rewardes are necessarye for well doers so chastisement is meete for offenders He that will blame an other man must first be blamelesse himselfe in the selfe same matter that he blameth others Rewardes due for paynes taking Mercenarie strangers serue chiefly there for gaine where it is most to be had In euery ward of Athens was 300. comâ—â—ers whom the Orator abused aswell in leuying of mony as appoynting offices Libertie of speach necessarie for the Countries welfare Wordes and deedes should be all one After the afflicted confederates are first holpen we may in the necke therof seeke reuengement of our enimy and deuise his annoyaunce and not before Happie is he that can take his tyme. Rather negligence than ignoraunce hath hâ—â—t the Grecians Ten thousande eight hundred pound starling Nine hundred poundes starling It is good dealing with the enâ—miâ— when he is most weake and at the woorst Occasion to be taken nowe or neuer Besides dishonour there is feare of daunger hereafter if ayde be not sent presently for that the Thebanes are very lyke to fall from them and that the Phoceyans are very poore and needie Gentlemen eschewe euill for shame the common people for feare of harme Euill lawes are to be abrogated that hinder good proceedings Those that sought to repeale lawes among the Grecians by decree written and recorded in a table suffered smart for their attempt if they weare not able to proue theyr assertion to be for the Countries welfare The lawe maker and none other should abrogate his own decree and law established Lawes not executed are of no value and as good not made as not practised Execution of lawes a higher thing in nature than is the deuising or bare reporting of them Occasion offered neuer better and therefore not to be foreslowed * king Philip he meaneth Better for euery man to amend one and to doe his duty than euery one to seeke faultes in others without mending his owne Euery one shifteth to excuse his own doings and rather posteth faults ouer to others than takes them vpon him to beare the blame himselfe Publike prayer and supplication vsed to Godwardes Not as men would but as men may and as the nature of things do require so should they deale A good subiect preferreth the welfare of his Countrie before all other things Aristides Nicias Demosthenes Pericles Flatterers people most daungerous to a common weale * A comparison betwixt those that weare and those that are and what oddes there is betwixt the one and the other * One Milion eight hundred thousand poundes starling Perdicca king of Macedonie payde tribute to Athens * Old Councellours what they weare among the Greekes * Zerxes saddle dedicated to Minerua for his victorie had at Salamina Mardonius Semiterra or fawchen hong vp in the temple in honor of his victorie had agaynst the Plateians The temperance of two gouernors Aristides and Miltiades Magistrates what they should be * Old Councellors in Grece 1. Faithfull to their countrie 2. Deuout towards God. 3. Vpright and iust as a beame towardes all When flatterers beares rule all things comes to naught * Two hundred seuentie thousand pounde starling Trifles and vanities highly set foorth in steade of weightie affayres Magistrates and gouernors who they be â–ª that are to be misliked wherfore Demades Phryno Eubulus Philocrates noted to be the euill and corrupt Orators The causes of corrupt gouernement He meaneth the Orators 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was a small peece of money hauing the print vpon it of a small bullâ—cke in value two pence and somwhat more Such is the man and his maners as his delite and studie is He meaneth Ceres who was fayned to be the Goddesse of corne bicause she first taught the maner of manuring and turning vp the earth to cast corne therin By diligence and paynes taking all may be amended that is amisse An apt similitude to perswade that the stage money should be employed vpon the warres Euery man bound to aduaunce for his part the welfare of his countrie The idle should not reape the fruite of the painefull He misliketh that hired souldiours straungers should doe great things for them and they to do nothing for themselues The elders and most auncient weare wont to speake first When things are in extremitie it is good to be of good cheere and rather lustily to amend that in amisse than cowardly to faint and be in dispayre of all Negligence and want of care doe cause much wo. He styrreth the Athenians to be doing by example of their auncient prowes atchieued against the Lacedemonians Pidna a Citie in Macedonie Potidea a towne in Thracia Methona now called Modon a towne in Achaia Countries and states are the rewardes of valiaunt and couragious personages God and nature do set all things to sale for labour King Philips state both fickle and weake King Philip he meaneth The ydle man is soone taken tardie Neuer more neede to bee doing then nowe Necessitie Common askers of newes are no better than common pratlers Vnnecessarie questions asked of king Philips being Good dealing with the enimy when he is at the woorst Great was the desire of the Athenians to recouer their lost townes The maner how the Athenians did prepare themselues to the warres Pyla Chersonesus Olynthus Euboia nowe Negroponte an Island in Achaia Haliaâ—â—â—m a towne in Morea within the territorie of Messeâ—iâ— Citizens alwayes to be readie for annoying the enimie The number of Souldiors fit for the warres The reason why he would so small an armie should be prouided Why he would haue his owne countrymen to be ioyned souldiours with the straungers Corynthus a Citie in Morea Policrates Iphicrates Gabrias Euill trusting straungers alone to serue in the warres by themselues Souldiours must haue their paye Little was the authoritie that the Athenians had in their warres Menelaus a straunger and Capitaine to the Athenians in their warres at home Daungerous 〈◊〉 haue a straunger generall * Sixtene thousand two hundred poundes starling * Seuen thousand two hundred poundes starling * Three score poundes starling * It appeareth by this reckoning the prouision should be for a yeare * Six shillings starling A hundred drachmes made minam which was a pound of xij ounces that is three pound sterling of our standard * Two thousand a hundred sixtie poundes starling * Nine pounds starling To say and doe are two things Etesie certaine Northeast windes so called bicause they came ordinarily at a certain season of the yeare Lemnus nowe Stalimene an Island in the sea Aegeum south from Candia Thasus an Island their likewise not farre from Thracia Sciathus an Iland there also Good heede to be takeÌ„ in time of warre for dispensing of the treasure that euery man may haue his iust pay Gerastus Marathona A sacred Galey The feast of Minerua kept by order The holy day of God Bacchus duely obserued and by order appoynted to be kept Short shooting loseth the game Methona
The three Orations of Demosthenes chiefe Orator among the Grecians in fauour of the Olynthians a people in Thracia now called Romania with those his fower Orations titled expressely by name against king Philip of Macedonie most nedefull to be redde in these daungerous dayes of all them that loue their Countries libertie and desire to take warning for their better auayle by example of others Englished out of the Greeke By Thomas Wylson Doctor of the ciuill lawes After these Orations ended Demosthenes lyfe is set foorth and gathered out of Plutarch Lucian Suidas and others with a large table declaring all the principall matters conteyned in euerye part of this booke Seene and allowed according to the Queenes Maiesties Iniunctions ¶ Imprinted at London by Henrie Denham GVALTERI HADDONI LEGVM DOCTORIS Regiae Maiestati à libellis supplicibus Tetrastichon EN Demostheneum fulmen sermone Britanno Mittitur Anglorum Graecus in ora venit Thomas VVilsonus pretiosi muneris author Eximia Graecam qui ferit arte tubam AEgidij Laurentij Oxoniensis Regiae Maiestati in lingua Graeca professoris publici Carmen in versionem Olynthiacarum Philipppicarum Orationum Demosthenis per Thomam Wilsonum Legum Doctorem ARte laboratas veneres Demosthenis Angle Si cupias oculis ipse videre tuis Si vim dicendi rationum inuictaque tela Si viuam effigiem mentis ingenij Perlege quas doctus doctè atque fideliter Anglis Anglus VVilsonus vertit Olynthiacas Atque quibus titulum dat Rex hostisque Philippus Infestus Graecis fraude dolisque potens Aptius expressit nemo me Iudice Athenis Orantem melius postea nemo dabit En tibi praeclarum specimen quod Attica verba Dexteritate refert lingua Britanna pari Non sic quantumuis neruos contenderit omnes Exprimere ad viuum lingua Latina potest In Demosthenis Olynthiacas Philippicas orationes à doctissimo Thoma VVilsono Legum Doctore de Graeco in Anglicum sermonem conuersas Thomae Bingi Oratoris Academiae Cantabrigiensis carmen QVae Demosthenicis olim contorta lacertis Turbarunt coeptus tela Philippe tuos Cecropijs tantùm conseruabantur Athenis Dum tantùm Actaea Pallas in arce stetit Nunc postquam externas adijt Tritonia gentes Angli tela eadem te duce Vilso vibrant Scilicet hoc fuerat quod multis ante parabas Annis rhetorices quando elementa dabas ▪ Illis vt freti nostrates doctius ipsum Versarent tandem Rhetora grandiloquum Carmen Ioannis Cooci scholae Paulinae moderatoris in versionem Olynthiacarum Philippicarum Demosthenis domini Thomae Wilsoni legum doctoris COmmuni cur peste luit primùm acris Olynthus Vt sensim socias perdat par exitus vrbeis Heu vigilasse fuit quanto consultius omnes Signaque in hanc studijs pariter conuersa tulisse Non est consilium paries cum proximus ardet Delendi studium soli liquisse colenti Contiguos ne forte sequax iam flamma penateis Implicet tacitis inuoluat cuncta ruinis Fida pares operas poni cum foedera poscant ▪ Cur affere tuis dubitas tutamen amicis Grassans nostra lues si depopuletur oportet Vi socios iuncta communem pellere pestem Praesertim si animos societ sententia concors Toti quem dederat rhetor iam Gräius orbi Atticus haec Graecè vulgat praecepta libellus Atticus hunc nostro nostras sermone poliuit Atticus studio patriae dulcedine linguae Quo si forte libro gens Anglica rite fruatur Et praecepta colat degendae commoda vitae Hunc operi vigilem iuuat impendisse laborem Quem patriae summo pertractus iniuit amore I. M. Londinensis in eandem versionem carmen ELoquio praestans reliquis fert Graecia palmam Inter eximias Graecas dicuntur Athenae Praecipuae ciuis Demosthenis optima fama est Is fuit vrbis honor fuit orbis gloria summa Anglia pars orbis Demosthenis ora videre Nunc habet in votis Anglas vt reddere voces Audiat hunc Graecum decus immortale suorum Attulit hunc nostras Thomas VVilsonus ad aures Et docuit lingua nostra res maxima dictu Tam bene dicentem quam purè Graeca sonabat Tum cùm dicendi princeps regnaret Athenis Fulmine verborum quatiens diademata regum INTERPRES LECTORI QVid miraris opus fato Deus imperat Orbi Nil ego solus ago sed Deus vrget opus Aspicere in patriam monuit labesque videre Iussit Authorum dicta verenda sequi Inter egregios Demosthenis optima laus est Plurima qui patriae commemoranda notat Nunc quoque tempus adest patriae succurrere dulci Ne miserè in praeceps Anglia tota ruat Discere sic monitus Graeca exemplaria voluo Et moestae patriae pharmaca Graeca paro Nitor Oceanum qui nunquam viderat hospes Britanni vt ciuis iam queat esse loco Incola vix talis similis vix nascitur vllus Aduena sit gratus qui modò talis erit Versio si rudis est nos argue nos reprehende Excolere hunc talem vix potis vnus erat Vix dudum edidicit linguae modò soluit habenas Si rudis est hodie tempore purus erit Atticus ex omni Graecorum gente supremus Vrbis Athenarum Gratia sola fuit Quisquis es hospitio talem dignare Britanno Si pius in patriam vel bonus esse cupis To the right Honorable Sir William Cecill Knight principall Secretarie to the Queenes Maiestie and of hir priuie counsell Maister of the Court of Wardes and Liueries and Chauncelor of the Vniuersitie of Cambridge Thomas Wilson Doctor of the Ciuill lawe wisheth long and perfite health with encrease of Gods most holy spirite GReat is the force of Vertue Right Honorable Counseller to wynne loue and good will vniuersally in whose minde soeuer it is perfitelye knowne to haue once gotte a dwelling I speake it for this ende that being solitarie of late time from my other studies and musinge on this world in the middest of my bookes I did then as I haue oftentimes else done deepelye thinke of Sir Iohn Checke Knyght that rare learned man and singular ornament of this lande And as the remembrance of him was deare vnto me for his manifolde great gifts and wonderfull vertues so did I thinke of his most gentle nature and godly disposed minde to helpe all those with his knowledge and vnderstanding that any waye made meanes vnto him and sought his fauour And to say for my selfe amongest others I founde him such a friende to me for communicating the skill and giftes of hys minde as I cannot but during my life speake reuerentlye of so worthie a man and honor in my hart the heauenly remembrance of him And thinking of my being with him in Italie in that famous Vniuersitie of Padua I did cal to minde his care that he had ouer all the Englishe men there to go to their bokes
