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of_o the_o year_n be_v seek_v in_o the_o ecliptic_a of_o the_o globe_n and_o let_v his_o opposite_a point_n be_v note_v then_o let_v the_o quadrant_n be_v apply_v to_o the_o vertex_fw-la and_o the_o point_n note_v be_v find_v to_o the_o horizon_n the_o index_n to_o the_o twelve_o hour_n of_o the_o cycle_n then_o let_v the_o globe_n be_v turn_v round_o until_o the_o note_a point_n be_v elevate_v 18_o degree_n above_o the_o horizon_n which_o be_v know_v by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o quadrant_n for_o so_o shall_v the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v depress_v so_o many_o degree_n beneath_o the_o horizon_n and_o the_o index_n in_o the_o cycle_n shall_v show_v how_o many_o hour_n or_o part_n of_o a_o hour_n the_o serenity_n of_o the_o air_n be_v lay_v down_o the_o twilight_n continue_v that_o day_n in_o the_o place_n give_v it_o be_v convenient_a by_o three_o example_n to_o learn_v the_o use_n of_o this_o problem_n choose_v a_o place_n for_o one_o of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n another_o of_o the_o temperate_a and_o a_o three_o of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n proposition_n viii_o in_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n the_o twilight_n be_v small_a very_o long_o in_o those_o of_o the_o frigid_a and_o moderate_a in_o those_o of_o the_o temperate_a zone_n zone_n of_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o twilight_n in_o the_o several_a zone_n for_o in_o place_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la and_o those_o near_a the_o crepusculum_fw-la according_a to_o the_o hypothesis_n lay_v down_o in_o the_o former_a proposition_n be_v of_o about_o one_o hour_n which_o yet_o experience_n testify_v be_v only_a half_a a_o hour_n or_o little_o more_o because_o the_o more_o thick_a and_o gross_a air_n be_v not_o so_o high_a there_o as_o be_v require_v to_o make_v the_o twilight_n to_o the_o 18_o degree_n of_o depression_n both_o also_o because_o the_o hypothesis_n of_o the_o 18_o degree_n be_v to_o be_v take_v concern_v very_o small_a light_n with_o which_o the_o twilight_n begin_v such_o as_o yet_o be_v not_o account_v by_o the_o vulgar_a for_o a_o twilight_n in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n the_o twilight_n continue_v for_o many_o day_n when_o the_o sun_n remain_v beneath_o their_o horizon_n in_o the_o temperate_a zone_n it_o continue_v 3_o 4_o 5_o and_o 6_o hour_n and_o in_o some_o place_n all_o night_n and_o in_o the_o day_n of_o the_o summer_n according_a as_o the_o place_n be_v more_o or_o less_o nigh_o the_o frigid_a zone_n all_o these_o be_v prove_v by_o the_o mode_n propose_v in_o the_o precedent_a proposition_n proposition_n ix_o a_o place_n be_v give_v in_o the_o temperate_a or_o frigid_a zone_n and_o another_o in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o moreover_o the_o day_n of_o the_o year_n be_v give_v to_o find_v out_o the_o hour_n of_o the_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n in_o which_o hour_n the_o sun_n may_v have_v the_o altitude_n above_o the_o horizon_n of_o that_o place_n and_o so_o strike_v that_o place_n with_o his_o ray_n equal_o elevate_v as_o great_a as_o it_o have_v in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o temperate_a zone_n in_o the_o meridies_n itself_o let_v the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v for_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n of_o the_o temperate_a or_o frigid_a zone_n and_o let_v the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n find_v from_o the_o day_n give_v be_v bring_v to_o the_o meridian_n and_o the_o altitude_n of_o it_o reckon_v for_o this_o be_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o ray_n heat_n that_o place_n and_o illustrate_v it_o in_o the_o meridies_n then_o let_v the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v for_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n give_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n let_v the_o quadrant_n be_v apply_v to_o the_o vertex_fw-la and_o let_v the_o degree_n of_o altitude_n before_o find_v out_o be_v note_v in_o it_o let_v the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o meridian_n the_o index_n to_o the_o twelve_o hour_n of_o the_o cycle_n then_o let_v both_o the_o globe_n and_o the_o quadrant_n be_v move_v till_o the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n agree_v with_o the_o note_a 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not_o such_o and_o so_o great_a in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o temperate_a or_o frigid_a zone_n then_o second_o that_o the_o sun_n strait_o ascend_v towards_o the_o meridian_n above_o the_o horizon_n of_o the_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n send_v forth_o all_o his_o ray_n to_o the_o place_n as_o in_o one_o plain_a and_o to_o one_o plaga_fw-la and_o therefore_o cause_v great_a heat_n than_o in_o the_o temperate_a or_o frigid_a zone_n where_o the_o sun_n move_v oblique_o from_o the_o horizon_n to_o the_o meridian_n and_o send_v forth_o his_o ray_n from_o one_o and_o another_o plaga_fw-la therefore_o the_o ray_n be_v not_o contract_v into_o a_o place_n so_o narrow_a nor_o do_v they_o continual_o heat_n for_o example_n let_v we_o seek_v in_o what_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n in_o place_n be_v under_o the_o very_a aequator_fw-la on_o the_o day_n of_o the_o aequinoctial_o the_o sun_n will_v have_v that_o altitude_n as_o he_o have_v at_o amstelodame_n on_o the_o meridies_n of_o the_o same_o day_n proposition_n x._o how_o the_o cause_n of_o light_n heat_n and_o of_o the_o season_n which_o we_o have_v reckon_v up_o in_o the_o first_o proposition_n of_o this_o chapter_n have_v themselves_o in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o how_o to_o show_v they_o show_v of_o the_o seasont_n light_n and_o heat_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o how_o they_o be_v show_v first_o every_o day_n of_o the_o year_n ascend_v direct_o above_o the_o horizon_n of_o those_o place_n especial_o of_o the_o aequator_fw-la towards_o the_o meridian_n and_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o they_o and_o therefore_o about_o the_o nine_o hour_n of_o forenoon_n he_o hegin_v to_o ejaculate_a to_o those_o place_n ray_n about_o 40_o degree_n decline_v from_o the_o perpendicular_a ray_n which_o rectitude_n of_o the_o ray_n or_o perpendicular_a of_o the_o ray_n augment_v towards_o the_o meridies_n and_o again_o decrease_v continue_v to_o the_o four_o hour_n after_o the_o meridies_n or_o noonstead_n where_o the_o sun_n depart_v towards_o the_o occidental_a horizon_n begin_v to_o send_v forth_o his_o ray_n more_o oblique_o to_o those_o place_n therefore_o the_o great_a heat_n in_o those_o place_n ought_v to_o be_v from_o about_o the_o nine_o hour_n before_o noon_n even_o to_o the_o three_o or_o four_o after_o noon_n if_o that_o this_o cause_n be_v only_o regard_v but_o yet_o because_o the_o sun_n now_o depart_v from_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o those_o place_n and_o sometime_o approach_v near_o therefore_o the_o winter_n of_o every_o one_o of_o those_o place_n shall_v be_v when_o the_o sun_n go_v from_o the_o point_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a much_o remote_a from_o those_o place_n that_o be_v from_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o cancer_n or_o capricorn_n towards_o the_o point_n have_v a_o middle_a
air_n f_o h_n be_v rarify_v now_o require_v more_o space_n now_o you_o will_v find_v the_o degree_n of_o accretion_n and_o diminution_n of_o the_o heat_n and_o cold_a if_o that_o you_o divide_v the_o line_n f_o a_o on_o the_o table_n into_o certain_a part_n of_o number_n or_o without_o put_v a_o vessel_n under_o set_v the_o glass_n l_o h_n even_o at_o the_o extremity_n l_o have_v a_o globe_n with_o a_o little_a hole_n from_o the_o side_n and_o let_v this_o globular_a vessel_n be_v fill_v with_o air_n for_o so_o also_o the_o degree_n of_o heat_n will_v be_v show_v by_o the_o ascent_n and_o descent_n of_o the_o water_n proposition_n x._o the_o serene_a air_n may_v be_v carry_v so_o by_o a_o most_o vehement_a fire_n that_o it_o may_v occupy_v a_o space_n 70_o time_n great_a than_o it_o do_v before_o on_o the_o contrary_a it_o may_v be_v so_o condense_v in_o a_o windgun_n that_o it_o may_v only_o possess_v a_o 60_o part_n of_o the_o former_a space_n but_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n bring_v not_o so_o great_a a_o rarification_n or_o the_o cold_a so_o great_a a_o condensation_n to_o the_o air_n the_o same_o be_v prove_v from_o that_o that_o if_o you_o take_v a_o aeolopile_n and_o heat_n it_o with_o fire_n so_o that_o it_o may_v then_o contain_v 13_o ounce_n but_o the_o same_o be_v cold_a and_o return_v to_o its_o former_a natural_a estate_n it_o will_v contain_v 13_o ounce_n a_o dram_n and_o a_o half_a therefore_o the_o space_n that_o the_o air_n occupy_v whilst_o that_o it_o be_v hot_a be_v great_a than_o the_o space_n that_o the_o air_n possess_v when_o refrigerated_a that_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o space_n be_v that_o part_n of_o the_o aeolopile_n that_o receive_v half_o a_o dram_n of_o water_n if_o that_o the_o whole_a receive_v 13_o ounce_n with_o half_a a_o dram_n and_o the_o part_n of_o this_o aeolopile_n be_v almost_o the_o 70_o part_n of_o the_o whole_a space_n in_o the_o aeolopile_n therefore_o the_o air_n be_v hot_a have_v possess_v a_o space_n 70_o time_n great_a than_o it_o do_v when_o it_o return_v to_o its_o natural_a estate_n proposition_n xi_o why_o in_o the_o place_n in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n at_o the_o time_n in_o which_o the_o sun_n arise_v not_o altogether_o unto_o they_o on_o some_o day_n the_o air_n be_v clear_a and_o serene_a and_o for_o the_o most_o part_n cloudy_a and_o foggy_a zone_n of_o the_o air_n in_o place_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n i_o answer_v the_o cause_n of_o this_o gross_a and_o almost_o perpetual_a mist_n or_o fog_n be_v the_o small_a heat_n of_o the_o subterraneous_a earth_n itself_o or_o else_o it_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o sun_n and_o likewise_o the_o moon_n which_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o obscurity_n of_o the_o sun_n remain_v many_o day_n and_o night_n continual_o above_o the_o horizon_n &_o the_o other_o star_n which_o heat_n because_o it_o be_v weak_a can_v dissipate_v this_o mist_n now_o that_o some_o day_n or_o night_n afford_v a_o serenity_n of_o the_o air_n this_o happen_v not_o because_o the_o thick_a vapour_n be_v attenuate_v but_o because_o that_o they_o either_o sink_v down_o into_o the_o earth_n or_o else_o be_v force_v into_o other_o place_n by_o the_o wind_n proposition_n xii_o why_o oftentimes_o in_o the_o great_a cold_a of_o the_o winter_n the_o air_n be_v yet_o subtle_a and_o serene_a when_o that_o yet_o the_o cold_a condensate_v and_o contract_v the_o air_n winter_n the_o air_n subtle_a and_o serene_a in_o the_o great_a cold_a of_o the_o winter_n cold_n be_v twofold_a moderate_a or_o extreme_a moderate_a cold_a render_v not_o the_o air_n serene_a but_o cloudy_a by_o reason_n that_o vapour_n be_v elevate_v but_o not_o discuss_v by_o that_o little_a heat_n which_o be_v mix_v or_o adjoin_v to_o that_o cold_a but_o a_o extreme_a cold_a make_v the_o air_n serene_a for_o a_o twofold_a reason_n 1._o because_o it_o render_v the_o grosser_n vapour_n of_o the_o air_n more_o gross_a and_o so_o cause_v they_o to_o fall_v and_o make_v the_o air_n more_o subtle_a 2._o because_o that_o the_o pore_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v shut_v and_o bind_v up_o and_o the_o vapour_n themselves_o can_v exhale_v and_o render_v the_o air_n turbid_v the_o sea_n itself_o indeed_o be_v not_o bind_v up_o with_o ice_n yet_o the_o particle_n be_v so_o condensated_a with_o ice_n that_o it_o be_v not_o so_o apt_a for_o exhalation_n although_o it_o send_v forth_o many_o for_o the_o condition_n of_o it_o and_o the_o earth_n be_v different_a proposition_n xiii_o why_o the_o air_n be_v behold_v at_o the_o horizontal_n line_n appear_v more_o thick_a and_o cloudy_a than_o that_o in_o which_o we_o be_v the_o cause_n be_v twofold_a 1._o because_o that_o the_o air_n about_o the_o horizon_n be_v indeed_o more_o cloudy_a the_o other_o be_v a_o fallacy_n or_o deception_n of_o the_o sight_n or_o judgement_n from_o our_o sight_n for_o the_o eye_n apprehend_v the_o distance_n of_o column_n place_v in_o a_o long_a order_n and_o series_n and_o therefore_o as_o the_o judgement_n suppose_v the_o remote_a column_n to_o be_v conjoin_v so_o also_o it_o apprehend_v not_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o particle_n of_o the_o horizontal_n air_n but_o imagine_v they_o conjoin_v but_o the_o eye_n behold_v the_o distance_n of_o the_o elevate_a air_n under_o great_a angle_n and_o therefore_o better_a apprehend_v it_o the_o same_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o air_n which_o appear_v cloudy_a to_o we_o remove_v from_o it_o when_o we_o come_v to_o it_o or_o be_v in_o it_o seem_v less_o misty_a or_o cloudy_a proposition_n fourteen_o whether_o that_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n or_o air_n above_o the_o earth_n be_v the_o same_o in_o all_o place_n at_o one_o and_o the_o same_o time_n and_o whether_o its_o figure_n be_v spherical_a atmosphere_n of_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n that_o the_o altitude_n be_v not_o the_o same_o but_o divers_a in_o sundry_a place_n seem_v to_o follow_v from_o thence_o that_o the_o sun_n be_v only_o vertical_a to_o one_o place_n at_o one_o time_n and_o it_o send_v forth_o oblique_a ray_n and_o therefore_o more_o weak_a unto_o other_o place_n by_o how_o much_o the_o place_n be_v more_o remote_a from_o the_o sun_n and_o near_o to_o the_o pole_n therefore_o the_o pore_n of_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v very_o different_a to_o the_o elevate_n of_o the_o vapour_n and_o therefore_o they_o be_v raise_v to_o different_a altitude_n to_o wit_n in_o a_o place_n unto_o which_o the_o sun_n be_v vertical_a his_o altitude_n be_v the_o great_a in_o the_o opposite_a place_n the_o lesser_a in_o the_o place_n about_o the_o pole_n moderate_a so_o that_o the_o air_n receive_v a_o oval_a figure_n but_o the_o contrary_n be_v more_o probable_a viz._n that_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n be_v the_o same_o in_o all_o place_n for_o although_o that_o the_o vapour_n and_o air_n be_v more_o elevate_v in_o some_o place_n than_o in_o other_o yet_o because_o that_o the_o air_n be_v fluid_a and_o tend_v by_o its_o gravity_n to_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n therefore_o the_o more_o elevate_a part_n of_o the_o air_n press_v down_o the_o air_n place_v under_o it_o and_o this_o thrust_v down_o another_o more_o depress_v until_o all_o the_o part_n acquire_v the_o same_o altitude_n and_o after_o the_o same_o mode_n the_o spherical_a figure_n of_o the_o air_n shall_v be_v demonstrate_v as_o in_o the_o thirteen_o chapter_n we_o have_v prove_v with_o archimedes_n concern_v the_o water_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o same_o hypothesis_n be_v prevalent_a here_o which_o we_o there_o assume_v to_o wit_n that_o the_o part_n of_o the_o air_n less_o press_v be_v expel_v by_o that_o which_o be_v more_o press_v for_o every_o part_n be_v press_v by_o the_o air_n that_o be_v above_o it_o wherefore_o the_o figure_n of_o the_o air_n be_v spherical_a not_o oval_a as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o but_o if_o the_o forementioned_a hypothesis_n be_v not_o grant_v the_o demonstration_n fall_v des_fw-mi cartes_n also_o make_v the_o air_n oval_n in_o figure_n for_o a_o peculiar_a reason_n see_v chapter_n fourteen_o proposition_n xv._o condensation_n or_o rarefaction_n of_o air_n change_v not_o its_o altitude_n altitude_n condensation_n of_o air_n change_v not_o its_o altitude_n because_o that_o the_o whole_a atmosphere_n be_v not_o condense_v but_o only_o some_o part_n and_o at_o all_o time_n some_o part_n be_v condense_v sometime_o these_o sometime_o those_o wherefore_o the_o condensation_n or_o rarefaction_n of_o one_o time_n do_v no_o more_o alterare_fw-la the_o air_n than_o the_o condensation_n or_o rarefaction_n of_o the_o first_o time_n there_o only_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o difference_n that_o at_o one_o time_n there_o may_v be_v a_o great_a condensation_n or_o rarefaction_n than_o at_o another_o but_o this_o
the_o pole_n that_o the_o long_a day_n of_o one_o place_n exceed_v the_o long_a day_n of_o the_o vicine_fw-la place_n which_o be_v more_o nigh_o the_o aequator_fw-la every_o where_n equal_a in_o excess_n or_o that_o the_o long_a day_n equal_o may_v increase_v pole_n of_o parallel_n between_o the_o aequator_fw-la and_o the_o pole_n these_o parallel_n shall_v not_o equal_o be_v distant_a one_o from_o another_o viz_o every_o vicine_fw-la couple_n but_o these_o which_o be_v more_o remote_a from_o the_o aequator_fw-la shall_v have_v a_o less_o distance_n than_o those_o more_o near_o the_o aequator_fw-la the_o truth_n of_o this_o proposition_n be_v show_v from_o the_o precedent_n for_o if_o these_o parallel_n shall_v be_v equal_o distant_a from_o one_o another_o viz._n every_o two_o vicine_fw-la the_o quantity_n of_o the_o long_a day_n in_o these_o parallel_n will_v not_o augment_v by_o a_o equal_a increase_n as_o we_o have_v here_o show_v and_o it_o be_v now_o lay_v down_o that_o the_o place_n or_o parallel_n so_o take_v equal_o increase_n that_o the_o long_a day_n may_v equal_o increase_v in_o they_o wherefore_o every_o two_o vicine_fw-la or_o near_a parallel_n shall_v not_o so_o equal_o be_v distant_a one_o from_o another_o but_o many_o parallel_n be_v take_v from_o the_o aequator_fw-la towards_o the_o pole_n on_o this_o condition_n that_o the_o long_a day_n may_v equal_o increase_v these_o parallel_n shall_v not_o be_v equal_o distant_a from_o one_o another_o but_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o three_o from_o the_o second_o shall_v be_v lesser_a than_o the_o second_o from_o the_o first_o that_o of_o the_o four_o less_o from_o the_o three_o that_o of_o the_o five_o lesser_o from_o the_o four_o and_o so_o forward_o corollary_n and_o because_o that_o many_o of_o the_o climate_n be_v so_o take_v that_o the_o long_a day_n in_o the_o final_a parallel_n of_o the_o climate_n exceed_v the_o long_a day_n of_o the_o begin_n at_o the_o climate_n by_o half_a a_o hour_n it_o follow_v from_o this_o proposition_n that_o the_o climate_n more_o remote_a from_o the_o aequator_fw-la be_v less_o broad_a or_o more_o narrow_a than_o these_o more_o near_o the_o aequator_fw-la and_o therefore_o the_o latitude_n and_o magnitude_n of_o the_o climate_n decrease_v towards_o the_o pole_n hence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v see_v that_o the_o climate_n at_o length_n will_v become_v very_o narrow_a towards_o the_o pole_n if_o that_o the_o same_o excess_n shall_v be_v keep_v viz._n the_o excess_n of_o half_a a_o hour_n so_o that_o geographer_n define_v the_o bound_n of_o the_o northern_a climate_n not_o by_o half_a a_o hour_n but_o first_o by_o whole_a hour_n and_o then_o by_o whole_a day_n proposition_n xi_o the_o number_n of_o the_o hour_n of_o the_o long_a day_n be_v give_v in_o any_o place_n or_o parallel_v of_o the_o earth_n to_o find_v the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n or_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n of_o this_o parallel_n and_o to_o exhibit_v the_o parallel_n itself_o in_o the_o globe_n or_o to_o exhibit_v those_o place_n where_o the_o long_a day_n be_v so_o great_a cancer_n for_o the_o find_v the_o latitude_n of_o a_o place_n etc._n etc._n the_o long_a day_n in_o all_o northern_a place_n be_v when_o the_o sun_n be_v in_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o cancer_n let_v the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n of_o the_o long_a day_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o meridian_n let_v the_o index_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o 12_o hour_n of_o the_o horary_a cycle_n let_v the_o globe_n be_v turn_v until_o the_o index_n show_v that_o hour_n of_o the_o cycle_n from_o which_o the_o give_a number_n of_o the_o long_a day_n be_v denominate_v and_o then_o let_v the_o point_n of_o the_o tropic_a in_o the_o meridian_n be_v note_v then_o let_v the_o first_o degree_n of_o cancer_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o oriental_a horizon_n and_o the_o meridian_n in_o the_o crena_n be_v so_o move_v to_o the_o pole_n elevate_v or_o depress_v until_o the_o other_o note_a point_n of_o the_o tropic_a be_v in_o the_o occidental_a horizon_n but_o so_o that_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o cancer_n be_v yet_o in_o the_o east_n which_o be_v do_v number_n the_o degree_n of_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n for_o that_o be_v the_o seek_v for_o elevation_n or_o latitude_n of_o the_o parallel_n which_o you_o shall_v find_v in_o the_o very_a globe_n itself_o if_o you_o number_v so_o many_o degree_n in_o the_o meridian_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la towards_o the_o pole_n and_o a_o chalk_n be_v apply_v you_o may_v turn_v round_o the_o globe_n to_o the_o term_n of_o the_o numeration_n for_o the_o describe_v parallel_n be_v that_o which_o be_v seek_v the_o probation_n of_o the_o method_n be_v easy_a proposition_n xii_o the_o number_n of_o some_o day_n be_v give_v to_o find_v out_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n or_o parallel_n and_o to_o exhibit_v the_o place_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n on_o the_o earth_n when_o the_o sun_n for_o so_o many_o day_n set_v not_o and_o for_o so_o many_o more_o arise_v not_o place_n further_n concern_v the_o latitude_n of_o place_n let_v the_o number_n of_o the_o day_n be_v divide_v in_o half_a and_o let_v so_o many_o degree_n be_v number_v in_o the_o ecliptic_a from_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o cancer_n as_o that_o divide_a or_o half_a number_n be_v or_o as_o many_o unite_v as_o this_o have_v the_o numeration_n may_v be_v make_v from_o both_o part_n of_o this_o begin_n let_v the_o term_n be_v be_v note_v with_o chalk_n if_o the_o day_n be_v more_o than_o thirty_o the_o number_n of_o the_o degree_n must_v be_v take_v lesser_a than_o a_o unite_n then_o let_v this_o note_a point_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o meridian_n and_o let_v the_o degree_n interrupt_v between_o that_o and_o the_o pole_n be_v number_v for_o these_o be_v the_o seek_v for_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n or_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n wherein_o so_o many_o day_n as_o be_v give_v the_o sun_n set_v not_o and_o in_o so_o many_o day_n rise_v not_o you_o shall_v find_v the_o very_a place_n and_o parallel_n in_o the_o globe_n if_o that_o you_o number_v the_o find_v out_o latitude_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la towards_o the_o pole_n in_o the_o meridian_n and_o design_v the_o parallel_n by_o chaulk_n apply_v to_o the_o term._n for_o this_o be_v that_o seek_v for_o and_o it_o contain_v all_o the_o place_n seek_v for_o for_o the_o demonstration_n of_o this_o solution_n let_v the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v for_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n find_v out_o and_o it_o will_v be_v manifest_a that_o the_o note_a degree_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a about_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o cancer_n set_v not_o beneath_o the_o horizon_n but_o remain_v above_o it_o the_o sun_n therefore_o pass_v over_o these_o point_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a set_v not_o now_o he_o pass_v through_o these_o point_n in_o so_o many_o day_n as_o be_v give_v as_o be_v apparent_a by_o the_o connstruction_n after_o the_o same_o manner_n we_o shall_v show_v the_o truth_n of_o this_o solution_n concern_v the_o day_n in_o which_o the_o sun_n do_v not_o arise_v at_o all_o in_o the_o place_n parallel_n find_v corollary_n it_o be_v easy_a therefore_o to_o find_v the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n of_o those_o place_n or_o climate_n which_o lie_v in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n where_o the_o long_a day_n increase_v not_o by_o hour_n but_o by_o a_o number_n of_o whole_a day_n proposition_n xiii_o to_o frame_v or_o compose_v a_o table_n of_o the_o climate_n climate_n of_o the_o make_n a_o table_n of_o the_o climate_n this_o be_v call_v a_o table_n of_o climate_n in_o which_o at_o the_o beginning_n middle_a and_o end_n of_o every_o climate_n the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n or_o là titude_n of_o the_o parallel_n and_o the_o very_a quantity_n of_o the_o long_a day_n be_v find_v note_v as_o also_o the_o interval_n of_o the_o climate_n or_o distance_n of_o the_o parallel_n the_o construction_n be_v easy_a for_o from_o the_o order_n of_o the_o climate_n the_o quantity_n for_o the_o long_a day_n for_o the_o beginning_n middle_a or_o end_n of_o every_o climate_n be_v find_v by_o add_v ¼_n of_o a_o hour_n to_o twelve_o hour_n by_o a_o continual_a succession_n then_o from_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o long_a day_n of_o every_o parallel_n be_v find_v out_o the_o elevation_n or_o latitude_n of_o the_o pole_n of_o every_o one_o of_o they_o according_a to_o the_o xi_o proposition_n last_o you_o have_v the_o interval_n or_o latitude_n of_o the_o climate_n if_o you_o take_v the_o latitude_n of_o the_o beginning_n parallel_n from_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o end_a parallel_n all_o these_o be_v note_v in_o the_o table_n we_o shall_v have_v a_o table_n of_o the_o climate_n which_o i_o have_v hereunto_o annex_v a_o table_n of_o the_o climate_n and_o parallel_n climate_n
the_o brazilian_o in_o the_o month_n of_o october_n and_o february_n and_o strike_v the_o earth_n with_o reflex_n ray_n at_o most_o acute_a angle_n which_o diversity_n of_o these_o region_n promise_v the_o inhabitant_n perpetual_a health_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o often_o calm_v and_o the_o air_n quell_v all_o noxious_a heat_n hence_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o dollect_v that_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n do_v not_o so_o much_o depend_v immediate_o on_o the_o sun_n and_o his_o motion_n as_o on_o the_o species_n of_o the_o wind_n the_o diversity_n of_o aspect_n of_o the_o star_n the_o quality_n and_o peculiar_a situation_n of_o the_o region_n moreover_o in_o these_o mediterranean_a region_n towards_o the_o west_n the_o night_n be_v more_o cold_a than_o in_o the_o maritime_a so_o much_o some_o time_n that_o the_o frost_n seize_v on_o the_o very_a hair_n of_o the_o people_n in_o the_o same_o month_n from_o the_o east_n about_o the_o ocean_n be_v summer_n and_o siccity_n brazilia_n no_o 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heaven_n about_o evening_n be_v bright_a with_o lightning_n without_o thunder_n in_o the_o most_o dry_a and_o serene_a season_n the_o drop_n of_o rain_n be_v very_o great_a and_o fall_v with_o great_a violence_n which_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v precede_v by_o a_o suffocative_a warmness_n the_o dew_n here_o be_v more_o fruitful_a than_o that_o of_o europe_n be_v impregnate_v with_o much_o winter_n and_o therefore_o be_v more_o penetrate_a and_o thin_a especial_o in_o summer_n which_o be_v manifest_a in_o all_o metal_n and_o in_o iron_n especial_o which_o it_o easy_o eat_v up_o without_o the_o assistance_n of_o any_o cloud_n the_o meadow_n and_o open_a field_n do_v less_o wax_v green_a in_o the_o summer_n but_o more_o especial_o in_o the_o pluvial_a month_n although_o the_o earth_n then_o seem_v somewhat_o more_o sad_a to_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o the_o place_n unfit_a for_o tillage_n afford_v pasture_n piso_n see_v piso_n all_o the_o land_n of_o brazilia_n arise_v into_o moderate_a and_o pleasant_a hill_n there_o be_v no_o mountain_n of_o any_o great_a height_n in_o the_o coast_n but_o yet_o some_o be_v discover_v afar_o off_o in_o the_o solitude_n among_o the_o barren_a hill_n yet_o not_o every_o where_n but_o with_o some_o interval_n of_o miles_n the_o valley_n be_v interpose_v every_o one_o irrigate_v with_o some_o small_a river_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n be_v not_o only_o fertile_a in_o the_o pluvial_a month_n but_o also_o in_o those_o of_o the_o summer_n the_o hill_n in_o the_o summer_n month_n be_v sterile_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n so_o that_o they_o wither_v and_o grass_n do_v not_o only_o die_v on_o they_o but_o sometime_o the_o tree_n also_o it_o very_o seldom_o rain_v throughout_o the_o whole_a day_n and_o night_n and_o for_o some_o continual_a day_n very_o seldom_o without_o intermission_n the_o pluvial_a month_n do_v a_o little_a differ_v in_o the_o year_n 1640._o as_o mariner_n have_v observe_v there_o be_v 7_o pluvial_a month_n viz_o february_n march_n april_n may_n june_n july_n and_o august_n but_o most_o and_o almost_o continual_o from_o april_n may_n and_o june_n in_o the_o year_n 1642._o the_o most_o pluvial_a month_n six_o viz._n march_n april_n may_n june_n july_n and_o august_n but_o the_o account_n of_o the_o other_o year_n be_v not_o much_o different_a now_o these_o observation_n be_v to_o be_v take_v only_o for_o one_o place_n and_o not_o for_o all_o the_o place_n in_o brazilia_n hence_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o summer_n and_o winter_n of_o brazilia_n answer_v to_o the_o celestial_a account_n see_v that_o in_o the_o great_a distance_n of_o the_o sun_n they_o have_v rain_n and_o in_o the_o least_o and_o moderate_a towards_o the_o south_n they_o have_v heat_n yet_o there_o be_v not_o a_o few_o irregularity_n the_o cause_n of_o which_o be_v to_o be_v seek_v from_o the_o situation_n of_o the_o wind_n and_o earth_n october_n the_o six_o rainy_a month_n be_v may_n june_n july_n august_n september_n and_o october_n 18._o this_o be_v enough_o for_o the_o southern_a america_n in_o the_o northern_a it_o be_v otherwise_o for_o in_o the_o province_n of_o nicaragua_n it_o rain_v for_o six_o month_n and_o the_o other_o six_o month_n it_o be_v summer_n and_o dry_a weather_n so_o that_o passenger_n may_v travel_v in_o the_o night_n this_o now_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o celestial_a course_n for_o in_o the_o wet_a month_n for_o in_o may_n june_n and_o so_o on_o to_o november_n the_o sun_n be_v vertical_a or_o near_o the_o vertex_fw-la unto_o these_o place_n so_o that_o then_o they_o shall_v have_v summer_n and_o siccity_n and_o not_o rain_v in_o november_n and_o december_n it_o be_v very_o distant_a therefore_o they_o shall_v there_o have_v rain_n thus_o have_v we_o declare_v the_o season_n of_o the_o chief_a place_n of_o the_o whole_a torrid_a zone_n from_o which_o be_v compare_v one_o with_o another_o we_o collect_v 1._o that_o in_o some_o place_n the_o cold_a be_v scarce_o sensible_a in_o some_o part_n of_o the_o year_n and_o therefore_o the_o winter_n be_v rather_o to_o be_v define_v by_o the_o rain_n than_o by_o cold_a in_o those_o place_n 2._o in_o some_o place_n the_o cold_a be_v sufficient_o sensible_a 3._o in_o the_o night_n time_n especial_o in_o the_o last_o quarter_n the_o air_n be_v discover_v to_o be_v very_o cold_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o depression_n of_o the_o sun_n beneath_o the_o horizon_n 4._o that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o least_o cause_n of_o the_o tolerable_a heat_n and_o that_o those_o region_n be_v inhabit_v viz._n that_o no_o day_n be_v there_o long_o but_o almost_o equal_a to_o the_o night_n for_o if_o the_o day_n be_v as_o long_o there_o the_o sun_n remain_v above_o the_o horizon_n as_o in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o temperate_a and_o frigid_a zone_n then_o doubtless_o they_o will_v be_v uninhabited_a 5._o that_o the_o wind_n do_v much_o diminish_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n 6._o that_o place_n which_o lie_v in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o climate_n have_v the_o summer_n and_o winter_n in_o divers_a time_n although_o they_o be_v very_o near_o to_o one_o another_o 7._o that_o those_o place_n which_o have_v siccity_n and_o humidity_n contrary_a to_o the_o access_n and_o recess_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v so_o situate_v that_o on_o the_o east_n they_o have_v ridge_n of_o mountain_n and_o that_o they_o regard_v the_o west_n peru_n except_v 8._o that_o the_o season_n observe_v no_o certain_a rule_n in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n 9_o that_o although_o most_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n divide_v the_o year_n into_o two_o season_n which_o be_v likewise_o observe_v by_o many_o writer_n to_o wit_n a_o pluvial_a and_o dry_a season_n yet_o it_o may_v apt_o be_v divide_v into_o four_o so_o that_o they_o may_v not_o only_o have_v a_o summer_n and_o a_o winter_n but_o also_o a_o spring_n and_o a_o autumn_n for_o as_o in_o our_o part_n the_o spring_n approach_v near_o the_o nature_n of_o summer_n and_o the_o autumn_n of_o winter_n so_o also_o the_o dry_a place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n may_v be_v divide_v 10._o and_o last_o in_o some_o place_n there_o be_v a_o continual_a harvest_n in_o some_o only_o in_o two_o part_n of_o the_o year_n and_o in_o other_o only_o in_o one_o part_n of_o the_o year_n proposition_n xii_o to_o show_v how_o the_o four_o season_n of_o the_o year_n be_v make_v etc._n etc._n in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o temperate_a zone_n zone_n of_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n in_o place_n lie_v in_o the_o temperate_a zone_n 1._o in_o these_o place_n that_o cause_n which_o we_o have_v place_v in_o the_o first_o place_n among_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o season_n in_o the_o first_o proposition_n of_o this_o chapter_n be_v so_o potent_a in_o respect_n of_o the_o other_o cause_n that_o that_o
