of the Pole by the Globe if the Place of the Sun be given and also to find the Hour of the Day and Azimuth and Almicanter of the Sun 56 Prob. 19. To observe by the Globe the Distance of two Stars 57 Prob. 20. How you may learn to give a guess at the number of degrees that any two Stars are distant from one another or the number of degrees of Altitude the Sun or any Star is Elevated above the Horizon only by looking up to Heaven without any Instrument 58 Prob. 21. The Day of the Moneth and Altitude of any Star given to find the Hour of the Night 59 Prob. 22. The Place of the Sun and Hour of the Day given to find its Azimuth in any Latitude assigned 60 Prob. 23. The Place of the Sun and Hour of the Day given to find the Almicantar of the Sun 61 Prob. 24. The Place of the Sun given to find what Hour it comes to the East or West and what Almicantar it then shall have 61 Prob. 25. To know at any time what a clock it is in any other Part of the Earth 62 Prob. 26. To find the Right Ascension of the Sun or Stars 63 Prob. 27. To find the Declination of the Sun or Stars 64 A Table of the Right Ascensions and Declinations of 100. Select fixed Stars Calculated by Tycho Brahe for the Years 1600 and 1670. As also their Difference of Right Ascensions and Declinations in 70. Years 65 Prob. 28. The Place of the Sun or any Star given to find the Right Descension and the Oblique Ascension and the Oblque Descension fol. 71 Prob. 29. Any Place on the Terrestrial Globe being given to find its Antipodes 72 Prob. 30. To find the Perecij of any given Place by the Terrestrial Globe 73 Prob. 31. To find the Antecij of any given Place upon the Terrestrial Globe 73 Prob. 32. To find the Longitude and Latitude of the Stars by the Coelestial Globe 73 Prob. 33. To find the Distance between any two Places on the Terrestrial Globe 74 Prob. 34. To find by the Terrestrial Globe upon what point of the Compass any 〈◊〉 Places are scituate one from another 75 Prob. 35. To find by the Coelestial Globe the Cosmical Rising and Setting of the Stars 76 Prob. 36. To find by the Coelestial Globe the Acronical Rising and Setting of the Stars 77 Prob. 37. To find by the Coelestial Globe the Heliacal Rising and Setting of the Stars 78 Prob. 38. To find the Diurnal and Nocturnal Arch of the Sun or Stars in any given Latitude 79 Prob. 39. To find the Azimuth and Almicantar of any Star 81 Prob. 40. To find the Hour of the Night by observing two known Stars in one Azimuth or Almicantar 81 Prob. 41. The Hour given that any Star in Heaven comes to the Meridian to know thereby the Place of the Sun and by consequence the Day of the Moneth though it were lost 82 Prob. 42. The Day of the Moneth given to find in the Circle of Letters on the Plain of the Horizon the Day of the Week 83 Prob. 43. The Azimuth of any Star given to find its Hour in any given Latitude 84 Prob. 44. How you may learn to know all the Stars in Heaven by the Coelestial Globe 84 Prob. 45. How to hang the Terrestrial Globe in such a position that by the Suns shining upon it you may with great delight at once behold the demonstration of many Principles in Astronomy and Geography 89 Prob. 46. To know by the Terrestrial Globe in the Zenith of what Place of the Earth the Sâ—â— is 91 Prob. 47. To find in what different Places of the Earth the Sun hath the same Altitude at the same time 92 Prob. 48. To find the length of the Longest and shortest Artificial Day or Night 95 Prob. 49. To find how much the Pole is Raised or Depressed where the longest Day is an Hour longer or shorter then it is in your Habitation 96 Prob. 50. The Suns Place given to find what alteration of Declination he must have to make the Day an Hour longer or shorter And in what number of Daies it will be 97 Prob. 51. Of the difference of Civil and Natural Daies commonly called the Equation of Civil Daies And how it may be found by the Globe 99 Prob. 52. How to find the Hour of the Night when the Moon shines on a Sun Dyal by help of the Globe 101 Prob. 53. To find the Dominical Letter the Prime Epact Easter Day and the rest of the Moveable Feasts for ever 102 Prob. 54. The Age of the Moon given to find her place in the Ecliptick according to her mean motion 104 Prob. 55. Having the Longitude and Latitude or Right Ascension and Declination of any Planet or Comet to place it on the Globe to correspond with its place in Heaven 105 The Contents Of the Third Book Prob. 1. THe Suns Amplitude and difference of Ascension given to find the Height of the Pole and Declination of the Sun 108 Prob. 2. The Suns Declination and Amplitude given to find the Poles Elevation 108 Prob. 3. The Suns Declination and Hour at East given to find the Heigth of the Pole 109 Prob. 4. The Declination of the Sun and his Altitude at East given to find the Heigth of the Pole 110 Prob. 5. By the Suns Declination and Azimuth at 6 of the Clock given to find the Heigth of the Pole and Almicantar at 6. 11â— Prob. 6. By the Hour of the Night and a known Star Observed Rising or Setting to find the Heigth of the Pole fol. 112 Prob. 7. Two Places given in the same Latitude to find the Difference of Longitude 112 Prob. 8. Two Places given in the same Longitude to find the difference of Latitude 113 Prob. 9. Course and Distance between two Places given to find their
the number of degrees that the Sun Moon or any Star is distant from the Equinoctial towards either Pole and hath a double Denomination viz. North Declination and South Declination for if the Sun Moon or Star swarve towards the North Pole they are said to have North Declination if towards the South Pole South Declination The Right Ascension is the number of degrees of the Equinoctial accounted from the first point of Aries which comes to the Meridian with the Sun Moon or Star or any other point in Heaven proposed The Oblique Ascension is the number of degrees of the Equinoctial which comes to the East side of the Horizon with the Sun Moon or any Star The Oblique Descension is the degrees of the Equinoctial which comes to the West side of the Horizon with the Sun Moon or any Star The Ascensional Difference is the number of degrees after subtraction of the Oblique Ascension from the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—scension So many degrees as you are said to sail towards the Pole you are said to Raise the Pole and so many degrees as you sail from the Pole you are said to Depress the Pole Course is the point of the Compass you sail upon as if you sail East-wards it is an Easterly Course if West a Westerly Course c. Distance is the number of leagues you have sailed from any Place upon any Course A Zone is a space of Earth contained between two Parrallels The ancient Geographers made five Zones in the Earth Two Frozen Two Temperate and one Burnt Zone The two Frozen Zones are those parts of the Globe comprehended between the North Pole and the Arctick Circle and the South Pole and the Antarctick Circle by the Ancients called inhabitable because the Sun being alwaies far remote from them shoots its beams Obliquely upon them which Oblique beams are so very weak that all their Summer is but a continued Winter and the Winter as they thought impossible to be at all indured The Temperate Zones are the space of Earth contained between the Arctick Circle and the Tropick of ♋ and the Antarctick Circle and the Tropick of ♑ by the Ancients called Temperate and Habitable because they are composed of a sweet Mediocrity between outragious Heat and extremity of Cold. The Burnt Zone is the space of Earth contained between the Tropick of ♋ and the Tropick of ♑ called by the Ancients Unhabitable because in regard the Sun never moves out of this Zone but darts its Beames perpendicularly upon it they imagined the Air was so unsufferable Hot that it was impossible for any to inhabite in this Zone So that as you see they held the two Temperate Zones only habitable and the two Frozen Zones and one Burnt Zone altogether unpossible to be inhabited But their Successors either animated by industry or compeld by necessity have apparently confuted that Assertion for at this time many thousands can witness that their bloods are not so greasie as to be melted in the Scortching heat of the one or so watry as to be congealed in the Icy frosts of the other The Ancients have yet otherwise divided the Earth into four and twenty Northern Climates and four and twenty Southern Climates so that in all there is eight and forty Climates The Climates are altered according to the half hourly increasing of the longest daies for in the Latitude where the longest daies are increased half an hour longer then they are at the Equator viz. longer then 12 hours the first Climate begins and in the Latitude where they are increased an whole hour longer then in the Equator the second Climate begins where the daies are increased three half hours longer then in the Equator the third Climate begins and so onwards the Climates alter according as the longest day increases half an hour till you come to find the longest day 24 hours long Now the Ancients in those times knowing no more then nine Habitable Climates gave names only to nine The first they called Dia Meroes after the name of a famous Inland Iland which is scituate about the middle of that Climate and is now called Gueguere The second Climate they called Dia Syenes after the name of an eminent Citty in Egypt lying about the midst of that Climate The third Dia Alexanderas after the name of the Metropolitan Citty of Egypt The fourth Dia Rhodes The fifth Dia Romes The sixth Dia Ponton The seventh Dia Boristheneos The eighth Dia Ripheos The ninth Dia Daniam These names belong only to the Climates on the North side of the Equator But those on the South side in regard of the smal Discoveries those Ages had on that side the Equator were distinguisht only by the addition of the word Anti to the same Southerly Climate as the first Southern Climate which is that Climate that lies as many degrees to the South-ward as the first doth to the North-ward they called Anti Meroes The second Anti Syenes The third Anti Alexanderas and so on to the ninth In every Climate is included two Parallels which are of the same nature with the Climates save only that as the Climates alter by the half hourly increasing of the longest day the Parallels alter by the quarter hourly increasing of the longest day Furthermore in respect of the Horizon we find the Sphear constituted into a threefold Position as first into a Direct Sphear Secondly a Parallel Sphear Thirdly an Oblique Sphear A Direct Sphear hath both the Poles of the World in the Horizon and the Equinoctial transiting the Zenith In a Direct Sphear all the Circles Parallel to the Equator make right angles with the Horizon and are also divided into two equal parts by the Horizon and in a Direct Sphear the Sun Moon and Stars are alwaies twelve hours above the Horizon and twelve hours under the Horizon and consequently make twelve hours Day and twelve hours Night It is called a Direct Sphear because all the Celestial Bodies as Sun Moon and Stars c. by the Diurnal Motion of the Primum Mobile ascend directly above and descend directly below the Horizon They that inhabite under the Equator have the Sphear thus posited as in the Iland Borneo Sumaira Celebes St. Thomas a great part of Africk Peru in the West-Indies c. as you may see by the Globe it self if you move the Brasen Meridian through the notch in the Horizon till the Poles thereof touch the Horizon As in this Figure A Parallel Sphear hath one Pole of the VVorld in the Zenith the other in the Nadir and the Equinoctial line in the Horizon In a Parallel Sphear all the Circles Parallel to the Equinoctial are also Parallel to the Horizon and in a Parallel Sphear from the 10th of March to the 11th of September the Sun being then in the Northorly Signes and consequently on the North side the Horizon there is six Moneths Day