is scant credible touching a certayne ambassage made And yet bicause I doe finde it written I wyll make it knowne farther Petrus Mosellanus a notable learned Germane the restorer of good learning about fiftye yeares past at what tyme he was famous in the Vniuersitie of Lipsia in hygh Almayne dyd report vnto Christopherus Hegendorphinus a Germayne also and a man of no lesse worthynesse not onely for the Greeke but also for the law whereof he made profession that Bessario a Grecian borne and Cardinal in the tyme of Eugenius the fourth Pope of that name and ouerlyuing hym tyll Xistus was Pope in the yeare of our Lorde God. 1484. desired of hys owne accorde to goe as Legate into Fraunce to appease the great malyce that was then betwixt Lewys the .xj. of Fraunce Charles of Burgondie and to exhort the same Kyng to turne hys warres vppon the Turke The which Ambassage as Mosellanus sayth when he tooke vpon him he vsed for hys speache to the Frenche King one of the Orations of Demosthenes in Greeke made agaynst Philip of Macedonye as it laye worde for worde alteryng verye fewe sentences or none in the discourse of hys whole matter sauyng that hee applyed that agaynst the Turke which Demosthenes vsed agaynst King Philip. Whereby it seemeth that Bessario beyng a notable learned Grecian did see not onely a patterne for hymselfe to vse in those dayes but also a meane to woorke some good reformation by for thamendement of thinges amysse and the aduauncement of Gods truth and iustyce Then how much is this Orator to bee esteemed that hauing wrytten almost two thousande yeares past can haue fresh matter styll for an Ambassador to doe hys Legacye to a forreyne king so manye hundreth yeares after And as thys most learned Ambassador did helpe hymselfe then to aduaunce the goodnesse of hys matter so may all others at thys tyme and hereafter doe the like and not onely Ambassadors but Counsellers also may finde great plentie of matter to doe their country good withall For as Thucidides sayth Tempora adferunt similia exempla donec hic mundus haec rerum natura manet That is to say like time bringeth forth lyke examples so long as the world lasteth the course of nature continueth But what doe I in seeking to commende this Orator I had neede to haue the eloquence of the Orator himselfe hauyng so large a fielde to walke in Howbeit his owne workes are sufficient ynough to commend themselues beyng read in his naturall tongue seeming perhaps but bare as they are now brought into Englyshe But this I haue done onely to giue occasion to others much better learned than I am to take this matter vpon them confessing plainlye that euen in these my small traueyles both Cambridge and Oxforde men haue gyuen me their learned aduise and in some things haue set to their helpyng hande Thys I speake bicause I woulde not defraude any of their prayse And touching Demosthenes worthynesse although I neede not saye anye more yet wyll I set foorth after thys Prologue the seuerall reports of diuers learned men that haue spoken and written in all ages of his prayse and so leaue the consideration therof to others I for myne owne doynges must euer make this request that hauing a good meaning with me none may blame me for mine enterprise although things doe not so fall out as I woulde haue them many may well desire For Demosthenes is not so easie to bee englyshed neyther is he for all mens vnderstandings and capacities Thys I thought good to aduertise the gentle Reader that whereas in the printing of this booke there is sometimes a sentence or halfe a sentence in the small Italicke letter the same is not in the Greeke but added onely for the more playne vnderstanding of the matter that such as bee not learned may the rather go thorow with the reading of these Orations without any sticking at all Other things that are harde and straunge for the matter and Countries whereof he speaketh I haue done myne endeuour to make them easie and better to bee knowne wyth deuising addicions in the margine such as I was best able to frame Besides this I haue set forth the towne of Athens seuerally with a certayne declaration or rather limitation of Greeceland and also haue giuen as occasion serued the names that be vsed at thys tyme to diuers of their auncient townes They that like not my labour may suffer me to abounde wyth mine owne humor and to serue my fantasie as I am well contented that they shall vse their pleasures and satisfie their appetite as they thinke meete For so that vertue be aduaunced no man is to be mislyked although hee doe but meanely Neyther is it possible nor yet agreeing wyth nature that euerye man can excell But howsoeuer it bee with vs better or worse let euerye man haue thys before hys eyes in all his lyfe and doyngs first to honour God as hee hath willed himselfe to bee honoured next to loue the naturall Countrie where he is borne aboue all worldly thyngs thirdly to obeye the Magistrate that is in authoritie and last of all euery one to doe to others as they woulde haue others doe to them And these lessons he that hath them not otherwise may learne them of Demosthenes well ynough whom if my Countrie men shall aswell like of for his good councell as I haue taken paynes in him for their onely sakes then haue I the fruite of my traueyle and wysh them good successe in all their doyngs 1570. The testimonies and reportes made of Demosthenes his worthynesse by diuers learned men in all ages as follovveth The report of Aristotel ARistotel was woont to say to King Philip and to Alexander his sonne that whereas a great sort had bene hys Scholers yet had he neuer any one in such admiration as he had Demosthenes aswell for the greatnesse of his iudgement as for his temperancie his grauitie his promptnesse hys fréedome of speach to others his sufferance in all things You thinke saith Aristotel that Demosthenes is like vnto Eubulus Phrynon and Philocrates and you thinke to corrupt this man also with mony who hath bestowed his whole patrimonie vpō the Athenians both priuately and publikely and bicause you can do no good with mony you manace him that doubteth nothing at all to die for his Countrie And if he reproue any thing in your doyngs you are much agréeued therewith Whereas he doth not spare the people to tel them of their owne and feareth them nothing at all Doe not you sée that he taketh gouernement vpon him for the loue he beareth to his Countrie and thinketh that thys charge so taken vpon him is a certaine schoole as a man woulde saye of Philosophie and vertue the which were not méete to be vsed for gaine or for the satisfaction of mans couetous desire and lust The report of Marcus Tullius Cicero CIcero in his booke entituled Brutus where
Argo a towne no more famous by the auncient renowme therof than by the death of Pyrrhus Now let vs make a vewe of our doings I pray you how much did Italie flourish more when Pyrrhus set vpon vs than it doth at this present what a full strength and force was the state in than so many Captayne 's being as yet safe so many armies as yet whole sound whom afterward those Africane warres consumed and made away Yet for all that he shooke the state and came conquering welnie to the very gates of Rome And not only did the Tarentynes and all that part of Italie the which is called mayne Greece reuolt from vs so that a man myght well thinke they had followed their language and their auncient name but also the Basilicates the Calabrians and the Abruzzians seuerall people in the kingdome of Naples And thinke you if Philip passe into Italie that these people will be long at rest or keepe themselues within their allegeance In dede they were all quiet during the time that we warred afterwards abrode with the Carthagineans Nay nay this kinde of people will neuer leaue reuolting froÌ„ vs but when they shal haue no body to fal vnto If it had bene so lothsom a matter to you at that time to make ouer into Africa you had had Annibal the Carthage enimies within Italie at this day Let Macedonie rather abyde the mischiefes of warre than Italie and the Countrie and towne rather of our enimies feele the force of fire and sworde and be destroyed therewyth We haue good triall already that our force and might hath bene more fortunate and more puissant abrode than at home And therefore go you altogither on Gods name to giue your voyces and allowe you those things with one consent the which haue bene wysely considered vppon by the Senate And for this opinion you haue not onely your Consull to encourage you therevnto but also the immortall Goddes vnto whome when I made my sacrifice and my prayers that this warre might be fortunate to me to the Senate to you to the friendes and confederates of the Latine name and to our Nauie and whole armie they prognosticated and foreshewed vnto me when I was at the sacrifice that all things shoulde go happily forwarde and prosper very well The Argument vpon the first Oration of Demosthenes in fauour of the Olynthians a people in Thracia now called Romania PHILIP King of Macedonie sonne to Amyntas and father of Alexander the great did much annoye the lande of Greece but especially the people of Athens froÌ„ whom by force and other meanes he tooke many goodly Cities as Pydna Potydaea Amphipolis with others vsurping in all places where violence might preuayle Yea he brought by extreeme hande whole Thessalia vnder his yoke and being growne insolent through many victories and conquestes of priuate Countries and Cities he determined at the last to denounce open warre against the whole Countrie of Athens and yet before he would fall into so playne a quarrell with them he drew into his league the Citie Olynthus being in the Countrie of Thracia now called Romania standing somtimes betwixt Abdera and Heraclia a warrelike plat and a martiall soyle next adioyning to Attica the people whereof were Grecians of Chalcis in Euboia a colonie of the Athenians Now these Olynthians had earst bene at warre aswel against the Athenians as also against the Lacedemonians whose valiantnesse king Philip knowing and desirous to haue them matche with him hee sought by great giftes of Townes vnto them which he had gotten from the Athenians and others to make them assured to his part bicause he might haue a more easie passage to Athens a thing that he desired aboue al others For hauing that he thought it nothing to gette all the countrie of Grecia elsewhere whatsoeuer being his full minde to make a plaine conquest of all Grecia if it were possible The Olynthians herevpon perceyuing his ambicious nature and smelling thereby that he was sharpely sette to be Lorde ouer all weying also how vnfaithfull a man he was otherwise in all his doings toke their time in his absence and dispatched an Ambassade to Athens to be confederate with them contrarie to their league made before with King Philip with whome they had agreed to sette vpon Athens and to haue ech with others like friendes and like foes togither Which thing when king Philip vnderstoode he tooke herevpon iust aduauntage to fall out with them and so forthwith proclaimed open warre against them Whervpon the Olynthians sent to Athens for succour whose cause Demosthenes fauouring as one that did full well perceyue the