that_o day_n let_v the_o place_n be_v find_v in_o which_o the_o sun_n become_v vertical_a on_o the_o day_n of_o the_o year_n give_v according_a to_o the_o 9th_o proposition_n in_o the_o 24_o chapter_n these_o shall_v be_v the_o place_n seek_v proposition_n viii_o a_o place_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n be_v give_v to_o find_v the_o day_n of_o the_o year_n in_o which_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o it_o be_v periscii_n let_v the_o day_n of_o the_o year_n be_v find_v in_o which_o the_o sun_n set_v not_o in_o the_o give_v place_n according_a to_o the_o 10_o proposition_n of_o the_o 24_o chapter_n they_o be_v the_o day_n seek_v proposition_n ix_o the_o day_n of_o the_o year_n be_v give_v to_o find_v out_o the_o place_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o which_o be_v periscii_n that_o day_n so_o that_o this_o day_n be_v the_o first_o day_n let_v those_o place_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n be_v find_v in_o which_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o day_n give_v do_v not_o first_o begin_v to_o set_v they_o shall_v be_v the_o place_n seek_v for_o proposition_n x._o in_o place_n situate_v in_o the_o aequator_fw-la the_o meridian_n shadow_n fall_v half_o the_o year_n towards_o the_o north_n the_o other_o half_o towards_o the_o south_n and_o in_o the_o day_n of_o the_o equinox_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v amphiscii_n for_o because_o the_o sun_n in_o one_o half_a of_o the_o year_n recede_v from_o the_o aequator_fw-la towards_o the_o south_n the_o other_o half_o towards_o the_o north_n the_o shadow_n be_v carry_v to_o the_o quarter_n opposite_a to_o the_o quarter_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o in_o one_o half_a year_n the_o meridian_n shadow_n be_v carry_v to_o the_o north_n and_o the_o other_o half_a to_o the_o south_n proposition_n xi_o to_o place_v a_o plain_a above_o the_o horizontal_n plain_n of_o our_o place_n in_o which_o the_o erect_a style_n perpendicular_a may_v be_v the_o amphiscii_n for_o some_o day_n of_o the_o year_n on_o some_o day_n of_o the_o year_n the_o meridian_n shadow_n may_v be_v carry_v to_o the_o north_n on_o other_o to_o the_o south_n that_o be_v in_o which_o the_o meridian_n shadow_n may_v be_v so_o cast_v as_o in_o some_o give_a place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n let_v the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n give_v of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v take_v from_o the_o latitude_n of_o our_o place_n if_o the_o latitude_n be_v cognominal_a but_o if_o they_o be_v of_o a_o diverse_a species_n let_v both_o the_o latitude_n be_v add_v and_o the_o remain_a degree_n keep_v then_o in_o the_o horizontal_n plain_a the_o meridian_n line_n be_v find_v and_o also_o the_o line_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la which_o be_v perpendicular_a to_o the_o meridian_n line_n let_v some_o plain_n be_v erect_v above_o the_o line_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la that_o it_o may_v incline_v above_o the_o horizon_n so_o many_o degree_n as_o be_v keep_v before_o the_o style_n or_o pin_n erect_v in_o this_o plain_n shall_v cast_v such_o shadow_n as_o if_o they_o be_v erect_v in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n proposition_n xii_o in_o the_o place_n seat_v in_o the_o aequator_fw-la the_o shadow_n of_o the_o style_n perpendicular_o erect_v in_o the_o whole_a day_n of_o the_o aequinox_n remain_v in_o one_o right_a line_n whether_o before_o noon_n â—t_z be_v continual_o cast_v into_o one_o quarter_n of_o the_o west_n or_o after_o noon_n into_o a_o quarter_n of_o the_o east_n now_o in_o the_o other_o day_n of_o the_o year_n the_o shadow_n be_v carry_v round_o into_o the_o semicircle_n aequator_fw-la of_o place_n seat_v without_o the_o aequator_fw-la in_o place_n situate_v without_o the_o aequator_fw-la in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n whilst_o the_o sun_n be_v move_v in_o part_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a which_o lie_v between_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o any_o place_n and_o the_o vicine_fw-la tropic_n the_o shadow_n wander_v through_o the_o lesser_a part_n of_o the_o subject_a superficies_n in_o a_o semicircle_n in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o temperate_a zone_n whilst_o the_o sun_n be_v move_v in_o a_o more_o remote_a circle_n from_o those_o or_o the_o zodiac_n the_o shadow_n steal_v by_o the_o lesser_a superficies_n in_o a_o semicircle_n and_o the_o greaten_v whilst_o the_o sun_n run_v through_o the_o near_a semicircle_n of_o the_o zodiac_n in_o the_o day_n of_o the_o aequinox_n the_o shadow_n of_o a_o erect_a style_n be_v carry_v round_o in_o a_o semicircle_n in_o all_o the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n except_o the_o aequator_fw-la and_o the_o pole_n these_o be_v all_o render_v perspicuous_a partly_o from_o the_o sight_n of_o the_o globe_n and_o partly_o from_o the_o declination_n of_o the_o diagram_n proposition_n xiii_o in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n whilst_o the_o sun_n be_v in_o the_o arch_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a between_o the_o vicine_fw-la tropic_n and_o the_o parallel_n of_o the_o place_n in_o those_o day_n the_o shadow_n of_o the_o erect_a style_n twice_o return_v back_o and_o go_v over_o the_o line_n leave_v behind_o viz._n once_o before_o noon_n and_o once_o after_o noon_n the_o sun_n also_o in_o these_o day_n will_v seem_v to_o inflect_v his_o course_n zone_n of_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n take_v any_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n in_o the_o globe_n and_o let_v the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v according_a to_o his_o latitude_n and_o let_v the_o parallel_n of_o the_o place_n be_v describe_v which_o shall_v cut_v the_o ecliptic_a in_o two_o point_n i_o say_v that_o whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v in_o the_o intercept_a arch_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a between_o this_o parallel_n and_o the_o vicine_fw-la tropic_n in_o those_o day_n the_o sun_n will_v seem_v to_o be_v twice_o retrograde_a and_o go_v over_o the_o line_n leave_v behind_o let_v any_o of_o the_o point_n of_o that_o arch_n be_v take_v and_o let_v the_o parallel_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v describe_v viz._n which_o the_o sun_n be_v in_o that_o point_n describe_v by_o diurnal_a circumvolution_n for_o example_n take_v the_o first_o degree_n of_o cancer_n or_o capricorn_n and_o another_o of_o their_o tropic_n for_o so_o there_o will_v be_v no_o need_n of_o the_o description_n of_o a_o parallel_n until_o it_o come_v to_o the_o point_n in_o which_o the_o quadrant_n touch_v the_o parallel_n the_o sun_n be_v in_o this_o seat_n or_o in_o this_o quarter_n will_v seem_v to_o bend_v his_o course_n towards_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o the_o place_n and_o the_o shadow_n shall_v begin_v to_o be_v retrograde_a from_o the_o line_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la towards_o the_o meridian_n line_n after_o the_o same_o manner_n if_o that_o you_o apply_v the_o quadrant_n to_o the_o occidental_a part_n of_o the_o parallel_n you_o shall_v see_v in_o that_o point_n in_o which_o the_o quadrant_n touch_v the_o parallel_n that_o the_o sun_n go_v to_o the_o quarter_n he_o have_v leave_v and_o set_v in_o that_o quarter_n in_o which_o some_o hour_n before_o he_o be_v corollary_n therefore_o it_o be_v not_o against_o nature_n that_o the_o shadow_n shall_v go_v back_o on_o sun-dials_n but_o than_o it_o be_v miraculous_a if_o that_o it_o be_v do_v sudden_o in_o a_o note_a space_n also_o if_o it_o repeat_v the_o lineary_a hour_n viz._n if_o that_o the_o style_n be_v not_o perpendicular_a but_o parallel_n to_o the_o mundane_a axletree_n yea_o although_o it_o be_v perpendicular_a yet_o do_v not_o the_o line_n of_o the_o shadow_n itself_o show_v the_o hour_n but_o the_o line_n of_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o axis_n of_o the_o world_n part_n of_o which_o be_v conceal_v in_o the_o mind_n on_o the_o dial_n if_o that_o it_o be_v want_v proposition_n fourteen_o a_o place_n be_v give_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o one_o day_n of_o those_o in_o which_o the_o sun_n seem_v to_o bend_v his_o course_n and_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o style_n seem_v to_o go_v back_o to_o find_v the_o quarter_n in_o which_o the_o sun_n then_o shall_v be_v and_o the_o hour_n when_o it_o shall_v be_v let_v the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v for_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n give_v and_o let_v the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v find_v at_o the_o give_v day_n and_o let_v it_o be_v note_v in_o the_o ecliptic_a and_o let_v the_o parallel_n be_v describe_v with_o chalk_n which_o the_o sun_n be_v in_o that_o point_n describe_v let_v the_o quadrant_n be_v apply_v to_o the_o vertex_fw-la and_o so_o turn_v about_o until_o it_o touch_v the_o describe_v parallel_n so_o the_o extremity_n of_o the_o quadrant_n in_o the_o horizon_n shall_v show_v the_o place_n seek_v for_o now_o that_o the_o hour_n may_v be_v find_v let_v that_o point_n of_o the_o parallel_n be_v note_v in_o which_o the_o contact_n be_v make_v let_v the_o index_n be_v place_v at_o the_o twelve_o
those_o under_o the_o seven_o which_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o moon_n pass_v through_o germany_n the_o low_a country_n and_o england_n which_o say_v planet_n have_v their_o operation_n or_o influence_n on_o the_o inhabitant_n dwell_v under_o each_o of_o the_o say_a clime_n so_o that_o although_o the_o glorious_a and_o eternal_a luminary_n of_o heaven_n have_v a_o efficacious_a operation_n yet_o notwithstanding_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o earth_n have_v a_o far_o great_a prevalency_n see_v that_o through_o the_o various_a situation_n of_o hill_n and_o valley_n we_o experimental_o find_v more_o great_a and_o different_a effect_n of_o the_o celestial_a ray_n which_o be_v also_o contemporate_v by_o the_o river_n and_o lake_n this_o can_v be_v deny_v by_o no_o man_n that_o nature_n be_v admirable_a in_o her_o work_n sometime_o as_o it_o be_v on_o set_v purpose_n delude_v the_o curiosity_n of_o humane_a wisdom_n by_o recede_v from_o the_o ordinary_a law_n of_o cause_n who_o can_v render_v a_o sufficient_a reason_n of_o that_o which_o be_v testify_v by_o mariner_n concern_v the_o region_n of_o maliapur_n in_o which_o be_v seat_v calicut_n a_o exceed_o high_a mountain_n top_v the_o cloud_n divide_v this_o province_n throughout_o and_o end_v in_o a_o promontory_n which_o be_v now_o call_v comorium_n which_o although_o it_o have_v the_o same_o altitude_n of_o the_o pole_n yet_o when_o the_o winter_n rage_v and_o the_o water_n swell_v on_o the_o one_o side_n on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o field_n and_o town_n be_v scorch_a with_o excessive_a heat_n and_o the_o sea_n calm_a wherefore_o this_o diversity_n which_o be_v discover_v in_o the_o climate_n the_o situation_n of_o province_n contemporation_n of_o the_o air_n and_o element_n do_v various_o discriminate_a the_o constitution_n of_o man_n and_o those_o constitution_n their_o nature_n for_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o mind_n follow_v the_o temperament_n and_o disposition_n of_o the_o body_n the_o septentrional_a or_o northern_a people_n be_v remote_a from_o the_o sun_n and_o by_o consequence_n inhabit_v in_o cold_a country_n be_v sanguine_a robu_v full_a of_o valour_n and_o animosity_n hence_o they_o have_v always_o be_v victorious_a and_o predominant_a over_o the_o meridional_a or_o southern_a nation_n as_o the_o assyrian_n over_o the_o chaldean_n the_o mede_n over_o the_o assyrian_n the_o parthian_n over_o the_o grecian_n the_o turk_n over_o the_o arabian_n the_o goths_z over_o the_o german_n the_o romans_z over_o the_o african_n and_o the_o english_a over_o the_o french_z they_o love_v freedom_n and_o liberty_n as_o those_o also_o do_v which_o be_v mountaineer_n as_o the_o helvetian_o grison_n and_o cantabrians_n the_o nation_n proximate_v to_o the_o sun_n have_v their_o blood_n whole_o exsiccate_v by_o immoderate_a heat_n hence_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o those_o place_n be_v melancholy_a and_o profound_a in_o the_o penetrate_a of_o the_o secret_n of_o nature_n for_o all_o the_o northern_a nation_n receive_v the_o mystery_n of_o the_o science_n from_o the_o egyptian_n and_o arabian_n the_o province_n which_o be_v immediate_o between_o both_o torrid_a zone_n enjoy_v a_o a_o benign_a heaven_n so_o that_o they_o flourish_n in_o religion_n justice_n and_o prudence_n the_o mutation_n of_o government_n the_o transmigration_n and_o emission_n of_o colony_n converse_n matrimony_n war_n and_o peace_n also_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o celestial_a sphere_n which_o drive_v from_o the_o pole_n and_o the_o zodiac_n of_o the_o primum_fw-la mobile_n the_o heavenly_a image_n on_o these_o inferior_a body_n do_v change_n and_o alter_v the_o habit_n manner_n and_o also_o nature_n itself_o if_o we_o have_v recourse_n unto_o history_n we_o shall_v find_v the_o german_n note_v of_o old_a for_o lofty_a mind_n and_o the_o italian_n on_o the_o contrary_a too_o abject_a and_o low_a which_o difference_n now_o can_v be_v discern_v nation_n have_v sway_v and_o be_v predominate_a by_o turn_n and_o as_o long_o as_o the_o monarchy_n have_v have_v duration_n among_o they_o virtue_n have_v flourish_v art_n and_o arm_n have_v go_v hand_n in_o hand_n which_o afterward_o with_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o empire_n have_v be_v smother_v in_o its_o ash_n and_o receive_v vivification_n in_o another_o place_n yet_o notwithstanding_o these_o obstacle_n every_o nation_n have_v certain_a propension_n and_o fix_a affection_n appropriate_v to_o every_o one_o which_o will_v adhere_v to_o foreigner_n if_o that_o they_o long_o remain_v among_o they_o the_o intelligent_a reader_n who_o desire_v a_o knowledge_n in_o these_o and_o other_o particular_n with_o a_o throughout_o prospect_n of_o the_o utility_n of_o cosmography_n and_o geography_n may_v consult_v the_o work_n itself_o richard_z blome_n the_o content_n of_o the_o section_n and_o chapter_n general_z geography_n which_o may_v be_v divide_v into_o iii_o part_n 1._o the_o absolute_a part_n divide_v into_o five_o section_n the_o first_o section_n of_o thing_n to_o be_v foreknow_v chap._n 1._o of_o the_o precognita_n pag._n 1_o ch._n 2._o thing_n necessary_a to_o geometry_n and_o trigonometry_n p._n 6_o the_o second_o section_n explain_v the_o affection_n of_o the_o whole_a earth_n chap._n 3._o of_o the_o figure_n of_o the_o earth_n p._n 11_o chap._n 4._o of_o the_o dimension_n and_o magnitude_n of_o the_o same_o 15_o chap._n 5._o of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o same_o p._n 23_o chap._n 6._o of_o its_o place_n in_o the_o system_fw-la of_o the_o world_n p._n 27_o chap._n 7._o of_o its_o substance_n and_o constitution_n p._n 30_o the_o three_o section_n in_o which_o the_o constitution_n and_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v explain_v chap._n 8._o of_o the_o division_n of_o the_o earth_n by_o water_n p._n 35_o chap._n 9_o of_o mountain_n in_o general_a p._n 40_o chap._n 10._o of_o the_o difference_n of_o mountain_n p._n 46_o chap._n 11._o of_o wood_n desert_n and_o mine_n p._n 54_o the_o four_o section_n of_o hydrography_n in_o which_o the_o water_n and_o their_o property_n be_v explain_v chap._n 12._o of_o the_o division_n of_o the_o ocean_n throughout_o the_o earth_n p._n 57_o chap._n 13._o of_o the_o ocean_n and_o its_o part_n p._n 65_o chap._n 14._o of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n especial_o of_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n p._n 83_o chap._n 15._o of_o lake_n pool_n and_o marsh_n p._n 102_o chap._n 16._o of_o river_n p._n 108_o chap._n 17._o of_o mineral_n water_n bath_n spaw_n etc._n etc._n p._n 130_o chap._n 18._o of_o the_o mutation_n of_o dry_a place_n into_o watery_a and_o the_o contrary_a p._n 142_o the_o five_o section_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n and_o wind_n chap._n 19_o of_o the_o atmosphere_n and_o air_n p._n 154_o chap._n 20._o of_o the_o wind_n in_o general_a p._n 179_o chap._n 21._o of_o the_o difference_n of_o wind_n and_o of_o they_o in_o particular_a p._n 187_o 2._o the_o respective_a part_n explain_v the_o celestial_a affection_n chap._n 22._o of_o the_o celestial_a affection_n in_o general_a p._n 2â—3_n ch._n 23._o of_o the_o latitude_n of_o a_o place_n and_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n p._n 207_o chap._n 24._o of_o the_o division_n of_o the_o earth_n into_o zone_n p._n 213_o chap._n 25._o of_o the_o longitude_n of_o the_o day_n and_o division_n of_o the_o earth_n into_o climate_n p._n 220_o chap._n 26._o of_o the_o light_n heatt_z cold_a rains_n with_o other_o property_n of_o the_o zone_n according_a to_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n p._n 231_o chap._n 27._o of_o shadow_n and_o the_o division_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o shadow_n p._n 259_o chap._n 28._o of_o the_o comparation_n of_o the_o celestial_a affection_n in_o divers_a place_n where_o be_v treat_v concern_v the_o antoeci_n perioeci_n and_o antipode_n p._n 269_o chap._n 29._o of_o the_o diversity_n of_o time_n in_o divers_a place_n p._n 275_o chap._n 30._o of_o the_o divers_a rise_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o moon_n and_o of_o the_o other_o appearance_n p._n 280_o 3._o the_o comparative_a part_n consider_v the_o affection_n which_o do_v arise_v from_o the_o compare_v of_o one_o place_n to_o another_o chap._n 31._o of_o the_o longitude_n of_o place_n p._n 291_o chap._n 32._o of_o the_o situation_n of_o place_n one_o to_o another_o p._n 309_o chap._n 33._o of_o the_o mutual_a distance_n of_o place_n p._n 335_o chap._n 34._o of_o the_o visible_a horizon_n p._n 342_o chap._n 35._o of_o the_o art_n of_o navigation_n in_o general_n and_o of_o the_o building_n of_o ship_n p._n 344_o chap._n 36._o of_o the_o lade_n or_o ballace_v of_o ship_n p._n 345_o chap._n 37._o of_o the_o directory_n of_o the_o nautick_a art_n in_o the_o first_o part_n the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o distance_n p._n 347_o chap._n 38._o thâ—â—â—â—ond_a part_n the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o quarter_n p._n 348_o chap._n 39_o the_o three_o part_n of_o histiodromia_n or_o the_o course_n of_o a_o ship_n p._n 353_o chap._n 40._o the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o
place_n of_o a_o ship_n in_o a_o voyage_n p._n 361_o lib._n 1._o c._n 2._o a_o half_a english_a foot_n a_o half_a dutch_a and_o also_o a_o old_a roman_a half_a foot_n a_o half_a foot_n of_o paris_n in_o french_a and_o also_o a_o half_a greek_a foot_n a_o half_a foot_n of_o antwerp_n in_o handers_n a_o half_a egyptian_a foot_n from_o alexandria_n a_o half_a babylonian_a foot_n mention_v by_o historian_n a_o half_a foot_n of_o venice_n a_o half_a foot_n of_o toledo_n in_o spain_n a_o half_a foot_n of_o vienna_n in_o austria_n the_o proportion_n of_o diverse_a mile_n according_a to_o their_o compaired_a length_n lib._n 1._o c._n 2._o a_o indian_a mile_n a_o russian_a mile_n a_o mile_n of_o cambaja_n a_o english_a mile_n a_o french_a mile_n and_o almost_o a_o old_a arabian_a league_n a_o holland_n mile_n a_o spanish_a league_n a_o german_a mile_n a_o swedish_n mile_n the_o absolute_a or_o complete_a part_n of_o general_n geography_n book_n i._o sect_n i._o chap._n i._o concern_v the_o precognita_n or_o thing_n know_v before_o the_o handle_n of_o the_o art_n itself_o as_o the_o definition_n division_n object_n property_n principle_n order_n method_n original_a excellency_n and_o other_o affection_n of_o geography_n to_o be_v speak_v of_o by_o way_n of_o preface_n necessary_a a_o preface_n to_o a_o art_n very_o necessary_a the_o custom_n or_o fashion_n have_v for_o a_o long_a time_n prevail_v that_o they_o who_o complete_o treat_v of_o and_o handle_v any_o art_n or_o science_n do_v in_o the_o first_o place_n declare_v some_o thing_n touch_v the_o condition_n method_n constitution_n and_o other_o property_n of_o their_o doctrine_n neither_o do_v i_o think_v that_o this_o be_v do_v by_o they_o without_o reason_n so_o that_o it_o be_v perform_v without_o any_o sophistical_a encroachment_n see_v that_o by_o such_o like_a forehad_a instruction_n the_o reader_n understanding_n may_v beforehand_o conceive_v a_o certain_a idea_n or_o platform_n of_o the_o whole_a art_n or_o science_n to_o be_v afterward_o handle_v or_o at_o least_o may_v understand_v the_o argument_n or_o content_n thereof_o and_o withal_o may_v gather_v thereby_o how_o he_o ought_v to_o order_v himself_o in_o the_o study_v the_o same_o i_o therefore_o shall_v in_o this_o chapter_n deliver_v some_o few_o passage_n concern_v the_o same_o the_o definition_n of_o geography_n geography_n be_v call_v a_o mix_v mathematical_a science_n which_o teach_v the_o affection_n or_o quality_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o the_o part_n thereof_o depend_v of_o quantity_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o figure_n place_n magnitude_n and_o other_o like_a property_n geography_n by_o some_o but_o too_o strict_o be_v take_v for_o the_o only_a description_n and_o place_v the_o country_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o on_o the_o contrary_a by_o other_o it_o be_v extend_v but_o too_o large_o to_o the_o political_a description_n of_o every_o country_n but_o these_o man_n be_v easy_o excuse_v see_v they_o do_v it_o to_o retain_v and_o stir_v up_o the_o reader_n affection_n who_o otherwise_o by_o a_o bare_a account_n and_o naked_a description_n of_o those_o country_n will_v be_v make_v drowsy_a and_o heedless_a the_o division_n of_o geography_n we_o will_v divide_v geography_n into_o general_n and_o special_a or_o universal_a and_o particular_a general_n or_o universal_a geography_n be_v that_o which_o do_v general_o consider_v the_o earth_n and_o declare_v its_o property_n without_o any_o respect_n of_o particular_a country_n special_a or_o particular_a geography_n be_v that_o which_o teach_v the_o constitution_n and_o place_n of_o all_o single_a country_n or_o every_o country_n by_o itself_o and_o this_o particular_a geography_n be_v twofold_a part_n particular_a geography_n twofold_a chorographical_a and_o topographical_n general_n geography_n and_o its_o part_n to_o wit_n chorography_n and_o topography_n chorography_n propose_v the_o description_n of_o any_o country_n have_v at_o least_o a_o mean_a magnitude_n topography_n describe_v any_o little_a tract_n of_o land_n or_o place_n in_o this_o book_n we_o will_v present_v you_o with_o a_o general_n geography_n which_o we_o have_v distribute_v into_o three_o part_n to_o wit_n the_o absolute_a part_n the_o respective_a part_n and_o the_o comparative_a part_n in_o the_o absolute_a part_n we_o will_v consider_v the_o very_a body_n of_o the_o earth_n with_o its_o part_n and_o proper_a affection_n and_o quality_n as_o figure_n magnitude_n motion_n land_n sea_n river_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o respective_a part_n we_o will_v contemplate_v those_o property_n and_o accident_n which_o from_o celestial_a cause_n happen_v to_o the_o earth_n and_o last_o the_o comparative_a part_n shall_v contain_v a_o explication_n of_o those_o property_n which_o arise_v from_o the_o compare_v of_o divers_a place_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o object_n of_o geography_n the_o object_n of_o geography_n or_o subject_a about_o which_o it_o be_v employ_v be_v the_o earth_n but_o principal_o its_o superficies_n and_o part_n the_o property_n of_o geography_n those_o thing_n which_o deserve_v to_o be_v consider_v in_o every_o country_n seem_v to_o be_v of_o a_o triple_a kind_n to_o wit_n celestial_a terrestrial_a and_o human_a and_o therefore_o may_v be_v declare_v in_o the_o particular_a geography_n for_o every_o country_n with_o the_o profit_n of_o learner_n and_o reader_n geography_n the_o celestial_a property_n of_o geography_n i_o call_v those_o celestial_a property_n which_o depend_v on_o the_o apparent_a motion_n of_o the_o sun_n star_n and_o other_o planet_n and_o seem_v to_o be_v eight_o 1._o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n the_o distance_n of_o the_o place_n from_o the_o equator_fw-la and_o from_o the_o pole_n 2._o the_o obliquity_n or_o wriness_n of_o the_o daily_a motion_n of_o the_o star_n above_o the_o horizon_n of_o that_o place_n 3._o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o long_a and_o short_a day_n 4._o the_o climate_n and_o zone_n 5._o heatt_z and_o cold_a and_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n also_o rain_n snow_n wind_n and_o other_o meteor_n for_o although_o these_o thing_n may_v be_v refer_v to_o terrestrial_a property_n yet_o because_o they_o have_v a_o great_a affinity_n with_o the_o four_o season_n of_o the_o year_n and_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n therefore_o we_o have_v marshal_v they_o in_o the_o order_n and_o rank_n of_o celestial_n 6._o the_o rise_n of_o the_o star_n their_o appearance_n and_o continuance_n above_o the_o horizon_n 7._o the_o star_n pass_v through_o the_o vertical_a point_n of_o the_o place_n 8._o the_o quantity_n or_o swiftness_n of_o the_o motion_n wherewith_o according_a to_o copernicus_n his_o hypothesis_n each_o one_o be_v very_a hour_n wheel_v about_o according_a to_o astrologer_n a_o nine_o property_n may_v be_v add_v because_o they_o do_v appoint_v one_o of_o the_o twelve_o sign_n of_o the_o zodiac_n and_o the_o peculiar_a planet_n of_o that_o sign_n to_o rule_v and_o govern_v every_o country_n but_o this_o doctrine_n have_v ever_o seem_v to_o i_o frivolous_a neither_o can_v i_o perceive_v any_o ground_n for_o it_o nevertheless_o at_o the_o end_n of_o our_o special_a or_o particular_a geography_n we_o will_v reckon_v up_o this_o their_o distribution_n these_o may_v suffice_v for_o the_o celestial_a affection_n or_o property_n i_o call_v those_o terrestrial_a property_n which_o be_v consider_v in_o the_o place_n of_o every_o country_n itself_o of_o which_o i_o shall_v note_v ten._n 1._o the_o bound_n and_o circumference_n of_o the_o country_n 2_o it_o be_v figure_n 3_o it_o be_v magnitude_n 4_o its_o mountain_n 5_o its_o water_n as_o river_n spring_n bay_n of_o the_o sea_n 6_o the_o wood_n and_o desert_n 7_o the_o fruitfulness_n and_o barrenness_n as_o also_o the_o kind_n of_o fruit_n 8_o the_o mineral_n or_o thing_n dig_v out_o of_o the_o earth_n 9_o the_o live_a creature_n 10_o the_o longitude_n of_o the_o place_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v add_v to_o the_o first_o terrestrial_a property_n to_o wit_v the_o circumference_n geography_n the_o humane_a property_n of_o geography_n i_o make_v the_o three_o kind_n of_o property_n which_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v in_o every_o country_n to_o be_v humane_a which_o do_v depend_v of_o the_o man_n or_o native_n and_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o country_n of_o which_o humane_a property_n about_o ten_o also_o may_v be_v make_v 1._o the_o stature_n of_o the_o native_n as_o to_o their_o shape_n colour_n length_n of_o life_n original_a meat_n drink_v &_o c._n 2_o their_o traffic_v and_o art_n in_o which_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v employ_v 3_o their_o virtue_n vice_n learning_n wit_n &_o c._n 4_o their_o custom_n in_o marriage_n christen_n burial_n &_o c._n 5_o their_o speech_n and_o language_n 6_o their_o state-government_n 7_o their_o religion_n and_o church-government_n 8_o their_o city_n and_o most_o renown_a place_n 9_o their_o memorable_a history_n and10_n their_o famous_a man_n artifices_fw-la and_o invention_n of_o the_o native_n of_o all_o country_n
these_o be_v the_o three_o sort_n of_o property_n to_o be_v declare_v in_o special_a geography_n although_o those_o terrestrial_a property_n which_o make_v up_o the_o three_o rank_n be_v not_o so_o right_o refer_v to_o geography_n but_o we_o must_v yield_v somewhat_o to_o custom_n and_o the_o profit_n of_o learner_n we_o will_v beside_o these_o join_v many_o chapter_n to_o particular_a geography_n concern_v the_o practice_n of_o geography_n but_o in_o general_n geography_n which_o we_o will_v unfold_v in_o this_o book_n first_o the_o absolute_a property_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o its_o constitution_n be_v consider_v last_o in_o the_o comparative_a part_n those_o thing_n shall_v be_v propose_v which_o be_v offer_v unto_o we_o in_o the_o compare_v one_o place_n with_o another_o the_o principle_n of_o geography_n the_o principle_n which_o geography_n use_v for_o the_o confirm_v the_o truth_n of_o her_o proposition_n be_v threefold_a 1._o geometrical_a arithmetical_a and_o trigonometrical_a proposition_n 2._o astronomical_a precept_n and_o theorem_n although_o it_o may_v seem_v like_o a_o miracle_n for_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o which_o we_o dwell_v to_o use_v the_o celestial_a body_n which_o be_v so_o many_o thousand_o mile_n remote_a from_o we_o 3._o experience_n for_o indeed_o the_o great_a part_n of_o geography_n especial_o that_o which_o be_v particular_a be_v uphold_v by_o the_o only_a experience_n and_o observation_n of_o man_n who_o have_v describe_v every_o country_n the_o order_n of_o geography_n concern_v the_o order_n which_o i_o esteem_v sit_v to_o observe_v in_o this_o art_n of_o geography_n it_o have_v be_v already_o speak_v in_o the_o division_n and_o explication_n of_o the_o property_n thereof_o yet_o here_o meet_v we_o a_o certain_a difficulty_n concern_v the_o order_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o explication_n of_o these_o property_n forsooth_o whether_o to_o all_o country_n their_o own_o property_n be_v to_o be_v attribute_v or_o whether_o the_o country_n themselves_o be_v to_o be_v ascribe_v to_o the_o property_n general_o explicate_v aristotle_n in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o the_o history_n of_o live_v creature_n as_o also_o in_o his_o first_o book_n of_o the_o part_n of_o live_a creature_n move_v the_o like_a doubt_n and_o dispute_v it_o at_o large_a whether_o according_a to_o the_o single_a â—orts_n of_o live_a creature_n their_o property_n be_v single_o to_o be_v reckon_v up_o or_o else_o whether_o these_o property_n be_v general_o to_o be_v declare_v and_o the_o live_a creature_n in_o which_o the_o may_v be_v find_v be_v then_o to_o be_v subjoin_v the_o like_a difficulty_n occur_v also_o in_o other_o part_n of_o philosophy_n we_o in_o general_n geography_n have_v general_o unfold_v some_o property_n which_o in_o special_a geography_n we_o will_v apply_v to_o the_o application_n of_o single_a country_n the_o method_n of_o geography_n as_o touch_v the_o method_n and_o manner_n of_o prove_v the_o truth_n of_o geographical_a tenant_n very_o many_o be_v prove_v in_o general_a geography_n by_o demonstration_n proper_o so_o call_v especial_o celestial_a property_n but_o in_o special_a geography_n the_o celestial_a property_n only_o except_v which_o may_v be_v demonstrate_v be_v in_o a_o manner_n declare_v without_o demonstration_n because_o experience_n and_o observation_n do_v confirm_v they_o neither_o can_v they_o be_v prove_v by_o any_o other_o mean_n also_o very_a many_o proposition_n be_v prove_v or_o rather_o demonstrate_v by_o the_o terrestrial_a artificial_a globe_n and_o also_o by_o geographical_a map_n and_o some_o of_o these_o proposition_n which_o be_v thus_o explain_v upon_o the_o globe_n etc._n etc._n may_v be_v confirm_v by_o lawful_a demonstration_n again_o some_o proposition_n can_v in_o no_o wise_n be_v so_o prove_v but_o be_v therefore_o receive_v because_o we_o suppose_v that_o all_o place_n in_o the_o globe_n and_o map_n be_v so_o dispose_v even_o as_o they_o lie_v on_o the_o earth_n yet_o in_o these_o thing_n we_o will_v rather_o follow_v the_o description_n make_v by_o author_n of_o geography_n the_o globe_n and_o map_n serve_v for_o the_o clear_n and_o more_o easy_a comprehension_n thereof_o the_o original_a of_o geography_n the_o original_a of_o geography_n be_v not_o new_a nor_o bring_v into_o the_o world_n at_o one_o birth_n neither_o come_v she_o to_o we_o from_o one_o man_n but_o her_o principle_n and_o foundation_n be_v lay_v long_o ago_o yea_o many_o age_n since_o although_o ancient_a geographer_n be_v employ_v only_o in_o describe_v country_n which_o be_v the_o part_n of_o chorography_n and_o topography_n the_o roman_n be_v accustom_v when_o any_o country_n by_o they_o be_v subdue_v to_o show_v in_o their_o triumph_n the_o chorography_n thereof_o lively_o pencil_v and_o draw_v on_o a_o table_n and_o flourish_v with_o picture_n to_o the_o beholder_n there_o be_v beside_o at_o rome_n in_o lucullus_n his_o porch_n many_o table_n of_o geography_n expose_v to_o the_o view_n of_o all_o man_n the_o senate_n of_o rome_n about_o a_o hundred_o year_n before_o christ_n birth_n send_v surveyor_n and_o geographer_n into_o divers_a part_n of_o the_o world_n that_o they_o may_v measure_v out_o the_o earth_n but_o they_o come_v far_o short_a thereof_o neco_n king_n of_o the_o egyptian_n many_o age_n before_o the_o birth_n of_o christ_n command_v that_o the_o whole_a outer-side_n of_o africa_n shall_v be_v discover_v by_o the_o phoenician_n in_o three_o year_n space_n king_n darius_n command_v that_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n indus_n and_o the_o ethiopian_a eastern-sea_n shall_v be_v search_v out_o alexander_n the_o great_a in_o his_o voyage_n to_o asia_n take_v with_o he_o diognetus_n and_o beton_n as_o pliny_n note_v two_o surveyor_n and_o describer_n of_o his_o journey_n out_o of_o who_o annotation_n and_o journal_o geographer_n of_o succeed_a age_n take_v many_o thing_n imperfect_a ancient_a geography_n very_o imperfect_a but_o the_o geography_n of_o the_o ancient_n be_v very_o lame_a and_o imperfect_a for_o first_o they_o know_v not_o america_n in_o the_o least_o 2._o the_o northern-land_n 3._o the_o south-land_n and_o magellan_n be_v utter_o unknown_a to_o they_o 4._o they_o know_v not_o whether_o the_o earth_n may_v be_v sail_v about_o or_o the_o main_a ocean_n with_o a_o continual_a trace_n do_v encompass_v it_o but_o yet_o i_o deny_v not_o but_o that_o some_o of_o the_o ancient_n be_v of_o that_o opinion_n yet_o i_o utter_o deny_v they_o know_v it_o certain_o 5._o they_o know_v not_o whether_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v habitable_a 6._o they_o be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o true_a dimension_n of_o the_o earth_n although_o they_o write_v many_o thing_n in_o this_o business_n the_o excellency_n of_o geography_n first_o the_o study_n of_o geography_n be_v commend_v to_o we_o by_o the_o great_a worthiness_n thereof_o because_o it_o most_o of_o all_o become_v man_n be_v a_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o endue_v with_o reason_n above_o all_o live_a creature_n second_o it_o be_v also_o a_o pleasant_a thing_n and_o indeed_o a_o honest_a recreation_n to_o contemplate_v the_o kingdom_n and_o property_n of_o the_o earth_n three_o the_o commodity_n and_o necessity_n of_o it_o be_v notable_a insomuch_o as_o neither_o divine_n physician_n lawyer_n historian_n nor_o other_o professor_n can_v want_v the_o knowledge_n thereof_o but_o the_o excellency_n of_o geography_n have_v be_v sufficient_o handle_v i_o place_v hereunder_o a_o table_n which_o open_v the_o order_n in_o special_a geography_n to_o the_o observe_v the_o explication_n of_o single_a country_n special_a geography_n consider_v in_o every_o region_n ten_o terrestrial_a 1._o limit_n and_o circumscription_n 2._o longitude_n of_o place_n and_o situation_n 3._o figure_n 4._o magnitude_n 5._o mountain_n the_o appellation_n situation_n and_o altitude_n their_o property_n and_o thing_n contain_v in_o they_o 6._o mine_n 7._o wood_n and_o desert_n 8._o water_n the_o sea_n lakes_n marsh_n river_n their_o spring_n inlet_n tract_n and_o latitude_n the_o quantity_n of_o water_n the_o celerity_n the_o quantity_n the_o cataract_n 9_o fertility_n sterility_n and_o fruit_n 10._o the_o animal_n eight_o celestial_a 1._o the_o distance_n of_o place_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la and_o pole_n 2._o the_o obliquity_n of_o motion_n above_o the_o horizon_n 3._o the_o quantity_n of_o day_n 4._o the_o clime_n and_o zone_n 5._o the_o heat_n the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n the_o wind_n rain_n and_o other_o meteor_n 6._o the_o rise_n and_o stay_v of_o the_o star_n above_o the_o horizon_n 7._o the_o star_n pass_v through_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o the_o place_n 8._o the_o celerity_n or_o quantity_n of_o their_o motion_n according_a to_o the_o hypothesis_n of_o copernicus_n ten_o human_a thing_n 1._o the_o stature_n life_n meat_n and_o drink_n and_o the_o original_a of_o the_o inhabitant_n 2._o the_o income_n art_n merchandise_n or_o traffic_n 3._o virtue_n and_o vice_n the_o genius_n and_o erudition_n 4._o