in the North and six Moneths Night in the South and contrarily from the 11th of September to the 10th of March the Sun being then in the Southerly Signes and therefore on the South side the Horizon there is six Moneths Day in the South and six Moneths Night in the North. It is called a Parallel Sphear because the Sun Moon or Stars in a Diurnal Revolution of the Heavens neither ascend higher or descend lower but alwaies move Parallel to the Horizon The Earth is thus Posited under both the Poles viz. in 90 degrees of Latitude as may be seen by the Globe if you turn the Brasen Meridian till either of the Poles be elevated 90 degrees above the Horizon As in this figure An Oblique Sphear hath the Axis of the World neither Direct nor Parallel to the Horizon but lies aslope from it In an Oblique Sphear all the Celestial Bodies as Sun Moon or Stars c. have in respect of the Horizon Oblique and unequal Ascensions and Descensions and all the lines Parallel to the Equator make unequal Angles with the Horizon and are cut by the Horizon into unequal parts for those lines towards the elevated Pole have a greater portion of a Circle under the Horizon then above it only the Equator because it hath the same Center with the Horizon doth divide the Horizon into two equal parts and is also divided into two equal parts by the Horizon Hence is follows that when the Sun is in any part of the Ecliptick that declines towards the elevated Pole the Daies in the elevated Hemisphear shall be longer then the Nights and when the Sun is in any part of the Ecliptick that declines towards the Depressed Pole the Nights shall be longer then the Daies But when the Sun is in the Equinoctial because whether the Pole be either Raised or Depressed equal portions remain both above and under the Horizon therefore the Daies are of the same length with the Nights and the Nights with the Daies Also in an Oblique Sphear all those Stars that have as great or greater number of degrees of Declination then is the elevated Poles Complement of Latitude to 90 never set or come under the Horizon and those Stars that have the same Declination about the Depressed Pole never rise It is called an Oblique Sphear because all the Circles of the Sphear move Obliquely about the Horizon The Earth is thus Obliquely posited to all those Nations that inhabite under any degree of Latitude either North or South-wards between the Equator and either Pole as may variously be seen by the Globe when the Axis lies not on the Horizon nor the Equator is Parallel to the Horizon As in this following Figure Moreover all Places have their Antipodes Peraeci and Antaeâ—i The Antipodes of any Place is the opposite degree on the Globe As if a Perpendicular were let fall from the Place you stand on through the Center of the Earth and continued till it pass quite through the Superficies of the Earth on the other side then in the point where the Perpendicular cuts the Superficies of the Earth on the other side is the Antipodes of that Place The Inhabitants of any two Places that are in Antipodes to each other go with their Feet directly against one another and have a contrariety in the Seasons of the Year and Risings and Settings of the Sun Moon Stars and all other of the Heavenly Bodies so that when with us it is Spring with them it is Autumn when with us the Sun Rises in our Antipodes it Sets and therefore their Morning is our Evening their Noon our Midnight their Evening our Morning and their Longest Day our shortest The Periaeci of any Place is that point in the same Parallel which comes to the Meridian with the Antipodes In the Periaeci of any Place there happens not that Contrariety of Seasons in the Year that doth in the Antipodes nor in the Length of Daies for the Daies in both Places are of equal length but in the times of the Day there is the same contrariety for though their Spring be our Spring and therest of their Seasons of the year the same with ours yet their Morning is our Evening their Night our Day c. The Antaeci of any Place is the point under the same Meridian that is distant from the Equator on the South side so many degrees as your Place is distant from the Equator on the North side In the Antaeci there happens not that contrariety in the Daies as doth in the Antipodes but in the Seasons of the Year there is the same contrariety for in our Antaeci their Morning is our Morning their Noon our Noon their Night our Night but herein is the Difference their Spring is our Fall their Summer our VVinter c. and their Longest Day our shortest as in the â—ntipodes The Second Book Shewing the Practical Use of the GLOBES Applying them to the Solution of Astronomical and Geographical Problems PRAEFACE Some Advertisements in Choosing and Using the GLOBES 1. SEE the Papers be well and neatly pasted on the Globes which you may know if the Lines and Circles discribed thereon meet exactly and continue all the way even and whole the lines not swerving out or in and the Circles not breaking into several Arches nor the Papers either come short or lap over one the other 2. See that the Culler be transparent and ly not too thick on the Globe lest it hide the superficial Descriptions 3. See the Globe hang evenly between the Meridian and Horizon not inclining more to one side then the other 4. See the Globe swim as close to the Meridian and Horizon as conveniently it may lest you be too much puzzeld to find against what point of the Globe any degree of the Horizon or Meridian is 5. See the Equinoctal line be one with the Horizon when the Globe is set in a Parallel Sphear 6. See the Equinoctal line cut the East and West point of the Horizon when the Globe is set to an Oblique Sphear 7. See the Degrees marked with 90. and 00 hang exactly over the Equinoctial line of the Globe 8. See that exactly half the Meridian be above the Horizon and half under the Horizon which you may know if you bring any of the Decimal Divisions to the North Side of the Horizon and find their Complement to 90. int h South 9. See that when the Quadrant of Altitude is placed at the Zenith the Beginning of the Graduations reach just to the superficies of the Horizon 10. See that while the Index of the Hour Circle by the motion of the Globe passes from one hour to the other 15. degrees of the Equator pass through the Meridian 11. If you have a Circle of Position see the Graduations agree with those of the Horizon 12. See that your wooden Horizons be made substantial and strong for besides the Inconveniences that thin wood is subject unto in
what Elevation of the Pole the Daies shall be an Hour shorter By this Probleme may be found the Alteration of Climates for as was said in the Definition of Climates Book 1. fol. 28. Climates alter according to the half-hourly increasing of the Longest Day therefore the Latitude of 56½ degrees having its Daies increased an whole Hour is distant from the Latitude of London by the space of two Climates PROB. L. The Suns Place given to find what alteration of Declination be must have to make the Day an Hour longer or shorter And in what number of Daâ—es it will be REctifie the Globe to the Latitude of the Place and bâ—ing the Suns place to the East side the Horizon and note against what degree of the Horizon it is then bring one of the Colures to intersect the Horizon in that degree of the Horizon and at the point of Intersection make a prick in the Colure and observe what degree of the Equator is then at the Meridian Then turn the Globe Westward if the Daies shorten but Eastwards if they lengthen till 7½ degrees of the Equator pass through the Meridian and where the Horizon intersects the same Colure make another prick in the Colure Afterwards bring the Colure to the Meridian and count the number of degrees between the two pricks for so many degrees must the Suns Declination alter to lengthen or shorten the Day an Hour Example The Suns Place is ♉ 10. I would know how much he must alter his Declination before the Day is an Hour longer here at London Therefore I rectifie the Globe to the Latitude of London and bring ♉ 10. to the East side the Horizon and find it against 24½ degrees from the East point therefore I bring one of the Colures to this 24½ degrees and close by the edge of the Horizon I make a prick with black lead in the Colure then keeping the Globe in this position I look what degree of the Equator is then at the Meridian and find 250¼ and because the Daies lengthen I turn the Globe Eastwards till 7½ degrees from the foresaid 250¼ pass through the Meridian then keeping the Globe in this position I make another prick in the Colure and bringing this Colure to the Meridian I find a little more then 5 degrees of the Meridian contained between the two pricks therefore I say when the Sun is in ♉ 10. degrees he must alter his Declination a little more then 5 degrees to make the Day an Hour longer Now to know in what number of Daies he shall alter this Declination you must find the Declination of the two pricks on the Colure as you found the Suns Declination by Prob. 5. and the Arch of the Ecliptick that passes through the Meridian while the Globe is turned from the first pricks Declination to the second pricks Declination is the number of Ecliptical degrees that the Sun is to pass while he alters this Declination and the degree of the Ecliptick then at the Meridian is with respect had to the Quarter of the Year the place the Sun shall have when its Declination shall be altered so much as to make the Day an Hour longer Thushaving the Suns first place given and its second place found you may by finding those two places on the Plain of the Horizon also find the number of Daies comprehended between them as you are taught by the fourth Probleme This Probleme thus wrought for different Times of the Year will shew the falacy of that Vulgar Rule which makes the Day to be lengthned or shortned an Hour in every Fifteen Daies when as the lengthning or shortning of Daies keeps no such equality of proportion for when the Sun is neer the Equinoctial points the Daies lengthen or shorten very fast but when he is neer the Tropical points very slowly PROB. LI. Of the Difference of Civil and Natural Daies commonly called the Equation of Civil Daies And how it may be found by the Globe THe Civil Day is that space of Time containing just 24. Hours reckoned from 12 a clock on one Day to 12 a clock the next Day in which space of Time the Equinoctial makes upon the Poles of the World a Diurnal Revolution The Natural Day is that space of Time wherein the Sun moveth from the Meridian of any Place to the same Meridian again These Daies are at one time of the Year longer then at another and at all Times longer then the Civil Daies There is but smal discrepancy between them yet some there is made by a two-fold Cause For first The Suns Apparent motion is different from his true motion He being much slower in his Apogeum then he is in his Perigeum For when the Sun is in his Apogeum he scarce moves 58 minutes from West to East in a Civil Day but when he is in his Perigeum he moves above 61 minutes in a Civil Day and therefore increases his Right Ascension more in equal Time The second Cause is the difference of Right Ascensions answerable to equal parts of the Ecliptick for about ♋ and ♑ the differences of Right Ascensions are far greater then about ♈ and ♎ for about ♈ and ♎ the Right Ascension of 10. degrees is but 9. degrees 11. minutes but about ♋ and ♑ the Right Ascension of 10 degrees will be found to be 10. degrees 53. minutes as by the Globe will appear But because of the smalness of the Globes graduation you cannot actually distinguish to parts neer enough for the solution of this Probleme if you should enquire the difference in length of two single Daies it will be requisite to take some number of Daies together Suppose 20. Therefore find by Prob. 3. the Places of the Sun for the beginning and ending of those Daies you would compare and find the Right Ascensions answerable to each place in the Ecliptick and also the differences of Right Ascensions answerable to the Suns motion in each number of Daies Then compare the differences of Right Ascensions together and by substracting the lesser from the greater you will have the number of degrees and minutes of the Equator that have passed through the Meridian more in one number of Daies then in the other number of Daies which degrees of the Equator converted into Time is the number of minutes that the one number of Daies is longer then the other number of Daies Example I would know what difference of Time there is in the length of the first 20. Daies of December and the first 20 Daies of March I find by Prob. 3. the Suns place December 1 is 〈◊〉 19. 45. at the end of 20 Daies viz. on the 21 Day his place is 〈◊〉 10. 11. The Suns place March 1. is ♓ 21. 16. at the 20. Daies end viz. March 21 his place is ♈ 11. 3. I find by Prob. 26. the Right Ascension answerable to â™ 19. 45 is 258. 10. ♑ 10. 11 280. 25. ♓ 21. 16 352. 00. ♈ 11. 3 9. 40. and