insaciable ambition of King Philips nature perswaded earnestly that ayde shoulde be sent vnto them bicause the safetye of Olynthus was as a man woulde saye a bulwarke or forte to Athens against Macedonie and that King Philip coulde neuer annoye them so long as Olynthus stoode safe and sure Whereas on the other side the Athenians might at pleasure pierce into Macedonie and handle him hardly in his owne countrie But if King Philip once got Olynthus he had then an open entrie and a very playne passage to Athens And to encourage his Countrie men the better in this quarrell hee sayth that King Philip is not so mightie but he may easily be dealt withall contrarie to the common opinion Further he willeth monye to bee leuied and taken out of the common treasurie perswading that where as it was wont to bee bestowed vppon Stage playes Maygames and publyke sightes now the time serued that it might be better employed vpon Souldiers for their wages to defende the afflicted Olynthians and to maintaine the safegarde of Athens But bicause the maner is vnknowne to many how the Athenians vsed and dispensed their treasure at that time it weare not amisse to touch it briefly When the Athenians heretofore vsed no Theater or scaffolde for the people to stande vpon but such only as was made of boardes into the which euery man made haste to get a place to see those sightes that weare there to bee seene many times when their scaffolde fayled they did hurt themselues and sometimes they went togither by the eares so that manslaughter followed for want of order while euery man sought to place himselfe first that first could get vp wherevpon proclamation was made that none hereafter shoulde haue any place there except they first payde out of hand two halfe pence of that coyne for their standing being about two pence starâ—ing and so they should be placed of the which money part was giuen for the building of the Theater of stone where the playes and open shewes shoulde be made and set forth and part was bestowed vpon officers appointed for these pastimes And when the collection monye fayled the Chamber of Athens did beare the reast for maintenaunce of their costly feasts and seuerall games to the great and intollerable charge of the Citie And least the poore should be thought hereby
vnto me why tell you vs this tale then Marie O Athenians to the intent that you may know right well and vnderstande both these things first what inconuenience groweth of letting slip and neglecting alwayes somwhat in euerie thing you doe and next the carefull painfulnesse that king Philip vseth and practiseth in all his life towards all men whereby it cannot be that he contenting himselfe with thinges alreadie done ▪ will be at rest Now if he shall continue in this minde still that he must alwayes be doing somewhat whereby to aduaunce his state and if you on the other side be of this opinion that you must take nothing in hande valiauntly consider what ende is to be hoped that these things will come vnto at length Lorde God which of you all is so voyde of vnderstanding that knoweth not that the warres will come from thence hither vpon vs if we be carelesse And if that come to passe I feare me O Athenians least that after the same sort as they who are readie to borowe vpon great vsurie haue good store for a little while but afterwardes are faine to forgoe euen that also which was aunciently their owne before Euen so shall we if we shall appeare to haue payde déerely for our ease séeking our pleasures in all things be driuen hereafter to make many hard shiftes and be put in great hazarde to lose euen that which we haue here at home Nowe to finde fault some will say peraduenture is 〈◊〉 easie matter and a thing that euery bodie can doe but to shewe what is néedefull to be done vpon these present matters that is the part of a Counsellor Well I am not ignoraunt that you oftentymes haue béene offended not with those that haue deserued blame but with those whose chaunce was to speake last of matters if any thing doe not fall out according to your minde And yet I doe not thinke it méete for mine owne priuate safegarde to suppresse or hinder any thing that I iudge is for your profite Therefore I say touching these present affayres you ought to prouide for them by two maner of wayes both by kéeping to the Olynthians their townes in safetie and sending them souldiours to doe thys and also by annoying his Countrie with Galleys and an other bande of souldiors besides But if you neglect to do any one of these things I feare me least all your voyage besides will proue labour lost For whether you doe but spoyle his Countrie and he let you alone with that till he shall haue subdued Olynthus then shall he at his returne home be auenged of you with ease or whether you send but an ayde onely to Olynthus then will he séeing thinges at home out of daunger sit hard and fast by his matters and in time will preuayle agaynst them whom he besiegeth Wherefore the ayde had néede to be great and that in two places at once And this is my opinion for ayde Nowe for prouision of money You haue O Athenians money you haue so much as no men else haue more to employ vpon the warres but that doe you take at your pleasure wheras if you would restore the same to Souldiors you should néede no other leuie besides otherwise you shall haue néede yea and that verie great néede to Why howe nowe sayth one doe you passe a decrée to make this money to serue for pay of souldiours no verily not I. But mine opinion is that you must néedes prouide souldiours and that this money is ordeyned for pay of Souldiours and that there is one order which is euen this both for men to receyue their dutie and to doe their dutie whereas you neuerthelesse in this goodly maner without doing any thing bestowe this money vpon feastes games Therefore it remaynes as I take it that euery man must make contribution of money if much néede of much if little néede of little once money must néedes be had whatsoeuer we doe and without money nothing can be done at all as it ought to be done There be others that haue other deuises to get money take that way you like best and while occasion serues goe in hande with your businesse And here it weare verie néedefull for you to consider weigh the matters in what case they stande nowe with king Philip. Neyther ywisse as it séemeth and may be sayde by one that looketh but lightly vpon his doyngs goeth the worlde very gay with him or yet in such sort as weare best for him at this time Neyther would he euer haue taken this warre in hande in trust of his owne strength had he thought he should haue found a warre of it in déede But his hope was to conquere all euen at the verie first pushe without resistaunce and is deceyued nowe he hath done And therefore this thing first of all doth vexe him and breake his heart not a little bycause things haue fallen out quite contrarie to his expectation Moreouer the ficklenesse of the Thessalians doth much trouble his minde who haue béene alwayes false and vnfaithfull agaynst all men of their owne nature and euen as they are and haue béene to others so are they now to him And they are fully decréed among themselues to demaund backe Pegase of him and haue forbidden the walling of Magnesia Yea and I my selfe haue heard it sayde of some that they would let him no longer receyue the profites of their Hauens and theyr Martes For say they it weare good reason that the common charges of the Thessalians ought to be borne therewithall and not that king Philip shoulde gleane it and intercept it for his owne vse So that if he be put besides this money his hired Souldiours shall quickly be brought to a very narrow strayte for their vittayles Moreouer it is most likely that the Peonians and the Illirians and generally all such other people as dwell there aboutes had rather still be frée and liue vnder their owne lawes than be in bondage of others For they are a people vnwoont to be subiect to any and yonder man as they say is a verie spitefull person and before God he is none other like in déede to be For prosperitie excéeding a mans desert giues an occasion to them that be witlesse to be euill disposed and to ouerwéene of themselues Wherefore it séemes oftentymes a harder matter to kéepe goodes than it is to get them Therefore you must O Athenians assuring your selues that his euill season is your good season go cherefully in hande with these matters both by sending forth Ambassadors to such places as shall be méete and setting forth your selues on warfare and encouraging all others to do the same considering with your selues that if king Philippe had the lyke occasion agaynst vs and that the warres weare nighe to his countrie howe readily thinke you woulde he come vpon vs And then are not you ashamed that you
dare not doe these things vnto him vpon this occasion and oportunitie which if he had the like abilitie you might be assured to féele at his hands Moreouer I would not haue you ignorant of this O Athenians that it is in your owne choyse nowe whither you will go fight with him in his owne Countrie or that he should come and fight with you at your owne dores For if the Olynthians shal be able to hold their owne you shall fight with him there and annoy his Realme and enioy the fruits of this your owne Country without feare of any daunger but if king Philip shoulde take their Citie who shall let him then to draw straight hither The Thebanes be it spoken without bitternesse they will be readie to enter vpon vs with him But perhaps the Phoceyans alas poore men they are not able to kéepe their owne except you your selues do succour them or some bodie else But good sir sayth one King Philip will neuer come hither Nowe surely this weare the greatest absurditie that euer was if that thing which nowe he commonly talkes and brags of though all men countes him a mad man for his labor he would not do the same if he might Nowe howe much oddes there is whither you fight wyth him here or in his owne Countrie I thinke it not worth the speaking for weare you once dryuen to bée in the Campe but one Moneth onelye and shoulde haue all thinges néedefull for the armye out of your owne Countrey I saye vnto you that althoughe none enimye appeared amongest vs your farmours and husbande menne shoulde susteyne more losse and harme at home than all the charges of the warres heretofore haue amounted vnto Great then will bée oure harme if we shall be fought withall here at home Besides this what a reproche will it be and what a shame also for vs to bee bearded by oure enimyes and brested by them euen at oure owne doores the which blemishe and rebuke vnto wise men is comparable to the greatest losse that may be Wherefore séeing all this is séene vnto you you ought altogither to plye your ayde and to aduaunce the warre from hence vpon him Those that be welthie men to depart with some portion of their goodes to thintent they may better kéepe the masse of their treasure and gotten goodes in more safetie at home As for yong men what can they doe more honorable for themselues than getting experience of warre within the boundes of King Philips Countrie returne home like valiant and redoubted kéepers of their naturall soyle and welfare And the Oratours for their partes to render vp a cléere account of their doinges in the common weale For euen as the worlde frameth with you so are ye commonlye woont to iudge of their doings Thus I pray God all may be well The Argument vpon the second Oration in fauour of the Olynthians AFter the Ambassadors of Olynthus had vttered their requests the Athenians agreed vnto them and appointed vpon ayde to be sent but yet foreslowed somwhat their matters for feare of king Philips mightinesse and somewhat also bicause King Philip had some bearers in the towne that thūdred his power out amaine amongst the commons wherby to discourage and quaile their hearts from making warre Demosthenes vsing great cunning to cracke this his credite and the common digested opinion of him and his magnificence first and formost perswades them by this Argument that all his puissaunce hath growne but by craft and subtiltie and therefore is of no continuaunce nor yet to be weyed Then howe his owne people be wasted with