aforesaid_a snellius_n make_v a_o hollandish_a mile_n to_o consist_v of_o 1500_o rhindlandish_a perch_n every_o perch_n be_v twelve_o foot_n long_o or_o to_o consist_v of_o 18000_o rhindlandish_a foot_n foot_n measure_n which_o arise_v from_o the_o division_n of_o a_o foot_n and_o these_o two_o measure_n to_o wit_n the_o perch_n and_o mile_n arise_v from_o the_o multiplication_n and_o aggregation_n of_o foot_n but_o the_o measure_n that_o arise_v from_o the_o division_n of_o a_o foot_n be_v a_o digit_fw-la or_o finger_n a_o palm_n or_o hand_n breadth_n and_o a_o grain_n a_o digit_fw-la be_v the_o twelve_o part_n of_o a_o foot_n a_o palm_n contain_v four_o digit_n and_o a_o grain_n be_v the_o four_o part_n of_o a_o digit_fw-la but_o these_o be_v seldom_o use_v it_o be_v better_a to_o divide_v a_o foot_n into_o ten_o digit_n and_o then_o a_o digit_fw-la into_o ten_o grain_n and_o these_o measure_n be_v sufficient_a for_o the_o use_n of_o geography_n but_o there_o be_v other_o measure_n hereunto_o to_o be_v add_v which_o i_o have_v note_v in_o the_o scheme_n to_o wit_n those_o of_o the_o ancient_n as_o egyptian_n greek_n roman_n persian_n etc._n etc._n also_o thosr_n of_o late_a time_n as_o of_o the_o turk_n polander_n german_n moscovian_o italian_n spaniard_n french_a english_a etc._n etc._n the_o grecian_a stadium_n or_o furlong_n be_v judge_v to_o be_v 600_o greek_a foot_n which_o make_v 625_o roman_n or_o rhindlandinsh_fw-mi foot_n a_o german_a mile_n of_o which_o geographer_n allow_v fifteen_o to_o one_o degree_n contain_v 14000_o â—_o 19_o foot_n it_o be_v esteem_v to_o be_v 4000_o pace_n that_o be_v 32_o stadia_n or_o furlong_n it_o be_v proportion_n to_o the_o rhindlandish_a mile_n be_v as_o 15_o to_o 19_o the_o italian_a or_o roman_a mile_n be_v a_o thousand_o pace_n or_o eight_o stadium_n a_o geometrical_a pace_n contain_v five_o foot_n a_o fathom_n be_v six_o foot_n which_o be_v report_v by_o some_o to_o have_v be_v the_o grecian_a pace_n a_o cubit_n be_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a parasange_n that_o be_v the_o persian_a mile_n be_v esteem_v to_o have_v contain_v 30_o stadium_n but_o it_o contain_v 3000_o persian_a pace_n schaenus_n the_o egyptian_a measure_n contain_v according_a to_o herodotus_n sixty_o stadium_n and_o according_a to_o pliny_n forty_o but_o peradventure_o the_o size_n thereof_o be_v divers_a according_a to_o the_o different_a place_n wherein_o it_o be_v use_v also_o either_o herodotus_n stadium_n differ_v from_o plinys_n or_o else_o their_o book_n be_v faulty_a the_o french_a league_n hold_v proportion_n to_o the_o rhindlandlish_n mile_n as_o 25_o to_o 19_o or_o else_o as_o 60_o to_o 19_o the_o spanish_a league_n hold_v proportion_n to_o the_o rhindlandish_a mile_n as_o 17_o ½_n to_o 19_o but_o because_o in_o divers_a place_n both_o of_o france_n and_o spain_n a_o different_a greatness_n of_o a_o league_n be_v observe_v therefore_o these_o thing_n be_v not_o altogether_o certain_a the_o english_a mile_n hold_v proportion_n to_o the_o rhindlandish_a mile_n as_o 55_o to_o 19_o or_o else_o as_o 16_o to_o 19_o but_o the_o english_a have_v three_o sort_n of_o miles_n to_o wit_n the_o great_a of_o which_o 27_o ½_n be_v equal_a to_o a_o degree_n the_o mean_a of_o which_o 50_o make_v a_o degree_n and_o the_o least_o of_o which_o 60_o or_o 55_o mile_n make_v a_o degree_n the_o danish_a or_o swedish_n miles_n hold_v proportion_n to_o the_o rhindlandish_a mile_n as_o 10_o to_o 19_o but_o in_o some_o place_n the_o dane_n and_o swede_n use_v the_o geâ—man_n mile_n the_o russian_a mile_n hold_v proportion_n with_o the_o rhindlandish_a mile_n as_o 80_o to_o 19_o the_o turkish_a mile_n or_o league_n be_v think_v to_o be_v equal_a with_o the_o italian_a mile_n insomuch_o that_o 60_o of_o they_o make_v a_o degree_n the_o arabian_a league_n former_o be_v the_o twenty_o part_n of_o a_o degree_n so_o that_o twenty_o five_o arabian_a league_n do_v equalise_v one_o degree_n or_o nineteeâ—â—_n hollandish_a miles_n but_o yet_o the_o arabian_n do_v also_o use_v another_o measure_n fifty_o five_o of_o which_o say_v to_o be_v a_o degree_n a_o hundred_o indian_a mile_n be_v judge_v to_o be_v equal_a to_o a_o degree_n although_o the_o indian_n common_o describe_v their_o distance_n by_o the_o journey_n of_o day_n and_o hour_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o cambain_n and_o guzâ—â—ratta_n use_v a_o certain_a measure_n which_o they_o call_v cosa_n thirty_o of_o which_o make_v a_o degree_n those_o of_o the_o country_n sinae_n or_o china_n observe_v three_o journey-measure_n which_o they_o call_v li_n pu_o and_o vchan_n li_n be_v the_o space_n from_o whence_o the_o voice_n of_o a_o man_n cry_v aloud_o may_v be_v hear_v in_o a_o plain_a and_o in_o a_o calm_a air_n which_o be_v think_v to_o be_v three_o hundred_o geometrical_a pace_n pu_o contain_v li_z ten_o time_n so_o that_o twenty_o pu_n make_v a_o degree_n and_o ten_o pu_n make_v a_o vchan_n which_o they_o determine_v one_o day_n journey_n which_o be_v 30000_o pace_n the_o square_a rhinlandish_a mile_n consist_v of_o square_a foot_n the_o cubick_a rhindlandish_a mile_n consist_v of_o cubick_a foot_n but_o the_o account_n of_o a_o square_a rhinlandish_a mile_n arise_v from_o multiply_v the_o same_o mile_n into_o itself_o and_o the_o cubick_a mile_n be_v complete_a if_o the_o square_a mile_n be_v multiply_v by_o a_o simple_a mile_n the_o same_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v as_o touch_v square_a and_o cubick_a foot_n of_o absolute_a geography_n sect_n ii_o contain_v the_o general_n and_o absolute_a property_n of_o the_o whole_a earth_n in_o five_o chapter_n chap._n iii_o concern_v the_o figure_n of_o the_o earth_n earth_n thing_n to_o be_v observe_v concern_v the_o figure_n of_o the_o earth_n figure_n be_v first_o the_o principal_a of_o all_o property_n of_o the_o earth_n not_o only_o in_o nobleness_n but_o also_o excel_v the_o rest_n in_o the_o profit_n and_o necessity_n thereof_o forasmuch_o as_o without_o it_o nothing_o can_v be_v full_o and_o solid_o demonstrate_v or_o know_v in_o geography_n and_o all_o thing_n therein_o follow_v do_v in_o a_o manner_n depend_v and_o proceed_v from_o she_o alone_o in_o the_o first_o place_n therefore_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o our_o discourse_n be_v to_o be_v begin_v at_o she_o but_o there_o have_v be_v divers_a opinion_n concern_v the_o figure_n of_o the_o earth_n for_o indeed_o the_o vulgar_a sort_n that_o be_v man_n endue_v with_o no_o knowledge_n in_o geography_n do_v think_v that_o the_o earth_n extend_v itself_o in_o a_o vast_a and_o broad_a plain_n who_o boundary_a be_v a_o circular_a line_n but_o that_o the_o hill_n and_o valley_n meet_v and_o stop_v it_o lactantius_n and_o other_o father_n be_v of_o this_o opinion_n earth_n lactantius_n his_o opinion_n of_o the_o earth_n who_o earnest_o defend_v and_o maintain_v the_o earth_n to_o be_v extend_v downward_o with_o infinite_a root_n and_o in_o that_o manner_n to_o have_v its_o foundation_n this_o they_o think_v be_v move_v thereto_o by_o certain_a place_n of_o holy_a scripture_n earth_n see_v lactantius_n in_o his_o 3d_o book_n chap._n 24._o and_o augustine_n in_o his_o 16_o book_n de_fw-fr civit._fw-la dei_fw-la chap._n 9_o the_o opinion_n of_o francis_n patric_n anaximander_n leucippus_n and_o other_o concern_v the_o earth_n either_o misinterpret_v or_o wrong_v understand_v this_o opinion_n be_v attribute_v to_o the_o ancient_a philosopher_n heraclitus_n although_o some_o man_n write_v that_o he_o attribute_v to_o the_o earth_n the_o shape_n of_o a_o boat_n or_o make_v hollow_a in_o the_o bottom_n furthermore_o of_o these_o of_o latter_a day_n francis_n patric_n no_o base_a philosopher_n do_v stiff_o maintain_v that_o the_o earth_n be_v extend_v on_o a_o plain_a foot_n peucer_n write_v that_o anaximander_n judge_v the_o form_n of_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v like_o a_o rowling-pin_n but_o that_o be_v not_o likely_a see_v that_o he_o both_o assay_v the_o dimension_n or_o measure_v the_o earth_n and_o be_v skilful_a enough_o in_o astronomy_n according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o that_o age_n forasmuch_o as_o he_o at_o lacedaemon_n sit_v up_o and_o make_v heliotrope_n or_o sun-dial_n in_o which_o the_o top_n of_o the_o finger_n or_o stile_n of_o the_o dial_n with_o its_o shadow_n do_v mark_v out_o and_o show_v the_o day_n of_o the_o equinox_n and_o solstice_n 13._o see_v aristotle_n in_o his_o second_o book_n de_fw-fr coelo_fw-la ch_n 13._o leucippus_n be_v record_v to_o have_v think_v the_o earth_n to_o be_v shape_v in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o drum_n and_o there_o be_v other_o man_n which_o dare_v ascribe_v i_o know_v not_o what_o fond_a opinion_n to_o the_o ancient_a philosopher_n but_o the_o true_a opinion_n maintain_v by_o almost_o all_o philosopher_n that_o be_v mathematician_n be_v that_o the_o earth_n be_v round_o like_o a_o globe_n or_o sphere_n but_o the_o argument_n which_o
the_o exiguity_n of_o the_o water_n which_o do_v not_o grow_v thick_a but_o resolve_v for_o although_o you_o take_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o water_n and_o that_o you_o provoke_v with_o a_o light_n and_o gentle_a fire_n that_o the_o resolution_n may_v be_v impede_v yet_o the_o water_n acquire_v no_o salt_n taste_v 3._o lake_n and_o marsh_n though_o heat_v by_o the_o sun_n yet_o wax_v not_o salt_n this_o objection_n also_o scaliger_n endeavour_v to_o avoid_v say_v that_o this_o happen_v by_o the_o succession_n of_o fresh_a water_n and_o the_o same_o be_v find_v in_o those_o stand_a pool_n and_o lake_n which_o only_o proceed_v from_o rain_n or_o snow_n dissolve_v where_o there_o be_v no_o place_n for_o that_o refuge_n of_o succession_n for_o those_o lake_n be_v rather_o dry_v when_o that_o it_o rain_v not_o for_o a_o long_a space_n than_o turn_v into_o salt_n or_o render_v salt_n therefore_o reject_v those_o false_a opinion_n concern_v the_o cause_n and_o original_n of_o salt_n in_o the_o ocean_n let_v we_o lay_v hold_n of_o one_o of_o the_o most_o probable_a opinion_n with_o little_a or_o no_o difficulty_n in_o it_o viz._n 1._o that_o these_o particle_n be_v coeternal_a with_o the_o very_a ocean_n and_o therefore_o we_o shall_v no_o more_o dispute_v concern_v their_o original_n than_o concern_v the_o original_n of_o the_o ocean_n itself_o the_o earth_n yea_o and_o of_o the_o original_n and_o generation_n of_o the_o world_n 2._o if_o that_o this_o opinion_n be_v less_o complacent_fw-la we_o may_v make_v choice_n of_o another_o viz._n that_o these_o salt_n particle_n be_v here_o and_o there_o pull_v from_o the_o earth_n and_o so_o dissolve_v into_o water_n now_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o there_o be_v many_o saline_a mountain_n or_o rock_n in_o the_o bosom_n of_o the_o sea_n rock_n isle_n of_o ormus_n a_o salt_n rock_n the_o whole_a isle_n of_o ormus_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o white_a and_o hard_a salt_n of_o which_o they_o make_v the_o wall_n of_o their_o house_n and_o therefore_o no_o fountain_n of_o fresh_a water_n be_v find_v in_o that_o isle_n and_o none_o can_v be_v ignorant_a how_o that_o many_o mine_n of_o salt_n be_v find_v on_o the_o land_n and_o we_o have_v relate_v concern_v some_o in_o the_o eleven_o chapter_n but_o we_o need_v not_o particular_n let_v we_o consider_v the_o whole_a earth_n it_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n have_v much_o salt_n in_o it_o the_o great_a part_n of_o which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o salt_n for_o it_o have_v its_o consistency_n from_o salt_n for_o the_o chemical_a philosopher_n do_v right_o prove_v that_o the_o consistency_n and_o compaction_n of_o every_o thing_n proceed_v from_o salt_n and_o experience_n be_v answerable_a to_o the_o assertion_n for_o if_o that_o you_o take_v a_o hard_a piece_n of_o earth_n and_o burn_v it_o to_o ash_n much_o salt_n will_v be_v find_v in_o it_o nothing_o can_v be_v allege_v against_o this_o opinion_n that_o be_v of_o any_o value_n and_o be_v not_o easy_o refute_v for_o some_o say_v that_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o those_o salt_n part_n of_o the_o earth_n shall_v perpetual_o suffice_v and_o shall_v not_o at_o some_o time_n or_o other_o be_v consume_v by_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n which_o continual_o take_v away_o some_o part_n of_o they_o unto_o this_o i_o answer_v that_o the_o salt_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v not_o consume_v in_o so_o great_a abundance_n that_o it_o shall_v stand_v in_o need_n of_o much_o instauration_n and_o if_o that_o any_o be_v consume_v yet_o notwithstanding_o that_o be_v lay_v up_o in_o another_o place_n see_v that_o it_o be_v not_o remove_v out_o of_o the_o earth_n proposition_n ix_o whether_o that_o water_n be_v the_o fresh_a in_o the_o ocean_n by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v nigh_a the_o bottom_n and_o why_o in_o some_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n fresh_a water_n be_v find_v in_o the_o bottom_n sea_n of_o the_o freshness_n of_o water_n in_o the_o sea_n unto_o the_o first_o i_o answer_v that_o experience_n do_v not_o testify_v concern_v that_o sweetness_n but_o in_o some_o place_n of_o which_o the_o other_o question_n speak_v that_o in_o these_o place_n in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v fountain_n of_o fresh_a water_n i_o have_v sufficient_o say_v for_o it_o can_v natural_o be_v that_o the_o more_o salt-water_n shall_v exist_v above_o water_n less_o salt_n see_v that_o that_o be_v more_o heavy_a those_o place_n of_o the_o sea_n where_o fresh_a water_n be_v find_v to_o spring_v at_o the_o bottom_n may_v be_v collect_v by_o those_o that_o be_v studious_a from_o the_o writer_n of_o geography_n proposition_n x._o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n become_v less_o salt_n by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v near_o the_o pole_n and_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o more_o salt_n by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v more_o near_o the_o aequator_fw-la or_o torrid_a zone_n although_o this_o may_v be_v understand_v of_o most_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n yet_o the_o proposition_n admit_v of_o some_o 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and_o be_v move_v about_o although_o that_o it_o be_v apt_a for_o pasturage_n as_o boetius_fw-la write_v hitherto_o we_o have_v treat_v of_o the_o generation_n of_o the_o land_n or_o of_o the_o acid_n part_n of_o the_o earth_n that_o be_v extant_a on_o the_o superficies_n we_o shall_v now_o consider_v how_o the_o ocean_n and_o water_n may_v change_v their_o place_n and_o possess_v new_a proposition_n xv._o rivers_n possess_v certain_a tract_n of_o land_n which_o they_o possess_v not_o before_o and_o that_o for_o divers_a reason_n before_o certain_a tract_n of_o land_n which_o river_n possess_v which_o they_o possess_v not_o before_o 1._o when_o that_o they_o first_o arise_v from_o their_o fountain_n and_o receive_v a_o channel_n either_o from_o nature_n or_o by_o art_n of_o which_o we_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o fifteen_o chapter_n 2._o if_o that_o a_o river_n make_v another_o channel_n for_o itself_o or_o send_v forth_o a_o branch_n from_o itself_o which_o be_v most_o common_o do_v by_o man_n viz._n that_o they_o may_v bring_v part_n of_o the_o river_n unto_o city_n or_o into_o another_o river_n example_n of_o which_o we_o have_v allege_v in_o the_o forecited_a chapter_n 3._o if_o that_o river_n more_o and_o more_o possess_v the_o bank_n in_o progress_n of_o time_n which_o happen_v 1._o if_o that_o the_o channel_n become_v high_a from_o the_o sink_v down_o of_o the_o earth_n or_o sand._n 2._o if_o that_o it_o eat_v off_o the_o side_n of_o the_o bank_n by_o its_o swift_a course_n 3._o if_o that_o it_o be_v augment_v by_o another_o river_n and_o by_o a_o abundance_n of_o rain_n or_o a_o exhydria_n or_o impetuous_a wind_n accompany_v with_o a_o mighty_a fall_n of_o water_n 4._o if_o that_o they_o overflow_v the_o earth_n which_o if_o not_o go_v back_o again_o but_o do_v more_o and_o more_o augment_v they_o become_v lake_n or_o if_o they_o return_v to_o their_o ancient_a channel_n the_o water_n be_v effuse_v into_o the_o field_n become_v a_o marsh_n if_o that_o there_o be_v great_a abundance_n of_o it_o corollary_n it_o be_v probable_a therefore_o then_o that_o there_o be_v a_o time_n in_o which_o those_o tract_n of_o land_n which_o now_o the_o rhine_n elbe_n and_o the_o nile_n possess_v as_o also_o other_o river_n be_v dry_a and_o possess_v by_o the_o earth_n proposition_n xvi_o lake_n marsh_n and_o standing-pool_n occupy_v part_n of_o the_o earth_n that_o before_o they_o possess_v not_o not_o lake_n marsh_n and_o pool_n possess_v part_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o former_o they_o do_v not_o 1._o when_o that_o they_o first_o spring_v up_o and_o be_v augment_v in_o progress_n of_o time_n of_o which_o we_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o fifteen_o chapter_n 2._o if_o that_o abundance_n of_o rain_n fall_v 3._o if_o that_o river_n bring_v store_n of_o water_n with_o force_n into_o the_o lake_n 4._o if_o that_o the_o channel_n become_v more_o high_a 5._o if_o that_o the_o lake_n be_v agitate_a by_o often_o and_o more_o vehement_a flood_n by_o degree_n do_v more_o eat_v the_o bank_n and_o cover_v the_o land_n with_o water_n so_o the_o lake_n of_o harlem_n within_o thirty_o or_o forty_o year_n have_v extend_v beyond_o its_o former_a bank_n about_o the_o space_n of_o the_o twenty_o part_n of_o a_o mile_n corollary_n therefore_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o there_o be_v a_o time_n when_o those_o tract_n of_o land_n which_o now_o the_o lake_n zaire_n lemanus_n parina_n harlem_n maeotis_n or_o the_o marsh_n of_o westphalia_n and_o all_o other_o former_o possess_v be_v dry_a land_n proposition_n xvii_o the_o ocean_n possess_v part_n of_o the_o land_n which_o former_o it_o do_v not_o possess_v possess_v land_n possess_v by_o the_o ocean_n which_o former_o it_o do_v not_o possess_v this_o happen_v after_o various_a manner_n 1._o when_o that_o break_n through_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o land_n it_o make_v streights_n and_o gulf_n as_o the_o mediterranean_a the_o arabian_a that_o of_o bengala_n camboja_n and_o such_o like_a so_o the_o straight_a between_o sicily_n and_o italy_n between_o geilan_n and_o india_n between_o greece_n and_o euboeja_n between_o manilla_fw-la and_o magellan_n and_o also_o the_o danish_a etc._n etc._n neither_o be_v it_o improbable_a but_o that_o the_o atlantic_a ocean_n be_v so_o generate_v and_o that_o america_n be_v so_o divide_v from_o the_o old_a world_n or_o at_o least_o from_o europe_n which_o some_o do_v the_o more_o easy_o embrace_v that_o they_o may_v thence_o only_o deduct_v the_o original_a of_o the_o american_n nation_n from_o adam_n indeed_o the_o egyptian_a priest_n relate_v unto_o solon_n about_o six_o hundred_o year_n before_o christ_n as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o dialogue_n of_o plato_n term_v timon_n that_o there_o be_v former_o opposite_a to_o the_o herculean_a streight_n of_o gibraltar_n a_o isle_n big_a than_o asia_n and_o europe_n together_o call_v atlantis_n and_o that_o part_n of_o it_o afterward_o by_o a_o great_a earthquake_n and_o a_o great_a deluge_n of_o one_o day_n and_o one_o night_n be_v swallow_v up_o in_o the_o ocean_n from_o which_o narration_n we_o may_v collect_v that_o in_o former_a time_n among_o the_o egyptian_n there_o be_v a_o fame_n especial_o among_o those_o that_o be_v learned_a of_o the_o separation_n of_o america_n from_o our_o world_n make_v many_o age_n before_o but_o it_o be_v far_o more_o likely_a that_o the_o north_n part_n of_o america_n in_o which_o be_v new_a france_n new_a england_n canada_n and_o the_o like_a do_v in_o former_a age_n adhere_v to_o ireland_n the_o ancient_n write_v that_o the_o strait_n of_o gibraltar_n be_v dug_n through_o by_o hercules_n 2._o when_o with_o a_o violent_a wind_n the_o ocean_n be_v force_v and_o overflow_v the_o land_n by_o break_v through_o or_o over_o the_o bank_n that_o be_v make_v by_o nature_n and_o art_n there_o be_v
proceed_v from_o dry_a body_n so_o shall_v ammoniac_a vanish_v into_o smoke_n fire_n be_v place_v under_o it_o this_o also_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o in_o divers_a region_n a_o different_a air_n be_v discover_v also_o that_o it_o rain_v in_o one_o place_n and_o not_o in_o another_o proposition_n v._o the_o least_o particle_n of_o the_o air_n and_o those_o all_o insensible_a repel_v or_o reflect_v the_o ray_n as_o a_o looking-glass_n but_o some_o of_o the_o particle_n of_o the_o air_n be_v sensible_a and_o compound_v do_v transmit_v many_o ray_n but_o reflect_v few_o other_o on_o the_o contrary_a transmit_v few_o ray_n and_o reflect_v more_o therefore_o the_o part_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n be_v divide_v into_o those_o that_o be_v opac_n and_o pellucid_a atmosphere_n the_o part_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n these_o be_v those_o that_o transmit_v many_o ray_n the_o former_a be_v those_o that_o transmit_v few_o therefore_o because_o that_o the_o least_o particle_n both_o water_n and_o earth_n be_v atom_n be_v solid_a little_a body_n without_o any_o pore_n so_o that_o they_o transmit_v no_o ray_n but_o repel_v they_o because_o that_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o a_o perspicuity_n or_o a_o transmission_n of_o ray_n do_v require_v pore_n orderly_o place_v in_o a_o body_n and_o empty_a little_a space_n but_o the_o part_n of_o the_o air_n or_o atmosphere_n compose_v of_o little_a particle_n if_o that_o they_o shall_v have_v ordinate_a and_o many_o pore_n they_o will_v be_v perspicuous_a and_o transmit_v many_o ray_n but_o if_o that_o those_o particle_n shall_v be_v compose_v or_o aggregated_a very_a confuse_o they_o will_v transmit_v ray_n without_o any_o pore_n thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o sun_n discuss_v a_o thick_a cloudy_a opac_n air_n do_v make_v it_o perspicuous_a to_o wit_n more_o porous_a now_o that_o the_o least_o particle_n reflect_v ray_n be_v manifest_a from_o hence_o that_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n in_o a_o most_o serene_a air_n be_v admit_v into_o a_o obscure_a chamber_n through_o a_o narrow_a hole_n you_o will_v see_v manifest_o from_o the_o particle_n fly_v in_o a_o great_a number_n in_o the_o air_n that_o the_o ray_n be_v reflect_v to_o the_o eye_n as_o from_o a_o glass_n now_o see_v that_o those_o particle_n be_v yet_o sensible_a the_o same_o must_v be_v conclude_v concern_v the_o least_o particle_n and_o those_o that_o fly_v the_o sense_n now_o those_o who_o will_v have_v humid_a attenuate_v vapour_n to_o be_v perspicuous_a but_o not_o dry_a one_o and_o smoke_v they_o be_v refute_v by_o experience_n and_o reason_n by_o reason_n because_o that_o fume_n and_o dry_a exhalation_n may_v be_v make_v equal_o subtle_a and_o porous_a as_o those_o that_o be_v watery_a but_o they_o suppose_v that_o perspicuity_n do_v not_o consist_v in_o the_o mode_n or_o reason_n of_o the_o pore_n but_o in_o a_o peculiar_a quality_n but_o it_o be_v manifest_a by_o experience_n because_o that_o the_o air_n be_v serene_a it_o have_v more_o dry_a than_o moist_a particle_n for_o in_o that_o new_a kind_n of_o windgun_n which_o be_v not_o discharge_v by_o powder_n or_o fire_n but_o by_o the_o help_n of_o wind_n and_o air_n the_o air_n be_v so_o condensated_a that_o it_o scarce_o comprehend_v the_o sixti_v part_n of_o the_o former_a space_n yet_o neither_o do_v they_o create_v any_o kind_n of_o humidity_n in_o the_o gun_n which_o must_v altogether_o happen_v if_o that_o the_o particle_n of_o the_o serene_a air_n be_v watery_a proposition_n vi_o exhalation_n do_v not_o ascend_v of_o themselves_o and_o of_o their_o own_o nature_n upward_o but_o they_o be_v force_v by_o a_o violent_a motion_n or_o the_o air_n be_v not_o light_v but_o heavy_a in_o a_o proper_a mode_n of_o expression_n exhalation_n of_o exhalation_n all_o that_o be_v to_o be_v term_v grave_n or_o heavy_a be_v move_v to_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n except_o that_o it_o be_v hinder_v but_o the_o air_n do_v that_o for_o the_o earth_n be_v dig_v up_o the_o air_n descend_v into_o the_o space_n make_v that_o therefore_o it_o be_v carry_v upward_o be_v thus_o perform_v 1._o that_o heat_n rarifi_v it_o to_o seek_v a_o great_a space_n 2._o because_o that_o it_o be_v force_v by_o another_o vapour_n so_o in_o cold_a place_n as_o in_o nova_n zembla_n and_o with_o we_o in_o the_o night_n season_n no_o mist_n ascend_v but_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n approach_v rarifi_v it_o and_o cause_v one_o part_n to_o force_v out_o and_o thrust_v forward_o the_o other_o for_o if_o that_o those_o small_a particle_n of_o air_n be_v free_a neither_o mutual_o implicate_v one_o within_o another_o then_o at_o length_n it_o will_v be_v light_a proposition_n vii_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n be_v more_o subtle_a than_o the_o low_a yet_o it_o may_v so_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o middle_a part_n may_v be_v more_o gross_a and_o condense_a than_o the_o low_a part_n about_o the_o earth_n therefore_o the_o more_o light_a part_n fly_v to_o the_o upper_a place_n they_o be_v more_o subtle_a and_o light_a hence_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o member_n of_o the_o former_a proposition_n be_v manifest_a now_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o latter_a member_n be_v that_o the_o part_n in_o the_o middle_a air_n easy_o counite_v again_o and_o so_o become_v thick_a for_o the_o hot_a or_o calid_a particle_n be_v carry_v up_o with_o they_o have_v forsake_v they_o and_o the_o ray_n refract_v from_o the_o earth_n in_o that_o middle_a region_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o distance_n have_v no_o force_n thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o after_o rain_n the_o middle_a air_n be_v more_o serene_a because_o the_o more_o thick_a part_n be_v separate_v proposition_n viii_o the_o atmosphere_n or_o air_n be_v heat_v possess_v more_o space_n than_o before_o now_o by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v more_o destitute_a of_o heat_n by_o so_o much_o the_o more_o it_o contract_v itself_o and_o occupi_v the_o lesser_a space_n before_o the_o air_n be_v heat_v possess_v more_o space_n than_o before_o this_o be_v excellent_o show_v by_o that_o instrument_n which_o we_o call_v a_o thermometer_n or_o weatherglass_n because_o that_o we_o measure_v the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n and_o heat_n by_o in_o in_o hot_a and_o cold_a in_o which_o we_o discover_v the_o air_n to_o become_v more_o condense_v and_o to_o occupy_v lesser_a space_n in_o the_o glass_n by_o how_o much_o the_o air_n acquire_v less_o heat_n as_o we_o shall_v show_v in_o the_o follow_a proposition_n now_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o proportion_n be_v a_o priore_fw-la because_o the_o calid_a particle_n either_o of_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o of_o another_o fire_n be_v most_o subtle_a of_o all_o the_o particle_n of_o the_o whole_a world_n and_o in_o continual_a motion_n therefore_o those_o atmosphere_n whilst_o that_o they_o be_v admix_v separate_a and_o divide_v these_o particle_n with_o a_o great_a force_n and_o so_o cause_v more_o pore_n and_o these_o little_a fire_n depart_v the_o particle_n of_o the_o air_n leave_v to_o themselves_o unite_v again_o or_o be_v mutual_o complicate_v within_o themselves_o corollary_n therefore_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o air_n or_o atmosphere_n be_v not_o constant_a but_o decrease_v and_o increase_v viz._n at_o noonday_n it_o ought_v to_o be_v great_a at_o midnight_n least_o about_o the_o time_n of_o the_o rise_n and_o set_v of_o the_o sun_n moderate_a as_o in_o proposition_n fourteen_o proposition_n ix_o to_o make_v a_o thermometer_n thermoscope_n or_o weatherglass_n by_o which_o we_o may_v discover_v the_o mutation_n of_o the_o air_n in_o heat_n and_o cold_a take_v a_o glass_n of_o a_o oblong_a and_o cylindrical_a neck_n with_o the_o spherical_a small_a head_n l_o h_n weatherglass_n how_o to_o make_v a_o thermomemeter_n or_o weatherglass_n let_v this_o be_v fix_v to_o the_o table_n or_o board_n m_o n_o p_o q_o the_o head_n be_v erect_v let_v a_o vessel_n with_o water_n be_v place_v under_o the_o orifice_n which_o be_v best_a to_o be_v colour_v so_o fill_v that_o part_n of_o the_o pipe_n or_o neck_n l_o f_o may_v be_v hide_v in_o it_o now_o let_v the_o time_n of_o the_o moderate_a constitution_n of_o the_o air_n or_o at_o that_o time_n at_o who_o temperature_n you_o will_v compare_v the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n of_o the_o other_o day_n and_o at_o that_o time_n let_v the_o water_n be_v pour_v into_o the_o vessel_n so_o it_o will_v happen_v that_o the_o air_n become_v more_o frigid_a scheme_n sec_n scheme_n the_o water_n will_v ascend_v upward_o beyond_o f_o because_o that_o the_o air_n be_v condensated_a with_o cold_a which_o before_o fill_v up_o the_o space_n f_o a_n now_o possess_v less_o space_n on_o the_o contrary_a the_o air_n be_v render_v more_o hot_a the_o water_n will_v descend_v from_o f_o towards_o l_o because_o that_o the_o