the difference of Right Ascensions contained between the first Day in each Moneth and the 21 of the same Moneth by substracting the lesser from the greater is for 258. 10. And for 352. 00. 280. 25. 9. 40. 22. 15 17. 40. But note because the Vernal Colure where the degrees of Right Ascension begin and end their account is intercepted is the Arch of the Suns motion from the first to the 21. of March therefore instead of substracting the lesser number of degrees of Right Ascension from the greater viz. 9. 40 from 35. 2. I do for finding the difference of the Right Ascensional arch of the Suns motion in those 20 Daies sustract the foresaid 352 degrees from 360 and the remains is 8. which is the difference of Right Ascension from ♓ 21 16. to the Equinoctial Colure to which 8 adding 9 degrees 40 minutes the Right Ascension from the Equinoctial Colure to ♈ 11. 3. it makes 17 degrees 40. minutes for the difference of Right Ascensions between ♓ 21 16. and ♈ 11. 3 Then I find the difference of this Difference of Right Ascension by substracting the less from the greater viz. 17. 40. from 22. 15. and the remains is 4. degrees 35. minutes for the number of degrees and minutes of the Equator that pass through the Meridian in the first 20 Daies in the Moneth of December more then in the first 20 Daies of the Moneth of March which 4. degrees 35. minutes converted into Time gives 19. minutes that is a quarter of an Hour and 4 minutes that the first 20 Daies of December aforesaid are longer then the first 20 Daies of March. PROB. LII How to find the Hour of the Night when the Moon shines on a Sun Dyal by help of the Globe REctifie the Globe and find by Prob. 54. or an Ephemeris the Moons place at Noon Bring it to the Meridian and the Index of the Hour Circle to 12. and turn about the Globe till the Index of the Hour Circle points to the same Hour the shade of the Moon falls on on the Sun Dyal Then by Prob. 3. find the Suns place at Noon and see how many degrees of Right Ascension are contained between the Suns place and the degree of the Equator at the Meridian when the Index of the Hour Circle is brought to the Hour the Moon shines on in the Sun Dyal for those number of degrees converted into Time shall be the Time from Noon or the Hour of the Night Only note Respect must be had to the motion of the Moon from West to East for so swift is her mean motion that it is accounted to be above 12. degrees in 24. Hours that is 6 degrees in 12 Hours 3 degrees in 6 Hours c. and this also converted into Time as aforesaid you must add proportionably to the Time found from Noon and the sum shall give you the true Hour of the Night Example Here at London I desired to know the Hour of the Night January 6. this present Year 1658. The Moons place found by an Ephemeris or for want of an Ephemeris by Prob. 54. is in ♊ 21. degree 22 minutes Therefore I rectified the Globe to Londons Latitude and brought ♊ 21. 22. minutes to the Meridian and the Index of the Hour Circle to 12. then by Prob. 3. I found the Suns place in ♑ 26. degrees 46. minutes and by Prob. 26. I found his Right Ascension to be 300 degrees Then I turned about the Globe till the Index of the Hour Circle pointed at 10 Hours and at the degree of the Equator at the Meridian I made a prick then I counted the number of degrees of the Equater contained between the foresaid 300 deg and this prick and found them 111¼ degrees which converted into Time by allowing 15 degrees for an Hour gives 7 hours 25 minutes Time from Noon which if the Moons motion were not to be considered should be the immediate Hour of the Night But by the Rule aforesaid the Moons motion from West to East in 7 hours 25 minutes is 3 degrees 42 minutes and this 3 degrees 42 minutes being converted into Time is 14 minutes more which being added to 7 hours 25 minutes make 7 hours 39 minutes for the true Hour of the Night PROB. LIII To find the Dominical Letter the Prime Epact Easter Day and the rest of the Moveable Feasts for ever THough these Problemes cannot be performed by the Globe because of the several changes and irregular accounts that their Rules are framed upon yet because they are of frequent and Vulgar use and for that the solution of many other Questions will have dependency on the knowledge these Therefore I have thought fit here to inserte this Table of M r Palmers by which you may find them All. I shall not insist upon the Reasons of the several changes of Letters and Numbers Himself having already very learnedly handled that subject in his Book of the Catholick Planisphear Book 1. Chapter 11. to which I refer you Neither shall I need to give you any other Instructions for finding what is here proposed then what himself hath given in his fourth Book Chapter 66 and part of 67. Therefore take it as he there delivers it An Example shall serve here instead of a Rule For the Year 1657. I would know all these wherefore I seek the Year 1657. in the Table of the Suns Cycle and over against it I find 14. for the Year of the Cycle of the Sun and D for the Dominical Letter And note here that every Leap-year hath 2 Dominical Letters as 1660 hath A G and the first viz. A serveth that Year till February 25 and the second G for the rest of the Year And note that these Letters go alwayes backwards when you count forwards as B A then G F c. not F G and then A B as you may see by the Table To find the Age of the Moon Remember first that the Epact begins with March which must be here accounted the first Moneth Then if you add to the Epact the number of the Moneth current and the number of the day of the Moneth current the sum or the excess above 30 is the Moons age Example January 20. 1656. According to the accompt of the Church of England who begin the Year with March 25. which was the Equinoctial day about Christ time the Epact is 14. January is the 11 th Moneth and the 20 th day is proposed now add 14. 11. and 20. together they make 45. out of which I take 30. and there remains 15 the Moons age PROB. LIV. The Age of the Moon given to find her place in the Ecliptick according to her mean motion THis Probleme may be performed exact enough for Common uses by the Globe but in regard it only shews the Moons place in the Ecliptick according to her meat motion it will often fail you some few degrees of her true Place The work is thus First set figures
to every twelth degree of the Equinoctial accounted from the Equinoctial Colure marking them with 1 2 3 4. c. to 30 which will end where you began viz. at the Equinoctial Colure again so shall the Equinoctial be divided into 30 equal parts representing the 30 Dayes of the Moons Age These figures to distinguish them from the degrees of the Equator were best be writ with Red Ink. When you would enquire the Moons Place Elevate the North Pole 90 degrees that is in the Zenith so shall the Equator ly in the Horizon Then bring the Equinoctial Colure against the Day of the Moneth in the Horizon so shall the Moons Age written in Red figures stand against the Signe and degree in the Horizon that the Moon is in at that Time Example September 28. 1658. I would know the Moons place in the Ecliptick she being then 12 Daies old Therefore I Elevate the North Pole 90 degrees above the Horizon and turn the Globe about till the Equinoctial Colure come to September 28. in the Circle of Daies on the Horizon then looking against what Signe and degree of the Ecliptick Circle in the Horizon the 12 th division in Red figures stands I find ♓ 9. which is the Signe and degree the Moon is in according to her mean Motion This Probleme may be applyed to many Uses for having the Moons Place you may find the Time of her Rising Southing Setting and Shining c. by working with her as you were taught to work with the Sun in several fore-going Problemes proper to each purpose PROB. LV. Having the Longitude and Latitude or Right Ascension and Declination of any Planet or Comet to place it on the Globe to correspond with its place in Heaven PLanets and Comets cannot be placed on the Globe so as their places will long retain correspondence with their places in Heaven Because as was said Chap. 44. they have a continual motion from West to East upon the Poles of the Ecliptick yet never-the-less you may by having their Longitude and Latitude or Right Ascension and Declination for any set Time place a Mark for them on the Globe either with Ink if your Globe be Varnisht for then you may with a wet finger wipe it off again or with Black-lead if it be not Varnisht and then you may rub it out again with a little White Bread which Mark for that Time will as effectually serve you to work by as any of the Fixed Stars placed on the Globe will do Therefore if the Longitude and Latitude of any Planet or Comet be given Do thus Elevate the North Pole if the Latitude given be North but if the Latitude given be South Elevate the South Pole 66 ½ degrees and place the Pole of the Ecliptick in the Zenith and over it screw the Quadrant of Altitude so shall the Ecliptickly in the Horizon and the Quadrant of Altitude being turned about the Horizon shall pass through all the Degrees of Longitude Then find the point of given Longitude in the Ecliptick and bring it to the Quadrant of Altitude and hold it there Then count upwards on the Quadrant of Altitude the number of degrees and minutes of given Latitude and at the point where the number ends close to the Quadrant of Altitude make a smal Prick and that Prick shall represent the Planet or Comet you were to place on the Globe If it be the Right Ascension and Declination of a Planet or Comet that is given you must find the degree and minute of Right Ascension on the Equinoctial and bring it to the Meridian and keep the Globe there steddy then find the degree and minute of Declination on the Meridian and under that degree and minute on the Globe make a Prick and that Prick shall represent the Planet or Comet as aforesaid If it be ♄ or ♃ that this Prick is to represent it may stand on the Globe sometimes a Week or a Fortnight without much difference from the Planets place in Heaven But if the Prick were to represent the other Planets you must in regard of their swift motion alter it very often especially for the Moon for so swift is her motion that in every two Hours she alters about a degree in Longitude Having thus placed this Mark on the Globe you may find out the Time of its several Positions and Aspects if you work by it as you are directed to work by the Sun in the several respective Problemes throughout this Book The End of the Second Book The Third BOOK Being the Practical Use of the GLOBES Applyed to the Solution of Problemes In the Art of NAVIGATION PRAEFACE BEcause the Art of Navigation consists aswell in the knowledge of Astronomical and Geographical Problemes as in Problemes meerly Nautical Therefore I must desire the Artist to seek in the last Book such Problemes as are only Astronomical or Geographical For my Designe is here to collect such Problemes as are only used in the Art of Navigation some few particulars excepted as for finding Latitude Longitude Course Distance c. Which though they are handled in than Book yet for their exceeding Vtility in the Art of Navigation and for that what there is given cannot alwayes be had to work by therefore in this Book I have mentioned divers other Observations which being made or had you may by the Rules proper for each Observation find what shall be proposed PROB. I. The Suns Amplitude and Difference of Ascension given to find the Heigth of the Pole and Declination of the Sun ELevate the Pole so many degrees as the Difference of the Suns Ascension is and screw the Quadrant of Altitude to the Zenith and bring the first point of ♈ to the Meridian then number on the Quadrant of Altitude upwards the complement to 90. of the Suns Amplitude and move the Quadrant of Altitude till that number of degrees cuts the Equator So shall the Quadrant cut in the Horizon the degree of the Pole Elevation and in the Equator the degree of the Suns Declination Example The difference of Ascension is 27. degrees 7. minutes Therefore I Elevate the Pole 27. degrees 7. minutes above the Horizon and screw the Quadrant of Altitude to 27. degrees 7. minutes which is in the Zenith then I bring the first point of ♈ to the Meridian and number on the Quadrant of Altitude upwards 56. degrees 40. minutes the Complement of the Suns Amplitude and bring that degree to the Equator then I see in what degree of the Horizon the Quadrant cuts the Horizon and find 51 ½ which is the Elevation of the Pole then looking in what degree of the Equator the Quadrant of Altitude cuts the Equator I find 20 degrees 5 min. which is the Declination of the Sun at the same Time PROB. II. The Suns Declination and Amplitude given to find the Poles Elevation ELevate the Pole so many degrees as the Complement of the Suns Amplitude is and screw the Quadrant of Altitude