continuall taxes and tallages and therefore likely to seeke meanes to disburdeine themselues thereof Thirdly that he is a man of naughtie liuing which thing though it be presently kept hid through the floud of his prosperitie yet with time it will ebbe and be discouered and therefore the heartes of his owne people must needes be alienated from him And in this place he doth excellently paint out a Tiraunt in his colours as one false to his confederates cruell to his subiectes and dissolute of his owne life and by the way he sheweth most grauely that the good behauiour of Princes hath great force to winne and to keepe the good will of the common people and commonly good lucke foloweth good doinges and as mens maners are such is their prosperitie And lastly he doth most wisely discourse of happinesse and welfare and sayth that where as manye doe thinke that witte and pollicie doe mainteine States he affirmeth that all prosperite and assuraunce of welth are the onely gift of God tearmed by him good fortune Without the which all good counsels bee they neuer so finely or cunningly deuised are nothing worth at all Wherein he doth not exclude counsell and wisedome but he wisheth that God and good happe should be our guide in all our actions In the second part of his Oration he rebuketh their sloth and idlenesse warning them to further their good fortune and happinesse with all painefull diligence and industrie that may be and then he doubteth not but all shall be well ¶ The seconde Oration of Demosthenes in the fauour of the distressed Olynthians WHereas God hath in manye other thinges most plainly shewed his goodnesse towardes vs he hath at this time moste especially declared his great fauour and mercie to this our Countrie For séeing they are nowe at warre with King Philippe that border vpon him being people of no small force such as are resolued vpon this amongest themselues by full consent and agréement the which is the chiefest matter of all that first the conditions and accordes made with him are vntrustie and nothing safe nay rather such as if they be receyued and allowed they will vtterly destroye them and their countrie for euer it séemeth most euident that God of his goodnesse hath wrought this feate for our blessing and welfare Now then good it weare for vs to looke about vs that wee lose not this occasion offered and so deserue worse of our selues than fortune offers vnto vs For it were a reproche yea a verie foule reproche to séeme to let goe not onelye the Cities and Townes that sometymes we weare Lordes ouer but also to abandon and refuse those warre fellowes and occasions that are by good fortune offered vnto vs And here to discourse vnto you what the force of king Philip is the rather to encourage you to take this matter in hande I doe think it weare a speach nedelesse to be vsed And why Bicause al such talke shoulde turne to his honour and to our shame For the mo things that he hath done aboue the opinion dignitie he was of the greater honour shall be thought to be his and the greater shame yours that being of such force and renowme haue done little or nothing thereafter And therefore I will let these matters alone For he that will truely consider the substaunce O Athenians
againe from a bad state to a better being Now surely this is against all reason and nature so to thinke For by nature it is a more easie matter for a man that hath a thing to kepe it still than it is to get it vnhad howbeit by this time the warre hath left nothing for vs to kepe that was ours before but we must be fain to get it a fresh that belongs to you to do Wherfore I say vnto you you must euery man bring in his mony and go forth lustily your selues and accusing no man before you had brought al your matters to passe and than when it is done you shall doe well to sit in iudgement to rewarde the prayse worthie and punish the offendors laying aside all excuses and quarreling one with another Neyther is it fit to searche other mens doyngs ouer curiously or rigorously vnlesse we first endeuour our selues aboue all others to doe that which we ought to doe For I pray you what is the cause that all the Capitaines whom you send forth do eschue these our warres and had rather séeke warres of their owne in other places Mary if a man must néedes say as it is and speake truth of the Capitaines is it not bicause that here with vs the rewards and booties of the warre are yours For and Amphipolis should be taken would not you sease it to your selues by by and so the Capitaines should abide all the perill and haue no part of the reward at all whereas any where else the daunger should be lesse and the gaynes much greater to the Capitaynes and Souldiors As was to be séene at Lampsacus Sygeum by the number of the sayles that they had the spoyle of So that euerye man goes where as he ran make his most aduauntage But you so soone as you sée thinges go euill fauouredly forwarde with you you haue your Capitaynes in sute by and by And when they haue giuen vp their reckoning and you haue heard their necessitie you dismisse them streight out of the Court And so you remayne still brabling and fauling out among your selues some holding one opinion and some another And in the meane season the common weale taryes still at an euill stay For heretofore O Athenians you leuyed your mony by Wardes and companies whereas nowe you beare office and rule by Wardes The Orator he rules both vnder him the grand Capitaine and the thrée hundred to assist him and the rest of you be deuided some on one side some on the other Therefore I pray you setting these brawles aside and calling better mindes to you make it frée for euery man to saye his minde to giue his counsell and to doe his part for if you will giue some men leaue like Tyraunts to commaund you to enforce some to serue in Galleys to contribute to go in proper person to these warres and other some to doe nothing but make decrées and orders agaynst them and not put theyr handes to any thing themselues why than you shall neuer haue any thing wel done or in good time as it ought to be For the party wronged will alwayes fayle when you shall haue neede And so shall you be faine to punishe them in stéede of enimies And therefore to conclude I thinke it good that you all do contribute money according to your wealth and habilitie and that euery man go foorth in his course till you haue béene all at the warres and that all men may haue libertie to speake their fantasies in this place that when all haue said theyr mindes you may pick out the best of all and leaue the worst and not be addicted to that which this man or that man hath said Thus doyng you shall not onely prayse the Orator for his redy counsell at the time present but you shall hereafter also reioyce and cunne your selues thanke when you shall sée your country in better case than now it is The Argument vpon the thirde Oration in fauour of the Olynthians THe Athenians hauing sent ayde to Olynthus did somewhat represse and hinder king Philips doings Wherevpon the people weare marueylous glad and thought they needed not now to deale any further for helping the Olynthians And so they slacked to contribute money or to sende supplies as though they had no more to doe And some there was that thought it good pollicie to call backe the armie from Olynthus to goe streight to Macedonie to vexe king Philip in his owne Countrie Wherevpon Demosthenes seeing what perill remayned to the afflicted Olynthians if they weare not thorowly ayded stept forth and rebuked the fonde ioy and vaine pride of his Countriemen for so smal cause and willed them to vse more temperatenesse and waryer dealings and not to looke only howe to be reuenged of king Philip but how they might best helpe their friendes and allies according as they had promised and to contribute more bountifully and to abrogate the former law of the Theater mony and now to employ it vpon Souldiours and men of warre And here he sheweth howe necessarie it is to cut king Philip short least he waxe so great hereafter that they shall not be able to deale with him And altogether he calleth vpon them to followe the example of their elders and to go to the warres in their owne persons and rebuketh the inconstancie and follie of the common people that thinks so soone as anye good fortune commeth towardes them or that they haue neuer so little aduauntage of their enimie that then all is their owne and that they neede not to trauaile anye farther And with the people he blameth the Orators and Counsellors that seekes onely to serue the peoples humor and so to marre all thereby in the ende In the thirde part of his Oration he setteth forth a patterne or shape of a good gouerned common weale shewing what the people should do abrode what at home and how euery man should priuately vse himselfe and howe daungerous persons in the common weale are those wicked Counsellors and licencious people that will follow their owne fansie and haue their owne will in all thinges And therefore he chydeth sharpely not onely the people but also the Magistrates that haue no better eye nor care to the prosperous estate and welfare of their Countrie ¶ The thirde Oration in fauour of the Olynthians I Cannot bee of the same minde O Athenians when I looke vppon mens doings that I am of when I regard the talke which I heare For the talke is altogither howe to bée reuenged of king Philip but their doinges are come to that poynt that we had néede to looke to our selues for feare we be preuented wyth some euill perswasion before hande For they that tell you those tales me thinks they doe euill in thys poynt that they séeke to put newe matters into your heade to remoue you from that you are minded vnto already But I knowe very well the
tyme I will recite them to you in few words and that which is notorious For you may be a fortunate and a happy Nation not by vsing of forrayne and straunge actes but of domesticall and home examples Those men therefore whom the Orators did not so flatter nor fawne vpon as these men doe vpon you had the chieftie and principalitie ouer all the Grecians with their good liking and consent by the space of .45 yeares and they layde vp in the Treasure house more than .10000 talents Yea the king himselfe that then ruled this same countrie that he now holdeth was subiect to the Grecians as fit it is for a barbarous and outlandishe king to be subiect to the Gréekes and erected many a goodly triumphe of their déedes done both by sea and by lande And they amongst all other people did leaue such fame and honour behinde them as ouercame all enuie of man Thus did these men behaue thēselues in defence of the Gréekes But in matters of the Citie I pray you marke how they ordered things both in publike and priuate dealings As to publike buildinges they left behinde them suche gorgious Temples and so great store of reliques and offeringes in the same that none comming after them could be able to excéede them for their worthinesse signified by their insignes In their priuate doings they weare so temperate and kept so well the good orders of the Citie that if any of you knewe which was the house of Aristides and Miltiades and of the famous mens houses of that time what they weare you should sée them to be nothing more gorgious than weare their poore neighbours houses aboute them For why they weare not officers in the common weale to enrich themselues by it but to aduaunce the honor and state of their countrie And thus with behauing them in the affayres and seruice of Greece faithfully in matters of religion towards god deuoutly and in priuate trades and dealings euenly and vprightly with all men they well deserued to make themselues happie and fortunate men Thus flourishing was the state of the common weale as long as these men bare rule whom I haue named before But now that these smooth meale mouthed felowes a Gods name are come to beare rule howe go your matters forwarde I pray you What aswell as they did afore time or any thing like vnto it at all As for other things I let them passe though in déed much weare to be said But notwithstanding that many while this waste desertnes round about vs being so great as you sée it is that the Lacedemonians decayed the Thebanes not at