difference_n can_v little_o augment_v the_o altitude_n proposition_n xvi_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n or_o air_n be_v not_o only_o the_o same_o in_o divers_a place_n but_o it_o remain_v the_o same_o and_o that_o constant_o at_o all_o time_n both_o winter_n and_o summer_n place_n the_o altitude_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n be_v always_o the_o same_o in_o divers_a place_n for_o although_o that_o heat_n in_o the_o summer_n of_o our_o place_n may_v more_o elevate_v also_o our_o air_n more_o than_o in_o winter_n yet_o because_o that_o the_o winter_n be_v at_o the_o same_o in_o another_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o air_n be_v less_o raise_v in_o it_o wherefore_o part_n of_o our_o air_n shall_v be_v move_v towards_o the_o air_n of_o those_o place_n where_o the_o air_n be_v less_o elevate_v viz._n to_o the_o more_o depress_a place_n as_o we_o have_v show_v in_o the_o fourteen_o proposition_n and_o on_o the_o contrary_a whilst_o that_o the_o air_n of_o the_o place_n where_o we_o be_v be_v depress_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o winter_n part_n of_o this_o air_n where_o the_o summer_n or_o the_o great_a heat_n be_v shall_v be_v move_v towards_o our_o place_n viz._n until_o the_o whole_a air_n be_v equal_o distant_a from_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o same_o be_v the_o reason_n concern_v the_o day_n and_o the_o night_n for_o whilst_o that_o the_o air_n be_v depress_v and_o contract_v in_o the_o night_n to_o we_o in_o another_o place_n it_o be_v more_o rarefy_a and_o so_o be_v move_v towards_o the_o air_n of_o our_o place_n until_o it_o again_o make_v a_o spherical_a figure_n and_o because_o that_o all_o be_v equal_a on_o every_o side_n therefore_o the_o name_n altitude_n shall_v remain_v in_o every_o time_n but_o because_o that_o the_o air_n be_v condense_v more_o in_o one_o time_n and_o place_n than_o in_o another_o that_o difference_n see_v that_o it_o be_v very_o small_a can_v very_o little_o vary_v the_o altitude_n as_o we_o have_v show_v in_o the_o precedent_a proposition_n the_o same_o be_v the_o account_n of_o rains_n or_o mist_n or_o vapour_n that_o be_v in_o we_o or_o in_o another_o place_n for_o to_o these_o it_o seem_v that_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o air_n shall_v be_v less_o or_o more_o but_o i_o answer_v that_o there_o be_v scarce_o any_o time_n in_o which_o in_o some_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n it_o rain_v not_o and_o that_o the_o mist_n fall_v not_o and_o therefore_o when_o that_o it_o rain_v in_o one_o place_n the_o air_n become_v not_o lesser_a than_o it_o be_v before_o because_o that_o before_o it_o rain_v in_o another_o place_n and_o so_o the_o reason_n be_v equal_a and_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o air_n be_v neither_o augment_v nor_o diminish_v proposition_n xvii_o by_o how_o much_o the_o air_n be_v more_o cold_a by_o so_o much_o the_o more_o it_o be_v condense_v and_o therefore_o for_o the_o most_o part_n more_o condense_v in_o the_o winter_n than_o in_o the_o summer_n to_o wit_n in_o some_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n also_o in_o the_o night_n than_o in_o the_o day_n now_o watery_a thick_a exhalation_n in_o the_o winter_n and_o the_o night_n cause_n and_o augment_v that_o condensation_n especial_o in_o the_o morning_n and_o evening_n condense_a the_o cold_o the_o air_n the_o more_o condense_a the_o truth_n of_o the_o proposition_n be_v manifest_a from_o the_o precede_a proposition_n neither_o do_v it_o obstruct_v for_o that_o part_n of_o the_o more_o not_o air_n be_v move_v to_o the_o more_o cold_a as_o to_o a_o more_o depress_a place_n because_o that_o not_o that_o itself_o but_o another_o adjoin_a approachment_n by_o reason_n of_o continual_a protrusion_n and_o if_o that_o that_o happen_v yet_o in_o a_o cold_a place_n that_o become_v also_o cold_a proposition_n xviii_o there_o be_v three_o region_n vulgar_o make_v in_o the_o air_n whereof_o the_o middle_a be_v that_o in_o which_o the_o snow_n rain_n and_o hail_n be_v generate_v the_o first_o be_v that_o in_o which_o we_o be_v extend_v itself_o even_o to_o the_o middle_a region_n the_o three_o be_v that_o which_o begin_v the_o uttermost_a bind_v of_o the_o middle_a region_n and_o extend_v itself_o to_o the_o utmost_a superficies_n of_o the_o air_n even_o to_o the_o sublunary_a fire_n as_o the_o aristotelian_o affirm_v air._n three_o region_n in_o the_o air._n the_o middle_a region_n be_v more_o cold_a than_o the_o first_o and_o three_o which_o be_v reckon_v more_o hot_a but_o the_o three_o by_o reason_n that_o it_o contain_v more_o subtle_a fiery_a and_o sulphureous_a part_n of_o exhalation_n which_o fly_v to_o it_o about_o the_o place_n of_o the_o watery_a particle_n or_o be_v thrust_v down_o as_o more_o light_n the_o aristotelian_o say_v that_o it_o be_v hot_a by_o reason_n of_o its_o vicinity_n to_o the_o fiery-sphere_n but_o the_o first_o because_o that_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n fall_v be_v â—eaâ—_n there_o reflex_v and_o so_o duplicate_v the_o heat_n it_o happen_v that_o some_o particle_n of_o subterraneous_a fire_n exhale_v be_v in_o this_o region_n but_o the_o middle_a region_n iâ—_n more_o cold_a by_o reason_n that_o the_o reflect_a ray_n be_v there_o vicine_fw-la to_o those_o that_o fall_v in_o on_o the_o earth_n neither_o do_v they_o contain_v any_o fiery_a sulphureous_a particle_n but_o watery_a one_o for_o the_o sulphureous_a and_o fiery_a one_o that_o have_v carry_v up_o the_o watery_a one_o fly_v high_o proposition_n xix_o by_o how_o much_o that_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n unto_o which_o the_o sun_n be_v vertical_a recede_v to_o the_o pole_n or_o by_o how_o much_o the_o place_n be_v more_o near_o the_o pole_n by_o so_o much_o the_o less_o distant_a the_o place_n of_o the_o air_n be_v from_o the_o earth_n in_o which_o the_o rain_n snow_n hail_o begin_v to_o be_v generate_v the_o reason_n be_v that_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n do_v fall_v more_o oblique_o on_o the_o place_n about_o the_o pole_n than_o on_o the_o place_n about_o the_o aequator_fw-la and_o therefore_o the_o ray_n refract_v be_v much_o withdraw_v from_o those_o fall_n in_o and_o so_o cause_v lesser_a heat_n and_o for_o a_o lesser_a space_n than_o the_o ray_n under_o the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o so_o in_o a_o more_o near_a place_n the_o watery_a vapour_n may_v unite_v to_o generate_v watery_a meteor_n corollary_n the_o superficies_n terminate_a the_o first_o region_n of_o the_o air_n be_v of_o a_o oval_a figure_n or_o rather_o elliptical_a or_o sphere_n like_a protuberate_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n proposition_n xx._n by_o how_o much_o the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v near_a the_o pole_n by_o so_o much_o distance_n the_o region_n of_o the_o air_n be_v distant_a from_o that_o earth_n that_o begin_v the_o three_o or_o in_o which_o the_o more_o subtle_a and_o sulphureous_a particle_n be_v for_o there_o be_v the_o few_o and_o more_o subtle_a particle_n in_o part_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v near_o the_o pole_n because_o that_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n elicitate_v few_o from_o the_o earth_n therefore_o because_o that_o there_o be_v few_o particle_n of_o the_o three_o region_n under_o the_o frigid_a zone_n than_o in_o the_o temperate_a and_o in_o this_o few_o than_o in_o the_o torrid_a and_o yet_o the_o utmost_a bind_v of_o that_o three_o region_n be_v equal_o distant_a from_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n 16._o see_v proposition_n 16._o according_a to_o the_o sixteenth_o proposition_n thence_o it_o follow_v that_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o region_n under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v far_o more_o distant_a from_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n than_o the_o begin_n of_o that_o in_o the_o torrid_a and_o temperate_a zone_n corollary_n the_o superficies_n terminate_a the_o second_o region_n of_o the_o air_n or_o distinguish_v it_o from_o the_o three_o be_v spherical_a and_o protuberate_v in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n all_o these_o must_v be_v show_v to_o youth_n by_o diagram_n proposition_n xxi_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n moon_n and_o star_n do_v not_o direct_o arrive_v at_o our_o eye_n from_o the_o aether_n through_o the_o air_n but_o where_o they_o enter_v the_o air_n they_o be_v withdraw_v or_o deflect_v a_o little_a from_o a_o direct_a passage_n which_o the_o skilful_a in_o the_o optic_n term_v to_o refract_v the_o ray_n and_o so_o those_o ray_n refract_v come_v to_o our_o eye_n and_o show_v we_o the_o star_n star_n of_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n moon_n and_o star_n this_o part_n which_o treat_v of_o the_o refraction_n of_o light_n be_v the_o most_o subtle_a part_n of_o the_o science_n of_o the_o optic_n for_o experience_n testify_v that_o ray_n proceed_v from_o any_o visible_a body_n if_o from_o one_o medium_n they_o fall_v in_o upon_o another_o that_o be_v
either_o more_o thick_a or_o subtle_a than_o the_o former_a they_o be_v refract_v where_o they_o have_v enter_v at_o this_o other_o medium_fw-la or_o deflect_v from_o a_o strait_a direct_a course_n to_o the_o side_n the_o explication_n be_v easy_a from_o a_o vulgar_a experiment_n let_v any_o vessel_n be_v take_v and_o let_v a_o ball_n of_o gold_n or_o copper_n or_o gold_n money_n be_v affix_v to_o the_o bottom_n then_o depart_v back_o from_o the_o vessel_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o obstacle_n of_o the_o side_n of_o the_o vessel_n you_o can_v no_o long_o see_v the_o money_n at_o the_o bottom_n then_o pour_v water_n into_o the_o vessel_n which_o be_v do_v you_o shall_v see_v again_o in_o the_o former_a distance_n the_o money_n at_o the_o bottom_n from_o hence_o it_o follow_v that_o see_v no_o ray_n can_v direct_o come_v from_o the_o money_n to_o the_o eye_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o side_n of_o the_o vessel_n and_o yet_o afterward_o the_o water_n be_v infuse_v the_o ray_n arrive_v at_o the_o eye_n it_o follow_v i_o say_v from_o hence_o that_o the_o ray_n proceed_v from_o the_o money_n where_o they_o enter_v into_o the_o air_n from_o the_o water_n do_v deflect_v or_o be_v refract_v from_o the_o direct_a way_n and_o be_v so_o refract_v they_o arrive_v at_o the_o eye_n it_o be_v call_v refraction_n by_o reason_n that_o for_o this_o cause_n a_o oar_n be_v partly_o in_o the_o water_n do_v appear_v refract_v or_o break_v scheme_n see_v scheme_n so_o let_v the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v t_o l_o the_o eye_n in_o the_o superficies_n let_v d_o r_o f_o p_o be_v the_o superficies_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n or_o air._n therefore_o no_o ray_n can_v direct_o arrive_v at_o the_o eye_n l_o because_o it_o be_v beneath_o l_o f_o g_o for_o other_o inferior_a ray_n will_v fall_v in_o on_o the_o tumour_n of_o the_o earth_n l_o o._n wherefore_o no_o star_n can_v appear_v in_o a_o direct_a ray_n until_o it_o come_v to_o the_o horizontal_n line_n l_o f_o g_o and_o the_o star_n appear_v before_o viz._n whilst_o that_o they_o be_v yet_o beneath_o l_o g_o for_o example_n in_o s_n and_o yet_o from_o s_n to_o the_o eye_n l_o no_o ray_n can_v direct_o come_v because_o that_o it_o shall_v first_o fall_v on_o l_o o._n therefore_o of_o necessity_n the_o ray_n which_o come_v from_o the_o star_n s_o to_o the_o eye_n l_o be_v not_o a_o direct_a but_o a_o refracted_a ray_n viz._n l_o f_o which_o refracted_a ray_n be_v propogate_v from_o the_o incident_a ray_n s_o f_o to_o wit_n s_o f_o falling_z from_o the_o aether_n on_o the_o more_o thick_a medium_fw-la viz._n the_o atmosphere_n in_o f_o be_v refract_v and_o become_v f_o l_o when_o that_o it_o be_v direct_v in_o n_z and_o so_o the_o star_n appear_v before_o that_o it_o can_v true_o appear_v by_o a_o direct_a ray_n that_o be_v before_o that_o it_o arrive_v at_o the_o horizontal_n line_n l_o f_o g._n so_o a_o star_n be_v in_o s_n be_v not_o see_v by_o the_o direct_a ray_n s_o l_o but_o by_o the_o 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refract_v n_z f_o l_o the_o angle_n of_o refraction_n and_o so_o in_o the_o refraction_n of_o the_o ray_n s_o r_o m._n therefore_o as_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n t_o f_o n_z be_v to_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n t_o f_o l_o the_o same_o be_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n t_o r_o m_o to_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n t_o r_o l._n thence_o it_o follow_v that_o if_o from_o observation_n we_o have_v the_o quantity_n of_o refraction_n to_o the_o elevation_n of_o one_o ray_n we_o may_v thence_o know_v the_o quantity_n of_o the_o refraction_n of_o all_o other_o howsoever_o elevate_v proposition_n xxii_o the_o atmosphere_n or_o air_n cause_v the_o sun_n or_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o star_n to_o be_v see_v before_o that_o they_o arise_v in_o the_o horizon_n also_o to_o appear_v for_o some_o small_a space_n of_o time_n after_o that_o they_o have_v set_v also_o that_o they_o appear_v high_a than_o they_o be_v and_o in_o another_o place_n of_o the_o heaven_n as_o 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calculation_n and_o make_v a_o trial_n of_o the_o matter_n whether_o that_o the_o altitude_n be_v the_o same_o every_o where_o and_o at_o every_o time_n i_o will_v give_v they_o here_o example_n from_o the_o observation_n of_o tycho_n who_o have_v observe_v the_o refraction_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o moon_n at_o every_o degree_n of_o their_o altitude_n and_o because_o that_o the_o observation_n of_o lansbergius_n because_o that_o he_o observe_v they_o in_o a_o different_a air_n if_o that_o he_o observe_v they_o at_o all_o differ_v from_o those_o of_o tycho_n i_o will_v also_o add_v they_o the_o table_n of_o refraction_n the_o degree_n of_o altitude_n the_o refraction_n of_o the_o sun_n according_a to_o tycho_n the_o refraction_n of_o the_o moon_n according_a to_o tycho_n the_o refraction_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o moon_n according_a to_o lansbergius_n degree_n minute_n 1._o minute_n 1._o minute_n 1._o 1._o 0_o 34_o 33_o 34_o  _fw-fr 1_o 26_o 25_o 26_o  _fw-fr 2_o 20_o 20_o 21_o  _fw-fr 3_o 17_o 17_o 18_o  _fw-fr 4_o 15_o 15_o 15_o 45_o 5_o 14_o 14_o 14_o 0_o 6_o 13_o 14_o 12_o 30_o 7_o 12_o 13_o 11_o 15_o 8_o 11_o 12_o 10_o 5_o 9_o 10_o 11_o 9_o 5_o 10_o 10_o 11_o 8_o 15_o 11_o 9_o 10_o 7_o 35_o 12_o 9_o 10_o 7_o 5_o 13_o 8_o 9_o 6_o 40_o 14_o 8_o 8_o 6_o 19_o 15_o 7_o 8_o 6_o 0_o 16_o 7_o 7_o 5_o 42_o 17_o 6_o 7_o 5_o 24_o 18_o 6_o 6_o 5_o 7_o 19_o 5_o 6_o 4_o 50_o 20_o 4_o 5_o 4_o 33_o 21_o 4_o 4_o 4_o 16_o 22_o 3_o 3_o 4_o 0_o 23_o 3_o 3_o 3_o 44_o 24_o 3_o 3_o 3_o 28_o 25_o 2_o 2_o 3_o 12_o 26_o 2_o 2_o 2_o 56_o 27_o 2_o 2_o 2_o 40_o 28_o 2_o 2_o 2_o 24_o 29_o 2_o 2_o 2_o 9_o 30_o 1_o 1_o 1_o 54_o 31_o 1_o 1_o 1_o 39_o 32_o 1_o 1_o 1_o 24_o 33_o 1_o 1_o 1_o 9_o 34_o 1_o 1_o 0_o 55_o 35_o 1_o 1_o 0_o 41_o 36_o 1_o 1_o 0_o 27_o 37_o 0_o 1_o 0_o 13_o 38_o 0_o 1_o 0_o 0_o tycho_n the_o refraction_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o moon_n according_a to_o lansbergius_n and_o tycho_n lansbergius_n place_v both_o the_o same_o refraction_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o moon_n but_o tycho_n make_v they_o somewhat_o divers_a viz._n about_o the_o horizon_n he_o make_v the_o refraction_n of_o the_o sun_n great_a than_o those_o of_o the_o moon_n then_o the_o five_o degree_n of_o altitude_n he_o make_v they_o equal_a from_o this_o then_o at_o length_n he_o make_v the_o refraction_n of_o the_o moon_n a_o little_o big_a than_o those_o of_o the_o sun_n indeed_o i_o confess_v myself_o ignorant_a of_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o except_o it_o be_v to_o be_v ascribe_v to_o the_o weakness_n of_o the_o light_n of_o the_o moon_n moreover_o tycho_n omit_v the_o second_o minute_n which_o yet_o shall_v not_o be_v omit_v if_o that_o they_o come_v near_o to_o 60_o because_o that_o there_o be_v use_v of_o they_o in_o the_o calculation_n of_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o air._n now_o you_o must_v know_v that_o the_o refraction_n of_o all_o the_o star_n be_v the_o same_o or_o else_o that_o the_o difference_n be_v insensible_a viz._n in_o one_o air_n but_o if_o that_o the_o air_n be_v thick_a the_o refraction_n will_v be_v great_a a_o example_n of_o it_o be_v this_o whereof_o a_o cause_n have_v not_o yet_o be_v render_v sufficient_o hitherto_o by_o any_o the_o dutch_a winter_v in_o nova_n zembla_n behold_v the_o sun_n after_o the_o night_n of_o some_o month_n when_o that_o as_o yet_o the_o limbus_n or_o edge_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v yet_o beneath_o the_o horizon_n four_o degree_n at_o least_o therefore_o the_o refraction_n n_o f_o l_o be_v 4_o deg_fw-la 30_o min._n then_o at_o length_n when_o that_o it_o be_v depress_v beneath_o the_o horizon_n 3_o degree_n 40_o minute_n they_o see_v he_o elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n 30_o degree_n viz._n his_o upper_a limbus_n therefore_o the_o refraction_n m_o r_o l_o we_o conceive_v m_z r_o s_o to_o fall_n beneath_o the_o horizon_n and_o r_o l_o g_o to_n be_v 30_o min._n shall_v be_v 4_o deg_fw-la 11_o min._n and_o l_o l_o t_o 90_o deg_fw-la 30_o min._n from_o hence_o shall_v be_v find_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o air_n l_o f_o and_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o density_n of_o that_o air_n at_o nova_n zembla_n which_o yet_o be_v serene_a at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o observation_n now_o the_o altitude_n be_v find_v much_o great_a than_o the_o other_o refraction_n admit_v of_o viz._n of_o almost_o two_o mile_n neither_o be_v it_o correct_v by_o the_o position_n of_o a_o great_a thickness_n of_o air_n as_o shall_v be_v show_v in_o the_o follow_a proposition_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o angle_n t_o f_o l_o can_v be_v great_a than_o 85_o deg_fw-la 30_o min._n if_o that_o n_o f_o l_o be_v 4_o deg_fw-la 30_o min._n it_o become_v great_a if_o that_o d_o f_o be_v place_v less_o than_o 2_o mile_n therefore_o we_o do_v not_o undeserved_o doubt_v of_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o mariner_n see_v that_o no_o like_a example_n have_v be_v observe_v yea_o the_o contrary_n have_v be_v observe_v in_o the_o same_o place_n vit_v see_v chap._n 26._o proposit_n vit_v moreover_o no_o reason_n can_v be_v render_v that_o in_o those_o place_n after_o so_o long_a a_o absence_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o air_n shall_v be_v high_o than_o at_o the_o time_n wherein_o after_o so_o long_a a_o stay_v the_o sun_n depart_v see_v that_o rather_o the_o contrary_n do_v follow_v viz._n the_o air_n become_v more_o thick_a and_o low_a by_o reason_n of_o contraction_n if_o that_o any_o one_o will_v urge_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o air_n to_o be_v inconstant_a yet_o when_o i_o more_o accurate_o weigh_v all_o the_o matter_n three_o thing_n fall_v in_o with_o i_o by_o which_o that_o apparancy_n and_o great_a refraction_n may_v be_v salve_v for_o see_v that_o the_o master_n or_o pilot_n be_v skilful_a in_o astronomy_n and_o also_o that_o they_o see_v the_o sun_n elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n in_o which_o he_o be_v yet_o depress_v therefore_o we_o ought_v not_o to_o deny_v the_o observation_n neither_o ought_v we_o to_o be_v suspicious_a concern_v a_o error_n in_o the_o numeration_n of_o the_o day_n by_o reason_n of_o that_o long_a night_n for_o when_o that_o they_o return_v to_o their_o own_o country_n they_o reckon_v the_o same_o day_n of_o the_o year_n that_o their_o countryman_n reckon_v which_o they_o can_v not_o have_v do_v if_o that_o before_o they_o have_v make_v a_o false_a reckon_n of_o the_o day_n for_o if_o that_o we_o will_v admit_v so_o great_a a_o altitude_n of_o the_o air_n such_o as_o the_o refraction_n of_o the_o temperate_a and_o torrid_a zone_n do_v not_o admit_v of_o we_o must_v say_v that_o the_o air_n be_v every_o where_o the_o same_o both_o in_o the_o torrid_a and_o temperate_a zone_n as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o frigid_a but_o the_o supreme_a region_n of_o the_o air_n both_o in_o the_o torrid_a and_o temperate_a zone_n be_v so_o subtle_a that_o it_o make_v no_o refraction_n but_o only_o the_o middle_a region_n whence_o it_o be_v no_o wonder_n if_o that_o the_o refraction_n in_o the_o torrid_a and_o temperate_a zone_n be_v lesser_a for_o although_o the_o air_n be_v low_a that_o cause_v they_o for_o which_o cause_n the_o refraction_n ought_v to_o be_v great_a yet_o it_o be_v far_o more_o rare_a than_o the_o other_o air._n but_o yet_o a_o objection_n may_v be_v make_v against_o this_o viz._n that_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o mariner_n be_v make_v in_o a_o serene_a air_n as_o they_o themselves_o testify_v unto_o this_o i_o answer_v that_o yet_o it_o seem_v not_o so_o probable_a that_o the_o air_n shall_v be_v so_o subtle_a as_o in_o the_o torrid_a and_o temperate_a zone_n when_o that_o the_o sky_n be_v most_o serene_a second_o it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o that_o air_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n when_o that_o the_o sun_n after_o a_o long_a absence_n return_v unto_o it_o be_v first_o attenuate_v in_o the_o superior_a region_n and_o the_o middle_n be_v yet_o somewhat_o more_o thick_a and_o therefore_o the_o sun_n be_v see_v through_o two_o refraction_n as_o the_o star_n through_o the_o air_n and_o a_o glass_n now_o a_o double_a refraction_n do_v far_o more_o depress_v the_o star_n beneath_o the_o horizon_n than_o a_o simple_a and_o so_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o air_n the_o space_n of_o one_o mile_n or_o ¾_n neither_o may_v you_o here_o object_n why_o the_o same_o do_v not_o happen_v at_o that_o time_n when_o that_o the_o sun_n depart_v from_o the_o air_n and_o make_v the_o beginning_n of_o the_o â—ong_a night_n for_o than_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o there_o be_v less_o difference_n in_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o air_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o long_a
stay_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o shall_v we_o say_v that_o a_o thick_a exhalation_n consist_v in_o the_o morning_n time_n in_o that_o zone_n after_o that_o long_a absence_n three_o if_o that_o you_o be_v not_o please_v to_o admit_v that_o double_a refraction_n neither_o be_v you_o willing_a to_o grant_v that_o the_o supreme_a part_n of_o the_o air_n in_o the_o torrid_a and_o frigid_a zone_n make_v any_o refraction_n i_o say_v if_o that_o the_o two_o premise_a response_n or_o explication_n please_v not_o than_o you_o must_v confess_v that_o the_o air_n in_o that_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n at_o that_o time_n be_v much_o high_a than_o in_o our_o temperate_a zone_n and_o likewise_o more_o thick_a â—or_a only_o the_o altitude_n diminish_v the_o refraction_n but_o if_o that_o there_o be_v a_o great_a thickness_n refraction_n be_v much_o more_o augment_v by_o this_o than_o it_o be_v diminish_v by_o the_o altitude_n decrease_v but_o i_o be_o most_o take_v with_o the_o first_o of_o these_o three_o cause_n which_o make_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o air_n two_o mile_n for_o we_o may_v not_o in_o the_o horizontal_n refraction_n of_o 4_o degree_n 30_o minute_n make_v a_o less_o in_o nova_n zembla_n the_o other_o two_o be_v perplex_v with_o many_o difficulty_n now_o why_o they_o behold_v not_o the_o sun_n for_o so_o many_o day_n the_o same_o altitude_n remain_v after_o he_o cease_v to_o rise_v the_o three_o day_n of_o november_n i_o say_v that_o the_o cause_n be_v the_o thickness_n of_o the_o air._n the_o same_o answer_n must_v also_o be_v give_v why_o the_o same_o dutch_a mariner_n in_o the_o year_n 1596_o on_o the_o 30_o of_o may_n behold_v not_o the_o sun_n at_o midnight_n under_o the_o elevation_n of_o 69_o deg_fw-la 24_o minute_n when_o that_o yet_o it_o be_v not_o under_o the_o horizon_n 1_o degree_n why_o here_o it_o make_v no_o refraction_n the_o cause_n may_v be_v the_o same_o but_o we_o have_v be_v too_o large_a concern_v this_o matter_n which_o prolixity_n the_o reader_n must_v ascribe_v to_o the_o difficulty_n of_o the_o doctrine_n for_o to_o accurate_a knowledge_n of_o this_o matter_n most_o accurate_a observation_n be_v require_v neither_o yet_o may_v we_o if_o that_o the_o observation_n make_v at_o divers_a elevation_n of_o the_o same_o star_n on_o one_o place_n make_v not_o the_o same_o altitude_n assert_v that_o therefore_o the_o altitude_n of_o it_o be_v diverse_a for_o the_o cause_n may_v be_v the_o diversity_n of_o the_o rarity_n of_o the_o air_n viz._n by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v nigh_a the_o horizon_n by_o so_o much_o it_o be_v less_o rare_a if_o that_o this_o be_v so_o the_o observation_n will_v in_o no_o wise_n produce_v the_o same_o altitude_n although_o it_o be_v the_o same_o because_o that_o we_o suppose_v in_o the_o calculation_n that_o the_o same_o rarity_n of_o the_o air_n be_v in_o both_o part_n of_o the_o air_n and_o therefore_o the_o same_o rule_n of_o refraction_n proposition_n xxxi_o the_o depression_n of_o the_o star_n beneath_o the_o horizon_n be_v give_v when_o that_o it_o first_o begin_v to_o appear_v that_o be_v the_o horizontal_n refraction_n of_o the_o star_n be_v give_v to_o find_v out_o the_o least_o altitude_n of_o that_o air_n as_o may_v be_v the_o thickness_n of_o that_o air_n for_o such_o be_v fraction_n and_o the_o great_a excess_n of_o density_n as_o may_v be_v of_o that_o air_n above_o the_o density_n of_o the_o aether_n that_o be_v the_o great_a rule_n that_o can_v be_v of_o refraction_n also_o more_o general_o the_o refraction_n of_o a_o star_n be_v give_v unto_o the_o give_v apparent_a altitude_n of_o it_o above_o the_o horizon_n to_o find_v the_o great_a altitude_n that_o may_v be_v horizon_n of_o the_o depression_n of_o the_o star_n beneath_o the_o horizon_n so_o let_v the_o give_v horizontal_n refraction_n n_o f_o l_o or_o the_o depression_n of_o the_o star_n beneath_o the_o horizon_n g_o f_o s_o or_o g_o l_o s_o when_o that_o it_o first_o begin_v to_o appear_v such_o as_o it_o be_v in_o nova_n zembla_n 4_o deg_fw-la 30_o min._n it_o be_v manifest_a therefore_o from_o the_o optic_n that_o if_o the_o radius_fw-la s_o f_o touch_v the_o air_n in_o f_z that_o be_v if_o that_o the_o angle_n n_o f_o t_o be_v straight_o scheme_n see_v scheme_n then_o indeed_o that_o ray_n be_v not_o refract_v but_o if_o that_o no_o star_n be_v beneath_o the_o tangent_fw-la i_o n_z than_o no_o ray_n can_v immediate_o come_v near_o to_o f._n therefore_o it_o be_v require_v that_o the_o star_n shall_v be_v about_o the_o tangent_fw-la and_o the_o angle_n n_z f_o t_o shall_v be_v lesser_a than_o the_o right_a angle_n or_o than_o 90._o let_v it_o therefore_o be_v suppose_v that_o 89_o deg_fw-la 59_o min._n or_o 90_o degree_n although_o very_o great_a yet_o not_o great_a than_o 90._o moreover_o let_v n_o f_o t_o the_o angle_n give_v or_o the_o horizontal_n refraction_n 4_o deg_fw-la 30_o min._n the_o angle_n t_o f_o l_o 85_o deg_fw-la 29_o min._n be_v leave_v the_o great_a which_o may_v be_v whence_o if_o that_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o as_o the_o sign_n t_o f_o l_o be_v to_o the_o sign_n f_o l_o t_o so_o be_v l_o t_o to_n t_o f_o and_o the_o find_v out_o t_o f_o shall_v be_v the_o least_o altitude_n of_o the_o air_n that_o may_v be_v the_o four_o proportional_a t_n f_o shall_v be_v the_o least_o that_o may_v be_v if_o so_o be_v that_o the_o middle_a bound_n or_o term_n viz._n the_o whole_a sign_n t_o l_o f_o and_o t_o l_o remain_v the_o same_o if_o that_o the_o refraction_n t_o f_o be_v not_o give_v to_o the_o apparent_a horizontal_n ray_n but_o to_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o star_n x_o l_o g._n we_o shall_v act_v after_o the_o same_o mode_n in_o â–³_o t_o l_o r_o t._n also_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n n_z f_o l_o 89_o deg_fw-la 59_o min_fw-mi to_o the_o sign_n t_o f_o l_o 85_o deg_fw-la 29_o min._n shall_v be_v the_o great_a reason_n which_o may_v be_v of_o the_o density_n of_o the_o air_n to_o the_o density_n of_o the_o aether_n proposition_n xxxii_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o air_n and_o one_o refraction_n of_o a_o star_n in_o it_o be_v give_v to_o a_o certain_a altitude_n of_o it_o to_o find_v out_o from_o it_o the_o rule_n of_o refraction_n or_o proportion_n of_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n of_o incidency_n to_o the_o angle_n refract_v or_o to_o the_o thickness_n of_o that_o air_n for_o the_o give_v refraction_n at_o the_o give_v altitude_n now_o the_o give_v altitude_n of_o the_o air_n ought_v to_o be_v great_a than_o that_o which_o according_a to_o the_o precedent_a proposition_n be_v find_v to_o be_v the_o least_o scheme_n see_v scheme_n for_o if_o that_o it_o be_v not_o great_a it_o be_v a_o sign_n that_o the_o refraction_n be_v not_o observe_v and_o that_o the_o problem_n be_v impossible_a let_v therefore_o the_o t_o r_o given_z be_v great_a for_o example_n let_v x_o l_o g_o act_n the_o apparent_a altitude_n let_v the_o know_a refraction_n be_v m_o r_o l_o therefore_o in_o the_o triangle_n t_o l_o r_o be_v give_v t_o r_o t_o l_o and_o the_o angle_n t_o l_o r._n from_o these_o be_v find_v out_o t_o r_o f_o the_o refracted_a angle_n unto_o which_o if_o that_o you_o add_v m_z l_o you_o have_v the_o angle_n of_o incidency_n m_o r_o t_o and_o the_o reason_n or_o account_v of_o the_o sign_n m_o r_o t_o to_o the_o sign_n l_o r_o t_o shall_v be_v find_v this_o shall_v be_v the_o rule_n of_o refraction_n in_o this_o air_n or_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o thickness_n of_o it_o to_o the_o density_n of_o the_o air._n proposition_n xxxiii_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o air_n and_o refraction_n be_v give_v to_o the_o one_o altitude_n of_o a_o star_n to_o find_v out_o the_o refraction_n in_o another_o altitude_n of_o a_o star_n scheme_n see_v scheme_n for_o example_n let_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o air_n t_o f_o or_o t_o r_o and_o the_o refraction_n n_o f_o l_o at_o the_o apparent_a altitude_n o_o be_v give_v viz._n the_o horizontal_n ray_n f_o l_o be_v that_o refract_v then_o let_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o apparent_a altitude_n of_o the_o star_n r_o l_o g_o or_o x_o l_o g_o be_v give_v let_v the_o rule_n of_o refraction_n or_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o sign_n n_z f_o t_n t_o f_o l_o or_o the_o sign_n n_z f_o t_n t_o f_o l_o be_v find_v by_o the_o precedent_a proposition_n then_o on_o the_o triangle_n t_o r_o l_o from_o the_o note_n t_o r_o t_o l_o and_o on_o the_o angle_n r_o l_o t_o let_v the_o angle_n t_o r_o l_o be_v find_v and_o as_o the_o sign_n t_o f_o l_o be_v to_o the_o sign_n t_o f_o n_z so_o be_v t_o r_o l_o to_o the_o other_o
from_o the_o middle_n and_o send_v forth_o ray_n it_o signify_v a_o moist_a and_o windy_a season_n 3._o if_o that_o the_o sun_n be_v pale_a in_o his_o set_n but_o if_o it_o be_v red_a the_o air_n will_v be_v quiet_a and_o serene_a the_o next_o day_n 4._o if_o the_o sun_n be_v pale_a set_v in_o black_a cloud_n it_o signify_v a_o northwind_n 5._o if_o that_o the_o moon_n be_v red_a like_o unto_o gold_n it_o be_v deem_v a_o certain_a sign_n of_o a_o wind_n according_a to_o the_o verse_n pallida_fw-la luna_fw-la pluit_fw-la rubicunda_fw-la fiat_fw-la alba_fw-la serenat_fw-la 6._o a_o circle_n about_o the_o moon_n 7._o if_o that_o the_o northern-horn_n or_o corner_n of_o the_o moon_n appear_v more_o extend_v a_o northwind_n be_v approach_v 8._o if_o that_o the_o southern_a a_o southwind_n be_v at_o hand_n 9_o the_o rise_n of_o the_o moon_n and_o the_o more_o note_a star_n as_o of_o the_o bear_n orion_n and_o especial_o the_o goat_n with_o the_o sun_n 10._o if_o the_o small_a star_n in_o cancer_n term_v asellos_fw-la be_v cover_v with_o a_o cloud_n if_o the_o northern_a of_o they_o be_v cover_v the_o wind_n will_v be_v south_n if_o the_o southren_n be_v cover_v it_o will_v be_v north._n 11._o for_o the_o most_o part_n wind_n begin_v to_o blow_v when_o that_o the_o wind_n cease_v 12._o when_o a_o certain_a noise_n and_o murmur_n like_v to_o a_o ebullition_n be_v hear_v in_o the_o sea_n 13._o the_o ancient_n also_o prognosticate_v from_o the_o raven_n the_o dolphin_n and_o other_o animal_n 14._o from_o fiery_a meteor_n as_o from_o lightning_n and_o falling-star_n but_o not_o from_o the_o ignes_fw-la fatui_fw-la proposition_n xviii_o why_o in_o the_o spring_n and_o autumn_n the_o wind_n be_v more_o frequent_a and_o blow_v with_o great_a force_n than_o in_o the_o hot_a summer_n or_o cold_a winter_n winter_n great_a and_o more_o frequent_a wind_n in_o spring_n and_o autumn_n than_o in_o summer_n and_o cold_a winter_n in_o the_o spring_n it_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v partly_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o dissolve_v of_o snow_n especial_o in_o mountainous_a place_n partly_o because_o that_o the_o pore_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v then_o open_v and_o send_v forth_o many_o exhalation_n partly_o because_o that_o the_o air_n and_o vapour_n be_v then_o more_o thin_a when_o that_o they_o be_v condense_v in_o the_o winter_n add_v that_o for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o the_o month_n before_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o spring_n and_o in_o the_o very_a spring_n many_o ray_n do_v fall_v by_o reason_n that_o humid_a constellation_n than_o have_v possess_v those_o house_n of_o the_o zodiac_n into_o which_o on_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o sun_n we_o account_v the_o beginning_n of_o the_o spring_n and_o also_o in_o autumn_n the_o frequent_a ray_n and_o exhalation_n be_v to_o be_v account_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o wind_n as_o well_o as_o in_o the_o spring_n by_o reason_n that_o a_o moderate_a heat_n proceed_v from_o the_o sun_n advance_v the_o vapour_n and_o exhalation_n yet_o such_o as_o be_v more_o thick_a and_o less_o attenuate_v but_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o summer_n there_o be_v no_o wind_n for_o the_o most_o part_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n by_o reason_n of_o which_o ray_n be_v very_o seldom_o see_v at_o that_o season_n viz._n because_o that_o the_o sun_n overmuch_o attenuate_v the_o exhalation_n and_o do_v not_o permit_v they_o so_o to_o conjoin_v or_o meet_v in_o such_o a_o quantity_n as_o be_v require_v to_o the_o generation_n of_o the_o wind_n which_o cause_n be_v not_o general_a or_o always_o true_a and_o neither_o be_v it_o general_o true_a that_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o summer_n there_o be_v no_o wind_n for_o here_o we_o be_v only_o to_o understand_v it_o concern_v that_o which_o oftentimes_o happen_v but_o in_o the_o sharp_a winter_n the_o wind_n be_v more_o rare_a and_o that_o by_o reason_n that_o both_o few_o vapour_n be_v raise_v from_o the_o earth_n and_o those_o also_o that_o be_v elevate_v be_v either_o condense_a into_o cloud_n or_o be_v so_o dissipate_v by_o frost_n that_o they_o cause_v no_o wind_n proposition_n xix_o in_o what_o altitude_n of_o the_o air_n or_o in_o what_o region_n of_o the_o air_n the_o wind_n begin_v to_o blow_v blow_v in_o what_o region_n the_o wind_n begin_v to_o blow_v there_o be_v some_o that_o suppose_v the_o wind_n not_o to_o exceed_v the_o low_a region_n of_o the_o air_n because_o that_o they_o discover_v that_o the_o top_n of_o the_o high_a mountain_n as_o olympus_n feel_v no_o blast_n but_o i_o question_v the_o observation_n see_v that_o the_o smoke_n cast_v forth_o from_o the_o top_n of_o mount_n aetna_n be_v discern_v to_o be_v move_v to_o and_o fro_o by_o the_o wind_n therefore_o i_o suppose_v that_o such_o a_o windy_a commotion_n may_v be_v cause_v also_o in_o the_o upper_a region_n of_o the_o air._n proposition_n xx._n unto_o what_o space_n one_o and_o the_o same_o wind_n may_v extend_v itself_o itself_o how_o far_o one_o and_o the_o same_o wind_n may_v extend_v itself_o there_o be_v great_a diversity_n in_o this_o matter_n for_o the_o wind_n blow_v from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n seem_v to_o encompass_v the_o whole_a earth_n and_o those_o also_o that_o blow_n either_o from_o the_o north_n or_o south_n for_o many_o day_n and_o long_a space_n be_v wont_a to_o accompany_v and_o follow_v mariner_n the_o same_o seem_v true_a concern_v collateral_a line_n but_o this_o diversity_n be_v because_o that_o the_o same_o wind_n be_v different_a in_o divers_a place_n as_o we_o have_v show_v in_o the_o ten_o proposition_n in_o the_o end_n of_o the_o explication_n of_o the_o first_o cause_n chap._n xxi_o of_o the_o wind_n in_o particular_a and_o tempest_n in_o the_o forego_n chapter_n we_o have_v allege_v the_o distribution_n and_o difference_n or_o rather_o the_o denomination_n of_o the_o wind_n which_o they_o receive_v from_o the_o quarter_n from_o whence_o they_o blow_v or_o seem_v to_o blow_v which_o division_n also_o be_v accidental_a by_o reason_n that_o they_o be_v take_v in_o respect_n of_o a_o certain_a place_n of_o the_o earth_n unto_o which_o those_o quarter_n be_v relate_v now_o in_o this_o chapter_n we_o shall_v allege_v the_o division_n and_o phaenomena_n which_o be_v in_o a_o certain_a time_n of_o the_o year_n or_o else_o be_v proper_a to_o certain_a tract_n of_o the_o earth_n although_o that_o we_o desire_v to_o have_v more_o and_o those_o likewise_o more_o accurate_a observation_n concern_v these_o thing_n but_o we_o will_v produce_v what_o we_o have_v collect_v with_o much_o labour_n from_o the_o diaries_n of_o the_o seaman_n proposition_n i._n one_o wind_n be_v constant_a and_o another_o inconstant_a inconstant_a of_o wind_n constant_a and_o inconstant_a that_o be_v a_o constant_a wind_n which_o at_o the_o least_o for_o one_o or_o two_o hour_n blow_v from_o the_o same_o quarter_n that_o be_v a_o inconstant_a wind_n which_o sometime_o blow_v and_o other_o some_o be_v change_v into_o other_o wind_n blow_v from_o other_o quarter_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o more_o or_o less_o duration_n of_o the_o same_o wind_n also_o of_o the_o swift_a immutation_n seem_v to_o be_v 1._o if_o that_o it_o be_v from_o a_o general_a cause_n or_o from_o a_o cause_n less_o constant_a so_o wind_n proceed_v from_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o air_n with_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v constant_a so_o those_o also_o that_o blow_n from_o the_o dissolve_v of_o the_o snow_n especial_o in_o the_o mountain_n 2._o if_o that_o by_o chance_n there_o be_v no_o such_o vapour_n in_o other_o quarter_n which_o be_v apt_a to_o generate_v wind_n 3._o if_o that_o the_o circumambient_a air_n about_o the_o cloud_n of_o which_o the_o wind_n be_v generate_v be_v more_o thick_a and_o grant_v no_o passage_n to_o the_o exhalation_n but_o if_o that_o the_o air_n be_v not_o so_o thick_a or_o more_o relax_v and_o that_o few_o vapour_n be_v here_o and_o there_o in_o divers_a place_n and_o quarter_n and_o last_o if_o that_o the_o general_a cause_n do_v cease_v than_o indeed_o the_o wind_n be_v find_v variable_a which_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n gentle_a proposition_n ii_o one_o wind_n be_v general_a and_o another_o particular_a wind_n of_o general_a and_o particular_a wind_n the_o general_a wind_n be_v term_v by_o mariner_n a_o passant_a wind_n which_o at_o many_o place_n at_o once_o in_o a_o long_a tract_n of_o earth_n blow_v on_o the_o sea_n almost_o for_o a_o whole_a year_n that_o be_v term_v a_o particular_a on_o the_o contrary_a which_o blow_v not_o at_o once_o in_o many_o place_n for_o a_o whole_a year_n now_o a_o general_a wind_n be_v hinder_v 1._o in_o the_o part_n of_o the_o sea_n near_o the_o earth_n for_o here_o vapour_n from_o other_o quarter_n do_v interpose_v