be numbred so that what so ever decimal degree of the Equator you light on at the Meridian or else where you will find its number from that Colure already set down to your hand without either adding to or substracting from it Bring this Colure therefore to the Meridian and the Index of the Hour Circle to 12. in the Hour Circle Then turn the Globe Westwards and so oft as 15 degrees of the Equator passes through the Meridian so oft you must examine what degrees of the Horizon the Vernal Colure cuts and those degrees and minutes so cut by the Vernal Colure must be found in the Circle C B D E beginning your account or reckoning at B towards D and markt with Pricks through which Pricks you must draw lines from the Center A and those lines shall be the Hour lines after noon Then bring the Colure to the Meridian again to find the Fore-noon Hour-lines and turn the Globe Eastwards and so oft as 15 degrees of the Equator passes through the Meridian so oft you must examine what degrees of the Horizon the Vernal Colure cuts and those degrees and minutes so cut by the Vernal Colure must be found in the Circle C B D E begining your reckoning from B towards C and markt with Pricks through which Pricks you must draw lines from the Center A and those lines shall be the Fore-noon Hour-lines These Hour-lines must be markt from the Meridian line viz. the line A B which is the 12 a clock line towards D with I II III c. till you have numbred to the Hour of Sun set found by Prob. 7. of the second Book the longest Day and from the Meridian line towards C with XI X. IX c. till you have numbred to Sun Rising the longest Day The Stile must be placed in the Center and Elevated so many degrees above the Plane as the Pole is elevated above the Horizon of the Place Example of the whole I would make an Horizontal Dyal for Londons Latitude Therefore I E evate the North Pole 51½ degrees above the Horizon and bring the Vernal Colure to the Meridian and the Index of the Hour Circle to 12 on the Hour Circle And turning the Globe Westwards till the Index points to 1 a clock or till 15 deg of the Equator pass through the Meridian I find the Colure cut the Hori in 11. 4 from the Meridian 2 24. 15 3 38. 4 4 53. â—6 5 71. 6 6 90. These are the distances of the Hour lines from Noon till 6 at Night and to these distances on the Plane counting from B towards D I make pricks and from the Center I draw lines through these Pricks and these lines are the Hour lines from 12 to 6 Afternoon But the Sun in the longest Day shines till past 8 at Night as you may find by Prob. 48. of the second Book therefore here wants the two Evening Hour lines which though they may be found after the same way I found the former viz. by continuing the turning of the Globe Westwards yet that I may the sooner reduce my work to the Plane I Count the number of degrees between the 6 a clock line and the 5 a clock line in the Circle on the Plane for the same number of degrees counted from D towards E is the distance of the 7 a clock Hour line from the 6 a clock Hour line and the number of degrees contained between the 6 a clock Hour line and the 4 a clock Hour line is the distance of the 8 a clock Hour line from the 6 a clock Hour-line Or I need not draw the 7 and 8 a clock Hour lines till I have drawn the forenoon Hour lines for then by laying the edge of a Ruler that will reach through the opposite side of the Plane to the Morning 7 and 8 a clock Hour lines I may by the side of that Ruler draw lines from the Center through the opposite side of the Plane and those lines shall be the 7 and 8 a clock Hour lines Afternoon Having thus all the Afternoon Hour lines I bring the Vernal Colure to the Meridian again so shall the Index again point to 12. Therefore as before I turned the Globe Westwards so now turning it Eastwards till the Index points to 11 a clock or till 15 deg of the Equator pass through the Meridian I find the Colure cut the Hori in 11. 40 from the Meridian 10 24. 15 9 38. 4 8 53. 36 7 71. 6 6 90. These are the distances of the Hour lines from Noon to 6. a clock in the Morning and these distances I seek in the Circle of the Plain counting from the Noon line B towards C and mark them with Pricks through which pricks as before I draw lines from the Center to the outside the Plane and those lines shall be the Hour lines Or having the distance of all the Afternoon Hour-lines I have also the distance of all the forenoon Hour lines from the Meridian as you may see by comparing the two former Tables For the 1 a clock Hour line Afternoon is equidistant from the Meridian or Noon line with the 11 a clock Hour line before Noon viz. they are both 11 degrees 40 minutes distant from the Noon line and the 2 a clock Hour line Afternoon is from the Noon line equidistant with the 10 a clock Hour line Beforenoon for they are both 24. degrees 15. minutes distant from the Meridian or Noon line and so all the other Morning Hour lines are distant from the Noon line by the same space that the same number of Afternoon Hour lines told from the Meridian on the contrary side the Noon line are distant from the Meridian Whence it follows that since as aforesaid the same number of Hour lines after 6 at Night and before 6 in the Morning have the same distance from the 6 a clock line that the same number of Hour lines before 6 at Night and after 6 in the Morning have from the 6 a clock line and since the same number of Hour lines before Noon are equidistant from the Meridian or Noon line by the same space of degrees that the same number of Hour lines Afternoon are It follows I say that having found the distance of the six Hour lines either before or after Noon you have also given the distance of all the other Hour lines If you will have the half Hour lines placed on your Dyal you must turn the Globe till the Index points to every half Hour in the Hour Circle as well as to the whole and examine the degrees of the Horizon cut by the Vernal Colure as you did for the whole Hours and in like manner transfer them to your Plane Having thus drawn all the Hour lines I count from the Noon line 51½ degrees the Elevation of the Pole here at London and from the Center A I draw a straight line as A F through these 51½ degrees for the Gnomon or Style
Science partly to the Gods themselves and partly to ancient Hero's which Achilles Tatius seasonably alluding unto introduceth old Aeschylus attributing to God that He shewed the risings and settings of the Stars and distinguish't Winter Summer and the other Seasons and Ovid Fathers the same wholly upon Jupiter Perque Hiemes Aestusque in aequales Autumnos Et breve Ver spatijs exegit quatuor Annum Besides it is in the Fiction that Jupiter took his Father Saturn bound him and precipitated him into Hell Now this seems to intimate that Jupiter having imposed his own name upon one of the most eminent and illustrious of the Planets gave that of his Father to another of them that was more remote situate in the deepest part of the Aetherial spaces and of the slowest progress though all this while we are not ignorant that those names were fixed upon those Planets a long time after since more anciently the Planet Jupiter was called Phaeton and that of Saturn Phoenon For we may collect very neer as much from Lucian who by Tartarus understands the immense Altitude or Profunditie of the Aetherial Region so denies that Saturn was either exil'd by Jupiter into Hell or cast into bonds as common heads were perswaded to beleeve As for Hyperion Diodorus hath a tradition that he being of the progeny of old Coelus demonstrated the courses of the Sun and Moon and therefore called the Sun Helios after the name of his Sonne and the Moon Selene after that of his Daughter Last of all comes Japetus who also was the Sonne of Coelus but performed nothing worthy commendation in the advance of his Fathers Speculations but Promotheus whom he begat was therefore imagined to have been chained on the hill Caueasus and to have his heart perpetually torn by a hungry Eagle or Vultur Because as Servius expounds the riddle with restless care and solicitude of mind he constantly excruciated himself with observing the Stars and studying their Ascensions and Declinations We shall not insist upon what follows in the same Author namely that this Prometheus was the first who introduced Astrology to the Assyrians not far from Caucasus it being more usefull for us now to observe that He was imagined to have stolen Fire from Heaven for the inanimation of Man for no other reason but because he infused this Heavenfetch't Knowledge into the breasts of men and inflamed their souls with the desire and love thereof For as to the remainder for as much as Belus was the same with Jupiter among the Assyrians as Diodorus testifies it is He rather who was accounted both the most sacred of their Dieties and the Inventor of this Sideral Science as Pliny affirms It is not needfull for us here to examine many other of the ancient Traditions accounted likewise among the Fabulous as in particular the Fable of Phaeton which hath this Mythology that in his life time he had made a considerable progress toward the discovery of the Suns Annual course but dying immaturely he left the Theory thereof imperfect That other of Bellerophon whom Interpreters maintain to have been carried up to Heaven not by a flying horse but a studious and contemplative mind eager in the the quest of Syderal mysteries That of Doedalas who indeed by thâ— same towring speculations as by the artifice of wings mounted up to the Northern part of Heaven while his less ingenious Sonne Icarus falling short in his attempt of imitating his Fathers sublime flight as not so well understanding the demonstrations of the reasons of his Theory flaggd very low in his Studies and fell from the true and apodicticall cognition of Coelestial motions and vicissitudes with many other the like recounted by Lucian as that of Endymion the favourite of the Moon of Tiresias the Prophet c. Yet one thing there is mentioned as well by Lucian as Tatius which we cannot well pass by which falling under the account of Heroicall times seems to come somwhat neer to that which is called Historicall And that is the notable Centention that arose betwixt Atreus and Thyestes about supreme dominion For when by the publike Consent and Vote of the Argives the Kingdom was to be his of the two who should give the most eminent testimony of Science it came to Atreus share to be King because though Thyestes showed them the signe Aries in Heaven for which he was honourd with a golden Ram yet had Aireus declared a thing more excellent while discoursing about the variety of the Suns rising he made it appear that the Sun and the World i. e. the Starry Orb were not carryed the same but quite contrary wayes and consequently that that part of the Heavens which was the West or Occident of the Starry Orb was the very rising or Orient of the Solary Hence that verse of Euripides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Qui Astrorum enim contrariam ostendi viam To the same times likewise are we to refer the Institution of the Olympick Games by Hercules which after a long interruption were renewed by Iphitus For inasmuch as those sports were instituted for no other end as may be assured from Censorius but that their celebration might put men in mind of that Intercalation of a month and half that was to be made constantly every fourth Year in respect of those four times eleven or 44. Dayes by which the moâ—ion of the Moon anticipated that of the Sun and the four times six hours or one whole Day by which the circuit of the Sun exceded 365 Dayes manifest it is that Hercules could not understand this without having first exactly observed the Motions of Sun and Moon Hither also belongs that which is reported of Orpheus who must needs have attentively observed the seven Planets if it be true as Lucian averrs that he represented their Harmony by his Seven-stringed Harp which the Grecians thereupon designed in Heaven by some Stars that to this Day retain the name of Lyra. So likewise doth what Sophocles saith of Palamedes who pointed out the several Asterisms and particularly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vrsum volutam gelâ—dum occasum Canis And lastly what Homer recounts that in those times were well known besides Bootes and the Bear or Wain 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pleiades atque Hyades roburque ipsum Orionis We have now struggled through the Darkness of Fabulous Times and are advanced as far as to discerne the twilight of Historicall An here the first thing we clearly perceive is that the whole controversy about the Antiquity of Astronomical Observations lies betwixt the Egyptians and the Assirians or Babylonians For as to the Grecians though some have thought they might put in also for a claim to the honour of being the Anthors of this admirable Science yet by the Verdict even of Plato himself they are to lay by the presence of Competition For sayth He the