leysure and that there is no body else left worthie inough to contend with vs for the principalitie we might well inough both kepe our owne in safetie end the matters of cōtrouersie amongst others Yet for all that I say we haue not in this meane while so muche as defended our owne but haue lost rather part therof and we haue spent more than .1500 Talents to no purpose at all and such confederates as we got vs in time of warre we lost them againe in time of peace through the fault of these our Orators and haue made our enimie most mightie and strong against vs Yea we only and none other haue raysed king Philips strength to this that it is And this be not true let me sée him come forth that can shew me how king Philip is become so mightie by any other meanes than by yours onely But O good sir though things be not well abroade yet all is wel at home and better than euer it was and what should you tell me of a sight of whyted turrets and pynacles of pauing of high wayes and stréetes of fountaynes and such like toyes Nay then I pray you looke vpon them that had the charge and ordering of these matters you shall sée some of them that were verie beggers before are nowe waxen marueylous riche men others being meanely borne men are made noble honorable personages some you shall sée to haue their owne houses more gorgeously furnished than are the publike buildings of the Citie So that the lesser and worse the estate of the common wealth is the more are they aduaunced and encreased And what is the cause of all these thinges And why weare all these thinges so well in those dayes and nowe nothing at all well done at this day Forsooth that 's this bicause that afore time the Commons both had the stomacke to go a warfare themselues and were also themselues maysters ouer the Maiestrates and Lordes of all thinges that good were than was euerye man contented to take office and aucthoritie of the Commons and to receyue any good thing else at their handes Where as nowe it is cleane contrarie for the Maiestrates and gouernours haue all in their owne handes and through them all things are done and you that be the Commons like men soken to the verie bottome destitute of money and warre fellowes are become very vnderlings and hangers on vpon them and thinke it pleasure ynough if their Maysterships can be contented to impart vnto you some small portion of the stage money or cast a few harlatrie pence among you and that which is most vnsitting that can be to man ye bring your selfe in daunger for a Pigge of your owne Sow And they in the meane season kéeping you fast lockt vp within the Citie worke such maistries with you and make you so tame that you are contented to come to their handes and to be at their becke And surely that man shall neuer be found to haue a valiant lustie courage of his owne that is of so base abiect doings For why like as a man accustomes and trades himselfe such must his courage and minde néedes bée And in speaking hereof I sweare by our Ladie mother I maruaile neuer a whitte if I receyue more hurt for speaking of this matter than they did that weare the dooers of it For a man may not alwayes be bolde to speake his minde before you in euery thing yea rather I marueile to sée you giue me such quiet hearing as you doe at this time And therefore let me nowe at length entreate you to leaue of these condicions and to go foorth on warrefare your selues and to doe all thinges as becommeth you vsing this ouerplus of money you haue at home for an instrument to doe things well abroade withall and in so doing it is not vnpossible and it maye be well ynoughe O Athenians that you shall get some singuler great profite by it And make no more a doe with these petie trifling games of the stage playes which are matters not much vnlike to meates that Phisitions giue to sicke folke which neyther gyues strength to their bodies nor yet suffers them to dye Euen so these sommes of money that you doe nowe distribute are neyther so
things that euer you shall compasse any such matter as you looke for And for example hereof you haue aswell the might of the Lacedemonians in those dayes whom you vanquished well ynough through your watchfull and diligent looking about you as now you may learne by this his present spightfulnesse towardes vs at this time that bringes vs to all this adoe and trouble and all through our owne negligence who haue not that regarde to thinges that we ought to haue But if any of you O Athenians doe thinke it an harde matter to vanquishe King Philip considering his present great force and strength and the losse of all this that he hath taken from vs that same man although he hath reason so to thinke yet I would he weyed this also with himselfe and remembred that we too O Athenians haue had in possession Pydna Potidea Methona and all the Countries and people rounde aboute in our owne handes and that many other Countries nowe vnder his obeysaunce weare sometymes frée and had rather a great deale confederate themselues with vs than with him And had king Philip béene of that minde to thinke it so harde a matter with himselfe and so daungerous to warre with the Athenians hauing their countrie so well fortified and he himselfe being then at league with no others about him nowe surely than he would neyther haue enterprised any such thing as he hath done neyther yet should he euer haue attayned to be so mightie as he is But in déede O Athenians he knoweth it full well that all such places as those are booties of warre and prayes layd open for him that can first catch them For by nature it is so ordeyned that those who are alway following and plying their matters shal seaze and get the possessions of them that leaue their businesse alwayes vndone and those that will traueile and take paynes shall enioy the goods of the idle and slouthful And thus king Philip carying wisely this iudgement with him hath both gotten all into his handes and kéepes them still some of them with such garnisons as townes gotten vpon the enimie are woont to be kept some others againe he admittes into a league and friendshippe with him For in déede euerye man will bée glad to ioyne in league and leane and take part willingly with them whome they sée to be well prouided for the matter and to haue a will to execute things as are fit to be done Wherefore O Athenians if you in like sort will nowe plucke vp your hearts which seeme to haue beene deade in you heretofore and euery one bende himselfe to doe his dutie in all thinges that he is able to shewe his country any seruice in without daliaunce and in good sadnesse that is to say those that haue mony will contribute and giue of their goodes and substaunce franckly those that are yong and lustie to make themselues readie for the warres and to speake all at one worde if you will all of you be your owne men and maysters of your owne and leaue of this doing of nothing in hope that others shall doe all things for you you shall than by Gods grace both get all your possessions againe and receyue such things into your handes as haue béene lost heretofore through negligence and also shall reuenge your selues of him well enough Neyther woulde I haue you to thinke O Athenians that his present state and good hap is so firme and so immortall as though hée weare a God and as tho all thinges went with him as hee would wish but ywis there are some that hate him some that fâ—are him O Athenians and some that enuie him to yea euen of those that beare him best countenaunce and all those things that are in diuers other men the same may be thought to be in his familiers also Albeit all these matters are now whist and kept in bicause they haue no bodie to betake themselues vnto for succor seing you so slowe and so faint harted as you be And that is the thing I say vnto you that I woulde wishe you to shake off from you and shewe your selues like men without more a doe I pray you O Athenians marke well the matter beholde what an insolencie and vnwoontnesse the man is growne vnto that doth not so much as giue you choyse to aduice your selues either to be at warre with him or to bée at rest but manaceth you and as the common voyce goeth he threatens you with prowde and hie wordes as one not contenting himselfe to kéepe that which already he hath gotten but as one alwaies incroching and shooting at farther matter in his minde and labouring to hemme you in and barre you vp rounde about that you shoulde neuer be able to stirre a foote out of doores that lye thus lingring and clawing your elbowes after this sort doing nothing But when I pray you O Athenians will you doe your indeuours when will you take care of the common welth what then when any great néede shall bée what when I trust verie necessitie shal enforce you to it why what shall we thinke of that that is nowe presently done In good sooth I doe thinke that the dishonor which we sustaine for our euill and vnordered doinges is the greatest necessitie that can be to any frée man. Shall this be the fashion of you will you still continue walking vp and downe in the palace yarde and common assemblies asking of newes one of another I praye you can there be tolde anye greater or straunger newes than that a man of Macedonie one of a barbarous nation dares take in hande to subdue the Athenians and aspire to the principalitie of Greece lande Againe you aske among your selues is Philip deade or no no forsooth sayth one but he is very sicke Why what skilles that matter to you Now surely I suppose that if ought hapned to him otherwise than well you would make an other king Philip rise streight wayes in his place especially plying your businesse none otherwise than I sée you do For it is manifest he is not growne so great and mightie by his owne force and worthinesse as he is throughe the slouth and ydlenesse of your selues But though he weare deade in déede and that fortune woulde bée so much our friend and shewe vs that fauour as in déede hauing euer had more care of vs then we haue had of our selues meaning peraduenture to ende these matters hir selfe for vs and to perfite hir owne goodnesse towardes vs yet for all that assure you your selues to compasse all thinges as you woulde so you would but haue your army alwayes at hand and that you would set vpon him in this time when you sée all thinges in this great garboyle and trouble But as you stand nowe appoynted you should not be able to recouer Amphipolis no though the tyme and occasion serued you neuer so well and that