depart_v from_o the_o meridian_n for_o that_o be_v equal_a to_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n proposition_n x._o the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n situate_v under_o the_o aequator_fw-la have_v no_o latitude_n or_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n but_o both_o the_o pole_n lie_v in_o their_o horizon_n latitude_n the_o place_n under_o the_o aequator_fw-la have_v not_o latitude_n the_o place_n under_o the_o pole_n have_v the_o latitude_n of_o 90_o degree_n viz._n the_o pole_n in_o the_o vertex_fw-la and_o the_o aequator_fw-la in_o the_o horizon_n the_o place_n between_o the_o pole_n and_o the_o aequator_fw-la have_v a_o less_o latitude_n than_o ninety_o degree_n the_o truth_n of_o this_o proposition_n be_v evident_a therefore_o it_o need_v no_o explication_n proposition_n xi_o if_o we_o be_v either_o on_o the_o sea_n or_o land_n and_o know_v not_o the_o place_n where_o we_o be_v let_v the_o latitude_n be_v find_v to_o exhibit_v that_o parallel_n in_o the_o globe_n that_o we_o may_v be_v certain_a that_o we_o be_v in_o one_o point_n of_o it_o this_o be_v do_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n that_o we_o have_v show_v in_o the_o six_o proposition_n viz._n a_o parallel_n must_v be_v describe_v at_o the_o give_v or_o observe_v latitude_n and_o this_o be_v the_o parallel_n demand_v the_o same_o be_v also_o easy_a in_o map_n chap._n xxiv_o of_o the_o division_n of_o the_o earth_n into_o zone_n and_o the_o celestial_a appearance_n in_o the_o divers_a zone_n proposition_n i._o from_o the_o proper_a or_o annual_a motion_n of_o the_o sun_n there_o arise_v a_o certain_a division_n of_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n into_o five_o part_n or_o zone_n scheme_n the_o division_n of_o the_o earth_n into_o 5_o zone_n see_v scheme_n see_v that_o the_o sun_n do_v not_o always_o continue_v in_o the_o aequator_fw-la but_o decline_v from_o it_o describe_v by_o his_o motion_n a_o path_n which_o cut_v the_o aequator_fw-la so_o that_o his_o great_a declination_n be_v in_o 23½_n degree_n as_o well_o towards_o the_o north_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la as_o towards_o the_o south_n in_o which_o declination_n he_o describe_v the_o tropic_n of_o cancer_n and_o capricorn_n thence_o it_o be_v that_o he_o be_v not_o perpetual_o vertical_a to_o the_o place_n lie_v under_o the_o aequator_fw-la neither_o do_v he_o always_o keep_v one_o distance_n from_o other_o place_n for_o sometime_o he_o be_v more_o nigh_o and_o sometime_o more_o remote_a from_o a_o certain_a place_n and_o various_o change_v heat_n cold_a rain_n and_o other_o condition_n of_o the_o season_n these_o which_o we_o have_v now_o speak_v of_o may_v be_v show_v as_o well_o on_o the_o globe_n as_o in_o map_n a_o zone_n be_v term_v a_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n include_v within_o the_o tropic_a and_o the_o polary_a circle_n what_o a_o zone_n what_o and_o because_o there_o be_v two_o tropic_n and_o two_o polary_a circle_n thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o there_o be_v five_o zone_n viz._n 1._o torrid_a 2._o temperate_a and_o 2._o frigid_a zone_n torrid_a zone_n the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v that_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o lie_v between_o the_o tropic_n of_o cancer_n and_o capricorn_n zone_n temperate_a zone_n the_o temperate_a zone_n which_o lie_v between_o one_o of_o the_o tropic_n and_o the_o adjacent_a polary_a circle_n the_o northern_o temperate_a zone_n be_v that_o which_o lie_v between_o the_o tropic_a of_o cancer_n and_o the_o arctic_a circle_n the_o southern_o temperate_a zone_n be_v that_o which_o lie_v between_o the_o tropic_a of_o capricorn_n and_o the_o antarctic_a circle_n zone_n frigid_a zone_n the_o frigid_a or_o cold_a zone_n be_v those_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o lie_v about_o the_o pole_n even_o to_o the_o polary_a circle_n and_o they_o be_v as_o well_o northern_o as_o southern_o cold_a circle_n proposition_n ii_o in_o the_o place_n according_a to_o their_o latitude_n in_o what_o zone_n they_o be_v in_o those_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n who_o latitude_n be_v less_o than_o 23_o degree_n and_o 30_o minute_n they_o lie_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n those_o who_o latitude_n be_v 23_o degree_n and_o 30_o minute_n they_o lie_v in_o the_o tropic_n viz._n in_o the_o extremity_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n those_o who_o latitude_n be_v great_a than_o 23_o degree_n and_o 30_o minute_n and_o less_o than_o 66_o degree_n and_o 30_o minute_n they_o lie_v in_o the_o temperate_a zone_n those_o who_o latitude_n be_v 66_o degree_n and_o 30_o minute_n they_o lie_v in_o the_o polary_a circle_n viz._n in_o the_o term_n of_o the_o temperate_a zone_n those_o who_o latitude_n be_v great_a than_o 66_o degree_n and_o 30_o minute_n they_o lie_v in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n these_o be_v manifest_a from_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o tropical_a and_o polary_a circle_n which_o we_o have_v treat_v of_o in_o the_o 23th_o chapter_n proposition_n iii_o the_o aequator_fw-la of_o the_o earth_n pass_v through_o these_o place_n through_o place_n which_o the_o aequator_fw-la pass_v through_o through_o the_o island_n of_o st._n thomas_n in_o the_o great_a bay_n of_o africa_n which_o be_v call_v the_o aethiopian_a ocean_n through_o aethiopia_n through_o the_o indian_a ocean_n through_o the_o middle_n of_o sumatra_n through_o the_o chersonesus_n of_o malacca_n and_o other_o island_n in_o the_o indian_a ocean_n through_o the_o moluccas_n themselves_o and_o the_o pacifick_n ocean_n through_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o province_n of_o peruana_n by_o the_o lake_n parima_fw-la through_o the_o atlantic_a ocean_n even_o to_o the_o island_n of_o st._n thomas_n the_o aequator_fw-la divide_v the_o torrid_a zone_n into_o two_o equal_a part_n so_o that_o they_o may_v deserve_o be_v term_v two_o torrid_a zone_n one_o northern_a and_o the_o other_o southern_a these_o place_n lie_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n zone_n place_n which_o lie_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n the_o great_a part_n of_o africa_n the_o indian_a ocean_n abyssine_n part_n of_o arabia_n cambaja_n india_n the_o isle_n of_o the_o indian_a sea_n java_n ceilan_n peruvia_n mexico_n great_a part_n of_o the_o atlantic_a ocean_n the_o island_n of_o st._n helena_n brazil_n new_a guinee_n through_o place_n which_o the_o tropic_a of_o cancer_n pass_v through_o the_o tropic_a of_o cancer_n pass_v through_o these_o place_n viz._n through_o the_o confine_n of_o lybia_n and_o other_o place_n in_o the_o inland_a africa_n through_o syena_n in_o aethiopia_n thence_o pass_v the_o red_a sea_n beyond_o the_o mountain_n sinai_n and_o mecca_n the_o birth-place_n of_o mahomet_n it_o pass_v through_o arabia_n felix_n hence_o it_o enter_v the_o indian_a ocean_n and_o touch_v the_o border_n of_o persia_n and_o pass_v over_o cambaja_n india_n and_o the_o border_n of_o china_n until_o it_o come_v into_o the_o pacifick_n sea_n which_o be_v pass_v over_o it_o fall_v in_o with_o california_n into_o the_o kingdom_n of_o mexico_n and_o again_o enter_v into_o the_o atlantic_a ocean_n pass_v the_o gulf_n of_o mexico_n it_o sweep_v the_o coast_n of_o the_o isle_n of_o cuba_n and_o thence_o return_v to_o the_o occidental_a shore_n of_o africa_n through_o place_n which_o the_o tropic_a of_o capricorn_n pass_v through_o the_o tropic_a of_o capricorn_n pass_v through_o very_a few_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n its_o great_a part_n lie_v in_o the_o sea_n the_o place_n through_o which_o it_o pass_v be_v through_o the_o tongue_n of_o africa_n through_o monomotapa_n madagascar_n the_o indian_a ocean_n new_a guinee_n the_o pacifick_n ocean_n peru_n brazil_n and_o through_o the_o atlantic_a ocean_n zone_n place_n situate_a in_o the_o northern_a and_o southern_a temperate_a zone_n many_o place_n in_o the_o earth_n lie_v in_o the_o northern_a temperate_a zone_n and_o those_o almost_o all_o know_v and_o inhabit_v viz._n all_o europe_n all_o asia_n except_o part_n of_o india_n malacca_n and_o the_o isle_n of_o the_o indian_a ocean_n great_a part_n of_o america_n septentrionalis_n and_o part_n of_o the_o atlantic_a and_o pacifick_n ocean_n in_o the_o southern_a temperate_a zone_n few_o place_n lie_v and_o those_o not_o full_o know_v with_o a_o large_a portion_n of_o the_o sea_n viz._n part_n of_o the_o prominent_a part_n of_o africa_n monomotapa_n a_o great_a part_n of_o terra_fw-la magellanica_fw-la part_n of_o brazil_n chili_n the_o strait_n of_o magellan_n and_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o atlantic_a indian_a and_o pacifick_n ocean_n through_o place_n which_o the_o arctic_a and_o antarctic_a polary_n circle_n pass_v through_o the_o arctic_a polary_n circle_n pass_v almost_o through_o the_o middle_n of_o izland_n through_o the_o upper_a norway_n the_o north_n sea_n lapland_n the_o bay_n of_o russia_n samojeda_n tartary_n america_n septentrionalis_n and_o groenland_n the_o antarctic_a polary_n circle_n pass_v through_o terra_fw-la magellanica_fw-la of_o which_o we_o have_v little_a or_o no_o knowledge_n at_o this_o day_n zone_n place_n which_o lie_v in_o the_o cold_a northern_a and_o southern_a
zone_n in_o the_o cold_a northern_a zone_n lie_v part_n of_o izland_n the_o utmost_a part_n of_o norway_n and_o lapland_n finmarch_n samojeda_n nova_n zembla_n groenland_n spitsberga_n and_o some_o part_n of_o america_n septentrionalis_n not_o yet_o discover_v in_o the_o cold_a southern_a zone_n what_o it_o be_v whether_o land_n or_o water_n be_v unknown_a what_o we_o have_v speak_v on_o hitherto_o be_v show_v by_o the_o globe_n and_o by_o the_o map_n but_o they_o be_v prove_v by_o the_o table_n of_o the_o latitude_n of_o place_n which_o be_v make_v by_o observation_n proposition_n iv_o in_o the_o place_n which_o lie_v in_o the_o tropic_n the_o sun_n once_o in_o every_o year_n be_v only_o vertical_a in_o the_o meridies_n or_o noonstead_n but_o in_o place_n lie_v under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n he_o be_v vertical_a twice_o a_o year_n viz._n two_o day_n which_o be_v equal_o distant_a from_o the_o long_a day_n but_o in_o place_n without_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o situate_v without_o the_o tropic_n the_o sun_n never_o in_o any_o day_n of_o the_o year_n be_v vertical_a vertical_a the_o sun_n how_o oft_o and_o in_o what_o place_n vertical_a for_o when_o the_o sun_n be_v in_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o cancer_n which_o be_v about_o the_o one_o and_o twenty_o of_o june_n than_o he_o describe_v the_o tropic_a of_o cancer_n in_o the_o heaven_n and_o by_o how_o long_o a_o space_n this_o tropic_a be_v distant_a from_o the_o celestial_a aequator_fw-la by_o so_o much_o the_o terrestrial_a tropic_n of_o cancer_n be_v distant_a from_o the_o terrestrial_a aequator_fw-la and_o so_o the_o terrestrial_a tropic_n be_v subject_a to_o the_o celestial_a and_o the_o sun_n therefore_o become_v vertical_a to_o the_o place_n seat_v in_o the_o tropic_a of_o cancer_n in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o tropic_a of_o capricorn_n it_o happen_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n about_o the_o twenty_o of_o december_n the_o sun_n then_o enter_v the_o sign_n of_o capricorn_n these_o be_v manifest_a from_o the_o globe_n and_o from_o map_n but_o for_o further_a explanation_n to_o show_v the_o sun_n to_o be_v vertical_a twice_o a_o year_n in_o a_o place_n take_v a_o place_n lie_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n explanation_n explanation_n and_o let_v the_o place_n take_v be_v bring_v to_o the_o meridian_n and_o a_o point_a chalk_n be_v apply_v let_v the_o globe_n be_v turn_v round_o that_o the_o parallel_n of_o that_o place_n may_v be_v describe_v that_o will_v cut_v the_o ecliptic_a in_o two_o point_n which_o will_v be_v equal_o distant_a from_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o cancer_n or_o capricorn_n and_o the_o sun_n be_v in_o these_o point_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a will_v be_v vertical_a in_o the_o place_n take_v for_o the_o parallel_n which_o the_o sun_n in_o those_o day_n describe_v will_v direct_o hang_v over_o the_o parallel_n of_o the_o place_n describe_v wherefore_o the_o sun_n will_v pass_v through_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o that_o place_n and_o therefore_o will_v be_v vertical_a to_o it_o in_o the_o meridies_n of_o these_o two_o day_n but_o not_o so_o in_o other_o day_n now_o that_o it_o be_v only_o vertical_a in_o the_o meridies_n unto_o place_n be_v perspicuous_a from_o his_o diurnal_a revolution_n now_o that_o in_o place_n situate_a without_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o the_o tropic_n the_o sun_n be_v never_o vertical_a be_v manifest_a by_o reason_n that_o no_o parallel_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v imminent_a over_o the_o parallel_n of_o those_o place_n for_o the_o sun_n be_v never_o vertical_a in_o the_o temperate_a and_o cold_a zone_n proposition_n v._o to_o place_n seat_v in_o either_o of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n the_o sun_n every_o year_n some_o day_n or_o other_o set_v not_o and_o so_o many_o day_n rise_v not_o and_o that_o so_o many_o day_n the_o more_o by_o how_o much_o those_o day_n be_v nigh_o the_o pole_n so_o that_o in_o a_o whole_a place_n of_o the_o pole_n for_o six_o month_n space_n it_o set_v not_o and_o arise_v not_o to_o another_o but_o in_o place_n in_o 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and_o rain_n with_o other_o meteor_n in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o the_o vicine_fw-la air._n heat_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o heat_n 1._o the_o more_o or_o less_o or_o no_o obliquity_n of_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n come_v to_o or_o emit_v on_o any_o place_n for_o the_o ray_n fall_v perpendicular_a on_o any_o place_n cause_n great_a heat_n and_o the_o other_o ray_n slide_v oblique_o have_v for_o that_o very_a reason_n a_o less_o power_n of_o heat_n by_o how_o much_o the_o obliquity_n of_o they_o be_v the_o great_a that_o be_v by_o how_o much_o the_o more_o they_o decline_v from_o the_o perpendicular_a ray._n 2._o the_o diurnal_a stay_n of_o the_o sun_n above_o the_o horizon_n of_o the_o place_n for_o the_o same_o heat_n make_v more_o hot_a and_o change_v the_o air_n in_o a_o long_a time_n than_o in_o a_o short_a 3._o the_o depression_n of_o the_o sun_n beneath_o the_o horizon_n be_v more_o or_o less_o in_o the_o night_n season_n for_o this_o difference_n of_o depression_n cause_v that_o either_o more_o or_o less_o light_a be_v perceive_v in_o the_o air_n also_o more_o or_o less_o heat_n rain_n thick_a cloud_n hitherto_o belong_v the_o twilight_n 4._o the_o more_o or_o less_o elevation_n of_o the_o moon_n above_o the_o horizon_n the_o more_o or_o less_o depression_n of_o the_o same_o beneath_o the_o horizon_n the_o more_o or_o less_o diurnal_a stay_n of_o the_o same_o above_o the_o horizon_n the_o cause_n be_v the_o same_o with_o those_o allege_v in_o the_o three_o forego_v paragraph_n air._n the_o planet_n and_o fix_a star_n raise_v vapour_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o air._n 5._o the_o same_o may_v be_v say_v of_o fix_a star_n especial_o of_o those_o more_o note_a one_o and_o of_o the_o five_o other_o planet_n saturn_n jupiter_n mars_n venus_n and_o mercury_n for_o they_o generate_v some_o light_n and_o heat_n in_o the_o air_n although_o it_o be_v but_o little_a and_o change_v the_o air_n divers_a way_n and_o raise_v vapour_n if_o that_o we_o may_v credit_v astronomer_n 6._o the_o propriety_n or_o species_n of_o the_o earth_n of_o every_o place_n for_o where_o the_o earth_n be_v more_o stony_a and_o rocky_a there_o for_o the_o most_o part_n it_o be_v more_o cold_a than_o where_o it_o be_v sulphureous_a and_o fat_a and_o here_o again_o it_o be_v more_o fertile_a where_o there_o be_v much_o sand_n and_o no_o river_n there_o be_v great_a heat_n lake_n fume_n and_o mist_n proceed_v from_o lake_n 7._o lake_n or_o the_o sea_n adjacent_a from_o thence_o also_o fume_n and_o mist_n be_v raise_v more_o moist_a and_o frequent_a in_o the_o air_n and_o the_o ray_n be_v less_o powerful_o reflect_v from_o the_o sea_n than_o from_o the_o earth_n 8._o the_o situation_n of_o place_n for_o the_o sun_n act_v otherwise_o on_o mountain_n and_o mountainous_a place_n than_o on_o valley_n and_o plain_n moreover_o mountain_n hinder_v the_o free_a access_n of_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n to_o the_o subject_a place_n for_o to_o they_o the_o vapour_n of_o the_o air_n be_v in_o some_o sort_n attract_v 20._o see_v chap._n 20._o whence_o the_o mountain_n change_v the_o season_n of_o the_o adjacent_a place_n as_o heatt_z rain_n and_o the_o like_a for_o these_o will_v be_v otherwise_o in_o the_o subject_a place_n if_o that_o the_o mountain_n be_v absent_a weather_n the_o wind_n cause_n difference_n in_o the_o weather_n 9_o the_o wind_n especial_o the_o general_a so_o the_o etesian_a wind_n temperate_a and_o allay_v the_o canicular_a heat_n a_o general_a wind_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n especial_o the_o subsolan_n wind_n in_o brasilia_n render_v the_o heat_n temperate_a when_o in_o africa_n which_o be_v occidental_a the_o heat_n be_v vehement_a because_o these_o place_n feel_v not_o so_o general_a a_o wind._n the_o northern_a wind_n be_v cold_a and_o dry_a the_o southern_a warm_a and_o moist_a in_o our_o place_n 10._o cloud_n rain_n and_o fog_n take_v away_o and_o diminish_v light_a and_o heat_n i_o suppose_v that_o there_o be_v not_o many_o cause_n of_o this_o variety_n in_o light_n and_o heat_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v observe_v in_o divers_a place_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o also_o in_o the_o same_o place_n but_o yet_o in_o a_o different_a time_n or_o season_n proposition_n ii_o how_o be_v the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n spring_n summer_n autumn_n and_o winter_n to_o be_v define_v year_n the_o four_o season_n of_o the_o year_n although_o in_o science_n we_o ought_v not_o to_o contend_v and_o dispute_v concern_v definition_n yet_o because_o certain_a homonyme_n or_o likeness_n do_v here_o occur_v without_o the_o explication_n of_o which_o there_o will_v arise_v much_o confusion_n in_o the_o follow_a doctrine_n therefore_o i_o will_v so_o propose_v this_o question_n that_o you_o may_v the_o more_o cautious_o avoid_v this_o homonyme_n that_o they_o may_v not_o be_v deceive_v and_o entangle_v by_o the_o same_o the_o question_n comprehend_v two_o difficulty_n first_o whether_o these_o season_n ought_v to_o be_v define_v from_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o his_o stay_n in_o certain_a sing_v of_o the_o ecliptic_a and_o zodiac_n astrologer_n according_a to_o astronomer_n and_o astrologer_n for_o so_o astronomer_n and_o astrologer_n common_o do_v say_v that_o that_o be_v the_o spring_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o aries_n to_o the_o first_o of_o cancer_n that_o be_v summer_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o first_o of_o cancer_n to_o the_o first_o of_o libra_n that_o be_v autumn_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o first_o of_o libra_n to_o the_o first_o of_o capricorn_n and_o that_o be_v winter_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o first_o of_o capricorn_n to_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o aries_n now_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o these_o definition_n be_v not_o general_a and_o agreeable_a to_o all_o place_n because_o they_o be_v only_o of_o force_n in_o the_o northern_a place_n situate_v from_o the_o aequator_fw-la towards_o the_o 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definition_n spring_n summer_n autumn_n and_o winter_n may_v be_v attribute_v to_o all_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n neither_o be_v it_o easy_a to_o find_v out_o any_o other_o mode_n of_o define_v they_o so_o that_o they_o may_v agree_v with_o all_o place_n now_o these_o definition_n be_v lay_v down_o let_v we_o come_v to_o the_o matter_n itself_o proposition_n iii_o the_o celestial_a summer_n of_o the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o lie_v between_o the_o tropic_a of_o cancer_n and_o the_o pole_n arctic_a begin_v with_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o sun_n into_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o cancer_n viz._n the_o 21_o of_o june_n and_o end_n with_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o sun_n into_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o libra_n viz._n the_o 21_o of_o september_n and_o that_o together_o at_o once_o in_o all_o those_o place_n so_o that_o autumn_n be_v in_o those_o place_n the_o sun_n go_v from_o the_o first_o of_o libra_n unto_o the_o first_o of_o capricorn_n the_o winter_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o first_o of_o capricorn_n to_o the_o first_o of_o aries_n the_o spring_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o aries_n unto_o the_o first_o of_o cancer_n year_n further_o concern_v the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n the_o truth_n of_o this_o proposition_n be_v easy_o show_v by_o the_o antecedent_n definition_n and_o may_v be_v demonstrate_v on_o the_o globe_n and_o in_o universal_a map_n for_o the_o sun_n come_v to_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o cancer_n have_v the_o least_o distance_n in_o the_o meridies_n from_o the_o vertex_n of_o every_o one_o of_o the_o place_n of_o the_o northern_a temperate_a and_o frigid_a zone_n after_o the_o same_o mode_n the_o sun_n in_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o libra_n have_v a_o moderate_a distance_n from_o those_o vertex_n in_o the_o first_o of_o capricorn_n a_o great_a in_o the_o first_o of_o aries_n a_o moderate_a and_o he_o ascend_v to_o a_o more_o great_a which_o be_v apparent_a both_o from_o the_o declination_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o from_o the_o globe_n and_o map_n therefore_o it_o be_v infer_v by_o the_o definition_n lay_v down_o before_o that_o the_o summer_n the_o winter_n and_o the_o spring_n of_o those_o place_n begin_z and_o end_v in_o those_o day_n we_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o summer_n of_o those_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o lie_v between_o the_o tropic_a of_o capricorn_n and_o the_o antarctic_a pole_n or_o those_o of_o the_o southern_a zone_n temperate_a and_o frigid_a begin_v with_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o sun_n into_o the_o first_o of_o capricorn_n viz._n 21_o of_o december_n and_o end_n with_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o sun_n into_o the_o first_o of_o aries_n viz._n the_o 21_o of_o march._n the_o autumn_n of_o those_o place_n begin_v with_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o sun_n into_o the_o first_o of_o aries_n and_o end_n with_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o sun_n into_o the_o first_o of_o cancer_n viz._n the_o 21_o of_o june_n with_o this_o the_o winter_n of_o those_o place_n begin_v which_o end_v with_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o sun_n into_o the_o first_o of_o libra_n viz._n 21_o of_o september_n and_o with_o this_o their_o spring_n begin_v and_o end_v with_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o sun_n into_o the_o first_o of_o capricorn_n viz._n 21_o of_o december_n where_o the_o summer_n begin_v again_o these_o be_v show_v after_o the_o same_o mode_n by_o the_o definition_n deliver_v and_o by_o the_o globe_n or_o map_n by_o which_o we_o show_v the_o former_a because_o in_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o capricorn_n the_o sun_n have_v the_o least_o distance_n from_o the_o vertex_n of_o those_o place_n in_o the_o first_o of_o aries_n a_o moderate_a and_o descend_v to_o the_o less_o in_o the_o first_o of_o cancer_n the_o great_a in_o the_o first_o of_o libra_n a_o moderate_a and_o ascend_v to_o a_o great_a but_o the_o celestial_a summer_n spring_n autumn_n and_o winter_n of_o the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o lie_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n between_o the_o tropic_a of_o cancer_n and_o capricorn_n do_v not_o begin_v on_o one_o and_o the_o same_o day_n of_o the_o year_n but_o on_o divers_a day_n in_o every_o place_n of_o diverse_a parallel_n or_o of_o a_o diverse_a latitude_n of_o this_o zone_n now_o the_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v threefold_a viz._n the_o place_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la the_o northern_a place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o the_o southern_a place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n 1._o the_o place_n lie_v in_o the_o aequator_fw-la have_v this_o peculiar_a to_o they_o that_o they_o enjoy_v two_o summer_n two_o winter_n two_o spring_n season_n and_o two_o autumn_n and_o that_o in_o every_o year_n so_o that_o in_o half_a a_o year_n they_o have_v or_o aught_o to_o have_v those_o four_o season_n according_a to_o our_o definition_n and_o the_o celestial_a law_n they_o have_v again_o the_o same_o four_o season_n from_o the_o 21_o of_o september_n to_o the_o 21_o of_o march_n september_n half_n a_o year_n be_v from_o the_o 21_o of_o march_n to_o the_o 21_o of_o september_n viz._n one_o summer_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o aries_n to_o the_o second_o of_o taurus_n from_o the_o 21_o of_o march_n to_o the_o 22_o of_o april_n autumn_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o second_o degree_n of_o taurus_n to_o the_o first_o of_o cancer_n from_o the_o 22_o of_o april_n to_o the_o 21_o of_o june_n zodiac_n the_o motion_n of_o â—he_n sun_n in_o the_o 12_o sign_n of_o the_o zodiac_n winter_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o cancer_n to_o the_o second_o of_o leo_n from_o the_o 21_o of_o june_n to_o the_o 19_o of_o august_n the_o spring_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o 28_o degree_n of_o leo_n to_o the_o first_o of_o libra_n from_o the_o 19_o of_o august_n to_o the_o 21_o of_o september_n the_o other_o summer_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o libra_n to_o the_o second_o of_o scorpio_n from_o the_o 21_o of_o september_n to_o the_o 22_o of_o october_n the_o other_o autumn_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o second_o degree_n of_o scorpio_n to_o the_o first_o of_o capricorn_n from_o the_o 22_o of_o october_n to_o the_o 21_o of_o december_n the_o other_o winter_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o capricorn_n to_o the_o 28_o of_o aquarius_n from_o the_o 21_o of_o december_n to_o the_o 19_o of_o february_n the_o other_o spring_n be_v whilst_o the_o sun_n do_v move_v from_o the_o 28_o degree_n of_o aquarius_n to_o the_o first_o of_o aries_n from_o the_o 19_o of_o february_n to_o the_o 21_o of_o march._n all_o these_o be_v easy_o demonstrate_v from_o the_o definition_n lay_v down_o because_o that_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o aries_n and_o in_o the_o first_o of_o libra_n have_v the_o less_o distance_n in_o the_o meridies_n from_o the_o vertices_fw-la of_o the_o place_n lie_v under_o the_o aequator_fw-la for_o it_o have_v none_o because_o it_o be_v vertical_a unto_o they_o therefore_o then_o do_v the_o summer_n begin_v then_o in_o the_o second_o degree_n of_o taurus_n and_o the_o second_o of_o scorpio_n where_o the_o declination_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v 11_o degree_n 45_o minute_n it_o acquire_v a_o mean_a distance_n depart_v to_o a_o great_a then_o therefore_o the_o autumn_n do_v begin_v moreover_o when_o he_o be_v in_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o cancer_n and_o the_o first_o of_o capricorn_n he_o have_v a_o great_a distance_n from_o the_o place_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la therefore_o then_o do_v the_o winter_n begin_v final_o on_o the_o 28_o degree_n of_o leo_n and_o the_o 28_o of_o aquarius_n he_o receive_v a_o moderate_a distance_n from_o the_o place_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la 10_o degree_n 45_o minute_n ascend_v towards_o the_o least_o and_o therefore_o then_o do_v the_o spring_n season_v begin_v these_o be_v understand_v more_o perspicuous_o from_o the_o globe_n therefore_o here_o these_o season_n may_v be_v distinguish_v thus_o according_a to_o the_o celestial_a law_n notwithstanding_o the_o terrestrial_a season_n be_v in_o many_o place_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la otherwise_o observe_v as_o we_o shall_v show_v in_o the_o follow_a proposition_n 2._o all_o the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n lie_v under_o the_o torrid_a northern_a zone_n have_v the_o end_n of_o the_o autumn_n and_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o winter_n together_o both_o at_o one_o time_n viz._n the_o 21_o of_o december_n but_o they_o have_v not_o together_o the_o beginning_n and_o end_n of_o the_o summer_n and_o spring_n as_o also_o the_o autumn_n but_o different_a place_n have_v they_o in_o several_a day_n season_n other_o observation_n about_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o season_n for_o the_o end_n of_o the_o