motion of the Sun by only a Beetle rowling his pill of dung backward as we may read in Clemens Alexandrinus and then came Eudoxus who having learned that variety of motions among them was the first who invented Hypotheses of various Orbs for the Solution of the Phenomena Again they were very far from attaining the determinate places of the Fixt Stars according to Longitude and Latitude or according to their Right Ascension and Declination so that neither could they define the true places of the Planets by Comparation to the Fixt Stars nor consequently designe any Observations with due exactness And truely this was the Cause why Hipparchus met with no Observations either of the Egyptians or Babylonians by which he could receive the least help or advantage toward his composing either Hypotheses or Tables to represent the motions of the Five errant Stars and Ptolomy was the first who partly by the benefit of Observations left him by Hipparchus and partly by those he made himself became able to attempt such a Work as stands recorded in his Almagest There were only the Eclypses which both these Nations had set down as observed in their Commentaries and those only so as that from Past they might be able to conjecture somthing of what were to Come Not from the motions of Sun and Mon exactly calculated by the help of Tables but having learnd from common experience that every ninetneenth Year Eclypses did return again upon the same Day for the most part thereupon they endeavoured to praedict what Eclipses would happen and the time when and this after they had perceived not any Anomaly in the Sun but some certain Inequality in the Moon which reducing to a medium they concluded that the Moon did every Day run througâ— thirteen Degrees and a little more than one sixth part of a degree as Geminus delivers of the Chaldaeans But in their predictions of Lunar Eclipses they were somwhat more confident aswell because these Eclipses usually uturn for the three Ages next succeding within the compass of the same Dayes as because it is very rare in respect of the greatness of the Earths shadow but the Moon either in the whole or some part of her more or less falls into it but because as to Solary Eclypses the Moon is both so small and hath so large a Parrallax as that she doth not for the most part intercept the light of the Sun from the Earth therefore was it as Diodorus witnesseth specially of the Babylonians that they durst not determine Eclypses of the Sun to come to any certaine time but if they predicted any with limitation of time they alwayes to save their credit in case of failing annexed this Condition If the Gods be not prevailed upon by Sacrifices and Praiers to avert them Truth is these Astronomers were also Priests and it was their interest to cast in this Proviso For being ambitious to be reputed interpreters of the Will of the Gods to the People and so both knowing in things to come and skillfull in such Ceremonies wherewith their respective Deities were most attoned and delighted unwilling to be thought able to predict nothing and as unwilling again to be found erring in their chief predictions they wrapt up all in Misteries and amused the vulgar with superstitious opinions and rites The Egyptians in a great part of their sacred Worship had recourse to the Astrological Books of their Mercurius one of the Order of the Fixt Stars a second of the Conjunction of Sun and Moon a third and fourth of their rising which with what ceremonious Pomp they used to carry about with them in a kind of solemne Procession you may find amply described by Clem. Alexandrinus Nor is it strange that those Priests accounted so sacred and knowing should also be estemed for Prophets Further you meet with no mention of the Five Errant Stars all this while and the reason seems to be because they attributed an energie of them only as they were referrable to the Inerrant or Fixt and particularly as they possest this or that part of some Signe in the Zodiack and together with it had their rising or setting For so much did they ascribe to the Zodiack as that the Babylonians and in imitation of them the Persians and Indians thought that each decimal of degrees or thirds of the Signes and the Egyptians came as low as to each single degree could not be varied in the rising but some eminent variation most happen especially in him who should be borne at that time And hereupon was it that the Egptians made that great Circle of Gold described in Diodorus of a cubit in thickness and three hundred sixty five cubits in circumference plundred at last by Cambyses that upon each cubits space might be inscribed each Day of the Year 365. Dayes in the whole round and also what Stars did rise what set upon each Day nay the very hour of their respective rising and setting and what they did signifie and whereas others used to assigne the form of some Animal or other to each ten degrees they assigned one to each single degree and so made their harsolations or conjectural predictions accordingly For Example to the first degree of Aries they assigned the figure of a Man holding a Sicle or hook in his right hand and a Sling in his left to the second a Man with a Dogs-head his right hand stretcht forth and a staff in his left and so of the rest then annexing the signification to each they determined that he who should have the first degree of Aries for his Horoscope should be some part of his life a Husbandman and the rest of it a Soldier that he who should be born under the second should be contentious quarrelsom and envious and so of the rest all which Scaliger hath fully deduced from Aben Ezra In a Word what ever knowledge either the Egyptians or Chaldeans had of the Stars certain it is they referred it wholly to Astronomantie or Divination by Stars and therefore among them there flourisht no true and genuine Astronomy but a spurious and false one i. e. Astrology Divinatory or the fraudulent Art of Fortune-telling by the Heavens Berosus whom we formerly mentioned coming into Grece a little after the death of Alexander is discovered to have brought with him nothing sollid touching Astronomy but only Judicial Astrologyâ— for which as a thing new and strange to the people he was highly esteemed as Vitruvius and Pliny remark And Eudoxus who had returned out of Egypt before that well knew what sort of Astrology this was the principal Contrivers and Founders of which are said to have been Petosires Necepsus Esculapius but he highly contenmed it as Cicero remembers and brought home no other fruit of his tedious Travells beside a list of some Eclipses and the varieties of the motions of the wandering Stars by which he first essaied to compose accommodate Hypotheses as we have formerly hinted Nay
Plato himself who was Companion to Eudoxus for thirteen Years together in Egypt profest that he could attain nothing sollid and satisfactory touching those Stars and therefore placed all his hope only in the sagacity and industry of the Grecians such as he knew Eudoxus to be For having first recounted what ever he knew concerning them he saith It is to beleeved that the Grecians make more perfect whatsoever they receive from Barbarians and therefore is it fit we allow the same touching the argument of which we have discoursed Truth is it is difficult to find out the way how all these Apparences so involved in obscurity may be explicated nevertheless there is great hope that things of that sort will be better and more advantageously handled than they were delivered to us by Barbarians From the Egyptians and Chaldeans therefore as Astronomy her self while young and rude we come to the Graecians and the most antique record of Syderal Observations to be found among them seems to be that of Hesiod who in his Book of Weeks and Dayes teacheth Husbandmen the most opportune times of reaping sowing and other labours of Agriculture from the rising and setting of the Pleiades and Hyades and Arcturus the Dog-star and Orion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Donec Pleiades quae Atlantiades exoviuntur c. And I cannot tell whether it were that book or some other that Pliny meant when speaking of Hesiod he sayes Hujus quoque nomine extat Astrologia there is extant an Astrology of his However we are here to remark two things in order to our more exact disquisition the First is that the Ancient Greeks principally attended to these risings and settings aswell that they might distinguish the several Seasons of the Year as that they might fore-know Rain Winds and other dispositions of the Air usually attending those Seasons And hereupon Thales Anaximander Democritus Euctemon Meton Eudoxus and many others composed certain Parapegmata Tables as Ephemerides or Diaries in which they inscribed each Day of the Year with the particular Stars rising or setting on each Day and what mutations of the Air each one did portend Such a Darapegme as these was composed likewise by Julius Caesar himself for the Horizon of Kome in allusion where to he might justly own what Lucan said for him Nec meus Eudoxi fastis superabitur Annus And him doubtless did Ovid translate into his Fasti promising in the beginning that he would sing of the Stars and Signes that rose and again descended under the Earth But to keep close to the Grecians among them he was held a great Astrologer who had discovered and observed only these risings and settings here spoken of and so of whom that might be spoken which Catullus said of Conon Omnia qui magni dispexit lumina Mundi Stellorumque ortus comperit atque obitus For before the Advent of Berosus this was the only 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Praesignification or Divination by the Stars the Grecians had among them unless what Hesiod hints in his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Primùm prima dies quarta septima sacra c. where he points out what Dayes of the Moon were accounted Lucky and what Unlucky The Second observable is that among the Grecians and indeed among divers other Nations beyond all Memorials of either Traditions or books the Stars were reduced to certain Images or Constellations and denominated accordingly as their names yet shews as it pleased the fancies of Husbandmen Shepheards Matiners and the like who used to be vigillant and gizing upon the Heavens in clear Nights Though there have been some Constellations added of latter times as that of the lesser Wain by Thales which Lacrtius and Tatius recite out of Callimachus who also took the same elswhere and that of Berenices Hair removed into Heaven by Conon as Catullus relates Cleostratus likewise as we have it from Hyginus found out the Kidds though which Pliny moreover attributes to him his invention of the Signes in the Zodiack is so to be understood as that he taught men through what Signes the Sun and other Planets passed But that we may couch also upon this at first the Grecians had only Eleven Signes in their Zodiack and it was long after ere they came to add the twelfth in imitation of the Egyptians who as may be collected from Servins Marcianus and others instead of the Clawes of the Scorpion placed Libra the place destined to Augustus by Virgil Ipse tibi jam brachia contrahit ardens Scorpius They added the Twelfth we say to the end that as the whole Compass of the Zodiack was divided into Dodecatemoria as they call them twelve equal parts so it might consist also of twelve Signes Albeit being as it were necessitated to make use of such Signes as had been brought up rather by chance than Art those 12. Signes were not exactly proportionate to the 12. Divisions of the Zodiack but took up more space some than others as in particular Leo possest more room than Cancer Taurus than Gemini I say than Gemini which though composed of Castor and Pollux in so little space as is allowed them it is impossible the one should rise when the other Sets and both in the East but this Empiricus interprets of the two Hemisphears I omit to insist upon this that all Nations had not the same Constellations as among the Egyptians was no Bear no Cepheus no Dragon but other formes or representations as Tatius reports and shall add only that Eudoxus seems to have been the first who partly out of the Egyptian Figures partly out of the Grecian furnished the whole Zodiack with Images resembling the Asterismes as men had fancied at least and caused them to be drawn on a Globe or solid Sphear For Aratus upon whose Poem intitul'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apparences there have been so many Commentaries set forth as that no fewer than forty have been extant in Greek besides those of Cicero Germanicus Avienus and other Latin Interpreters did no more but only express in verse what Eudoxus had said before in prose of this argument as Hipparchus Bythinus demonstrates I know not whether it would be seasonable for me here to advertise that it is no wonder Aratus erred so grosly in many particulars considering that as is written in his life he Living with Antigonus Gonata in the quality of his Physician and Nicander in the quality of his Astrologer and both were good at Poetry Antigonus commanded the Physician to give him a tryall of his Poesie upon an Argument in Astrology and the Astrologer to give another of his upon somthing in Physick delivering to the one the Book of Eudoxus and to the other all that was extant of Treacles Antidotes or Counterpoisons So each wrote of what he did not well understand One thing I shall not forget and that is that the Phenomena of Euclid who lived neer