I vnderstand this countrie heretofore hath had a certaine bande of straungers in wages at Corynthe whereof weare Capitaynes Policrates Iphicrates Gabrias with certaine others and that you went a warrefare with them your selues yea and as I haue heard say those straungers being mixed with you and you with them ouercame the Lacedemonians But after you once trusted the sayd straungers to warre alone and by themselues for you then they spoyled and pilled our confederates and friendes and by that meanes our enimies increased more than is conuenient And so they regarding but a little the warres of our countrie went their wayes sayling to Artabasus Lieutenant to the Persians and about to diuers other places and the Capitaine after them as reason was for him to doe For vnlesse the Capitaine gaue them theyr payes before hande it is not possible to rule them or to make them tarie And now what is mine aduice herein Marrie that you take away all the causes of excuses to be made as well by the Capitaynes as by the Souldiors paying them their wages and making your owne Souldiours as watches and spyes entermingled amongst them to know what their chiefe Capitaine doth For as we now rule and gouerne it is none other than a mockerie For and a man should aske you the question haue you peace O Athenians with all men or no You woulde aunswere no but we haue warre with king Philip. And to prooue that it is so haue not you made among you Ten men Citizens of your owne to be your Capitaines Coronels and Marshalles and two Gouernors or Lordes of horsemen And I pray you what doe all these men one man onely set aside whom you haue sent forth to the warres al the reast doth serue you for a shew and pompe to go in procession with the Priestes For you vse those Coronels Marshalles as Potters and Founders do vse their worke in clay to set them forth in the market place and not to be employed in the warres Had it not bene better for you O Athenians to haue chosen Coronels of your owne Countriemen and Capitaynes of your horsemen such as are bred and borne among you and so your army being all souldiours of your owne country should also haue conductors of their owne countrimen to lead them But the Capitaynes of the men at armes being your owne countrymen they must sayle to Lemnus forsooth Menelaus a straunger he must haue the charge and be general ouer the men at armes here at home for the defence safegard of our countrie And this I do not say to chalenge Menelaus or to cōplaine of him whom you haue allowed but yet whosoeuer he be it weare fit that he that taketh such a charge in hand should serue by your appoyntment Thus touching these matters it is possible you thinke I haue said well And now all your desire is to heare what money wée néede and where it is to be gathered Wel I wil tell you that too Therfore to the poynt of money for men must néedes haue wherwithall to liue wée shall néede for the allowance of Souldiours in their vittayles onely that shall go in the armie nintie talents and somewhat more for ten swift Galleyes or Fustes fortie talents twentie poundes weight of siluer euery moneth for euery Galley For two thousand Souldiors as much likewise as for the Galleys so that euery Souldiour shall receyue euery moneth for prouision of his vittayles ten drachmes and two hundred horsemen shall haue twelue talents the which is after euery moneth thrée hundred drachmes a man And if any body thinke this allowance of vittayles to be too scant a reliefe for the maintenance of Souldiours he doth not thinke well For I am assured if this bée orderly done the armye will prouide the reast of themselues by the warres to make vp their full stipend and reasonable finding without any wrong or harme doing to any of the Grecians or to their allyes either And if this fall not out as I haue saide I am contented of mine own accord to go to the warres with them my selfe to suffer all maner of extremitie that they can deuise But where this money shall be had that must you tell vs well I will shewe you that euen nowe The discourse how to gather money is here left out The things that we O Athenians are able to finde out are these And when you haue made an ende of asking euery mans voyce you shal giue your hands to that that likes you best so shal you make your warre with king Philip not with Paper worke and decrées onely but with effect and in good earnest And in my minde you shall better conclude all things touching these warres and the preparations for the same if you O Athenians first foresée and consider well before hande the situation of that countrie where you minde to make your warres and farther if you thinke with your selues how king Philip compasseth most of his affayres by obseruing the tyme and season of the yeare who taking aduauntage of the Northeast windes and stormes settes vpon vs at such time as we shall not be able to styrre from hence And therefore considering these thinges it were good that you warred not with aydes and supplies onely for so we may lose all but with an ordinary power and such a preparation as may continue And this your garnison may winter it selfe in Stalimene Thasus Sciathus and other Isles theraboutes where as is good harbour forrage vittayles and all other things necessary for an armie and at that time of the yeare when shall be good landing and little daunger of stormes and when our Souldiours maye easily approch and enter in within the country hauen mouthes where they may fare well and haue good cherishing Thus of the maner and time of vsing this power the Capitaine for the time being shall direct you well ynough but the thinges to be performed of your parts are those which I haue made you a draught of And if you will O Athenians first and formost prouide this money as I haue tolde you and when that is done haue in readinesse all other things as footemen Galleys men at armes and bynde the whole armie by a solempne act and constitution to kéepe the fielde altogither and not to wander or go else where and that you your selues will be the treasurers of the Campe the paymaisters to Souldiours and the Auditors to Capitaynes for the accountes of their recepts then shall you at length make an ende for euer of thys long consultation of matters all to no purpose Moreouer this commoditie will also follow vnto you O Athenians that you shall entercept and stoppe him of his greatest reuenues that he receyueth And what are they Marie he mainteyneth warre against you with the money of your confederates and neighbours extorted from them and gotten by robbing and spoyling
speake with a better will. And albeit I am in doubt and can not tell certainly what will happen vnto mée vpon this yet notwithstanding bicause I am most certaine that if you doe as I haue sayde it shall turne to your great ease I haue thought good therefore to tell you thus much And I pray God that thing may preuayle with you which shall be for the welfare of you all The Argument of the second Oration against king Philip of Macedonie DEmosthenes being afrayde to stirre the Athenians directly to warre for dread of the people being euill caried away by others that tolde them of the great charges that the warres do bring doth councell them to take heede of king Philip as of a suspected enimie And in no wise to trust his forged peace vnder shadow whereof he doth all the mischiefe he can And therfore he willeth them to loke well to their businesse and to trust to themselues making their people readie against all assayes bicause that king Philip doth nothing else but lye in wayte for them and all Greeceland besides to conquer them and to become a Tyraunt ouer them all And in shewing the maner and behauiour as well of them in their doings as of him in his doings he doth verie wisely bring in many likelyhoodes and euident profes as well concerning the disposition of king Philips owne person as of the Grecians in generall and so he maketh it a verie plaine and cleere matter that king Philip doth hate them deadly warning them for that cause not to trust his faire promises nor yet the profered kindnesse and fauour exhibited by Eschines and others For that king Philip hath most cruelly abused other cities and countries with such like craft and subtiltie And here he giueth a lesson fit at all tymes for all men liuing the which is this That there can bee no greater strength and assurance to a man than to be mistrustfull for according to Libanius report euen as money is the strength and sinewes of warre so is mistrustfulnesse the maintenance and safegarde of wisedome In the end he promiseth to giue king Philips Ambassadors their aunswere when they shall come in case they themselues doubt what aunswere to make vnto them but he sheweth not what he will say but leaueth that matter and falleth to inueigh agaynst those Traytors that are king Philips hyrelings and sheweth that their promises and king Philips present doings agree not togither and therefore plainely doth discifer king Philip to be their mortall enimie against whome he councelleth them to take armor in hande and to proclaime open warre for the better safegarde and defence of their whole estate and Countrie ¶ The second Oration against king Philip of Macedonie WHen any talke is O Athenians of king Philips doings and the outrages and violences that he committes contrary to the peace I perceyue you estéeme it to be both honest and reasonable And who soeuer will séeme to speake any thing against king Philip they shall be thought to speake as is fitte for them and yet for all that there is nothing in a maner done as it ought to be nor yet as should become them that haue so much tolde them as you haue For the worlde is come to this poynt with vs nowe that the more plainelye and cléerelye a man sheweth king Philip to haue broken peace with vs and to seke a conquest ouer al Grecelande so much the more daungerous it is to giue councell what weare best to be done And the reason is this bicause O Athenians all such as through violence and wrong couet more than in right they should doe ought to be daunted and kept backe with déedes and not with wordes onely And first of all we our selues that take vpon vs this place our woont is to forbeare councell and aduise in those poyntes for feare of your displeasure and in stéede of them we fall a discoursing vnto you of his doings howe daungerous howe weightie and how heynous they are and such like things And then you that be the hearers in vnderstanding and giuing eare to a mans tale be much more readie than king Philip is But when it commes to the withstanding of his doings that he is now in hand withall then you be altogither ydle and as colde in your doings as may be And therefore it falleth out to good reason and it must néedes be so to that looke in what things eyther of you both is most conuersant and traueyled in the selfe-same eche of you doth excell the other that is he in déedes and you in wordes And if so be you thinke it a goodlyer matter to speake more aptly to the purpose than he doth why that 's a thing easie ynough to do and it néedes no great traueile But if it stand vs vpon at this time to consider howe to amende things presently amisse least through our vnaduisednesse and ignoraunce the same go to ruyne and destruction more and more hereafter and least he shock vs with such a power as we shall not be able to encounter then are wée not to take that way of consulting togither as wée haue doone heretofore but as well all they that bée Orators as all you that be hearers must choose those things that be good and profitable and leaue the delitefull and pleasant And first of all if any man among you O Athenians is so foolehardy so rash that séeing how mightie a lord king Philip is makes reckoning for all that that this his stately greatnesse will bréed no harme nor daūger to our Citie neither yet that al that his preparation is ment agaynst you I do much marueile at him that so thinketh And therfore I pray you al heare me a while what I will say wey my reasons why I am not of your minde but rather thinke king Philip to be a deadly enimy vnto vs all to the intent that if I shall by good hap séeme to sée farther in him and to iudge of him more truly than others do you may follow mine aduise and councell But if these bold foolehardy fellowes such as haue so sound a beliefe trust in him sée farther and déeper than I do why then agrée you to them on Gods name First O Athenians I consider what countries king Philip hath vnited to himself since the peace cōcluded with vs namely the Pyles the Phoceyans And what then how hath he vsed them I pray you Mary he hath done for the cōmoditie of the Thebanes all that he could possible but for vs he hath done no one thing at all And why did he so forsooth bicause in bestowing his wittes howe to get and to bring all vnder his subiection without regarde of peace and quietnesse right or wrong he wisely doth consider and knowe right well that he is not able to winne our Citie or vs eyther as we haue hitherto liued by any corruption of gift to betraye anye of the