autumn_n and_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o winter_n in_o those_o place_n be_v when_o the_o sun_n obtain_v the_o great_a distance_n that_o possible_o he_o can_v from_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o those_o place_n as_o it_o be_v lay_v down_o in_o the_o definition_n and_o it_o be_v true_a concern_v all_o the_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a northern_a zone_n that_o the_o sun_n enter_v into_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o capricorn_n acquire_v the_o great_a distance_n in_o the_o meridies_n from_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o those_o place_n because_o that_o in_o all_o the_o other_o day_n he_o be_v more_o near_o to_o those_o place_n therefore_o the_o sun_n be_v enter_v into_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o capricorn_n the_o beginning_n of_o the_o winter_n happen_v to_o all_o those_o place_n and_o also_o the_o end_n of_o autumn_n which_o be_v the_o first_o part_n of_o this_o proposition_n the_o other_o part_n be_v also_o easy_o prove_v for_o if_o these_o place_n be_v of_o a_o diverse_a latitude_n than_o the_o sun_n be_v not_o vertical_a in_o the_o meridies_n to_o those_o place_n in_o the_o same_o day_n but_o in_o diverse_a for_o than_o be_v the_o begin_n of_o the_o summer_n of_o any_o place_n of_o this_o torrid_a zone_n when_o the_o sun_n by_o his_o ascent_n from_o the_o first_o of_o capricorn_n come_v to_o that_o degree_n of_o the_o northern_a ecliptic_a that_o he_o be_v vertical_a to_o that_o place_n so_o that_o in_o divers_a day_n the_o beginning_n of_o summer_n may_v be_v in_o those_o divers_a place_n yet_o in_o all_o those_o place_n its_o beginning_n fall_v between_o the_o 21_o of_o march_n and_o the_o 21_o of_o june_n the_o summer_n shall_v also_o end_v in_o different_a day_n and_o the_o autumn_n begin_v because_o the_o sun_n in_o divers_a day_n come_v to_o his_o mean_a distance_n or_o to_o the_o point_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a which_o have_v a_o moderate_a distance_n from_o those_o place_n because_o these_o point_n be_v different_o seat_v between_o the_o first_o of_o libra_n 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have_v it_o in_o different_a day_n yet_o so_o that_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o summer_n of_o all_o those_o place_n do_v fall_v between_o the_o 21_o of_o september_n and_o the_o 21_o of_o december_n the_o beginning_n of_o autumn_n and_o the_o end_n of_o summer_n between_o the_o 21_o of_o march_n and_o the_o 21_o of_o june_n the_o beginning_n of_o the_o spring_n and_o the_o end_n of_o winter_n between_o the_o 21_o of_o june_n and_o the_o 21_o of_o september_n the_o part_n of_o this_o proposition_n be_v prove_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o the_o former_a for_o on_o the_o 21_o of_o june_n the_o sun_n be_v in_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o cancer_n and_o therefore_o have_v the_o great_a distance_n that_o be_v possible_a from_o the_o place_n of_o the_o austrial_a torrid_a zone_n then_o therefore_o all_o of_o they_o shall_v have_v the_o beginning_n of_o winter_n but_o the_o begin_n of_o summer_n the_o spring_n and_o autumn_n shall_v happen_v on_o divers_a day_n because_o the_o sun_n in_o 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because_o the_o sun_n recede_v from_o the_o vertices_fw-la of_o those_o place_n which_o lie_v between_o the_o aequator_fw-la and_o the_o 8_o degree_n of_o the_o boreal_a or_o northern_a latitude_n where_o it_o make_v the_o beginning_n of_o the_o first_o summer_n and_o go_v forward_o towards_o the_o beginning_n of_o cancer_n it_o acquire_v here_o a_o a_o moderate_a distance_n when_o it_o return_v from_o the_o vertices_fw-la towards_o those_o vertices_fw-la it_o shall_v not_o make_v autumn_n after_o that_o first_o summer_n but_o another_o spring_n see_v that_o it_o make_v the_o first_o before_o it_o begin_v the_o first_o summer_n where_o it_o obtain_v a_o mean_a distance_n between_o the_o first_o of_o capricorn_n and_o the_o first_o of_o aries_n for_o example_n let_v we_o take_v a_o place_n which_o be_v four_o degree_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la because_o therefore_o also_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o ten_o degree_n of_o aries_n decline_v and_o be_v distant_a from_o the_o aequator_fw-la four_o degree_n therefore_o he_o be_v in_o the_o ten_o of_o aries_n shall_v cause_v the_o beginning_n of_o summer_n in_o that_o place_n moreover_o the_o great_a distance_n which_o this_o place_n can_v have_v in_o the_o meridies_n be_v 27_o degree_n 30_o minute_n viz._n in_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o capricorn_n where_o his_o declination_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la be_v 30_o minnte_n 23_o degree_n to_o which_o let_v the_o northerm_n distance_n of_o the_o place_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la 4_o degree_n be_v add_v therefore_o see_v his_o mean_a distance_n be_v 0_o degree_n let_v 0_o degree_n be_v his_o middle_a distance_n 13_o degree_n 45_o minute_n wherefore_o when_o the_o sun_n shall_v be_v in_o the_o point_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a which_o be_v distant_a from_o the_o place_n take_v or_o the_o parallel_n of_o the_o place_n 13_o degree_n 45_o minute_n then_o the_o sun_n shall_v make_v either_o spring_n or_o autumn_n in_o that_o place_n the_o spring_n if_o the_o sun_n be_v move_v from_o those_o point_n towards_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o the_o place_n but_o autumn_n if_o the_o sun_n tend_v from_o that_o point_n to_o a_o remote_a distance_n now_o the_o point_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a which_o be_v distant_a from_o the_o place_n assume_v 13_o degree_n 45_o minute_n be_v find_v to_o be_v four_o to_o wit_n the_o 25_o degree_n of_o libra_n the_o 3d_o degree_n of_o gemini_fw-la the_o 27_o of_o cancer_n and_o the_o 5_o of_o pisces_fw-la which_o be_v prove_v from_o the_o declination_n of_o these_o point_n because_o that_o therefore_o the_o sun_n come_v to_o the_o five_o degree_n of_o pisces_fw-la from_o the_o first_o of_o capricorn_n acquire_v here_o a_o middle_a distance_n from_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o the_o place_n assume_v and_o tend_v towards_o the_o place_n he_o shall_v then_o make_v viz._n he_o be_v in_o the_o five_o degree_n of_o pisces_fw-la the_o beginning_n of_o the_o spring_n in_o that_o place_n which_o spring_n shall_v continue_v until_o the_o sun_n do_v come_v to_o the_o ten_o of_o aries_n where_o he_o shall_v become_v vertical_a to_o the_o place_n and_o that_o shall_v be_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o summer_n when_o the_o sun_n by_o his_o motion_n have_v depart_v from_o the_o place_n to_o the_o three_o of_o gemini_fw-la again_o he_o shall_v have_v a_o moderate_a distance_n from_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o the_o place_n in_o the_o meridies_n viz._n 13_o degree_n 45_o minute_n and_o then_o shall_v that_o summer_n have_v a_o end_n and_o the_o spring_n begin_v not_o the_o autumn_n because_o that_o the_o sun_n do_v not_o tend_v to_o the_o great_a distance_n from_o the_o vertex_fw-la from_o the_o three_o of_o gemini_fw-la but_o return_v to_o the_o least_o viz._n whilst_o he_o move_v through_o cancer_n and_o leo_n he_o come_v to_o the_o twenty_o of_o virgo_fw-la for_o then_o again_o he_o become_v vertical_a to_o the_o
distance_n from_o the_o place_n assume_v the_o spring_n when_o he_o go_v from_o a_o point_n of_o moderate_a distance_n towards_o the_o very_a vertex_fw-la of_o the_o pole_n or_o to_o the_o point_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a which_o be_v vertical_a to_o the_o place_n or_o to_o the_o parallel_n of_o the_o place_n the_o summer_n where_o the_o sun_n go_v from_o this_o other_o point_n of_o middle_a distance_n to_o a_o point_n of_o great_a distance_n that_o be_v the_o first_o degree_n of_o capricorn_n or_o cancer_n 2._o in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la itself_o the_o sun_n no_o day_n of_o the_o year_n remain_v above_o the_o horizon_n more_o or_o less_o hour_n than_o twelve_o and_o so_o many_o beneath_o the_o horizon_n in_o other_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n one_o hour_n or_o a_o hour_n and_o a_o half_a at_o the_o most_o viz._n in_o the_o extreme_a place_n of_o this_o zone_n about_o the_o tropic_n of_o cancer_n and_o capricorn_n when_o the_o day_n be_v at_o the_o long_a the_o sun_n remain_v above_o the_o horizon_n twelve_o hour_n and_o in_o the_o short_a day_n about_o eleven_o hour_n and_o in_o the_o intermedial_a day_n that_o time_n of_o the_o stay_n of_o the_o sum_n above_o and_o beneath_o the_o horizon_n do_v not_o much_o differ_v from_o twelve_o hour_n and_o therefore_o this_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o night_n be_v not_o without_o cold_a and_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o day_n continue_v not_o long_o about_o the_o eveningtide_n 3._o in_o the_o night_n time_n the_o sun_n be_v profound_o depress_v beneath_o the_o horizon_n for_o that_o he_o illustrate_v the_o air_n with_o none_o of_o his_o ray_n nay_o not_o reflex_n this_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o most_o dark_a night_n be_v there_o and_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o night_n be_v augment_v the_o air_n be_v condense_v and_o contract_v itself_o and_o be_v cold_a it_o descend_v towards_o the_o earth_n by_o its_o own_o ponderosity_n moreover_o in_o a_o very_a short_a time_n about_o the_o space_n of_o half_a a_o 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land_n of_o the_o negro_n in_o many_o place_n of_o arabia_n in_o peru_n and_o in_o the_o place_n between_o peru_n and_o brazilia_n whence_o in_o these_o place_n a_o very_a great_a heat_n be_v raise_v by_o the_o sun_n because_o the_o particle_n of_o the_o sand_n do_v very_o long_o retain_v the_o heat_n receive_v from_o the_o sun_n and_o soon_o communicate_v the_o same_o to_o the_o vicine_fw-la air._n in_o other_o place_n the_o river_n be_v many_o and_o in_o those_o sandy_a one_o few_o there_o be_v many_o in_o abyssine_n in_o guiney_n congo_n india_n and_o in_o brazilia_n hence_o humid_a vapour_n be_v raise_v which_o do_v very_o much_o blunt_v the_o force_n of_o the_o sun_n ray_n and_o render_v his_o heat_n more_o tolerable_a 7._o the_o most_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n have_v the_o sea_n adjacent_a as_o india_n and_o its_o isle_n the_o tongue_n of_o africa_n guiney_n brazilia_n peru_n mexico_n some_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v mediterranean_n as_o the_o more_o 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the_o twenty_o chapter_n whence_o rain_n and_o cloud_n proceed_v by_o which_o the_o heat_n and_o light_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v very_o much_o obstruct_v and_o the_o celestial_a cause_n of_o the_o season_n be_v disturb_v there_o be_v few_o of_o the_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n which_o want_v those_o ridge_n as_o the_o inward_a africa_n mexico_n and_o the_o like_a 9_o the_o effect_n of_o the_o wind_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v various_a and_o notable_a for_o a_o general_a wind_n blow_v from_o the_o side_n plagas_fw-la of_o the_o east_n or_o from_o the_o east_n continual_o towards_o the_o west_n refrigerate_v the_o maritime_a place_n which_o regard_v the_o east_n as_o brazilia_n the_o oriental_a coast_n of_o africa_n but_o not_o so_o to_o those_o towards_o the_o west_n as_o guiney_n congo_n angola_n and_o the_o coast_n of_o peru._n some_o wind_n be_v appropriate_v as_o the_o south_n in_o peru_n which_o wind_n dispel_v vapour_n towards_o the_o plaga_fw-la in_o which_o they_o 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to_o cause_v the_o heat_n and_o the_o property_n of_o the_o season_n and_o in_o one_o place_n some_o be_v from_o other_o cause_n in_o another_o other_o be_v of_o force_n or_o concur_v in_o divers_a season_n of_o the_o year_n or_o mutual_o impede_fw-la one_o another_o hence_o we_o discover_v why_o the_o cause_n and_o condition_n of_o the_o season_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v so_o various_a proposition_n xi_o how_o the_o spring_n summer_n autumn_n and_o winter_n terrestrial_a do_v behave_v themselves_o and_o in_o what_o month_n of_o the_o year_n they_o commence_v in_o the_o divers_a place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n zone_n of_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o season_n in_o place_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n we_o have_v say_v before_o and_o especial_o in_o the_o second_o proposition_n that_o
the_o season_n in_o many_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n viz._n that_o it_o be_v summer_n there_o when_o the_o sun_n be_v most_o distant_a and_o winter_n when_o he_o be_v near_o yea_o vertical_a to_o the_o vertex_fw-la therefore_o we_o have_v distinguish_v the_o season_n into_o celestial_a and_o terrestrial_a we_o have_v show_v heretofore_o and_o that_o in_o the_o three_o and_o four_o proposition_n how_o any_o place_n be_v give_v in_o that_o torrid_a zone_n the_o month_n of_o the_o year_n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o which_o the_o place_n ought_v to_o have_v summer_n spring_n autumn_n and_o winter_n if_o we_o have_v regard_n to_o the_o access_n and_o recess_n of_o the_o sun_n that_o be_v we_o have_v teach_v to_o design_n the_o time_n of_o the_o celestial_a season_n but_o see_v that_o in_o many_o place_n of_o this_o zone_n the_o forementioned_a season_n do_v not_o happen_v in_o those_o month_n but_o in_o other_o and_o that_o in_o 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chief_o by_o siccity_n and_o humidiy_n for_o in_o the_o winter_n they_o have_v often_o great_a heat_n than_o in_o their_o summer_n with_o a_o shortness_n of_o respiration_n because_o the_o rain_n and_o the_o cloud_n press_v the_o calid_a air_n downward_o but_o the_o spring_n and_o autumn_n be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v by_o so_o manifest_a sign_n or_o difference_n we_o shall_v begin_v our_o narration_n from_o that_o part_n of_o africa_n which_o lie_v under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o proceed_v towards_o the_o east_n with_o brazilia_n we_o shall_v finish_v the_o whole_a torrid_a zone_n seat_v in_o the_o west_n measure_v by_o we_o the_o region_n of_o the_o occidental_a shore_n of_o africa_n from_o the_o tropic_a of_o cancer_n to_o cape_n verd_fw-mi that_o be_v distant_a 14_o degree_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la towards_o the_o north_n be_v all_o abound_a both_o with_o corn_n and_o variety_n of_o fruit_n there_o be_v also_o herd_n of_o cattle_n and_o flock_n of_o sheep_n in_o great_a abundance_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v of_o a_o great_a strength_n the_o heat_n of_o the_o air_n a_o little_a exceed_v mediocrity_n so_o that_o the_o inhabitant_n go_v naked_a except_o the_o noble_a and_o those_o that_o be_v rich_a who_o clothing_n be_v a_o linen_n cloth_n the_o cause_n of_o this_o fertility_n and_o temperate_a air_n contrary_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v first_o many_o river_n of_o which_o the_o chief_a be_v senega_n and_o gambea_n before_o they_o discharge_v themselves_o into_o the_o neighbour_a sea_n they_o water_v those_o region_n and_o render_v the_o air_n more_o humid_a and_o frigid_a second_o the_o vicinity_n of_o the_o sea_n which_o afford_v humid_a vapour_n and_o somewhat_o cold_a wind_n how_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n have_v themselves_o in_o this_o place_n and_o what_o month_n of_o the_o year_n summer_n and_o winter_n happen_v and_o be_v vigorous_a i_o have_v not_o find_v note_v by_o writer_n which_o be_v to_o be_v impute_v to_o their_o negligence_n and_o sloth_n yet_o in_o one_o itinerary_n i_o have_v read_v that_o in_o one_o of_o the_o island_n which_o lie_v not_o far_o from_o the_o promontory_n of_o cape_n verd_fw-mi by_o name_n salinae_n or_o the_o hesperides_n in_o one_o of_o they_o i_o say_v call_v st._n vincent_n the_o latitude_n be_v 16_o degree_n the_o watery_a month_n that_o be_v winter_n be_v august_n september_n november_n december_n january_n even_o to_o february_n this_o time_n almost_o agree_v with_o the_o celestial_a cause_n for_o in_o the_o month_n of_o may_n june_n and_o july_n because_o the_o sun_n be_v very_o near_o or_o else_o vertical_a to_o that_o place_n therefore_o it_o make_v the_o celestial_a summer_n and_o here_o the_o terrestrial_a agree_v with_o it_o for_o than_o they_o have_v a_o great_a heat_n and_o dry_a air_n without_o rain_n in_o the_o month_n of_o february_n march_n and_o april_n be_v their_o spring_n be-because_a the_o sun_n be_v move_v from_o a_o moderate_a distance_n to_o a_o lesser_a therefore_o they_o be_v then_o without_o rain_n and_o have_v a_o moderate_a heat_n the_o month_n of_o august_n september_n and_o october_n be_v to_o be_v ascribe_v to_o autumn_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o rain_n although_o it_o ought_v to_o begin_v latter_a because_o the_o sun_n in_o august_n have_v not_o yet_o return_v from_o his_o least_o distance_n to_o his_o mean_v last_o the_o month_n november_n december_n and_o january_n be_v winter_n because_o the_o sun_n have_v then_o the_o great_a distance_n from_o their_o vertex_fw-la and_o then_o they_o find_v more_o and_o long_o continue_v rain_n with_o some_o cold_a but_o this_o be_v not_o to_o be_v observe_v every_o year_n though_o most_o year_n but_o how_o the_o season_n be_v in_o the_o continent_n of_o africa_n be_v not_o relate_v except_o that_o concern_v the_o shore_n of_o sierra_n leon_n it_o be_v contrary_a as_o we_o shall_v now_o speak_v 2._o now_o succeed_v the_o region_n of_o the_o coast_n of_o africa_n which_o look_v towards_o the_o south_n and_o extend_v themselves_o from_o the_o promontory_n of_o cape_n verd_fw-mi to_o the_o curvature_n or_o bend_a part_n of_o africa_n that_o be_v from_o the_o west_n to_o east_n these_o region_n be_v term_v by_o one_o name_n guiny_n although_o other_o attribute_v this_o term_n only_o to_o one_o part_n now_o they_o lie_v in_o the_o torrid_a northern_a zone_n 3.4_o and_o more_o degree_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la in_o these_o region_n there_o be_v a_o continual_a heat_n of_o the_o air_n without_o any_o intervening_a cold_a yet_o they_o attribute_v some_o month_n to_o the_o summer_n and_o some_o to_o the_o winter_n i_o think_v the_o same_o must_v be_v understand_v of_o the_o former_a western_a coast_n for_o in_o the_o region_n of_o the_o shore_n call_v sierra_n leon_n which_o be_v remove_v above_o 9_o degree_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la towards_o the_o north_n as_o also_o in_o many_o tract_n of_o guiny_n they_o ascribe_v the_o month_n march_v april_n may_n june_n and_o july_n to_o winter_n especial_o the_o three_o first_o by_o reason_n that_o on_o these_o month_n there_o fall_v frequent_a and_o almost_o continual_a rain_n hot_a or_o warm_a great_a thunder_n and_o lightning_n and_o so_o great_a storm_n rage_n without_o violent_a wind_n that_o none_o can_v easy_o conceive_v they_o 21._o see_v chap._n 21._o who_o have_v not_o have_v experience_n of_o they_o how_o they_o rage_v i_o have_v already_o speak_v also_o in_o these_o month_n the_o field_n lie_v barren_a but_o when_o these_o stormy_a month_n be_v expire_v than_o they_o dig_v up_o the_o dry_a earth_n which_o have_v suck_v up_o the_o great_a rain_n in_o the_o say_v wet_a month_n and_o mix_v stamp_v and_o bruise_a coal_n instead_o of_o manure_v and_o so_o for_o the_o space_n of_o 10_o day_n suffer_v the_o earth_n to_o putrify_v and_o then_o they_o sow_v their_o seed_n there_o be_v here_o so_o great_a a_o heat_n of_o the_o air_n join_v with_o humidity_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o propinquity_n of_o the_o sea_n that_o the_o fish_n which_o be_v take_v stink_n if_o keep_v undress_v half_a a_o day_n therefore_o in_o these_o place_n the_o winter_n shall_v be_v in_o april_n may_n and_o june_n when_o the_o storm_n and_o rains_n rage_n the_o spring_n in_o july_n august_n and_o september_n the_o summer_n in_o october_n november_n and_o december_n and_o the_o autumn_n in_o january_n february_n and_o march_v where_o the_o rain_n and_o storm_n do_v begin_v now_o all_o these_o time_n of_o the_o season_n in_o those_o place_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o celestial_a cause_n or_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n for_o in_o the_o month_n of_o may_n june_n and_o july_n great_a heat_n ought_v to_o be_v there_o because_o then_o the_o sun_n be_v then_o vertical_a or_o near_o the_o vertex_fw-la which_o the_o heat_n or_o warmness_n of_o the_o rain_n also_o
testify_v contrariwise_o in_o the_o month_n of_o october_n november_n and_o december_n it_o shall_v be_v winter_n because_o that_o the_o sun_n be_v about_o the_o beginning_n and_o tropic_a of_o capricorn_n be_v most_o remote_a from_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o those_o place_n here_o therefore_o the_o time_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a season_n do_v much_o differ_v from_o the_o celestial_a season_n the_o cause_n therefore_o of_o these_o rain_n storm_n and_o thunder_n at_o that_o time_n in_o those_o place_n when_o the_o sun_n be_v so_o near_o be_v not_o easy_a to_o be_v explicate_v but_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v that_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o day_n time_n force_v up_o many_o vapour_n from_o the_o sea_n and_o sulphureous_a exhalation_n from_o the_o land_n of_o guiny_n which_o vapour_n be_v condense_v by_o the_o cool_a of_o the_o night_n cause_n the_o rain_n especial_o when_o no_o continual_a wind_n blow_v in_o these_o place_n which_o may_v discuss_v the_o vapour_n but_o for_o the_o most_o part_n here_o be_v a_o calm_a some_o storm_n except_v and_o these_o month_n of_o rain_n which_o they_o attribute_v to_o winter_n be_v not_o cold_a but_o hot_a because_o no_o wind_n blow_v and_o the_o sun_n be_v vertical_a yea_o the_o heat_n be_v suffocative_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o shortness_n of_o respiration_n to_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o although_o the_o field_n be_v barren_a of_o grain_n in_o these_o watery_a month_n yet_o the_o tree_n and_o bush_n be_v in_o their_o verdure_n all_o the_o year_n and_o bear_v fruit._n the_o day_n be_v here_o equal_a to_o the_o night_n almost_o throughout_o the_o whole_a year_n the_o sun_n in_o the_o east_n rise_v at_o six_o in_o the_o morning_n and_o set_v in_o the_o west_n at_o six_o in_o the_o evening_n but_o the_o easterly_a or_o westerly_a sun_n be_v seldom_o conspicuous_a there_o because_o for_o the_o most_o part_n he_o arise_v involve_v with_o cloud_n for_o half_a a_o hour_n and_o half_a a_o hour_n before_o he_o set_v he_o be_v again_o envelop_v with_o cloud_n that_o also_o deserve_v consideration_n why_o in_o the_o month_n of_o july_n and_o august_n the_o same_o rain_n and_o storm_n rage_v not_o there_o see_v that_o the_o sun_n be_v then_o as_o equal_o nigh_o to_o those_o place_n as_o in_o the_o month_n of_o may_n and_o june_n moreover_o why_o in_o the_o island_n of_o the_o hesperide_n which_o be_v not_o so_o far_o remove_v from_o sierra_n leon_n and_o guiny_n the_o winter_n fall_v out_o in_o contrary_a month_n 3._o how_o the_o time_n of_o the_o season_n be_v in_o the_o interior_a or_o mediterranean_a part_n of_o africa_n which_o be_v include_v in_o the_o arch_n of_o the_o tropic_a of_o cancer_n the_o region_n of_o the_o occidental_a shore_n and_o guiny_n or_o the_o land_n of_o the_o negro_n concern_v which_o i_o have_v find_v nothing_o as_o yet_o note_v but_o that_o all_o those_o place_n be_v almost_o sterile_a except_o those_o adjacent_a to_o the_o river_n niger_n for_o that_o river_n every_o year_n in_o the_o month_n of_o june_n july_n and_o august_n overflow_v and_o communicate_v much_o fertility_n to_o those_o land_n and_o moreover_o form_v many_o lake_n the_o other_o place_n confine_v on_o lybia_n be_v infest_a with_o violent_a heat_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n sandy_n the_o watery_a month_n do_v not_o seem_v to_o bear_v sway_n here_o after_o the_o same_o mode_n as_o in_o guiny_n 4._o now_o follow_v the_o region_n of_o the_o coast_n of_o the_o tongue_n of_o africa_n which_o be_v stretch_v from_o the_o north_n towards_o the_o south_n and_o regard_v the_o west_n the_o region_n be_v manicongo_n angola_n and_o the_o like_a from_o the_o second_o degree_n of_o northern_a latitude_n even_o to_o the_o tropic_a south_n of_o capricorn_n beyond_o the_o aequator_fw-la now_o the_o kingdom_n of_o congo_n begin_v from_o the_o second_o degree_n of_o south_n latitude_n the_o winter_n in_o these_o place_n be_v like_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o vernal_a season_n in_o the_o territory_n of_o rome_n in_o italy_n the_o heat_n temperate_a so_o that_o they_o alter_v their_o garment_n in_o no_o time_n of_o the_o year_n neither_o be_v the_o top_n of_o the_o adjacent_a mountain_n infest_a with_o cold_a here_o almost_o with_o our_o spring_n the_o watery_a winter_n begin_v and_o continue_v april_n may_n june_n july_n august_n and_o good_a part_n of_o september_n at_o that_o time_n the_o summer_n begin_v which_o possess_v the_o other_o month_n even_o to_o the_o 10_o of_o march_n even_o in_o this_o summer_n they_o have_v no_o rain_n or_o at_o least_o very_a little_a and_o seldom_o have_v a_o continual_a serenity_n but_o in_o the_o watery_a month_n the_o sun_n be_v scarce_o to_o be_v see_v on_o any_o day_n perpetual_a cloud_n and_o rain_n so_o obstruct_v the_o air_n also_o frequent_a travado_n or_o storm_n it_o do_v not_o rain_v whole_a day_n but_o for_o the_o most_o part_n hour_n before_o and_o two_o hour_n after_o noon_n great_a drop_n fall_v which_o be_v soon_o receive_v by_o the_o droughty_a earth_n therefore_o although_o the_o inhabitant_n divide_v the_o year_n only_o into_o two_o part_n it_o may_v be_v distribute_v into_o four_o our_o common_a people_n also_o do_v usual_o divide_v the_o year_n into_o summer_n and_o winter_n because_o the_o spring_n be_v comprise_v in_o the_o summer_n and_o the_o autumn_n in_o the_o winter_n these_o time_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a season_n in_o these_o place_n almost_o agree_v with_o the_o celestial_a course_n for_o from_o the_o 25_o of_o march_n april_n may_n june_n july_n august_n to_o the_o 25_o of_o september_n the_o sun_n depart_v from_o those_o place_n to_o the_o tropic_a of_o cancer_n where_o he_o be_v most_o remote_a from_o they_o the_o 21_o of_o june_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o time_n he_o approach_v again_o to_o they_o so_o that_o on_o the_o 30_o of_o september_n he_o become_v vertical_a to_o they_o and_o go_v to_o a_o moderate_a distance_n towards_o the_o tropic_a of_o capricorn_n and_o return_v from_o thence_o 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quotidian_a rain_n and_o some_o kind_n of_o winter_n viz._n because_o the_o sun_n depart_v from_o their_o vertex_fw-la towards_o the_o place_n of_o the_o great_a distance_n but_o this_o cause_n be_v not_o only_o sufficient_a because_o it_o be_v not_o able_a of_o its_o self_n to_o produce_v such_o a_o effect_n but_o another_o must_v be_v add_v the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n which_o lie_v not_o far_o from_o these_o maritime_a place_n towards_o the_o east_n be_v discern_v in_o those_o watery_a month_n to_o be_v continual_o cover_v with_o snow_n wind._n the_o wind_n be_v the_o northwest_n wind._n and_o this_o be_v cause_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o fix_a wind_n which_o in_o these_o month_n there_o blow_v therefore_o the_o sun_n elevate_v the_o vapour_n very_o much_o from_o the_o sea_n and_o this_o fix_a wind_n force_v they_o towards_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n where_o they_o be_v condense_v and_o then_o turn_v to_o rain_v and_o from_o the_o rain_n which_o fall_v from_o the_o 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for_o if_o these_o rain_n fall_v not_o and_o the_o cloud_n obscure_v not_o the_o sun_n that_o great_a heat_n of_o the_o sun_n will_v render_v the_o ground_n sandy_n and_o sterile_a as_o lybia_n and_o arabia_n where_o these_o rain_n be_v not_o the_o sun_n be_v near_o the_o vertex_fw-la contrary_a wise_n in_o the_o month_n of_o december_n january_n and_o february_n they_o shall_v have_v winter_n or_o lesser_a heat_n because_o that_o then_o the_o sun_n be_v most_o remote_a from_o they_o and_o then_o they_o have_v summer_n yet_o in_o the_o night_n the_o air_n be_v cold_a enough_o moreover_o a_o continual_a wind_n from_o the_o 12_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n to_o the_o 12_o hour_n of_o the_o night_n blow_v from_o the_o sea_n which_o be_v very_o acceptable_a 14._o in_o the_o coast_n of_o the_o east_n indies_n which_o be_v call_v choromandel_n the_o season_n also_o differ_v from_o the_o heaven_n for_o in_o the_o month_n of_o march_n april_n may_n and_o june_n the_o sun_n cause_v vehement_a heat_n and_o there_o be_v no_o rain_n now_o the_o people_n which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v saracen_n divide_v the_o year_n into_o the_o hot_a the_o wet_a and_o the_o cold_a season_n the_o hot_a or_o summer_n as_o i_o have_v say_v be_v in_o the_o month_n of_o march_n april_n may_n and_o june_n but_o the_o intolerable_a heat_n be_v from_o the_o middle_n of_o may_n to_o the_o middle_n of_o june_n the_o wind_n blow_v from_o the_o north_n unto_o which_o if_o you_o turn_v your_o face_n you_o shall_v discover_v so_o great_a a_o heat_n of_o the_o air_n as_o if_o you_o draw_v nigh_o a_o oven_n for_o the_o sun_n then_o in_o that_o plaga_fw-la be_v in_o the_o meridies_n also_o the_o wood_n and_o stone_n contract_v a_o great_a heat_n yet_o the_o water_n in_o the_o well_n be_v so_o cold_a that_o many_o drink_n thereof_o for_o extreme_a heat_n die_v the_o great_a heat_n of_o the_o day_n be_v between_o nine_o in_o the_o forenoon_n and_o three_o in_o the_o afternoon_n in_o these_o intermedial_a hour_n they_o rest_v from_o travel_v the_o other_o hour_n before_o nine_o in_o the_o morning_n and_o three_o in_o the_o afternoon_n the_o air_n be_v at_o least_o tolerable_o temperate_a serene_a and_o acceptable_a the_o heaven_n delightful_a and_o travel_v pleasant_a the_o wet_n season_n take_v up_o four_o month_n july_n august_n september_n and_o october_n the_o cold_a season_n november_n december_n january_n and_o february_n in_o december_n and_o january_n the_o cold_a be_v sensible_a enough_o especial_o in_o the_o night_n here_o be_v many_o thing_n which_o deserve_v our_o enquiry_n for_o in_o the_o month_n of_o march_n april_n may_n and_o june_n the_o sun_n come_v to_o those_o place_n of_o the_o coast_n of_o choromandel_n and_o become_v vertical_a to_o they_o therefore_o it_o be_v no_o wonder_n if_o they_o have_v great_a heat_n but_o why_o have_v they_o not_o the_o same_o heat_n in_o july_n and_o august_n see_v he_o be_v equal_o as_o near_o they_o in_o those_o month_n and_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o former_a heat_n it_o shall_v be_v more_o hot_a moreover_o why_o do_v the_o season_n of_o the_o coast_n of_o choromandel_n differ_v from_o the_o season_n of_o the_o coast_n of_o malabar_n see_v that_o they_o both_o lie_v in_o the_o same_o climate_n and_o have_v the_o sun_n vertical_a on_o the_o same_o day_n and_o on_o the_o same_o remote_a and_o that_o which_o be_v more_o to_o be_v wonder_v at_o there_o intercee_v between_o these_o two_o region_n in_o some_o place_n 70_o in_o other_o only_a 20_o mile_n interval_n so_o that_o you_o may_v come_v into_o a_o place_n of_o a_o serene_a and_o servid_v air_n where_o the_o winter_n predominate_v and_o that_o in_o the_o space_n of_o one_o day_n masseus_n thus_o speak_v of_o these_o place_n in_o these_o region_n say_v he_o among_o other_o admirable_a thing_n that_o above_o other_o exceed_v the_o reach_n of_o all_o philosopher_n that_o in_o the_o same_o plaga_fw-la of_o the_o heaven_n in_o the_o equal_a access_n and_o recess_n of_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o same_o month_n of_o the_o year_n from_o the_o sun_n rise_v beyond_o the_o mountain_n of_o gatis_n which_o by_o a_o direct_a excursion_n to_o the_o promontory_n of_o cori_n intersect_v the_o whole_a region_n of_o malabar_n there_o be_v summer_n and_o drought_n and_o from_o the_o west_n on_o this_o side_n gatis_n there_o be_v rains_n and_o winter_n that_o in_o so_o near_o a_o propinquity_n of_o place_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o course_n of_o the_o season_n the_o same_o people_n almost_o seem_v antipode_n one_o to_o another_o but_o not_o only_o in_o these_o but_o also_o in_o other_o we_o have_v show_v this_o diversity_n to_o be_v find_v and_o shall_v show_v more_o anon_o the_o cause_n be_v the_o situation_n of_o the_o mountain_n which_o determinate_a the_o land_n of_o choromandel_n from_o malabar_n proceed_v from_o the_o north_n towards_o the_o south_n to_o this_o must_v be_v add_v divers_a wind_n for_o on_o the_o coast_n of_o choromandel_n a_o general_a eastern_a wind_n be_v more_o discover_v except_o in_o the_o summer_n month_n of_o may_n and_o june_n which_o drive_v the_o vapour_n towards_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n whence_o it_o rain_v in_o the_o land_n of_o malabar_n these_o mountain_n top_n be_v discover_v to_o be_v continual_o cover_v with_o cloud_n in_o the_o pluvial_a month_n also_o more_o vehement_a shower_n in_o those_o where_o the_o rain_n be_v in_o malabar_n but_o when_o it_o rain_v in_o the_o region_n of_o choromandel_n then_o be_v there_o a_o serenity_n in_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n as_o in_o the_o land_n of_o malabar_n except_o the_o month_n july_n and_o august_n for_o in_o these_o it_o rain_v in_o both_o land_n 15._o in_o the_o region_n of_o the_o gangick_a sea_n opposite_a to_o the_o coast_n of_o chroromandel_n and_o in_o the_o northern_a torrid_a zone_n as_o sian_n peru_n the_o chersonesus_n of_o malacca_n the_o pluvial_a month_n in_o which_o the_o river_n overslow_v be_v september_n october_n and_o november_n but_o in_o the_o land_n of_o malacca_n it_o rain_v every_o week_n of_o the_o year_n twice_o or_o thrice_o except_o the_o month_n of_o january_n february_n and_o march_n in_o which_o there_o be_v a_o continual_a drought_n all_o these_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o celestial_a course_n and_o their_o cause_n must_v be_v seek_v from_o the_o mountain_n wind_n the_o propinquity_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o like_a but_o because_o as_o yet_o we_o have_v no_o accurate_a observation_n concern_v these_o region_n we_o will_v not_o search_v they_o here_o the_o chief_a cause_n of_o the_o fertility_n of_o these_o region_n be_v the_o overflow_a of_o the_o river_n the_o vapour_n of_o the_o adjacent_a sea_n the_o river_n and_o the_o wind_n do_v much_o allay_v the_o heat_n whence_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v great_a plenty_n of_o fruit_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o patana_n and_o those_o border_n on_o it_o the_o summer_n begin_v in_o february_n and_o continue_v to_o the_o end_n of_o october_n in_o which_o time_n there_o be_v a_o continual_a heat_n which_o be_v allay_v with_o a_o continual_a oriental_a wind_n the_o air_n wholesome_a in_o november_n december_n and_o january_n there_o be_v continual_a rains_n which_o yet_o do_v not_o hinder_v a_o new_a increase_n every_o month_n at_o the_o least_o the_o same_o must_v be_v understoood_a of_o camboja_n and_o this_o winter_n agree_v with_o the_o celestial_a course_n 16._o leave_v asia_n the_o pacifick_n sea_n be_v sail_v over_o we_o enter_v that_o part_n of_o america_n which_o lie_v under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n which_o be_v twofold_a south_n and_o north_n the_o south_n again_o be_v twofold_a peru_n and_o brazilia_n although_o the_o part_n of_o peru_n be_v vicine_fw-la yet_o they_o have_v contrary_a season_n in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o time_n for_o the_o region_n of_o peru_n be_v divide_v into_o three_o part_n the_o shoar_n or_o maritime_a part_n the_o mountainous_a and_o the_o plain_a part_n which_o he_o in_o the_o same_o climate_n in_o the_o mountainous_a place_n they_o have_v a_o plavial_a winter_n from_o the_o month_n of_o october_n to_o the_o end_n of_o march_n when_o they_o shall_v have_v summer_n by_o the_o vicinity_n of_o the_o sun_n they_o have_v summer_n from_o the_o entrance_n of_o april_n to_o october_n in_o which_o month_n not_o rains_n do_v fall_v but_o in_o the_o winter_n month_n there_o be_v continual_a ra_n therefore_o the_o terrestrial_a season_n differ_v here_o from_o the_o celestial_a in_o maritime_a peru_n there_o be_v almost_o no_o winter_n in_o the_o whole_a year_n but_o they_o account_v their_o winter_n from_o the_o month_n of_o april_n to_o october_n which_o agree_v with_o the_o celestial_a cause_n because_o the_o sun_n be_v then_o remove_v from_o they_o to_o the_o tropic_a of_o cancer_n and_o thence_o return_v by_o reason_n