about the same time and taught at Alexandria as in the Memorials of Pappus were quite of another kind being indeed no other but certain Principles of Astronomy concerning the figure of the World and the Circles of the Sphear and chiefly that of the Zodiack But to return back to the more primitive Greeks I remember I said that Thales Melesius was accounted the First who after old Hesiod and Homers Dayes enquired into the Order of the Stars And certainly He was the Man who among the Grecians may challenge the Palme as to Antiquity for Apuleius calls him ut antiquissimus sic peritissimus Astrorum Contemplator and Eudemus in Laertius attesteth that this was the Opinion of most adding moreover that Xenophanes and Herodotus highly admired him for that he had first predicted the Eclypses and Conversions of the Sun and that Heraclitus and Democritus witnesseth as much And whereas Apuleius further subjoyns that he found out the motions and oblique tracts of the Syderal Lights Pliny ascribes that to Auaximander a Disciple of Thales Milesius whence he was said Rerum fores aperuisse to have opened the Doors of Celestial matters and Diodorus to one Oenopides Chius which Thales could not yet be ignorant of the Obliquity of the Zodiack when he had written of the Solstices and Equinoxes and had conversed a long time with the Egyptians in their own Country as Laertius remembers Further it is delivered to us that among others he predicted that notable Eclipse of the Sun which hapned in the time of the warre betwixt the Meads and Lydians which he could not doe by any other reason but only because coming newly out of Egypt he had learned that Eclipses generally return upon the same Day after the space of nineteen Years and having taken notice of one that fell out 19. Years before he concluded that there would be one at such a time Nor is there reason why any should think that otherwise his whole life might be sufficient to observe all the motions of the Sun and Moon as from thence to be able to invent all things necessary for the calculation of the times of their Several Eclipses Moreover it doth not appear how by any other way but that Helicon Cyzicenus came afterward to fore-tell that Eclipse of the Sun mentioned in Plutarch for which he was so much admired by Dyonisius and rewarded with a Talent of Gold Nor likewise how Sulpitius Gallus could fore-tell that other of the Moon which as most opportunely predicted to the Roman Army then ready to joyne battell with the Persian is so higly celebrated not only by Plutarch and Pliny but also by Valerius Quintilian and other Historians for other Rule for the calculation of future Eclipses there was none before Hipparchus who invented Hypotheses and Tables fit for that purpose Besides what Laertius imputed to Anaximander Plinius as confidently imputes to one Anaximenes an Auditor of his namely that he should be the Inventor of that Gnomon by which the Conversions of the Sun or the Solstices and Equinoxes were indicated and that he set up such a one at Lacedemon Neer upon the same time was it that Pythagoras is said to have first discoursed though Phavorinus in Laertius confers that honour upon Parmenides that Lucifer and Vesper was one and the same Star of Venus Now whether may we conceive that he borrowed this of the Egyptians from whom being taught that not only Venus but Mercury also were carried round about the Sun as their Center so that one and the same might be both Morning and Evening Star possibly from thence he might take the hint of his Conjecture that the Sun was the Center of not only those two but of the other Planets also and consequently of the whole World and moreover that the Earth it self as one of the Planets moved about the Sun For truely this was an eminent and constant Tenent in his School as may be understood not only from Aristotle in the general but also from Laertius in particular of Philolaus and from Archimed of Aristarchus both Pythagorus his Disciples that we may not rehearse all those many passages in Plutarch concerning this memorable particular nor name those who held that the Earth was not so much moved about the Sun as dayly turned rouud upon an Axis of its own as Timaeus a Pythagorian also who is therefore by Synesius esteemed after Plato the most excellent Astronomer Furthermore in the next Age after Thales or neere upon comes Cleostratus the same who was beleeved to have deprehended the Signes of the Zodiack and he seriously remarking that the Intercalation which as we said was wont to be made every fourth Year celebrated with the Olympick Games did indeed restore the motion of the Sun to the same Day again but did not restore the motion of the Moon till the eight Year or two Olympiades in which the intercalatory Dayes amounted to ninety Dayes or three months He we say thereupon interduced instead of the Tetacteris or space of four Years the Octaeteris or space of eight Years which compleatly past the new-New-Moons and Full-Moons would returne again on the same Dayes But when in short time men had perceived that this Institution failed them in exactness of computation and that sundry wayes had bin attempted to cure this uncertainty at length riseth up Meton somwhat more ancient than Eudoxus and he demonstrateth from the new-New-Moons and Full-Moons Eclyptical that they did not return upon the same Dayes till after full nineteen Years and thereupon he became the Author of the Enneadecaeteris or Period or Cycle of 19. Years In respect of which discovery together with the Heliotrope or Sun Diall he made at Athens and some other the like Inventions he was in eminent esteem among the Athenians But as concerning that Period Callippos familarly acquainted with Aristotle discovering it to be too long by the fourth part of a Day inferred that from four Periods one whole Day ought to be detracted and so erected a new Period or Cycle of Sixty six Years or four times nine at the end of which one Day was to be cut off and this was called the Callippik Period and remained in use for a long time together After him succeeded Hipparchus who detecting this Period to be yet too long demonstrateth that after four Callippik Periods or three hundred and four Years there would remain one whole Day too much And in truth the experience of many succeding Ages declared that to this detraction of Hipparchus nine or ten Years over and above were to be expected However it is worthy our notice that the Period of Meton together with the Conection of it applied by Callippus was of long use in the Church under the name of the Golden-Number though wanting the Application of Hipparchus his Correction also a mistake of about four Dayes relating to the New and Full Moons crept into the account even from the
from Ptolomy himself Further though the motions of Sun and Moon were already in some measure known he yet made that knowledge much more exact For He did not only much correct the Callippick Period formerly spoken of but also having collected a long Series of Eclipses namely from the time of those Babylonish ones in the Dayes of Mardocempades down to those observed by himself for full six hundred Years together and remarking that neither the like Eclipses did return on the same Dayes after the space of every nineteen Years nor that after some recurses of ten Novennales or ten times nine Years any such Eclipses happened at the times supposed and that the cause thereof consisted both in the various Latitude of the Moon and the anticipation of her Nodi or Knotts and her Eccentricicy by reason whereof her motions to her Apogeium were found to be sometimes slower and those to her Perigeium more speedy therefore we say He comprehended and gave Reasons for all these difficulties and composed certain Hypotheses and according to them certain Tables by which he could safely and exactly calculate and predict what Eclipses were to follow how great they were and when And this was it which Pliny remembred when having spoken of Thales and Sulpitius Gallus he comes to mention Hipparchus After these saith He Hipparchus foretold the courses of both Luminaries for six hundred Years to come comprehending the months Dayes and hours of Nations and the Scituations of Places and turns of People his age testifying that he did all these great things only as he was partaker of Natures Councels For it must be that Hipparchus besides the precise times when such or such Eclipses were to be visible to the Horizon of Rhodes or Alexandriâ— pointed forth also some Countries and principal Citties together with the Designation of the Months in use among them as also the very Days and hours when each Eclipse would happen and other praedictions succeding to Rome in the Dayes of Pliny Again it is well worthy our recital that Hipparchus labouring with long desire both to constitute Hypotheses and reduce into Tables the motions of the other Planets or five wandering Stars and yet not being able to furnish himself either from the Egyptians or from his Country men the Grecians with any competent Observations respective to those Planets for while the places of the Fixt Stars remained unknown it was impossible any such could be made and again those he had himself made were of a much shorter time than was requisite for the establishing any thing certain and permanent in that sort He therefore only digested such Observations as he had recorded by him into the best order and method he could devise and so left them for their use and improvement who should come after him in case any were found capable of understanding and advancing them And at length by good fortune it so fell out that those his Observations came into the hands of Ptolomy who comparing them with his own and finding them judicious and exact thereupon first began to erect both Hypotheses and Tables of Motions fit for those Planets yet not without much timerousness and diffidence because his Observations being but few nor of sufficient time he durst not promise himself any certainty of his Tables for any considerable space or number of Years But for more assurance let us hear his own ingenious Confession in that point The Time saith He from whence we have the Observations of the Planets set down is so vastly short in comparison of the greatness of Coelestial vicissitudes as that it renders all predictions that are for any great number of Years to come infirm and uncertain And therefore I judge that Hipparchus that zealous lover of truth considering this difficulty and withall receiving not so many true Obsertions from the Ancients as he bequeath'd to us undertook indeed the business of the Sun and Moon and demonstrated that it might be performed by equal and circular motions yet as for that of the Planets those Commentaries of his which have come into our hands clearly shews that he attempted it not but collecting all his own Observations concerning them together into one order and method for their more commodious use resigned them to the industry of after times having first demonstrated that they were not congruous to those Hypotheses which the Mathematicians of those Dayes made use of And for Others sure I am that either they demonstrated nothing at all or else only attempted the business and left it unfinisht But Hipparchus being eminently knowing in all kinds of learning conceived that he ought not as others had done before him to attempt what he should not be able to accomplish So that we see Ptolomy was the first who from true Observations reduced the Motions of the Planets into Hypotheses and Tables correspondent But before we speak more particularly of him who lived about an hundred and thirty Years after Christ forasmuch as in the space of time betwixt Hipparchus and Ptolomy these studies so florisht at Alexandria as that Julius Caesar returning thence brought along with him that Sosigenes by whose assistance he endeavoured the restitution of the Calendar and so may be thought to have propagated the Study of Astronomy among the Romans let us reflect a little upon that time and see what care they then had of Celestial matters In the first place we are to lay aside the Commemoration of Sulpitius Gallus of whom more then once afore as one that falls not under this account concerning whom we may not yet forget what Cato is induced by Cicero saying While we saw that Gallus dye that familiar friend of thy Father O Scipio who was restless in measuring Heaven and Earth I say while we saw him dying even in that Study How often did Day oppress him when he had set himself to observe and describe somthing in the Night and how often did Night oppress him when he had begun his Speculations in the Morn How was he delighted when he had a long time before predicted to us Eclipses of the Sun and Moon c. For he was a man clearly singular and in an Age when so great ignorance and neglect of good Arts tyrannized over mens minds being himself studious and inquisitive could not but have borrowed his skill either from Egypt or Greece where having obtained a Series of Eclipses and the way of deducing them through the circuit of of nineteen Years as we said afore he became able to calculate them so as Cicero relates For as to the rest how great doe you think was the ignorance and neglect nay even contempt of studies of this nature among the Romans Why truely so great as that Virgil could not dissemble it in the Poesy attributed to Anchisa according to which the Romans should indeed come to rule the World but yet should yeeld to others in learning to know the Stars and describe the Heavens Caelique