Gréekishe townes to him for our owne profite but rather he sées that wée haue regarde to iustice to vpright doings and to the eschewing of dishonour alwayes foreséeing things fit for vs with great warynesse by which he doth perceiue that we will consequently withstande him if he take any such matter in hande as though wée had open warre with him But as for the Thebanes he thought as it fell out in déede that for the pleasure he had done them they would suffer him to vse the rest as he listed who not onely would so much as once offer to withstande and hinder his purposes but woulde also bée readie to take part with him in the fielde if hée required them And so hoping to finde the like in others he sheweth himselfe verye curteous and fauourable to the Messenians and Argians for the same cause also A matter O Athenians verie highly to your honour For hereby you alone are of all the world iudged to be the onely men aboue all others that will not be corrupted with any promise or rewarde to forsake the common libertie of Grece nor yet to chaunge for any mans fauour or profite whatsoeuer amitie or good will you do beare their countrie And surely king Philip hath rightly iudged thus of you and farre otherwise of the Thebanes and Argians considering not onelye your present state but also the doings of your Auncestours for he findeth perceiueth as I beleue that your predecessors although they might haue bene Lordes ouer all Grece so as they woulde haue bowed to the deuotion of the Persians and their king would not onely not heare Alexander of whom these men weare come being then Ambassador to perswade them therevnto but did determine rather to forsake their countrie and to suffer all miserie that might be Wherein they so worthily acquited themselues that all men since haue longed much to talke of them but no man yet could worthily set them forth as they haue deserued And therefore I will stay my tongue and good reason too For why their worthy exploites and renowme haue bene greater than any man hath béene able to vtter by word of mouth Whereas the Auncestours of the Thebanes and Argians haue some of them ioyned their power with the Barbarian and straunger marching vnder his banner and other some of them would neuer set out foote agaynst him And therefore he knoweth that both they doe more estéeme their owne priuate estates than they doe regarde the common profite of all Grece besides And well he saw that if he shoulde haue sought your friendships he must néedes haue chosen you for iustice sake where hauing the others to bée of his side he was assured to haue their maintenance in his vniust and couetous desires And that is the cause why he hath alwayes estéemed and still doth estéeme their friendship more than yours not bicause he séeth they haue more Galleys than you or bicause hauing found good footing or any great superioritie within the maine lande he neglecteth to be Lorde of the Seas and their marchant Townes Neyther hath he yet forgotten these condicions and promises by which he trayned them to be at peace with him But sayth one it was none of all this that moued him to doe as he hath done neyther yet his ambition nor couetousnesse or any other thing wherof he is accused that made him to encline more to the Thebanes than to vs but the only cause was bicause he knew them to be more faithfull than we are This reason vnboubtedly of all other reasons he can not well alledge for he that craftily forced the Lacedemonians to giue vp the towne of Messena at the selfe same time notwithstanding set the Thebanes in possession of Orchomene Choronea how can he be sayd to haue delt iustly and vprightly But some will say he was enforced for else there is none excuse remayning for the defence of king Philip to surrender giue vp those places much against his will as being than enuironed and surprised by the horsemen of the Thessalians and the Souldiours of Thebes A good tale on foorth a Gods name And therefore saye they hée hath the Thebanes in great ielousie yea and they go vp and downe deuising further tittle tattle how he mindes to fortifie Elateia but he will doe a Dog as soone He will neuer deale that way at all as I thinke and forsooth he will neuer ioyne with the Messenians and the Argians as he doth to set vpon the Lacedemonians and yet he hath sent a supply of straungers and money and is looked for to be there in person himselfe with a mightie power so that he séeketh the destruction of the Lacedemonians as enimies to the Thebanes And those Phoceyans whom heretofore he did ouerthrow and destroy he mindeth now to succor and to defend yea forsooth that he will. And I pray you what mad man would beleue these things For surely I can not think for any thing that I can sée that king Philip will continue to be an enimie to the enimies of the Thebanes if eyther perforce or against his will he graunted heretofore those matters before named or else if he now mistrusted their good will towardes him but rather it is euident by his present doings that he hath sought their fauours for a purpose and wrought this pollicie to serue his owne turne withall And whosoeuer looketh narowly vpon this matter he cannot but plainely sée that all these his practises are wholye bent against oure countrie to take an aduauntage when he séeth his time And this hée doth in a maner for méere necessitie For I pray you wey the matter with your selues and thinke thus of it he will néedes rule and be souereigne ouer all and he knoweth well that none can withstande him but you who haue bene so lōg time molested by him through the iniuries and wronges that he hath done and dayly doth against you as his owne conscience can best witnesse against him for by meanes of possessing those places which sometime were yours and now are his he kéepeth the reast of his dominions in safetie but and if he should lose once Amphipolis and Potidea he should hardly sit sure in his chayre at home And therefore full well is he guyltie to himselfe both that he lyeth in wayte for you and that you also do vnderstand it And bicause he hath found you a wise and a sage people he gathereth by iust consequence and good reason that you are his enimies that makes him so sharpe set to preuent your doings as one looking for a scouring at your hands whensoeuer any occasions shall be offered This is it that he watches for this is the cause of his close lying in waite against the Citie And why he holdeth in somuch with certaine of the Thebanes and with some Peloponesians also that are of the same minde with them whom he accountes to be so gréedie
trouble and makes vs doe many thinges amisse And nowe O Athenians if I doe speake the truth fréely and plainly vnto you I praye you be not angry with me for it For consider this how in all other things you yourselues thinke it so fitte that the libertie of the tongue shoulde bée so common to all men within the Citie that you haue imparted the same euen to verie straungers and bonde men And here a man may sée many a houshold seruaunt speake his minde with more libertie than the Citizens themselues do in some other townes And yet in cases where councell is to be giuen you barre all men from it Whervpon it coÌ„meth to passe that in your assemblies you be so daintie loue so wel to be clawed that you must heare nothing but things to féede your humors withall but in your businesse and dooings you let things go till they be at the vttermost daunger Therfore if you will haue this itch to hange vpon you in this 〈…〉 then I can say nothing to it But if you be disposed 〈…〉 speake for your commoditie and without flatterie 〈…〉 for your purpose for tho our countrie be shrewdely 〈…〉 that we haue lost much through your owne follies and cowardlinâ—◠〈◊〉 if you will from henceforth doe your endeuours there are â—â—anes ynoughe to redresse all that is awrie And that thing which I shall say though it séeme against the opinion of all men yet it shal be true for all that That thing which did hurt vs most of all heretofore the same in our dooings hereafter shall doe vs most good And what may that be Marye our doings haue had the worse successe bicause we haue done nothing more or lesse in such sort as we ought to haue done For if while we shewed our selues like valiaunt and lustie men the worlde had gone after the same sort still then without doubt there had béene no hope at all for things to be bettered But nowe I must say plainly that of our negligence and slouthfulnesse onely king Philip hath got the victory and hath got no victory of our country neither be â—ou either vaÌ„quished at al nor yet so much as once stirred out of your place with all the stirring hee can make Then séeing we do all confesse that king Philip is at warre with vs and breaketh the peace what else can any man say or aduise you that shall come hither than that we must defende our selues from him with the easiest and safest waye we can But forsomuch as some are so farre from their wittes and so blinded with ignoraunce that though they sée him take our chiefe fortresses and holdes and enioy many things of ours and continue dooing wrong to all men yet for all that they can well ynough away with such as beare them in hande oftentimes in their assemblies howe it is some of vs that makes the warre and giues the occasion of breach Herein therefore we had néede to be well aduised and to worke wisely For it is to be feared least he that shall giue you his aduise and order how to defende your selues against him shall be charged to be the author of the warres First of all I will say and determine thus much before you all if so be it stand in vs to take counsell of the matter whether wée shall haue warre or peace then I say if our countrie may be at peace and that the same lyeth in vs to choose I thinke verily to begin withall we shall doe well to take it And I exhort him that so sayth both to enact and execute the same and not to deceyue you and bleare your eyes But if on the other side it be so that a man hauing armour in hand and a great power about him pretend and dash you in the téeth with the name of peace and yet vseth such maners as belong to war what other thing then should we doe but defend our selues and be reuenged of him But if you will professe that you kepe peace in such maner as he doth I reck not much of it Marie and if any man do thinke this to be a peace when he shall after he hath got all other places make his waye streight towardes vs I thinke that fellow to begin withall is out of his wittes And besides that he speakes of such a peace as he may make with you not such as you may make with him putting in king Philips choyse to doe as he list and not that you may doe as you woulde And this is the thing forsooth that king Philip would be glad to purchase with all the treasure that he hath spent that hée himselfe may warre vpon vs when he list without resistaunce and we may not set vpon him at all And if we tarie till he set vpon vs and giue vs the defiaunce and confesse that he will warre with vs then are we the most simple and fondest men that liue vpoÌ„ earth For you may be well assured he will not say so much vnto vs although he entred with an army royall here with in Attica and the very Péere it selfe as is wel to be gathered and proued by his dealings towardes others For what did he to the Olynthians when he was not past fiue miles from their towne he sent them worde flatly they must do one of the two eyther they must not tarie in Olynthus or else he must forsake Macedonie But if a maÌ„ shoulde haue charged him with this all the while before he came thither then he would haue stormed and sent Ambassadors to haue made his purgation The same part he played with the Phoceyans when he came vnto them as vnto his friendes that thought no harme at all their Ambassadors then attending vppon him There was many amongst vs at the selfesame time also that debated the matter and thought that his passage woulde not be for the profite of the Thebanes And a little before this he toke Pheres in his way to Thessalia vnder colour of amitie and alliaunce And last of all he deceyued the siely Oriteynes with his sleight and compasse making them belieue that he sent Souldiours vnto them for good will to determine the controuersies that were among them for he heard say they could not agrée amongst themselues but weare at iarre one with another And therefore quoth he it was the part of a true coÌ„stant friend to assist them at such times And then do you think that he being a man that loues rather to set vpoÌ„ these men by sleight pollicie who though they could do him no hurt yet peraduenture were able wel ynough to kéepe themselues from taking of harme than to tell them before hand how he would inuade them would make open proclamatioÌ„ of these warres that he mindes to haue agaynst you and that at this time especially when you are most willing to deceyue your selues nay looke not for that for