that_o in_o those_o month_n it_o rain_v not_o but_o almost_o every_o day_n the_o cloud_n appear_v so_o thick_a as_o if_o it_o will_v immediate_o rain_v but_o there_o fall_v only_o a_o certain_a kind_n of_o dew_n and_o that_o especial_o in_o the_o month_n of_o june_n july_n and_o august_n yet_o this_o mist_n be_v not_o unwholesome_a but_o be_v condenfed_a into_o dew_n and_o fall_v it_o irrigate_v the_o valley_n it_o do_v not_o rain_n at_o this_o time_n in_o the_o mountainous_a place_n but_o be_v a_o serene_a season_n this_o maritime_a peru_n be_v distinguish_v into_o valley_n and_o sandy_a place_n the_o valley_n be_v abundant_o fertile_a the_o sandy_a place_n which_o be_v between_o every_o valley_n be_v sterile_a also_o in_o the_o adjacent_a island_n it_o never_o rain_v but_o a_o dew_n only_o fall_v in_o the_o isle_n of_o gorgon_n which_o be_v remove_v three_o degree_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la towards_o the_o south_n it_o rain_v for_o eight_o month_n almost_o continual_o with_o so_o great_a thunder_n and_o storm_n not_o to_o be_v parallel_v in_o may_n june_n july_n and_o august_n it_o be_v summer_n and_o dry_a contrary_a to_o the_o celestial_a course_n in_o some_o part_n of_o this_o torrid_a zone_n it_o be_v very_o cold_a for_o in_o the_o province_n of_o pastoa_n in_o the_o valley_n airssina_n both_o in_o summer_n and_o winter_n the_o season_n be_v very_o cold_a so_o that_o the_o fruit_n increase_v not_o in_o the_o region_n of_o cusco_n which_o lie_v almost_o in_o the_o middle_n between_o the_o tropic_a of_o capricorn_n and_o the_o aequator_fw-la hard_a frost_n and_o snow_n be_v also_o find_v from_o whence_o it_o be_v collect_v that_o peru_n be_v parch_v with_o no_o violent_a heat_n but_o rather_o enjoy_v a_o temperate_a air_n throughout_o the_o whole_a year_n except_v its_o sandy_a place_n and_o hill_n but_o the_o valley_n be_v most_o fertile_a and_o pleasant_a abound_v with_o tree_n and_o fruit_n their_o water_n they_o receive_v in_o the_o winter_n from_o the_o dew_n which_o i_o have_v say_v fall_v every_o day_n but_o in_o the_o summer_n from_o the_o flood_n which_o descend_v and_o rush_v from_o the_o mountain_n because_o in_o the_o mountainous_a region_n it_o be_v then_o winter_n and_o rain_v and_o from_o these_o torrent_n the_o inhabitant_n conduct_v the_o water_n by_o certain_a convoyance_n into_o the_o valley_n yet_o some_o valley_n be_v content_a only_o with_o the_o dew_n and_o yet_o produce_v abundance_n of_o fruit._n the_o cause_n of_o this_o diversity_n between_o the_o season_n of_o the_o mountainous_a and_o the_o plain_a peru_n and_o why_o it_o never_o rain_v in_o the_o level_a peru_n be_v difficult_a to_o declare_v for_o these_o mountainous_a part_n be_v so_o near_o to_o the_o level_n maritime_a peru_n that_o any_o one_o in_o the_o morning_n descend_v from_o these_o pluvial_a and_o rage_a shower_n in_o the_o evening_n may_v arrive_v at_o the_o level_a peruvia_n where_o there_o be_v no_o rain_n but_o a_o serene_a air._n the_o cause_n seem_v to_o be_v twofold_a first_o those_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n and_o second_o a_o south-west_n wind_n which_o be_v proper_a and_o perpetual_a to_o peru._n therefore_o this_o wind_n force_v the_o vapour_n towards_o the_o mountain_n where_o they_o be_v as_o it_o be_v conderise_v so_o that_o the_o cloud_n may_v not_o destil_n their_o drop_n in_o the_o level_a peru_n but_o in_o the_o mountainous_a place_n they_o be_v attract_v after_o the_o mode_n which_o we_o have_v explain_v concern_v mountain_n therefore_o peru_n have_v this_o in_o common_a with_o egypt_n and_o some_o other_o place_n that_o the_o south_n wind_n be_v not_o the_o cause_n of_o rain_n and_o warmth_n but_o rather_o a_o clear_n the_o air_n although_o it_o may_v seem_v to_o have_v place_n in_o all_o the_o place_n lie_v towards_o the_o south_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la 17._o the_o south_n part_n of_o america_n viz._n brazilia_n be_v very_o pleasant_a and_o excel_v with_o a_o wholesome_a disposition_n of_o the_o air_n so_o that_o it_o give_v place_n unto_o no_o region_n of_o the_o earth_n concern_v its_o season_n the_o inhabit_a front_n of_o it_o receive_v the_o subsolan_n wind_n which_o refresh_v man_n and_o beast_n and_o free_v they_o from_o the_o intolerable_a heat_n of_o the_o vertical_a sun_n which_o if_o it_o approach_v the_o sea_n be_v discover_v in_o the_o morning_n if_o it_o depat_v from_o thence_o it_o be_v discern_v more_o after_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o morning_n season_n see_v piso_n in_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr medicina_fw-la braziliensi_fw-la concern_v the_o season_n neither_o do_v it_o languish_v about_o the_o evening_n it_o be_v wont_v do_v do_v so_o in_o many_o part_n of_o india_n but_o it_o be_v so_o intense_a by_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o sun_n that_o it_o be_v vigorous_a beyond_o midnight_n and_o the_o nocturnal_a condensation_n of_o the_o air_n can_v easy_o dull_v or_o overcome_v that_o dilation_n and_o natural_a motion_n of_o the_o air._n but_o the_o other_o part_n which_o be_v separate_v from_o peru_n by_o high_a ridge_n of_o mountain_n and_o vast_a space_n although_o it_o be_v infest_a with_o a_o unwholesome_a west_n wind_n and_o a_o mediterranean_a gale_n at_o midnight_n yet_o it_o be_v every_o where_o encompass_v with_o mountain_n near_o the_o sea_n and_o be_v so_o drive_v from_o the_o matutine_v gale_n that_o it_o can_v hardly_o penetrate_v to_o the_o sh_n as_o in_o these_o most_o delectable_a and_o constant_a season_n of_o the_o year_n there_o be_v no_o great_a mutation_n so_o they_o happen_v in_o the_o day_n and_o night_n season_v more_o evident_o because_o the_o day_n and_o night_n be_v not_o more_o equal_a in_o space_n than_o different_a in_o heat_n and_o cold_a for_o the_o sun_n ascend_v high_a after_o it_o have_v open_v the_o pore_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o man_n it_o hide_v itself_o more_o profound_o and_o that_o by_o a_o equal_a interval_n whence_o the_o great_a condensation_n of_o the_o air_n effect_n the_o more_o extreme_a rorifluous_a part_n of_o the_o night_n hence_o a_o penetrate_a cold_a from_o the_o three_o hour_n of_o the_o night_n even_o to_o the_o rise_n of_o the_o sun_n strike_v the_o body_n so_o that_o that_o this_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v very_o noxious_a to_o those_o that_o be_v new_a comer_n into_o the_o land_n which_o he_o that_o shun_v not_o will_v hardly_o lead_v a_o good_a life_n in_o these_o or_o other_o part_n of_o the_o indies_n the_o brazilian_o therefore_o very_o cautious_o keep_v a_o continual_a fire_n in_o their_o habitation_n and_o near_o their_o rest_a place_n by_o the_o benefit_n of_o which_o they_o may_v be_v able_a to_o endure_v cold_a and_o drive_v away_o venomous_a infect_v moreover_o the_o direct_a ascent_n and_o descent_n of_o the_o sun_n cause_v the_o short_a crepusculas_fw-la and_o make_v the_o night_n so_o even_o to_o the_o day_n that_o a_o hour_n difference_n can_v hardly_o be_v find_v the_o cold_a be_v more_o in_o the_o summer_n night_n than_o in_o the_o winter_n which_o be_v to_o be_v admire_v at_o and_o it_o be_v more_o mild_o discover_v in_o the_o latter_a than_o in_o the_o former_a the_o air_n be_v tranquillous_a the_o beginning_n of_o the_o wet_a season_n be_v in_o the_o month_n of_o march_n or_o april_n and_o be_v finish_v in_o august_n in_o which_o the_o sun_n return_v from_o cancer_n in_o part_n dissolve_v the_o matter_n of_o the_o rain_n into_o wind_n whence_o immediate_o proceed_v storm_n and_o tempest_n which_o by_o and_o by_o the_o spring_n season_n calm_o compose_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o tropic_n know_v no_o mutation_n about_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n the_o sun_n twice_o come_v towards_o and_o depart_v back_o as_o many_o suppose_a but_o only_o go_v away_o from_o the_o aequator_fw-la to_o the_o tropic_a of_o cancer_n or_o capricorn_n there_o be_v only_o two_o time_n of_o the_o year_n whereof_o one_o be_v dry_a and_o hot_a call_v summer_n the_o other_o hot_a and_o moist_a like_a to_o summer_n with_o we_o in_o europe_n which_o suppli_v the_o place_n of_o winter_n and_o this_o be_v find_v most_o true_a in_o all_o the_o indies_n between_o both_o tropic_n for_o although_o the_o beginning_n and_o end_n of_o the_o winter_n and_o summer_n season_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o particular_a incidence_n of_o the_o place_n and_o also_o for_o the_o great_a or_o lesser_a vicinity_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la do_v not_o happen_v in_o the_o same_o yet_o for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o year_n be_v accomplish_v in_o about_o six_o month_n incline_v to_o humidity_n and_o six_o to_o siccity_n and_o on_o that_o account_n as_o in_o the_o place_n of_o many_o city_n of_o asia_n and_o africa_n of_o the_o same_o latitude_n with_o we_o there_o be_v thence_o a_o great_a remission_n of_o the_o heat_n our_o here_o be_v little_o perceive_v although_o the_o sun_n pass_v the_o zenith_n of_o
be_v under_o the_o 52_o degree_n of_o south_n latitude_n yet_o they_o have_v no_o very_o hot_a summer_n so_o that_o the_o hollander_n in_o the_o month_n of_o january_n when_o there_o shall_v be_v a_o hot_a summer_n find_v a_o great_a glade_n of_o ice_n in_o the_o creek_n of_o one_o of_o their_o sea_n in_o the_o mountain_n of_o the_o adjacent_a coast_n snow_n be_v discover_v all_o the_o summer_n long_o and_o it_o be_v observe_v that_o in_o almost_o all_o the_o region_n of_o the_o south_n temperate_a zone_n they_o have_v a_o cold_a far_o more_a intense_a in_o winter_n and_o a_o violency_n of_o rain_n and_o a_o less_o heat_n in_o summer_n than_o the_o part_n of_o our_o northern_a temperate_a zone_n whether_o this_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o sun_n make_v a_o long_a stay_n and_o the_o slow_a progress_n in_o the_o semicircle_n of_o the_o northern_a zodiac_n than_o in_o the_o southern_a be_v to_o be_v question_v in_o the_o neighbour_a province_n of_o peru_n which_o they_o call_v la_fw-fr valla_n imperial_a in_o the_o province_n of_o potosi_n they_o find_v so_o great_a a_o cold_a that_o for_o four_o mile_n circumference_n there_o grow_v nothing_o chili_n the_o season_n of_o chili_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o chili_n which_o extend_v itself_o from_o 30_o degree_n of_o south_n latitude_n to_o 50_o degree_n the_o spring_n begin_v in_o the_o month_n of_o august_n soon_o than_o the_o celestial_a account_n admit_v and_o end_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o november_n and_o from_o the_o middle_n of_o november_n summer_n begin_v even_o to_o the_o middle_n of_o february_n from_o whence_o autumn_n lead_v on_o to_o the_o middle_n of_o may_n which_o the_o winter_n succede_v which_o be_v very_o violent_a and_o dispoil_v the_o tree_n of_o their_o blossom_n and_o scatter_v a_o deep_a snow_n with_o a_o vehement_a frost_n which_o yet_o be_v discover_v by_o the_o sun_n except_o which_o be_v very_o seldom_o that_o the_o sun_n appear_v not_o but_o the_o snow_n rare_o fall_v in_o the_o valley_n for_o although_o it_o fall_v in_o great_a abundance_n and_o be_v heap_v up_o so_o high_a that_o it_o ascend_v the_o top_n of_o mountain_n and_o be_v heap_v together_o in_o the_o vacuity_n of_o the_o mountain_n as_o in_o so_o many_o well_n and_o endure_v almost_o the_o whole_a year_n yet_o be_v there_o dissolve_v they_o flow_v into_o the_o river_n and_o torrent_n which_o run_v through_o the_o valley_n with_o a_o great_a force_n even_o to_o the_o sea_n to_o the_o great_a enrichment_n of_o the_o ground_n but_o although_o here_o it_o snow_n not_o except_o rare_o in_o the_o plain_n yet_o it_o make_v so_o excessive_a a_o frost_n that_o the_o like_a be_v scarce_o feel_v in_o many_o part_n of_o europe_n which_o happen_v partly_o from_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o pole_n partly_o from_o the_o propinquity_n of_o the_o mountain_n from_o which_o descend_v so_o subtle_a and_o penetrate_a wind_n that_o sometime_o they_o be_v unsufferable_a whence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o maritime_a part_n be_v more_o temperate_a he_o that_o be_v studious_a may_v collect_v other_o difference_n of_o region_n under_o the_o same_o climate_n or_o in_o the_o vicine_fw-la climate_n from_o writer_n for_o example_n that_o in_o england_n the_o air_n be_v not_o so_o cold_a as_o in_o holland_n so_o that_o they_o pen_v not_o up_o their_o herd_n in_o the_o winter_n between_o siberia_n and_o tartary_n in_o a_o place_n seat_v not_o far_o from_o the_o frigid_a zone_n in_o the_o end_n of_o our_o temperate_a be_v say_v to_o be_v pleasant_a field_n and_o rich_a pasture_n almost_o no_o cold_a see_v that_o they_o scarce_o feel_v winter_n where_o by_o the_o command_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o moscovia_n the_o city_n tooru_n be_v build_v which_o be_v at_o this_o day_n so_o much_o increase_v that_o it_o be_v able_a to_o repel_v the_o assault_n of_o the_o tartar_n japan_n the_o island_n of_o japan_n in_o japan_n the_o winter_n be_v cold_a snowy_a ruiny_n when_o yet_o other_o region_n of_o europe_n and_o asia_n lie_v under_o the_o same_o climate_n have_v far_o lesser_a winter_n the_o cause_n be_v because_o that_o japan_n consist_v of_o many_o island_n disjoin_v by_o a_o small_a euripus_n and_o that_o it_o also_o lie_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o ocean_n summer_n america_n very_o hot_a in_o the_o summer_n in_o armenia_n and_o the_o adjoin_a place_n there_o be_v great_a heat_n in_o summer_n because_o it_o lie_v among_o mountain_n here_o and_o there_o mix_v with_o field_n hence_o the_o more_o rich_a in_o some_o place_n in_o summer_n remove_v to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n and_o remain_v there_o for_o some_o month_n but_o the_o mean_a sort_n in_o the_o day_n time_n defend_v themselves_o in_o the_o mountain_n from_o the_o near_a and_o about_o eventide_n do_v descend_v to_o the_o low_a ground_n proposition_n xiii_o to_o declare_v how_o in_o place_n in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n the_o four_o season_n of_o the_o year_n have_v themselves_o with_o the_o light_n zone_n of_o the_o place_n in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n the_o cause_n of_o those_o season_n with_o the_o light_n propose_v in_o the_o entrance_n of_o this_o chapter_n thus_o stand_v in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n 1._o the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n for_o some_o day_n or_o month_n as_o the_o place_n be_v either_o near_o or_o remote_a from_o the_o pole_n do_v not_o arise_v above_o the_o horizon_n and_o for_o so_o many_o day_n set_v not_o 2._o in_o those_o day_n when_o he_o be_v above_o the_o horizon_n he_o only_o illustrate_v those_o place_n with_o his_o oblique_a ray_n because_o he_o be_v not_o much_o elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n but_o move_v round_o it_o because_o those_o place_n be_v over_o much_o remove_v from_o the_o way_n of_o the_o sun_n 3._o the_o sun_n be_v not_o deep_o depress_v beneath_o the_o horizon_n yea_o in_o place_n near_o the_o polary_a circle_n or_o arctic_a pole_n although_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n do_v not_o arise_v yet_o part_n of_o his_o skirt_n arise_v and_o be_v behold_v for_o some_o day_n above_o the_o horizon_n before_o the_o centre_n itself_o arise_v by_o reason_n that_o the_o half_a sun_n possess_v 15_o minute_n in_o the_o heaven_n for_o example_n let_v we_o take_v those_o place_n who_o distance_n be_v from_o the_o aequator_fw-la 67_o degree_n towards_o the_o pole_n arctic_a let_v the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v according_a to_o this_o latitude_n and_o in_o the_o meridian_n crena_n of_o the_o horizon_n you_o shall_v see_v that_o the_o degree_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a do_v not_o arise_v from_o the_o 19_o degree_n of_o sagittarius_fw-la to_o the_o 11_o of_o capricorn_n that_o be_v the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v in_o that_o arch_n do_v not_o arise_v for_o 24_o day_n viz._n from_o the_o 10_o of_o december_n to_o the_o four_o of_o january_n and_o yet_o part_v of_o the_o skirt_n of_o the_o sun_n for_o that_o whole_a time_n shall_v be_v above_o the_o horizon_n to_o wit_n on_o the_o 21_o of_o december_n the_o limbus_n glitter_v the_o horizon_n but_o on_o the_o 10_o of_o december_n as_o also_o on_o the_o first_o of_o january_n half_o the_o sun_n shall_v be_v above_o the_o horizon_n and_o half_o beneath_o because_o the_o centre_n be_v then_o in_o the_o horizon_n but_o the_o whole_a sun_n shall_v be_v elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n when_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n shall_v hold_v the_o 14_o degree_n of_o capricorn_n that_o be_v about_o the_o 4_o day_n of_o january_n also_o the_o whole_a shall_v afterward_o appear_v when_o his_o centre_n shall_v possess_v the_o 16_o degree_n of_o sagittarius_fw-la that_o be_v about_o the_o 7_o of_o december_n but_o in_o place_n where_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n be_v 70_o or_o 75_o degree_n there_o this_o difference_n between_o the_o oriental_a limbus_n and_o the_o oriental_a centre_n be_v very_o little_a so_o that_o the_o limbus_n or_o skirt_n scarce_o anticipate_v the_o rise_n of_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n one_o day_n or_o half_o a_o day_n from_o this_o small_a of_o depression_n it_o follow_v also_o that_o they_o enjoy_v the_o light_n of_o the_o crepusculum_fw-la many_o hour_n before_o the_o rise_n and_o after_o the_o set_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o although_o the_o sun_n arise_v not_o yet_o in_o all_o or_o many_o of_o the_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n they_o have_v light_n in_o the_o air._n there_o be_v also_o another_o cause_n 19_o see_v chap._n 19_o which_o make_v the_o sun_n first_o to_o be_v see_v before_o that_o he_o be_v elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n for_o thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o not_o only_o the_o sun_n be_v see_v before_o he_o be_v elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n and_o before_o the_o ray_n can_v direct_o come_v from_o he_o to_o the_o eye_n but_o also_o that_o the_o light_n of_o the_o twilight_n soon_o illustrate_v
the_o air_n than_o it_o will_v do_v without_o this_o refraction_n we_o shall_v anon_o allege_v a_o example_n of_o the_o appearancy_n of_o the_o sun_n proceed_v from_o refraction_n 4._o the_o full_a moon_n and_o near_o the_o full_a remain_v above_o the_o horizon_n for_o many_o day_n when_o the_o sun_n be_v depress_v beneath_o it_o viz._n for_o so_o many_o more_o day_n by_o how_o much_o that_o place_n be_v more_o near_o the_o pole_n yet_o it_o be_v not_o so_o high_o elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n as_o to_o cause_v any_o warmness_n but_o the_o full_a moon_n in_o those_o month_n in_o which_o the_o sun_n remain_v above_o the_o horizon_n in_o a_o whole_a revolution_n the_o full_a moon_n be_v never_o above_o the_o horizon_n horizon_n the_o planet_n not_o always_o the_o same_o above_o horizon_n 5._o the_o fix_a star_n be_v almost_o the_o same_o always_o above_o the_o horizon_n but_o not_o the_o planet_n for_o saturn_n remain_v 15_o year_n above_o the_o horizon_n of_o the_o place_n near_o the_o pole_n and_z 15_o beneath_o the_o same_o jupiter_n 6_o year_n beneath_o and_o 6_o above_o the_o same_o horizon_n mars_n 1_o year_n venus_n and_o mercury_n about_o half_a a_o year_n from_o this_o cause_n it_o be_v likely_a that_o there_o be_v great_a diversity_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o air_n and_o season_n in_o divers_a year_n 6._o the_o land_n in_o most_o place_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n be_v stony_a rocky_a and_o as_o hard_o as_o flint_n in_o few_o place_n chalky_a sulphureous_a and_o fat_a in_o these_o place_n there_o be_v a_o moderate_a fertility_n in_o the_o other_o a_o sterility_n 7._o those_o region_n be_v encompass_v with_o the_o sea_n but_o for_o the_o mediterranean_a we_o as_o yet_o have_v no_o certain_a account_n 8._o some_o of_o the_o region_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n have_v mountain_n of_o a_o moderate_a height_n but_o most_o want_v they_o run_v on_o a_o plain_a for_o a_o long_a space_n 9_o the_o cold_a wind_n there_o frequent_o blow_v from_o the_o polary_n plaga_fw-la seldom_o the_o east_n wind_n and_o least_o of_o all_o the_o west_n in_o the_o cold_a arctic_a plaga_fw-la the_o north_n wind_n rage_n in_o the_o antarctic_a the_o south_n 10._o cloud_n and_o rain_n frequent_o perplex_v these_o region_n from_o these_o cause_n it_o be_v not_o difficult_a to_o collect_v what_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o season_n in_o these_o region_n be_v for_o in_o the_o winter_n time_n when_o the_o sun_n rise_v not_o for_o whole_a day_n it_o can_v otherwise_o be_v but_o that_o for_o the_o most_o part_n thick_a cloud_n frost_n and_o cold_a must_v render_v the_o land_n uninhabitable_a they_o be_v not_o altogether_o deprive_v of_o light_n for_o that_o time_n for_o the_o moon_n be_v above_o the_o horizon_n for_o a_o long_a time_n give_v light_a and_o the_o twilight_n be_v daily_o afford_v from_o the_o sun_n to_o the_o vicine_fw-la horizon_n but_o the_o snow_n the_o stick_n close_o about_o the_o earth_n which_o can_v be_v discuss_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o therefore_o hinder_v the_o aspect_n of_o remote_a thing_n there_o be_v no_o fertility_n but_o all_o barren_a and_o uncultivated_a for_o that_o which_o some_o suppose_v by_o how_o much_o any_o region_n be_v near_a to_o the_o pole_n by_o so_o much_o less_o it_o feel_v the_o intenseness_n of_o the_o cold_a and_o the_o field_n be_v find_v more_o fertile_a seem_v not_o probable_a to_o i_o when_o neither_o in_o nova_n zembla_n which_o be_v distant_a 16_o degree_n from_o the_o pole_n nor_o in_o spitzbirga_n which_o be_v only_o 8_o degree_n distant_a such_o a_o constitution_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v find_v but_o a_o roughness_n and_o hardness_n and_o almost_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o summer_n snow_n or_o at_o least_o shower_n and_o very_o cold_a wind_n neither_o be_v their_o opinion_n help_v by_o one_o example_n observe_v by_o mariner_n in_o a_o certain_a region_n 9_o degree_n distant_a from_o the_o pole_n which_o most_o man_n suppose_v to_o be_v groenland_n for_o in_o this_o green_a grass_n be_v find_v and_o a_o air_n more_o warm_a than_o in_o nova_n zembla_n as_o be_v most_o certain_a the_o only_a animal_n peculiar_a to_o these_o northern_a region_n venison_n rhinoceros_n a_o kind_n of_o venison_n be_v the_o rhinoceros_n and_o this_o in_o the_o space_n of_o a_o month_n become_v exceed_o fat_a by_o feed_v on_o this_o grass_n nevertheless_o see_v that_o as_o yet_o not_o many_o region_n be_v hitherto_o find_v of_o this_o temperature_n in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n it_o be_v not_o expedient_a for_o we_o from_o this_o single_a example_n to_o make_v a_o general_a conjecture_n especial_o see_v that_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o peculiar_a constitution_n be_v manifest_a for_o that_o land_n be_v full_a of_o marsh_n and_o sedgey_a and_o the_o grass_n by_o which_o the_o rhinoceros_n or_o dear_a be_v tender_v so_o fat_a be_v not_o a_o kind_n of_o terrestrial_a grass_n but_o sedge_n and_o osier_n but_o other_o herb_n be_v not_o there_o find_v or_o any_o tree_n from_o whence_o we_o may_v gather_v that_o that_o land_n contain_v some_o fat_a and_o sulphureous_a substance_n which_o be_v mix_v which_o the_o water_n produce_v such_o a_o oil_n and_o fatten_v sedge_n but_o that_o the_o like_a earth_n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o other_o part_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n have_v not_o as_o yet_o be_v observe_v but_o rather_o the_o contrary_n therefore_o in_o the_o winter_n in_o these_o place_n be_v little_a light_n but_o a_o incredible_a and_o great_a violence_n of_o cold_a snow_n shower_n and_o polary_a wind_n and_o this_o winter_n begin_v in_o the_o northern_a frigid_a zone_n when_o the_o sun_n first_o enter_v capricorn_n although_o also_o the_o autumn_n the_o sun_n go_v from_o the_o 1_o degree_n of_o libra_n to_o the_o 1_o of_o capricorn_n be_v little_o different_a from_o this_o violent_a winter_n the_o spring_n indeed_o be_v less_o infest_a with_o this_o violence_n of_o the_o air_n yet_o it_o be_v without_o snow_n shower_n and_o cold_a polary_a wind_n yet_o the_o increase_n of_o heat_n in_o the_o day_n or_o rather_o the_o decrease_n of_o cold_a be_v discover_v at_o that_o time_n viz._n the_o sun_n go_v from_o the_o 1_o degree_n of_o aries_n to_o the_o 1_o of_o cancer_n and_o in_o this_o vernal_a season_n or_o in_o the_o latter_a day_n of_o it_o the_o sun_n continue_v above_o the_o horizon_n in_o entire_a revolution_n and_o therefore_o then_o there_o be_v discover_v a_o moderate_a heat_n which_o yet_o be_v not_o of_o that_o force_n as_o to_o melt_v and_o dissolve_v the_o snow_n of_o all_o those_o place_n into_o water_n much_o less_o be_v it_o able_a to_o melt_v the_o ice_n whence_o mariner_n report_v that_o here_o be_v to_o be_v find_v snow_n and_o ice_n of_o a_o perpetual_a duration_n then_o the_o summer_n shall_v be_v from_o the_o go_n of_o the_o sun_n from_o the_o 1_o degree_n of_o cancer_n to_o the_o 1_o of_o libra_n in_o the_o first_o part_n of_o which_o the_o sun_n yet_o remain_v for_o whole_a day_n above_o the_o horizon_n and_o augment_v the_o heat_n by_o some_o accession_n so_o that_o june_n july_n and_o august_n be_v month_n of_o a_o tolerable_a air._n in_o some_o place_n among_o the_o mountain_n the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v intense_a but_o the_o shower_n and_o cloud_n do_v much_o hinder_v this_o benignity_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o especial_o the_o most_o sharp_a northern_a wind_n unto_o which_o sometime_o snow_n be_v adjoin_v so_o that_o no_o fruit_n or_o corn_n can_v here_o arrive_v to_o any_o maturity_n except_o in_o some_o place_n near_o the_o arctic_a circle_n chap._n xxvii_o of_o the_o shadow_n which_o the_o body_n erect_v in_o the_o earth_n and_o illuminate_v by_o the_o sun_n do_v cast_v and_o of_o the_o division_n of_o the_o earth_n arise_v from_o thence_o see_v that_o the_o shadow_n in_o divers_a place_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o the_o illuminate_v body_n of_o the_o sun_n do_v cast_v be_v carry_v into_o divers_a place_n and_o fall_v on_o the_o sense_n have_v much_o variety_n hence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o man_n who_o be_v ignorant_a of_o this_o cause_n be_v strike_v with_o a_o admiration_n and_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o earth_n divide_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o it_o be_v into_o three_o sort_n which_o division_n must_v be_v apply_v to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o to_o its_o superficies_n so_o that_o they_o term_v some_o amphiscij_fw-la other_o heteroscij_fw-la and_o the_o rest_n periscij_fw-la the_o explication_n of_o which_o term_n see_v that_o they_o contain_v but_o small_a learning_n we_o shall_v say_v somewhat_o also_o concern_v shadow_n which_o although_o they_o do_v not_o pertain_v to_o geography_n yet_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o near_a affinity_n they_o may_v be_v propose_v in_o this_o chapter_n shadow_n of_o
shadow_n the_o shadow_n receive_v their_o denomination_n from_o the_o part_n or_o quarter_n of_o the_o world_n into_o which_o they_o be_v cast_v as_o the_o oriental_a shadow_n which_o tend_v into_o the_o east_n from_o the_o sun_n place_v in_o the_o west_n contrariwise_o the_o occidental_a shadow_n which_o go_v into_o the_o western_a plaga_fw-la or_o quater_fw-la but_o here_o be_v chief_o to_o be_v consider_v the_o meridian_n shadow_n which_o be_v situate_v on_o the_o plain_a of_o the_o meridian_n or_o which_o be_v cast_v from_o body_n perpendicular_o erect_v or_o seat_v in_o the_o plain_a of_o the_o meridian_n the_o sun_n then_o be_v in_o the_o meridian_n and_o this_o be_v two_o fold_n viz._n northern_a and_o southern_a the_o inhabitant_n of_o that_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v term_v heteroscij_fw-la where_o the_o meridian_n shadow_n of_o body_n erect_v be_v constant_o carry_v all_o day_n of_o the_o year_n to_o either_o pole_n the_o periscij_fw-la be_v those_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o earth_n where_o the_o shadow_n of_o erect_a body_n in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o day_n be_v carry_v about_o into_o all_o the_o plagas_fw-la of_o the_o horizon_n or_o where_o the_o meridian_n shadow_n in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o day_n be_v cast_v to_o both_o the_o quarter_n of_o the_o meridian_n the_o amphiscij_fw-la be_v those_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o earth_n where_o the_o meridian_n shadow_n of_o the_o erect_a body_n in_o some_o day_n of_o the_o year_n be_v cast_v to_o the_o north_n and_o on_o othersom_a to_o the_o south_n proposition_n i._o the_o shadow_n of_o body_n erect_v above_o the_o horizontal_n plain_a fall_v upon_o the_o quarter_n opposite_a to_o it_o in_o which_o the_o sun_n exi_v dyall_v of_o shadow_n in_o reference_n to_o optic_n and_o dyall_v those_o that_o be_v verse_v in_o the_o optic_n and_o horology_n be_v wont_a to_o say_v that_o a_o shadow_n a_o opac_n and_o luminous_a body_n be_v in_o one_o plain_a but_o the_o term_n or_o bind_v of_o the_o shadow_n the_o extremity_n of_o the_o opac_n and_o the_o sun_n be_v in_o one_o right_a line_n for_o because_o the_o opac_n the_o shadow_n and_o line_n conceal_v from_o the_o extremity_n of_o the_o opac_n to_o the_o extremity_n of_o the_o shadow_n make_v a_o triangle_n now_o every_o triangle_n be_v in_o one_o plain_a therefore_o those_o three_o line_n shall_v be_v in_o one_o plain_a the_o sun_n be_v in_o the_o extremity_n of_o the_o line_n conjoin_v the_o extremity_n of_o the_o opacity_n and_o the_o shadow_n moreover_o a_o erect_a body_n be_v right_a to_o the_o horizontal_n plain_a wherefore_o the_o plain_a draw_v through_o it_o viz._n that_o of_o the_o forementioned_a triangle_n be_v also_o straight_o to_o that_o horizontal_n plain_a and_o therefore_o seat_v in_o the_o vertical_a plain_n and_o because_o a_o body_n erect_v be_v seat_v as_o it_o be_v a_o vertex_fw-la between_o the_o sun_n and_o shadow_n therefore_o the_o sun_n and_o shadow_n shall_v be_v in_o the_o opposite_a quarter_n there_o be_v three_o part_n of_o this_o shadow_n which_o the_o style_v erect_v be_v illuminate_v from_o the_o sun_n do_v cast_v viz._n a_o dense_n shadow_n a_o central_n and_o a_o shadow_n which_o be_v almost_o a_o dense_n shadow_n which_o a_o ray_n come_v from_o the_o uppermost_a edge_n of_o the_o sun_n do_v terminate_v a_o central_n shadow_n be_v that_o which_o be_v intercept_v between_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o superior_a edge_n and_o the_o centrel_n ray_n the_o penumbra_fw-mi be_v that_o which_o be_v intercept_v between_o the_o central_n ray_n and_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o low_a proposition_n ii_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o in_o the_o tropic_a of_o cancer_n and_o capricorn_n be_v heteroscij_fw-la heteroscij_fw-la the_o people_n in_o the_o tropic_n be_v heteroscij_fw-la for_o when_o the_o sun_n be_v in_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o cancer_n that_o very_a day_n the_o body_n erect_v in_o any_o point_n of_o the_o tropic_a of_o cancer_n do_v absorbe_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o sun_n possess_v their_o meridian_n because_o that_o then_o the_o sun_n perpendicular_o from_o his_o vertex_fw-la hang_v over_o the_o horizon_n and_o therefore_o illuminate_v all_o part_n of_o it_o neither_o do_v any_o ray_n from_o the_o erect_a opac_n hinder_v like_o this_o which_o perpendicular_o fall_v on_o the_o plain_a of_o the_o horizon_n and_o therefore_o lie_v in_o the_o very_a opac_n but_o in_o other_o day_n of_o the_o year_n because_o the_o sun_n decline_v from_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o the_o place_n of_o the_o tropic_a towards_o the_o south_n therefore_o the_o shadow_n be_v cast_v in_o the_o meridies_n towards_o the_o north_n never_o towards_o the_o south_n on_o the_o contrary_a in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o tropic_a of_o capricorn_n every_o day_n it_o be_v cast_v towards_o the_o south_n except_o on_o one_o day_n in_o which_o there_o will_v be_v no_o shadow_n never_o towards_o the_o north._n proposition_n iii_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v amphiscii_n amphiscii_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v call_v amphiscii_n let_v any_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v take_v in_o the_o globe_n and_o let_v it_o be_v bring_v to_o the_o meridian_n and_o let_v the_o parallel_n of_o the_o latitude_n which_o shall_v cut_v the_o ecliptic_a in_o two_o point_n be_v describe_v by_o chalk_n apply_v when_o therefore_o the_o sun_n shall_v be_v in_o these_o point_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a he_o shall_v describe_v by_o his_o circumvolution_n a_o parallel_n which_o shall_v direct_o hang_v over_o the_o parallel_n describe_v and_o therefore_o on_o those_o two_o day_n in_o which_o he_o obtain_v those_o point_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a in_o the_o assume_v place_n and_o in_o all_o situate_v in_o the_o describe_v parallel_n he_o shall_v be_v vertical_a in_o the_o meridies_n and_o illustrate_v all_o the_o place_n of_o the_o horizon_n and_o therefore_o no_o shadow_n shall_v be_v cast_v on_o these_o two_o day_n and_o the_o inhabitant_n shall_v be_v amphiscii_n without_o any_o shadow_n but_o on_o the_o other_o day_n of_o the_o year_n they_o shall_v not_o be_v so_o but_o the_o meridian_n shadow_n shall_v either_o be_v cast_v to_o the_o north_n or_o to_o the_o south_n to_o the_o north_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v in_o that_o part_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a which_o lie_v in_o those_o two_o point_n before_o note_v towards_o the_o south_n on_o the_o contrary_a to_o the_o south_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v in_o that_o part_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a which_o be_v situate_v from_o those_o two_o point_n towards_o the_o north._n proposition_n iu._n the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o temperate_a zone_n be_v heteroscii_n heteroscii_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o temperate_a zone_n be_v call_v heteroscii_n for_o because_o the_o sun_n in_o all_o those_o day_n of_o the_o year_n in_o the_o meridies_n be_v move_v from_o the_o place_n of_o the_o north_n temperate_a zone_n towards_o that_o quarter_n to_o wit_n the_o south_n and_o on_o the_o contrary_a from_o the_o place_n of_o the_o south_n temperate_a zone_n towards_o the_o north_n it_o follow_v from_o the_o first_o proposition_n that_o the_o meridian_n shadow_n of_o the_o place_n of_o the_o north_n temperate_a zone_n bend_v to_o the_o same_o quarter_n all_o the_o day_n of_o the_o year_n viz._n the_o north_n on_o the_o contrary_a to_o the_o south_n in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o south_n temperate_a zone_n proposition_n v._o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n be_v periscii_n periscii_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n be_v call_v periscii_n for_o by_o reason_n that_o on_o some_o day_n of_o the_o year_n the_o sun_n set_v not_o in_o these_o place_n but_o move_v round_o about_o the_o horizon_n it_o be_v also_o necessary_a that_o the_o shadow_n shall_v be_v carry_v round_o into_o all_o quarter_n and_o the_o sun_n be_v in_o the_o superior_a semicircle_n of_o the_o meridian_n the_o shadow_n be_v cast_v towards_o the_o north_n and_o when_o the_o sun_n be_v in_o the_o inferior_a semicircle_n the_o shadow_n be_v carry_v towards_o the_o southern_a quarter_n proposition_n vi_o a_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v give_v to_o find_v the_o day_n of_o the_o year_n in_o which_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o that_o place_n shall_v be_v without_o any_o shadow_n and_o in_o what_o day_n the_o shadow_n be_v carry_v to_o the_o north_n and_o in_o what_o to_o the_o south_n let_v the_o day_n of_o the_o year_n in_o which_o the_o sun_n become_v vertical_a to_o the_o place_n give_v be_v find_v those_o shall_v be_v the_o day_n in_o which_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o that_o place_n shall_v be_v without_o a_o shadow_n for_o this_o use_v the_o mode_n in_o the_o three_o proposition_n proposition_n vii_o the_o day_n of_o the_o year_n be_v give_v to_o find_v the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o the_o globe_n who_o inhabitant_n be_v amphiscii_n