exquisite and magnificent Instruments Mathematical he begun having provided himself of sundry learned and competent Coadjutors exactly to observe the Altitude of the Pole in that place by the Circum-polary Stars By which understanding likewise the Altitude of the Equator he pointed out the Equinoctial points by the passing of the Sun through them and attending besides to the middle parts of Taurus and Leo he found out the Apogeium of the Sun and the Eccentricity of it and deduced its Course from the point of the Vernal Equinox Moreover from Venus in the Day time compared with the Sun and in the Night with the Fixt Stars he endeavoured to search out the right Ascensions and Declinations of the Fixt Stars which the Ancients had performed but fallaciously by using the Moon not Venus to that purpose And his success was as exquisite as his care in this that he constituted that bright Star which is in the top of Aries and ranged the chief of those in order along the Zodiack and then advancing to enquire or rather find out the distances of the rest aswell from them as each from other he defined both the right Ascensions and Declinations of all prescribed their several Longitudes and Latitudes and added to the Catalogue of the Ancients about 200. other Stars wholly by them omitted Because the Ancients Living in an Horizon much more Southern had observed and set down neer upon 200. Stars that are invisible in the Danish Horizon which is highly Northern and Tycho again collected about 200. more than they could discern and as being somwhat small he intermixed them among others of greater magnitude Further having in the mean space alwaies observed the passings of all the Planets through the Meridian and their several distances from the cheif Fixt Stars neerest to them he laid such sollid foundations as by them might be exactly known not only the true places of each but also their several Motions So that he came very neer the heighth of his noble hopes of building the whole Theory of Astronomy a new from the very ground and of erecting compleat and everlasting Tables for Calculation thereupon but alas prevented by an immature death He could not accomplish his designe It was very much however that He went so far as â—o have recorded and bequeathed to Posterity such excellent Observations by which Kepler was soon after enabled to compose an intire Theory and make the Tables called the Rudolphine and by which and others afterward contriveable whatever can be desired in these Tables may be fully supplied and perfected And this among the rest deserves singular commendations that He left us the Fixt Stars re-installed in their true mansions wherein He alone in few Years practice performed and finished that prodigiously great Work which no man from the Dayes of Hipparchus had either attempted or in any measure advanced I pass by many other admirable discoveries of his as that he was the first who demonstrated all Comets to be carried freely through the Etherial Spaces that Refractions ought to be carefully considered and allowed for and how that he perceived that the Latitude of the Moon ought to be augmented by more than a Quadrant or fourth part than had been conceived that He almost demonstrately convinced the Latitudes of the Fixt Stars to be varied that he excogitated an Hypothesis which all those who cannot allow of the Ptolomaicall or fear to allow the Copernican may well adhere to and defend with many other things as difficult in their Invention as excellent in their use And observe only how vastly he transcended all that went before him in point of exactness and certainty As for Instruments Mathematicall it is well known He made such as for the condition of their matter for the Vastness of their magnitude for the variety of forms for the care of their elaboration for the preciseness of their divisions and for the facility in using as the World had never the like before Again so prodigious was his and his Coadjutors subtility diligence industry that whereas the Observations of Hipparchus Ptolomy and all others before him had bin marked out only by the Sixth or at most by the twelfth parth of degrees he designed all his by the sixtieth parts of degrees called Minutes or Scruples and very often also by subdivisions of Minutes So that we may well demand what comparison can be made betwixt that gross way found out by Erastothenes and approved and followed afterward by Hipparchus and Ptolomy for the Observation of the Obliquity of the Zodiack and that most fine and exact one invented by Tycho His being by a division of the Meridian into 83 parts and the Interval of the Tropicks deprehended to take up 11. of them it appeared that the distance of one Tropick from the Equator amounted to 5. of thoseparts and an half or by a reduction of them again to degrees of 23. degr 51. Min. and â…“ and theirs being by an hollowed Hemispear of Stone with a Gnomon erected in the middle as we have formerly described it and to what degree of subtility and exactness this way of commensuration could arrive the meanest Novice in Astronomy may soon judge That Quadram likewise of Ptolomy so much admired by ancient Authors Pray How vastly short did it come of the perfection of the least that Tycho used And the same may be said of his Rules for that those Armillae set up by Ptâ—loâ—y in the entrance of Alexandria had any thing in them comparable to those erected by Tycho in his Uraniburg cannot in the lest measure be argued from the other Instruments then in use It is not necessary we should here again review those machinaments or engines which the old Egyptians and Babylonians made use of either in discerning the Signes of the Zodiack or taking the Diameter of the Sun or those which Aristarchus and Archimedes used for commensurating the same Diamater Only we cannot but wonder by the by how Aristarchus having aimed so neer the white of truth in the matter of the Suns Diameter and determining it to be the 720th part of the Circle or half a degree as is delivered by Archimed should yet err so widely in his Book of Magnitudes and Distances as to make the Diameter of the Moon which in truth is very neer as great as that of the Sun to be the 180th part of the Circle or 2. degr when he called it the Fifteenth part of a Signe which mistake of his was long since taken notice of by Pappus Nor is there any necessity why we should survey those Instruments that Albateginus Peurbacchius Regiomontanus Copernicus and other more moderne Astronomers used considering that besides the Rules made by Regiomontanus which Bernardus Waltherus his disciple preserved and had recourse to in his Observations of the Suns Altitude they came so short of the least of Tychoes in point of exact reasoning and amplitude that they deserve rather to be perpetually forgotten than remembred to
competition However it is seriously to be wished that the Observations made by those incomparable Instruments of His may ly no longer concealed from the World for by singular Providence they have been hitherto preserved as Gassendus attesteth ïn the Life of Tycho but soon be brought to Light And this aswell for sundry weighty Considerations there alleadged by Gassendus as for this that not all the Stars of which Tyeho hath given a copious Catalogue in his Progymnasmata may be found reduced to congruous Calculation in as much as they doe not exactly correspond with the Heavens and that various Catalogues have been pretended from the same which are very much different each from other for all the difficulties hereupon depending may soon be removed and all mistakes rectified by having recourse to the Fountain or Original observations which will clearly declare what hath bin already corruptly deduced and what may be at length carefully and demonstratively deduced from them And in the mean while if Hipparchus his memory be so highly and indeed justly precious among learned men for his great merrits in excogitating and framing Instruments whereby to take the dimensions distances motions c. of Heavenly bodies certainly that of our Tycho ought to be as highly esteemed by us and all Posterity since he alone for so many Ages together was found that durst not only imitate him in those sublime inventions but so imitate as very much to exceed him For my part truely since Hipparchus may rightfully be called Atlas the Second I shall doe but justice to name Tycho Hercules the Second who releived his Predecessor long languishing and ready to faint under so prodigious a burden which doubtless was the Reason why Kepler called him the Modern Hipparchus And thus have we in a short Relation rehearsed to you what we could gather together concerning the Original Progress and Advance of Astronomy from the highest of times of which there remain any Authentick memorials down to the decease of Tycho Brahe the Noble and the Great As for what Additions this excellent Science hath received by the industry of Astronomers in this present Age by the help of the Telescope whose Invention may seem to have been unhappily deferred too long as being deferred till some Years after Tychoes death they may be easily summed up For all that our Dayes can justly challenge the honour of discovering is 1. the spotts in the Sun 2. the inequality of the superficies of the Moon 3. Venus shifting her apparences as doth the Moon 4. Mercury and Jupiter in some Proportion doing the like 5. Jupiter with a kind of bound about him and guarded with four lesser Stars as Attendants 6. Saturn triple-bodied 7. the Gallaxy fully beset with small Stars and 8. divers pale assemblies of very small Stars seeming to be only little white clouds in the Welkin with some other particulars lately remarked Now if you please to add this to the former summary you have the whole though brief Story of Astronomy from its very infancy to that augmented state it now hath attained to I wish I might have said to its Full growth and Perfection But alas that is reserved for Posterity Longitude of the Stars Latitude of the Stars The measâ—resâ— of the severa Stars Zenith Nadir Azimuths or Verticle Circles Almicanthars or Circles of Altitude Amplitude Declination Right Ascension Oblique Ascension Oblique Descension Ascensional Difference Raise the Pole Depress the Pole Course Distance Zone Frozen Zones Temperate Zones Burnt Zone Climates Parallels Direct Sphear Parallel Sphear Oblique Sphear Antipodes Periaeci Antaeci An Hour defined Minutes Seconds and Thirds c. defined Opposite degrees and minutes of the Ecliptick possess the Cusps of opposite Houses Articl I. Observation Celestial from the beginning of the world though rude and in-artificial Articl II. Sacred records examined and Moses found to b the First Astronomer there spoken of lib. 1. Ant. c. 3. cap. 4. Epigram de etat Anim. Gen. 11. Gen. 47. 1. Polit. cap. and 1 Metaph. cap. 1. Act. â—7 Cap. 9. de done ad Poeon cap. 7. Esa. 47. Articl 3. Ethnick monuments likewise revolved and first those of Fabulous times according to which Coelus is found the most ancient Astronomer lib. 3. and after him his Senns 1. Atlas who taught Astromy to his Son lib. 3. lib. 2. cap. 8. Astrom 1. Hisperus And Daughters the Atlantides and Pleiades from one of whom came Mercury 1. Astron. lib. 3. lib. de Astrol. 5. Tusculan 2. Saturn who delivered the same to his Son Jupiter Isagog ad Phoen. 1. Metamorph. 3. Hyperion 4. Japetus from whom came Prometheus who followed the same study in Eccles. 7. lib. 2. lib. 37 o. 10. so did Phaeton Doedalus Icarus de Astrol. in Isagog Atreus and Thyestes Hercules and Iphitus cap. 18. Orpheus de Astâ—ol Palamedes Homer Odyss E. Articl 4. Secondly those Historical times according to which the antiquity of Astron. Observations belongs either to the Egyptians or Babylonians in Epinom 1. Antiq. 8. in Epinom 2. lib. de Astrolog Isagog loc citat de Diviâ—at in praefat lib. 9. c. 56. in Almagest lib. 4. cap 6. in lib. 2. de Coe lo and comment 46. Articl 5. Yet neither of of them observed any thing considerable at to the designation of Times but corrupted what they had observed to the introduction of Astrology Judicial loc citat lib. 1. ad Astrolog 1. in Somn. 21. ibid. cap. 20. lib. 6. stromat lib. 9. cap. 7. lib. 9. cap. 37. 2. de divinat in Epinom Articl 6. And after them to the Grecians among whom the most ancient mention of Astron. is in Hesiod Ex Gem Ptol. aliis lib. 10. lib. 1. in â—â—ebns Eb. 1. de vit 〈◊〉 de Com. 〈◊〉 lib. 2. A 〈◊〉 lib. 2. cap 8. in 1. Geog. l. 8. 1. Georg. 1. adven Physic. lib. 1. in Arat. â—hanâ— lib. 7. and next of Thales Milesius lib. 1. in vit Dionys. then of Pythagoras and his Disciples 2. de coelo 13. de Arenar num Philolaus Aristarehus Timaeus de don ad paeon. in Timaeun After these succeeded Cleostratus Meron c. Articl 7. Eudoxus who first discovered the necessitie of manifold Spheares in Epigram 2. de divinat Prolom lib. 1. cap. 11. Articl 8. Hipparchus who first observed the places of the Fixt Stars according to Long. and Latitude lib. 2. cap. 26. lib. 7. cap. ibid cap. 1. He also corrected the Callippick Period and predicted future Eclipses for 600. Years together Almagest lib. 9 cap 2. Articl 9. Betwixt Hipparchus and Ptolemy came Sosigenes of Alexandria by whose help Jul. Caesar endeavored the reformation of the Calendar 6. Aâ—nl lib. 2. c 28. 1. Meteor 7. Pythias Massiliensis a Gaul and contemporary to Alex. of Maced lib. 7. cap. 60. Quintus Marcius Philippus c. Nasica Scipio Romans Articl 10. Prolemy the true Founder of Astronomy in one intire structure Who next resigned it to Theon and Pappus both Alexandrians and long after to Albategnius then to Alphraganus and other Arabians Articl 11. Alphonsus K. of Castile who made and named the Alphonsine Tables after whom the Science lay neglected till Georg. Peurbaechius and Ioh. Regiomontanus arose and again caltivated the same Articl 12. Then followed the mâ—st accute Nich. Coper nicus who revived the doctrine of Pythagoras concerning the Earths motion Articl 13. And last of All the noble Tycho Brahe who out-did all the rest in discoveries and inventions de Acenar num
the Moon is alwaies a part of a Circle therefore the Earth and Water which is the Body shadowing must also be a Circular or round Body for if it were three square four square or any other form then would the shadow which it makes in the Moon be of the same fashion Besides Of all figures the Sphear or Globe is most perfect most Capacious and most intire of it self without either joynts or Angles which form we may also perceive the Sun Moon and Stars to have and all other things that are bounded by themselves as Drops of Water and other liquid things But there is another frequent Argument against the Globulus form of the Earth and that is That it seems impossible that the Earth should be round and yet also Inhabible in all Places For though we that inhabite on the top of the Earth go with our heads upwards yet those that inhabite underneath us must needs go with their Heads downwards like Flyes on a Wall or Ceeling and so be in danger of falling into the Air. For Answer hereunto first You must understand that in the Center of the Earth there is an Attractive and drawing power which draws all heavy substances to it by vertue of which Attractive power things though loosed from the Earth will again incline and cling to the Earth and so much the more forcibly by how much the heavier they are as a bullet of Lead let fall out of the Air inclines towards the Earth far more violently and swiftly then a bullet of the same bigness of Wood or Cork Secondly you must understand that in respect of the whole Vniverse there is no part either upper or under but all parts of the Earth are alike incompast with Heaven yet in respect of the Earth it is Heaven which we take for the upper part and therefore we are said to go with our heads upwards because our head of all the parts of our body is nearest to Heaven Now that this Attractive power lies in the Center of the Earth is proved by this Argument If the Attractive power were not in the Center a Plumb-line let fall would not make Right Angles with the Superficies of the Earth but would eb Attracted that way the Attractive vertue lies and so make unequal Angles with the Superficies But by so many Experiments as hath yet been made we find that a Plumb-line continued though never so deep yet it alters no Angles with the Superficies of the Earth and therefore undoubtedly the Attractive power lies in the very Center and no where else CHAP. I. I. What a Globe is A Globe according to the Mathematical Definition is a perfect and exact round Body contained under one surface Of this form as hath been proved consists the Heavens and the Earth and therefore the Ancients with much pains Study and Industry endeavouring to imitate as well the imaginary as the real appearances of them both have Invented two Globes the one to represent the Heavens with all the Constellations fixed Stars Circles and Lines proper thereunto which Globe is called the Celestial Globe and the other with all the Sea Coasts Havens Rivers Lakes Cities Towns Hills Capes Seas Sands c. as also the Rhumbs Meridians Parallels and other Lines that serve to facilitate the Demostration of all manner of Questions to be performed upon the same and this Globe is called the Terrestrial Globe II. Of the two Poles Every Globe hath two Poles the one North the other South The North Pole is in the North point of the Globe The South Pole in the South point III. Of the Axis From the Center of the Globe both waies proceeds a line through both the Poles and continues it self infinitely which is called the Axis of the World and is represented by the two wyers in the Poles of the Globe Upon these two wyers the Globe is turned round even as the Heavens is imagined to move upon the Axis of the World IIII. Of the Brasen Meridian Every Globe is hung by the Axis at both the Poles in a Brasen Meridian which is divided into 360 degrees or which is all one into 4 Nineties the first beginning at the North Pole is continued from the left hand towards the right till the termination of 90 degrees and is marked with 10 20 30 c. to 90. from whence the degrees are numbred with 80 70 60 c. to 0. which is in the South Pole from whence again the degrees are numbred with 80 70 60 c. to 0 and lastly from 0 the degrees are numbred with 10 20 30 to 90. which is again in the North Pole This Brasen Meridian is of great use for by help of it you may find the Latitude of all Places the Declination of all the Stars c and rectifie the Globe to any Latitude V. Of the Horizon The Horizon is a broad wooden Circle encompassing the Globe having two notches in it the one in the North the other in the South point The notches are made just fit to contain the Brasen Meridian that the Globe is hung in In the bottom or under Plane of the Horizon there stands up a rop or as it is called a Bed in which there is also a notch into which notch the Brasen Meridian is also let so lo as that both it and the Globe may be divided into two equal halfs by the upper Plane of the wooden Horizon These Notches are as gages to keep the Globe from inclining more to the one side of the wooden Horizon then the other Upon the upper Plane of the Horizon is several Circles delineated as first the inner Circle which is a Circle divided into twelve equal parts viz. into twelve Signes every Signe having its name prefixed to it as to the Signe of ♈ is the word Aries to ♉ the word Taurus c. every Signe is again divided into 30 equal parts which are called Degrees and every tenth degree is marked with 10 20 30. Next to the Circle of Signes is a Kalender or Almanack according to the Old stile used by us here in England each Moneth being noted with its proper Name as January February March c. and every day distinguished with Arithmetical figures as 1 2 3 4 c. to the end of the Moneth The other Calender is a Calender of the New stile which is in a manner all one with the Old only in this Calender the moneth begins ten daies sooner then they do in the other and to this Calender because it was instituted by the Church of Rome there is annexed the Festival daies Celebrated by the Romish Church The two other Circles are the Circles of the Winds the innermost having their Greek and Latine names which by them were but twelve and the outermost having the English Nanes which for more preciseness are two and thirty The use of the upper Plane of the Horizon is to distinguish the Day from the Night the Rising and Setting of the Sun
Moon or Stars c. and for the finding the Azimuth and Amplitude c. VI. Of the Quadrant of Altitude The Quadrant of Altitude is a thin brass plate divided into 90. degrees and marked upwards with 10 20 30 40 c. to 90. It is rivetted to a Brass Nut which is fitted to the Meridian and hath a Screw in it to screw upon any degree of the Meridian When it is used it is screwed to the Zenith It s use is for measuring the Altitudes finding Amplitudes and Azimuths and discribing Almicantaraths It would sometimes stand you in good steed if the Plate were longer by the bredth of the Horizon then 90. degrees for then that length being turned back will serve you instead of an Index when the Nut is screwed to the Zenith to cut either the degrees or Daies of either Style or the Points of the Compass in any of those Circles concentrical to the innermost edge of the Horizon which the Ey cannot so well judge at VII Of the Hour Circle and its Index The Hour Circle is a smal Brasen Circle fitted on the Meridian whose Center is the Pole of the world It is divided into the 24 hours of the Day and Night and each hour is again divided into halfs and quarters which in a Revolution of the Globe are all pointed at with an Index which to that purpose is fitted on the Axis of the Globe The use of the hour Circle is for shewing the Time of the several mutations and Configurations of Celestial Appearances VIII Of the Nautical Compass or Box and Needle Just under the East point of the Horizon upon the undermost Plane is sometimes fixed a Nautical Compass whose North and South line must be Parallel to the North and South line of the Horizon The use of it is for setting the Angles of the Globe correspondent to the Angles of the World IX Of the Semi-Circle of Position This is a Semi-Circle made of Brass and divided into 180. degrees numbred from the Equinoctial on either side with 10 20 30 c. to 90. at the two ends there is an Axis which is fitted into the two hole of two smal studs fixed in the North and South points of the upper Plane of the Horizon upon this Axis it is moved up and down according to the intent of your operation The use of this Circle of Position is for the finding the twelve Astrological Houses of Heaven and also for finding the Circle of Position of any Star or Point in Heaven Thus much may serve for the lineaments Circumjacent to the body of the Globe The next discourse shall be CHAP. II. Of the Circles Lines c. discribed upon the Superficies of the Globe beginning with the Terrestrial Globe and I. Of the Equator THe Equator is a great Circle encompassing the very middle of the Globe between the two Poles thereof and divides it into two equal parts the one the North part and the other the South part It is as all great Circles are divided into 360. equal parts which are called Degrees Upon this Circle the Longitude is numbred from East to West and from this Circle both waies viz. North and South the Latitude is reckoned It is called the Equator because when the Sun comes to this line which is twice in one year to wit on the tenth of March and the eleventh of June the Daies and Nights are equated and both of one length II. Of the Meridians There are infinite of Meridians for all places lying East or West from one another have several Meridians but the Meridians delineated upon the Terrestrial Globe are in number 36. so that between two Meridians is contained ten degrees of the Equator From the first of these Meridians which is divided into twice 90 degrees accounted from the Equator towards either Pole is the beginning of Longitude which upon our English Globes is at the Ile Gratiosa one of the Iles of the Azores and numbred in the Equator Eastwards with 10 20 30 c. to 360. round about the Globe till it end where it began They are called Meridians because they divide the Day into two equal parts for when the Sun comes to the Meridian of any Place it is then Midday or full Noon III. Of the Parallels As the Meridians are infinite so are the Parallels and as the Meridian lines delineated upon the Globe are drawn through no more then every tenth degree of the Equator so are the Parallels also delineated but upon every tenth degree of the Meridian lest the Globe should be too much filled with superfluity of lines which might obscure the smal names of Places The Parallel Circles run East and West round about the Globe even as the Equator only the Equator is a great Circle and these are every one less then other diminishing gradually till they end in the Pole The Parallels are numbred upon the Meridian with 10 20 30 c. to 90. beginning in the Equator and ending in the Pole They are called Parallels because they are Parallel to the Equator IIII. Of the Ecliptick Tropicks and Polar Circles These Circles though they are delineated upon the Terrestrial Globe yet they are most proper to the Celestial and therefore when I come to the Celestial Globe I shall define them unto V. Of the Rhumbs The Rhumbs are neither Circles nor straight lines but Helispherical or Spiral lines They proceed from the point where we stand and wind about the Globe till they come to the Pole where at last they loose themselves They represent the 32 winds of the Compass Their use is to shew the bearing of any two places one from another that is to say upon what point of the Compass any shoar or Land lies from another There are many of them described upon the Globe for the better directing the ey from one shoar to the other when you seek after the bearing of any two Lands Some of them where there is room for it have the figure of the Nautical Card drawn about the Center or common intersection and have as all other Cards have for the distinction of the North point a Flowerdeluce pictured thereon They were first called Rumbs by the Portugals and since used by Latine Authors and therefore that name is continued by all Writers that have occasion to speak of them VI. Of the Lands Seas Ilands c. Described upon the Terrestrial Globe The Land described upon the Globe is bounded with an irregular line which runs turning and winding into Creeks and Angles even as the shoar which it represents doth For the better distinction of Lands c this line is cullered close by one side thereof with divers Cullers as with red yellow green c. these cullers distinguish one part of the Continent from the other and also one Iland from another That side of the line which incompasses the Cullers is the bounds of the Land the other side of the line which is