ecliptic_a be_v note_v and_o bring_v to_o the_o meridan_n let_v the_o index_n be_v place_v at_o the_o 12_o hour_n at_o noon_n of_o the_o cycle_n let_v the_o globe_n be_v turn_v until_o the_o index_n show_v the_o hour_n give_v then_o the_o globe_n be_v immovable_a let_v the_o index_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o 12_o hour_n and_o this_o be_v do_v let_v the_o globe_n be_v turn_v towards_o the_o east_n until_o the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v behold_v in_o the_o occidental_a horizon_n then_o let_v the_o hour_n be_v number_v from_o 12_o to_o the_o index_n near_o the_o quarter_n of_o his_o motion_n for_o these_o shall_v be_v the_o italian_a hour_n of_o numeration_n proposition_n ix_o the_o hour_n from_o the_o set_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o of_o italic_a numeration_n be_v give_v to_o find_v what_o hour_n it_o be_v of_o our_o numeration_n from_o the_o midnoon_n or_o midnight_n let_v the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v for_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n give_v let_v the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o ecliptic_a be_v note_v and_o bring_v to_o the_o meridian_n let_v the_o index_n be_v place_v at_o the_o hour_n 12_o let_v the_o globe_n be_v turn_v to_o the_o set_n until_o the_o index_n show_v the_o give_v italic_a hour_n then_o the_o globe_n remain_v immovable_a let_v the_o index_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o 12_o hour_n this_o be_v do_v let_v the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v turn_v back_o to_o that_o semicircle_n of_o the_o meridian_n which_o it_o do_v near_o pass_v through_o so_o the_o hour_n interrupt_v between_o 12_o and_o the_o index_n number_v from_o 12_o towards_o the_o rise_a be_v the_o hour_n from_o the_o meridies_n or_o midnight_n according_a to_o our_o numeration_n or_o reckon_n proposition_n x._o a_o hour_n of_o our_o numeration_n be_v give_v on_o the_o day_n give_v to_o find_v what_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n that_o hour_n be_v according_a to_o the_o ancient_a judaic_a account_n and_o that_o of_o other_o nation_n night_n the_o jew_n division_n of_o the_o day_n and_o night_n in_o ancient_a time_n the_o jew_n and_o other_o nation_n astronomy_n be_v not_o yet_o polish_v divide_v every_o day_n from_o the_o rise_n of_o the_o sun_n to_o his_o set_n into_o 12_o hour_n and_o the_o night_n into_o as_o many_o which_o hour_n be_v therefore_o term_v judaical_a hour_n planetary_a hour_n for_o another_o reason_n but_o more_o fit_o unequal_a hour_n for_o see_v that_o neither_o the_o day_n or_o night_n be_v equal_a among_o themselves_o or_o of_o equal_a longitude_n but_o increase_n for_o half_a a_o year_n 25._o see_v chap._n 25._o and_o decrease_v the_o other_o half_n except_o in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o those_o hour_n be_v sometime_o great_a and_o sometime_o lesser_a for_o they_o increase_v with_o the_o longitude_n of_o the_o day_n and_o decrease_v with_o the_o decrease_n of_o the_o same_o but_o in_o place_n near_o the_o aequator_fw-la this_o increase_n be_v not_o great_a as_o we_o have_v show_v in_o the_o 25_o chapter_n but_o all_o the_o day_n of_o the_o whole_a year_n be_v almost_o equal_a and_o thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o people_n more_o remote_a from_o the_o aequator_fw-la as_o those_o of_o europe_n never_o use_v these_o hour_n but_o only_o those_o people_n who_o be_v not_o far_o remove_v from_o or_o that_o dwell_v under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n therefore_o the_o problem_n may_v be_v thus_o more_o clear_o propound_v viz._n a_o equal_a hour_n be_v give_v in_o a_o give_v day_n to_o find_v a_o unequal_a hour_n a_o equal_a hour_n be_v term_v the_o 12_o part_n of_o any_o day_n or_o night_n or_o of_o the_o time_n in_o which_o the_o sun_n do_v remain_v above_o or_o beneath_o the_o horizon_n a_o unequal_a hour_n be_v term_v the_o 24_o part_n of_o that_o time_n in_o which_o the_o sun_n be_v move_v from_o the_o semicircle_n of_o the_o meridian_n until_o it_o return_v again_o to_o the_o same_o semicircle_n which_o time_n be_v call_v a_o astronomical_a day_n now_o for_o the_o solution_n of_o this_o problem_n we_o must_v thus_o act_v let_v the_o pole_n he_o elevate_v for_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n give_v let_v the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o ecliptic_a be_v note_v and_o bring_v to_o the_o east_n the_o index_n to_o the_o 12_o hour_n of_o the_o cycle_n let_v the_o globe_n be_v turn_v until_o the_o note_a place_n of_o the_o sun_n come_v to_o the_o west_n the_o index_n will_v show_v the_o hour_n for_o the_o longitude_n of_o this_o day_n or_o the_o stay_n of_o the_o sun_n above_o the_o horizon_n which_o must_v be_v observe_v then_o set_v it_o be_v find_v what_o be_v the_o hour_n give_v from_o the_o east_n or_o rise_n or_o from_o the_o west_n and_o set_v if_o that_o any_o hour_n be_v give_v after_o the_o set_n of_o the_o sun_n according_a to_o the_o 6_o or_o 8_o proposition_n 8._o see_v proposition_n 6_o and_o 8._o and_o let_v the_o proportion_n be_v compare_v after_o this_o mode_n that_o as_o the_o note_a hour_n of_o the_o longitude_n of_o the_o whole_a day_n or_o night_n be_v unto_o 2_o hour_n so_o the_o hour_n find_v from_o the_o rise_n or_o set_v if_o that_o a_o hour_n of_o the_o night_n be_v give_v be_v to_o the_o number_n of_o the_o judaic_a hour_n proposition_n xi_o the_o judaic_a hour_n be_v give_v in_o the_o day_n give_v to_o find_v what_o hour_n that_o be_v according_a to_o our_o numeration_n or_o account_n or_o to_o reduce_v a_o give_v unequal_a hour_n to_o a_o equal_a hour_n hour_n of_o the_o judaic_a hour_n let_v the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v for_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n give_v the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o ecliptic_a from_o the_o day_n give_v be_v find_v let_v it_o be_v bring_v to_o the_o east_n the_o index_n to_o the_o 12_o hour_n and_o let_v the_o globe_n be_v turn_v to_o the_o west_n that_o the_o longitude_n of_o that_o day_n may_v appear_v in_o unequal_a hour_n on_o the_o horary_a cycle_n which_o be_v note_v then_o let_v the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o 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be_v our_o 8_o 9th_o or_o 10_o so_o that_o the_o 11_o hour_n of_o that_o sermon_n may_v be_v our_o seven_o 6_o or_o 5_o viz_o as_o that_o day_n may_v be_v take_v either_o according_a to_o the_o summer_n or_o winter_n solstice_n or_o the_o aequinoctial_a proposition_n xii_o those_o who_o go_v from_o some_o one_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o sail_v towards_o the_o sun_n rise_v and_o the_o whole_a globe_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v encompass_v by_o they_o they_o return_v to_o the_o same_o place_n whence_o they_o set_v forth_o they_o in_o the_o mean_a space_n at_o once_o have_v often_o have_v the_o sun_n rise_v set_v the_o meridies_n and_o the_o midnight_n the_o very_a same_o with_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o place_n from_o which_o they_o go_v from_o and_o therefore_o when_o they_o return_v they_o number_v one_o day_n of_o a_o year_n more_o than_o in_o that_o place_n for_o example_n if_o in_o this_o place_n it_o be_v the_o first_o day_n of_o january_n they_o reckon_v the_o second_o of_o 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of_o the_o caspian_a sea_n which_o be_v often_o call_v tabarestan_n from_o the_o name_n of_o this_o province_n it_o stretch_v 100_o league_n up_o the_o land_n contain_v in_o its_o territory_n 12_o fair_a city_n of_o which_o asterabad_n or_o starabat_fw-la which_o have_v something_o of_o common_a with_o the_o name_n of_o the_o province_n be_v the_o principal_a then_o maglasen_v zariach_n and_o other_o this_o country_n afford_v quantity_n of_o silk_n gorgian_n province_n of_o gorgian_n the_o province_n of_o gorgian_n touch_v not_o the_o sea_n the_o chief_a city_n be_v of_o the_o same_o name_n then_o obscoen_n damegan_n and_o semnan_n gorgian_a answer_n to_o the_o ancient_a hyrcania_n metropolis_n rhoemus_n province_n of_o rhoemus_n the_o province_n of_o rhoemus_n be_v in_o the_o east_n of_o tabarestan_n and_o gorgian_a it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v 1._o bestan_n then_o 2._o beyad_n 3._o zabâ—awer_n and_o 4._o thous_z high_a in_o the_o land_n 5._o feraway_n 6._o masinon_n and_o other_o towards_o the_o sea_n and_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n gehon_n nassir_fw-fr eddin_n that_o excellent_a mathematician_n be_v a_o native_a of_o thous_z who_o drive_v mustalzin_n from_o his_o caliphat_a or_o dignity_n of_o babylon_n because_o mulstalzin_n have_v demand_v of_o he_o where_o be_v his_o horn_n so_o dangerous_a it_o be_v to_o mock_v a_o man_n of_o spirit_n and_o courage_n the_o city_n of_o thous_z be_v esteem_v very_o considerable_a be_v large_a and_o encompass_v with_o a_o noble_a wall_n adorn_v with_o stately_a structure_n and_o among_o other_o with_o about_o 200_o or_o 300_o tower_n distant_a from_o one_o another_o a_o musquetsâ—ot_n it_o be_v famous_a for_o the_o stately_a sepulchre_n of_o iman_n risa_n of_o the_o family_n of_o ali_n one_o of_o the_o twelve_o persian_a saint_n where_o great_a devotion_n and_o ceremony_n be_v perform_v by_o they_o which_o bring_v in_o a_o great_a revenue_n to_o this_o city_n churdistan_n province_n of_o churdistan_n the_o province_n of_o 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its_o inhabitant_n be_v esteem_v the_o true_a curd_n as_o good_a at_o incursion_n as_o the_o arab_n who_o lose_v nothing_o they_o can_v catch_v near_a choy_n be_v the_o calderonian_a champain_n of_o chelder_n renown_v for_o the_o battle_n between_o selim_n emperor_n of_o the_o turk_n and_o ishmael_n sophy_n of_o the_o persian_n where_o this_o last_o who_o have_v till_o than_o almost_o always_o be_v victor_n be_v defeat_v and_o lose_v a_o great_a battle_n and_o after_o it_o tauris_n where_o be_v his_o wife_n tallucanum_n and_o his_o treasure_n but_o whilst_o he_o prepare_v new_a force_n the_o turk_n retire_v to_o amasia_n at_o guienche_n former_o a_o city_n and_o a_o kingdom_n contain_v likewise_o 7_o or_o 〈◊〉_d fair_a city_n the_o can_v caidogli_n cause_v to_o be_v build_v one_o of_o the_o fair_a and_o strong_a tower_n that_o be_v in_o persia_n beside_o the_o stone_n make_v use_n of_o the_o head_n of_o 540000_o turk_n which_o he_o have_v defeat_v in_o those_o quarter_n and_o which_o he_o cause_v to_o be_v bruise_v among_o the_o mortar_n etc._n province_n of_o ayrack_n its_o commodity_n etc._n etc._n the_o province_n of_o ayrack_n be_v the_o fair_a and_o rich_a of_o persia_n the_o sophy_n have_v for_o sometime_o past_o make_v here_o their_o residence_n former_o at_o 1._o casbin_n at_o present_a at_o 2._o hispahan_n which_o be_v two_o great_a city_n 3._o cassian_n 4._o hamadan_n 5._o dankana_n 6._o sauwa_o 7._o come_v 8._o yesd_v 9_o soltania_n 10._o hrey_n 11._o cochera_n 12._o kargh_n with_o several_a other_o be_v likewise_o very_o fair_a near_a hrey_n be_v gather_v excellent_a manna_n soltan_n have_v great_a quantity_n of_o the_o fair_a fountain_n and_o take_v its_o name_n from_o the_o soltans_fw-la which_o sometime_o reside_v here_o yesd_v yield_v the_o rich_a and_o fair_a tapestry_n in_o the_o world_n near_o this_o city_n and_o on_o the_o mountain_n albor_n there_o be_v yet_o some_o worshipper_n of_o fire_n which_o have_v use_v it_o above_o 3000_o year_n hamadan_n have_v bear_v the_o title_n of_o a_o kingdom_n and_o have_v 15_o city_n under_o it_o casian_n produce_v many_o silk_n and_o cotton_n manufacture_n and_o have_v draw_v to_o it_o all_o the_o traffic_n that_o be_v at_o com_n not_o suffer_v any_o vagabond_n or_o beggar_n com_n have_v be_v as_o great_a as_o constantinople_n but_o tamerlain_n have_v ruin_v it_o it_o can_v never_o regain_v its_o splendour_n the_o inhabitant_n addict_v themselves_o to_o labour_n in_o their_o vineyard_n and_o garden_n it_o be_v bridge_n be_v of_o stone_n and_o the_o fair_a in_o all_o persia_n casbin_n be_v the_o residence_n of_o xa-thamas_a when_o the_o turk_n have_v take_v tauris_n some_o esteem_n it_o the_o ancient_a arsacia_n other_o ecbatana_n it_o be_v not_o well_o build_v but_o great_a and_o fill_v with_o no_o less_o than_o 100000_o soul_n its_o fair_a palace_n it_o be_v many_o bazar_n and_o its_o atmaiden_n be_v remarkable_a bazar_n be_v place_n or_o great_a street_n where_o there_o be_v but_o one_o sort_n of_o merchant_n the_o atmaiden_n or_o great_a market_n which_o be_v about_o a_o mile_n in_o circuit_n persia_n hispahan_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o persia_n hispahan_n the_o metropolitan_a city_n of_o the_o persian_a monarchy_n seat_v in_o the_o parthian_a territory_n which_o in_o its_o situation_n be_v pleasant_a and_o delightful_a in_o its_o soil_n fruitful_a and_o well_o water_v by_o the_o river_n sindery_a in_o its_o air_n serene_a and_o healthful_a and_o for_o bigness_n be_v now_o become_v the_o great_a city_n in_o all_o persia_n who_o wall_n be_v in_o circumference_n a_o reasonable_a day_n journey_n its_o building_n which_o be_v many_o scarce_o contain_v less_o than_o 75000_o house_n be_v proud_a and_o elegant_a and_o be_v say_v to_o be_v once_o so_o populous_a that_o it_o give_v entertainment_n to_o 500000_o inhabitant_n but_o after_o a_o certain_a revolt_n for_o which_o they_o be_v severe_o chastise_v by_o the_o command_n of_o the_o prince_n it_o have_v not_o have_v so_o great_a a_o quantity_n of_o people_n yet_o it_o be_v exceed_o populous_a and_o much_o frequent_v by_o stranger_n rich_a in_o trade_n eminent_a for_o all_o sort_n of_o exercise_n and_o more_o magnificent_a as_o be_v the_o residence_n of_o the_o sophy_n of_o the_o persian_n who_o have_v here_o build_v divers_a palace_n which_o be_v inhabit_v by_o his_o noble_n so_o rich_a and_o stately_a with_o garden_n so_o delightful_a and_o magnificent_a that_o not_o the_o industry_n of_o man_n nay_o scarce_o his_o thought_n can_v comprehend_v or_o imagine_v any_o thing_n more_o beautiful_a this_o city_n beside_o its_o wall_n be_v fence_v about_o with_o a_o ditch_n and_o defend_v by_o a_o strong_a castle_n the_o chief_a building_n be_v the_o palace_n the_o mosque_n the_o hummums_n or_o hothouse_n and_o the_o mydan_n or_o market-place_n which_o without_o dispute_n be_v the_o fair_a rich_a and_o noble_a building_n in_o the_o world_n be_v about_o 1000_o place_n in_o length_n and_o 200_o in_o breadth_n the_o inside_n resemble_v our_o exchange_n be_v fill_v with_o shop_n where_o all_o sort_n of_o rich_a commodity_n be_v vend_v and_o sustain_v by_o arch_n and_o below_o furnish_v with_o such_o thing_n both_o for_o food_n and_o raiment_n as_o the_o country_n afford_v delightful_a its_o palace_n and_o seraglio_n exceed_v stately_a and_o delightful_a on_o the_o westside_n be_v seat_v two_o stately_a palace_n or_o seraglio_n for_o the_o king_n and_o his_o lady_n far_o exceed_v in_o state_n and_o magnificence_n all_o other_o the_o proud_a building_n in_o this_o city_n the_o wall_n be_v of_o red_a marble_n and_o parget_v with_o divers_a colour_n and_o the_o whole_a palace_n pave_v with_o fret_a and_o chequer_v work_n over_o which_o it_o be_v spread_v with_o stately_a carpet_n the_o window_n be_v make_v of_o alabaster_n and_o white_a and_o spot_a marble_n and_o the_o post_n and_o wicket_n of_o massy_a ivory_n chequer_a with_o glitter_a
prince_n lord_n nobles_z and_z gentry_z of_o the_o country_n on_o condition_n that_o they_o keep_v for_o his_o service_n some_o 1_o some_z 2_o 3_o 4_o 5_o some_z 10_o some_o 100_o some_o 1000_o and_o upward_o of_o horse_n which_o be_v to_o be_v always_o in_o readiness_n his_o army_n nevertheless_o consist_v for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o 100000_o horse_n and_o 200000_o foot_n and_o this_o beside_o his_o ordinary_a garrison_n his_o subject_n be_v strong_a and_o robustious_a use_v all_o sort_n of_o arm_n go_v free_o to_o all_o occasion_n want_v nothing_o but_o order_n and_o policy_n they_o have_v no_o considerable_a force_n at_o sea_n since_o the_o portugall_n hold_v from_o they_o in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o cambaya_n the_o city_n and_o fortress_n of_o diu_n daman_n basaim_v of_o the_o isle_n of_o saltette_n near_o bensaim_v the_o fort_n of_o manora_n and_o the_o rock_n of_o asserim_n fish_n the_o country_n store_v with_o cattle_n fowle_n and_o fish_n the_o whole_a country_n be_v store_v with_o several_a sort_n of_o tame_a and_o wild_a creature_n as_o buff_n ox_n cow_n sheep_n deer_n wild-ass_n boar_n hare_n etc._n etc._n variety_n of_o fowl_n and_o fish_n here_o be_v also_o find_v crocodile_n some_o of_o which_o be_v 30_o foot_n long_o cormorant_n and_o bat_n as_o big_a as_o crow_n guard_n the_o mogul_n guard_n the_o great_a mogoll_n ordinary_a guard_n consist_v of_o about_o 12000_o man_n beside_o 600_o of_o his_o life_n guard_n he_o never_o stir_v abroad_o to_o hunt_v take_v the_o air_n or_o the_o like_a without_o the_o attendance_n of_o about_o 10000_o man_n of_o all_o degree_n beside_o to_o make_v his_o stare_n the_o great_a there_o be_v 100_o elephant_n rich_o trap_v and_o cover_v with_o scarlet_n velvet_n or_o the_o like_a on_o these_o elephant_n there_o be_v seat_v two_o man_n the_o one_o to_o guide_v he_o and_o the_o other_o which_o support_v a_o large_a banner_n of_o silk_n rich_o embroider_v with_o gold_n and_o silver_n but_o on_o some_o of_o the_o elephant_n which_o go_v foremost_a instead_o of_o carry_v banner_n they_o play_v upon_o simbretts_n and_o other_o such_o like_a instrument_n after_o these_o 100_o elephant_n come_v the_o mogoll_n either_o mount_v on_o a_o excellent_a persian_a horse_n or_o else_o in_o a_o coach_n or_o sedan_n attend_v by_o his_o noble_n and_o other_o courtier_n after_o who_o come_v about_o 500_o elephant_n camel_n attendance_n his_o state_n and_o great_a attendance_n and_o wagon_n which_o be_v to_o carry_v the_o baggage_n for_o common_o he_o encamp_v in_o the_o field_n in_o which_o he_o take_v great_a delight_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o coolness_n as_o also_o by_o reason_n few_o city_n be_v able_a to_o give_v entertainment_n to_o so_o great_a a_o retinue_n and_o beside_o his_o go_v thus_o to_o hunt_v or_o take_v the_o air_n he_o often_o change_v the_o place_n of_o his_o abode_n according_a to_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n the_o mogoll_n celebrate_v with_o great_a pomp_n and_o state_n the_o first_o day_n of_o the_o year_n they_o have_v several_a festival_n day_n which_o they_o keep_v in_o great_a triumph_n wherein_o they_o have_v several_a divertisement_n of_o sport_n and_o recreation_n and_o especial_o the_o birth_n day_n of_o the_o mogoll_n the_o language_n which_o the_o great_a mogoll_n and_o most_o people_n of_o quality_n speak_v be_v the_o persian_a tongue_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v very_o expert_a at_o the_o bow_n the_o disease_n which_o be_v common_a among_o they_o be_v fever_n and_o the_o bloody_a flux_n their_o horse_n be_v not_o good_a but_o their_o ox_n be_v excellent_a be_v here_o use_v instead_o of_o horse_n which_o be_v very_o mettlesome_a as_o in_o this_o great_a extent_n of_o ground_n which_o we_o call_v the_o mogoll_n country_n there_o be_v several_a sort_n of_o people_n so_o likewise_o be_v there_o divers_a sort_n of_o religion_n some_o of_o which_o i_o shall_v speak_v a_o word_n or_o two_o of_o the_o benjan_o be_v pagan_n they_o use_v neither_o circumcision_n nor_o baptism_n they_o believe_v there_o be_v a_o god_n who_o create_v they_o and_o make_v the_o universe_n but_o they_o worship_v the_o devil_n believe_v that_o god_n create_v he_o to_o govern_v the_o world_n and_o do_v mischief_n to_o mankind_n to_o which_o end_n in_o all_o their_o mosque_n they_o have_v the_o figure_n of_o he_o in_o statue_n of_o gold_n silver_n ebony_n ivory_n marble_n stone_n and_o wood_n this_o figure_n in_o shape_n be_v ugly_a and_o horrid_a to_o look_v on_o it_o be_v place_v on_o a_o table_n of_o stone_n which_o serve_v for_o a_o altar_n and_o receive_v the_o offering_n which_o be_v make_v to_o the_o pagode_n on_o the_o right_a side_n of_o this_o table_n be_v place_v a_o trough_n in_o which_o those_o who_o intend_v to_o do_v their_o devotion_n wash_v and_o purify_v themselves_o and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n there_o be_v a_o chest_n in_o which_o be_v put_v their_o offering_n night_n to_o which_o in_o the_o wall_n be_v a_o vessel_n out_o of_o which_o the_o braman_n or_o priest_n take_v out_o a_o kind_n of_o yellow_a stuff_n with_o which_o he_o mark_v the_o forehead_n of_o they_o this_o braman_n sit_v at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o altar_n from_o whence_o he_o rise_v often_o to_o say_v prayer_n in_o their_o mosque_n they_o always_o burn_v lamp_n and_o about_o the_o wall_n of_o they_o be_v abundance_n of_o figure_n as_o beast_n devil_n etc._n etc._n which_o they_o adore_v they_o much_o use_n as_o a_o part_n of_o their_o religion_n corporal_a purification_n bathe_v themselves_o every_o day_n they_o be_v very_o ingenious_a subtle_a and_o civil_a there_o be_v no_o trade_n but_o what_o they_o apply_v themselves_o unto_o and_o be_v very_o expert_a in_o the_o adulteration_n of_o all_o commodity_n they_o be_v civil_a in_o their_o apparel_n but_o their_o child_n go_v naked_a until_o the_o age_n of_o 5_o or_o 6_o year_n and_o at_o 7_o 8_o 9_o or_o 10_o year_n of_o age_n they_o marry_v they_o seldom_o stay_v until_o the_o age_n of_o 12_o especial_o the_o female_a sex_n as_o think_v it_o a_o great_a shame_n to_o live_v so_o long_o unmarried_a and_o in_o their_o marriage_n they_o observe_v several_a ceremony_n the_o man_n be_v not_o only_o permit_v to_o marry_v twice_o or_o thrice_o in_o case_n of_o mortality_n but_o also_o if_o their_o wife_n prove_v barren_a but_o the_o first_o have_v a_o preeminence_n as_o be_v mother_n of_o the_o family_n their_o son_n be_v heir_n to_o their_o father_n estate_n but_o withal_o they_o must_v maintain_v the_o mother_n and_o take_v to_o wife_n their_o sister_n the_o brahmin_n or_o priest_n be_v of_o great_a authority_n and_o high_o respect_v among_o they_o insomuch_o that_o the_o benjan_o will_v hardly_o engage_v themselves_o in_o any_o matter_n of_o concernment_n without_o the_o advice_n and_o approbation_n of_o they_o these_o priest_n beside_o their_o expound_v the_o mystery_n of_o their_o religion_n according_a to_o their_o fancy_n which_o soon_o take_v impression_n in_o the_o mind_n of_o these_o superstitious_a people_n have_v a_o oversight_n of_o school_n where_o child_n have_v their_o education_n when_o the_o man_n be_v to_o go_v a_o journey_n they_o desire_v the_o braman_n to_o have_v a_o care_n of_o their_o wife_n until_o they_o return_v and_o to_o supply_v their_o place_n another_o custom_n they_o have_v that_o when_o any_o be_v marry_v the_o bride_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o braman_n and_o he_o be_v earnest_o request_v to_o enjoy_v the_o first_o fruit_n of_o she_o without_o which_o they_o think_v the_o marriage_n be_v not_o blessed_v and_o for_o so_o do_v he_o have_v gift_n present_v he_o according_a to_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o person_n the_o benjan_o believe_v the_o transmigration_n and_o immortality_n of_o the_o soul_n think_v that_o the_o soul_n of_o a_o good_a man_n be_v depart_v into_o the_o body_n of_o a_o chicken_n or_o a_o pigeon_n that_o of_o a_o wicked_a or_o cruel_a man_n into_o a_o lion_n tiger_z or_o crocodile_n that_o of_o a_o glutton_n into_o a_o swine_n that_o of_o a_o crafty_a man_n into_o a_o fox_n etc._n etc._n for_o which_o reason_n they_o neither_o eat_v nor_o kill_v any_o thing_n that_o have_v life_n nay_o they_o be_v so_o far_o from_o destroy_v they_o that_o on_o the_o contrary_n they_o will_v purchase_v they_o of_o the_o mahometan_n and_o set_v they_o at_o liberty_n and_o for_o those_o that_o be_v lame_a or_o sick_a they_o have_v hospital_n for_o they_o as_o in_o persia_n j._n albert_n de_fw-fr mandelslo_n in_o his_o book_n of_o travel_n say_v that_o the_o benjan_o be_v divide_v among_o themselves_o into_o 83_o principal_a sect_n beside_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o other_o those_o of_o most_o note_n as_o comprehend_v all_o the_o other_o be_v those_o of_o samarath_n ceurawath_n bisnow_n and_o goeghy_n religion_n the_o parsis_n and_o their_o religion_n beside_o the_o
salt-pit_n near_o the_o point_n de_fw-fr salinas_n the_o principal_a fortress_n that_o the_o portugal_n hold_v here_o be_v de_fw-fr los_fw-la tres_fw-fr reyes_n or_o the_o three_o king_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n of_o the_o river_n the_o coast_n of_o brazile_n from_o cape_n de_fw-fr frio_n until_o on_o this_o side_n of_o that_o of_o st._n augustine_n and_o so_o to_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o head_n of_o potengi_n stretch_v from_o south_n to_o north_n and_o continual_o regard_v the_o east_n the_o rest_n of_o this_o capitany_n and_o that_o of_o siara_n maranhan_n and_o para_n extend_v from_o east_n to_o west_n regard_v the_o north_n and_o be_v the_o near_a to_o the_o equinoctial_a line_n the_o coast_n of_o these_o four_o last_o capitany_n have_v no_o less_o extent_n on_o the_o sea_n than_o that_o of_o all_o the_o other_o together_o but_o be_v worth_a much_o less_o commodity_n the_o capitany_n of_o siara_n with_o its_o commodity_n the_o capitany_n of_o siara_n be_v among_o many_o barbarous_a people_n and_o therefore_o not_o much_o frequent_v yet_o be_v of_o some_o trade_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o cotton_n crystal_n precious_a stone_n and_o many_o sort_n of_o wood_n which_o be_v here_o find_v they_o have_v likewise_o many_o cane_n of_o sugar_n which_o be_v of_o no_o use_n there_o be_v no_o sugar_n engine_n in_o the_o country_n place_n the_o capitany_n of_o maranhan_n with_o its_o chief_a place_n the_o capitany_n of_o maranhan_n be_v a_o isle_n which_o with_o some_o other_o be_v find_v in_o a_o gulf_n about_o twenty_o five_o league_n long_o and_o broad_a this_o isle_n have_v forty_o five_o league_n circuit_n have_v twenty_o seven_o village_n of_o which_o junaparan_n be_v the_o chief_a and_o in_o each_o village_n four_o five_o or_o 600_o man_n so_o that_o the_o french_a make_v account_v of_o 10000_o man_n in_o this_o island_n commodity_n the_o fertility_n of_o the_o country_n with_o its_o commodity_n the_o air_n serene_a temperate_a and_o healthful_a the_o water_n excellent_a and_o which_o scarce_o ever_o corrupt_a on_o the_o sea_n the_o land_n as_o fruitful_a as_o any_o in_o america_n yield_v brazile-wood_n saffron_n cotton_n red-dye_a lake_n or_o rose_n colour_n balm_n tobacco_n pepper_n and_o sometime_o ambergrease_n be_v gather_v on_o its_o coast_n the_o land_n be_v find_v proper_a for_o sugar_n and_o if_o it_o be_v till_v will_v produce_v grain_n some_o say_v it_o have_v mine_n of_o jasper_n and_o white_a and_o red_a crystal_n which_o for_o hardness_n surpass_v the_o diamond_n of_o alenzon_n it_o be_v well_o water_v with_o fresh_a river_n and_o pleasant_a stream_n well_o clothe_v with_o wood_n in_o which_o be_v store_n of_o fowl_n the_o people_n be_v strong_a of_o body_n apparel_n its_o inhabitant_n and_o apparel_n live_v in_o good_a health_n common_o die_v with_o age_n the_o woman_n be_v fruitful_a till_o eighty_o year_n of_o age_n both_o sex_n go_v naked_a until_o they_o be_v marry_v and_o then_o their_o apparel_n be_v only_o from_o the_o be_v to_o the_o knee_n which_o be_v manufacture_n of_o cotton_n or_o feather-work_n in_o which_o they_o be_v very_o ingenious_a tapovy_n the_o country_n or_o the_o isle_n of_o the_o tapovy_n the_o tapovy_n tapere_n that_o be_v the_o country_n of_o the_o tapovy_n be_v another_o isle_n east_n of_o maraguon_n at_o full-sea_n it_o be_v a_o isle_n on_o the_o ebb_n only_o sand_n separate_v it_o from_o the_o continent_n the_o soll_n be_v yet_o better_a than_o that_o of_o maranhan_n it_o have_v but_o fifteen_o village_n the_o chief_a bear_v the_o name_n of_o the_o country_n they_o be_v great_a and_o better_o people_v than_o those_o of_o maranhan_n comma_n the_o country_n and_o city_n of_o comma_n west_n of_o tapovy_n tapere_n and_o on_o the_o firm_a land_n comma_n a_o city_n river_n and_o country_n of_o the_o same_o name_n be_v of_o no_o small_a value_n it_o be_v fifteen_o or_o sixteen_o village_n be_v as_o well_o people_v as_o those_o of_o tapovy_n tapere_n between_o comma_n and_o cayetta_n which_o approach_v para_n be_v divers_a people_n descend_v from_o the_o toupinambous_a as_o those_o of_o maranhan_n and_o comma_n descend_v from_o the_o tapovye_v the_o french_a be_v likewise_o divers_a time_n possess_v of_o the_o isle_n of_o maranhan_n ribaut_n be_v here_o in_o 1594._o ravardiere_n in_o 1612._o this_o last_o choose_v a_o most_o commodious_a place_n in_o the_o island_n and_o build_v the_o fort_n of_o st._n lewis_n the_o portugal_n drive_v they_o out_o in_o 1614_o and_o build_v new_a fort_n st._n jago_n and_o neustra_fw-la sennora_fw-es among_o the_o river_n that_o full_a into_o the_o gulf_n of_o maranhan_n miari_n be_v the_o great_a then_o taboucourou_n commodity_n the_o capitany_n of_o para_n with_o its_o commodity_n the_o capitany_n of_o para_n have_v a_o square_a fort_n seat_v on_o a_o rock_n raise_v four_o or_o five_o fathom_n from_o the_o neighbour_a ground_n and_o well_o wall_v except_o towards_o the_o river_n it_o have_v four_o or_o five_o hundred_o portugal_n who_o gather_v in_o the_o country_n tobacco_n cotton_n and_o sugar_n this_o capitany_n hold_v beyond_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o amazon_n corrupa_n and_o estiero_n and_o among_o the_o mouth_n of_o that_o river_n cogemine_n air._n of_o a_o temperate_a air._n brazile_n have_v a_o air_n sweet_a and_o temperate_a though_o under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n the_o day_n and_o night_n be_v almost_o equal_a the_o freshness_n of_o the_o sea_n rivers_n and_o ordinary_a dew_n contribute_v much_o to_o its_o wholsomness_n they_o lie_v very_o subject_a to_o storm_n and_o thunder_n and_o if_o it_o lighten_v in_o the_o evening_n it_o be_v without_o thunder_n if_o it_o thunder_v without_o flash_n that_o which_o likewise_o prove_v the_o goodness_n of_o the_o air_n be_v that_o their_o serpent_n snake_n toad_n etc._n etc._n be_v not_o venomous_a here_o serpent_n toad_n etc._n etc._n not_o venomous_a here_o but_o often_o serve_v for_o food_n to_o the_o inhabitant_n yet_o the_o soil_n be_v more_o proper_a for_o the_o production_n of_o fruit_n pasture_n and_o pulse_n than_o the_o grain_n or_o vine_n of_o europe_n they_o carry_v they_o wine_n and_o flower_n corn_n be_v subject_a to_o spoil_v on_o the_o sea_n the_o native_n use_v rice_n and_o manjoche_n to_o make_v their_o bread_n commodity_n it_o be_v fertility_n and_o commodity_n they_o have_v likewise_o quantity_n of_o pulse_n tree_n which_o bear_v excellent_a fruit_n herb_n fourfooted_a beast_n bird_n and_o fish_n in_o great_a abundance_n many_o of_o which_o be_v not_o know_v to_o we_o many_o sort_n of_o palm-tree_n which_o yield_v they_o great_a commodity_n they_o have_v some_o mine_n of_o gold_n but_o more_o of_o silver_n but_o the_o riches_n of_o brazile_n be_v draw_v from_o the_o sugar_n and_o the_o brazile-wood_n which_o come_v from_o their_o araboutan_n a_o mighty_a tree_n which_o bear_v no_o fruit._n they_o have_v abundance_n of_o parroqueto_n among_o their_o monkey_n they_o have_v black_a one_o and_o of_o divers_a colour_n the_o 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injury_n the_o woman_n be_v very_o lascivious_a they_o be_v deliver_v with_o little_a or_o no_o pain_n and_o immediate_o go_v about_o their_o affair_n and_o not_o observe_v the_o custom_n of_o a_o month_n lie_v in_o as_o be_v use_v among_o we_o they_o let_v their_o hair_n grow_v long_o which_o ordinary_o hang_v over_o their_o shoulder_n both_o sex_n go_v naked_a especial_o till_o marry_a they_o be_v esteem_v excellent_a swimmer_n and_o divers_a be_v able_a to_o stay_v a_o hour_n together_o under_o water_n they_o paint_v themselves_o with_o divers_a colour_n all_o over_o the_o body_n on_o which_o they_o leave_v no_o hair_n not_o so_o much_o as_o on_o their_o eyelid_n but_o only_o a_o crown_n about_o their_o head_n and_o fasten_v a_o bone_n which_o be_v well_o polish_a and_o some_o little_a stone_n which_o be_v esteem_v among_o they_o in_o their_o upper_a lip_n and_o cheek_n other_o cut_v their_o skin_n in_o figure_n and_o