their thirtie yeres as by your auncestors in .lxx. yeres togither be much fewer O Athenians yea by a great number than be the wrongs that king Philip hath done to all Greceland in these not fully .xiij. whole yeares that he is come thus to glitterring glory from a thing of nothing And this is easie to be shewed in few wordes And not to speake of Olynthus of Methona of Apollonia of .32 townes in Thracia all which places he hath so cruelly ouerthrowne and bet to the ground that a man comming to them can scant finde whether euer those places were inhabited or no. I will not speake of that huge and populous nation of the Phoceyans spoyled and consumed by him I pray you in what case lyes Thessalia hath he not ouerthrowne taken from them both their townes their politicall or townelike gouernement and set Fouremen to rule ouer them to the ende that not onely the townes but the people also may liue in bondage and slauerie And are not the townes of Euboia gouerned and possessed euen nowe of late wyth Tyraunts and that within an Isle verye nighe to Thebes and to Athens And doth he not write this apparauntly in his letters I vvill haue peace sayth he vvith them that vvill do as I commaunde them Neyther when he wryteth this doth he cease to performe it also in déede but he entreth vpon Hellespont hauing béene before at Ambracia He hath Elis that houge and mightie great Citie in Peloponnesus and of late he made a platte howe to winne the Megarians So that neither all Grecelande nor yet all barbarous Countries besides are able to satisfie the mans gréedie and ambicious minde And notwithstanding that all the Grecians doe heare and sée these thinges yet doe we neyther sende Ambassadors one to another touching these matters nor yet conceyue any great sorrow for it but so maliciously be we set among our selues and lye so lurking lyke men trenched in wyth Walles that euen vntill this day wée coulde neuer doe anye thing that was eyther profitable or séemely to be done neyther to agrée togither nor yet to ioyne in common to the helpe and succor one of another but séeing that man waxen greater wée make none account of him And as séemeth to me euery man thinketh to make that time gainfull to him wherein others go to wracke and neyther studieth or attempteth the thing that might be for the safegarde and preseruation of the Gréekes But it fareth herein much like as it doth with them that haue an Ague or any other disease that commeth by fittes or course For how soeuer a man think it presently farre from him yet at length the Feuer comes and shakes him by the backe Moreouer this you doe all vnderstande whatsoeuer smart the Gréekes suffered of the Lacedemonians or of vs they haue receyued the same as of naturall méere Grecians which was to be taken in like part as if a mans owne sonne borne brought vp in great welth hauing done somewhat scant honestly or vniustly although he weare to be blamed and rebuked iustly for the same yet to say that he should be counted a straunger or a frem man and not an inheritour to those goodes for his fact surely that weare not a thing to be admitted Whereas if a bonde slaue or a mans hynde would without order make hauock of things where he ought not Lord God how grieuously would all men stomack and take on at such a matter And haue not men nowe the same opinion of king Philip and his doings who is not onely not a Grecian and nothing kyth or kin to the Gréekes at all but also he is not so much as a Barbarian of anye suche countrie as is woorth the naming but euen a vile rancke Macedon from whence neuer man yet willingly would haue bought a good bond slaue And yet for all this what extréeme contumelie and despite hath he forborne to raise against vs hath not he in his handes besides the townes that he hath destroyed and beaten downe the gouernment of the Pithyan oracles where the common games of Grece weare to which if he list not to come himselfe he sendeth slaues of his owne to be ouerséers of the games He is Lorde of the Pyles and entryes into Grece he kéepes the places with garnisons and forreyne Souldiours to stoppe the passage into Grece Hath not he also the preheminence and prerogatiue at Apollos Oracle doth not he kéepe back vs the Thessalians the Dorians and the rest of the Amphictyones from that which euery sort no not of the Gréekes themselues might haue accesse vnto Doth not he appoynt the Thessalians after what fashion they shal be ruled doth not he send out mercenarie souldiers to kepe the Goulfe in Euboia and to driue out from thence the cōmons of Eretria doth not he sende others to Orium to place Philistides the Tyrant there All these things the Grecians sée suffer before theyr faces Now truly herein they séeme to me to do euē as those do the sée a storme of hayle comming agaynst which euery man prayth that it may not light vpon him but no man deuiseth howe to kepe it of And neyther can the dispightes he doth to all Grecelande in common no nor yet the wronges done by him to euerye man by himselfe mooue anye man to bée reuenged of him And last of all is he not gotte to the Corinthians townes Ambracia and Leucas did not hée promise by solemne othe that when he had taken Naupactum from the Achaeans he would giue the same streight to the Etolians hath not he taken Echinum from the Thebanes and sendes he not his armie nowe agaynst those of Bizance and are not they your confederates your allies your friends And to ouerpasse others he hath got to himselfe Cardia the greatest Citie in Cherronesus And yet we for all we sée these manifest and most plaine iniuries make faire weather for al that and dally out our matters looking euery man vpon his next felow and mistrusting one another whilest he in the meane season doth vs al the apparant wrongs that may be But what thinke you that he who now behaueth himselfe so outragiously towards al men in generall will do when he is Lord ouer euerie man perticularly And what is the cause of all these things for it was not without reason iust cause that all the Gréekes were then so readie forward to maintaine their libertie and so willing now as they be to liue in bondage There was a thing there was a thing O Athenians at those dayes in the hearts and mindes of many men that is not now in these dayes which did both preuaile agaynst the Persians riches made Grece liue in libertie and that they weare neuer conquered in fight or lost battaile by sea or by lande But nowe that this is gone all thinges go to hauock and ruyne and the
armed souldiers goeth whither he will but with a retinue of light horsmen and hired archers And then hauing such fellowes at hand his maner is where he sées men at sedition and trouble among themselues that for priuate faction and mistrust one to another no man dares issue oute for his Countrie there he rushes mée in vppon them and hauing his engines with him layes streyght siege to their Townes And I tell you not here howe all is one to him whether he warre in Winter or in Sommer and howe he makes no choyse of the season when to leaue of from dooing his businesse Wherefore seing you all doe knowe and consider this well ynough it were good that ye suffered not the enimie to bring the warres into our owne Countrie least following that foolishe and simple order of the Lacedemonians warres ye bring your selues to some great mischiefe ynough to break your necks withall But you must very circumspectly or ere things approch vpon vs beware aswel by your doings as by your preparation and looke wel to him that he stirre not from home and that wée be not fought withall by him hand to hand For why to maintaine the warres we haue many wayes aduauntage of him O Athenians so we would but doe as we ought to doe The verie nature of his countrie a good part whereof we maye ransacke and annoye and tenne thousande aduauntages besides But as for the fight he is farre better exercised in it than we are Neyther is it ynough to withstande him abrode with sworde and armour but ye must doe it also by reason and vnderstandinge persecuting all such as amongest you speake on his side assuring our selues that we shall neuer ouercome our enimie abrode till we haue punished his ministers here at home And that thing so farre as I can sée before God and all his Saintes you be neyther able nor willing to doe but you are come to such foolishnesse or rather madnesse or I wot néere what to tearme it for oftentimes it commes in my minde to be adrad least some spirite or fatall destinie doe chase and persecute our doinges that eyther for rayling or enuie or scoffing or some other trifling matter you make a sight of hirelings to come vp and speake in this place of whome there are some that cannot disavowe nor denie themselues to bée suche men and then you make a sport of it when they fall a rayling vpon men And yet this is no great matter neyther although it be a great matter in déede For you suffer such to gouerne with more safetie than they that speake for your welfare And yet marke what great mischiefe commeth hereof bicause you will giue eare vnto such men I will tell you their doings which you all shall well perceyue At Olynthus there weare some men of authoritie in the common weale who fauoured king Philip and weare his ministers in all thinges they coulde doe Others did all for the best procuring al they could that their countrimen should not be brought to slauerie Which of them say you destroyed their countrie or who betrayed the horsemen wherevpon the Citie of Olynthus was destroyed and vndone Certainly that did they that weare on king Philips side who as long as the Citie stoode did so slaunder and picke quarrels agaynst them that spake best for you that at the length they perswaded the Commons of Olynthus to banishe Apollonides Now thinke you that this custome was the cause of all the mischiefe onely in Olynthus and no where else Nay it was so in Eretria to for there after the departure of Plutarchus the forreine souldiors when the people ruled the towne and goulfe therof some would be vnder vs and some vnder king Philip. To these the miserable and vnhappie Eretrians giuing eare in many things or rather in al they were at length perswaded to thrust out such as spake of their own side And yet for all that king Philip theyr friend and allie sendes me vnto them Hipponicus with a thousand strauÌ„gers bet downe the walles of their goulfe placing there thrée tyrants Hipparchus Automedon Clytarchus after this draue theÌ„ twise out of their own couÌ„try when now they would gladly haue bene in safety sending thither the straungers that were with Eurilochus after that again those that were with ParmenioÌ„ What nede I to heape vp many examples at the towne of Oreum were not Philistides Menippus Socrates Thoas and Agapeus practisers for king Philip who now haue the City in their handes And this was knowne to all men But to tell how one Euphraeus a man that dwelt here somtymes and traueiled for their fréedome that they should not come in bondage to any body was iniuried and railed vpon by the commons of the Oreteynes it would aske a long tyme of talke The yeare before the sayd towne was taken he vnderstanding theyr practises appeached Philistides and his complices of highe treason whervpon many men coÌ„spiring and assembling themselues hauing Philip their pursebearer being guided by his instructions caried me away Euphraeus to prison as a disturber of the common weale Which thing the coÌ„mons of the Oreteynes seing in stéede of assisting him and tormenting them they shewed them selues not offended at all with them and as for him they thought he was worthily punished reioyced at it But afterwards these fellowes béeing in such aucthoritie as they wished they wrought a practise to take the towne by and brought the same to passe And then the Commons if any of them vnderstood the matter they held their peace like people amazed remembring how Euphraeus was handled Yea in such miserable state weare those men brought that none durst open his mouth in that extréemitie till the army that was prepared came euen to their walles And then some of them defended the town and others betrayed it And thus the towne being fowly and euill fauoredly lost these fellowes are become Princes and play the tyraunts ouer such as earst preserued both themselues Euphraeus too being men ready to do any thing when they had banished some put to death some others And that same Euphraeus being in prison killed himself witnessing by such a déede that he had iustly and sincerely withstoode King Philip in the quarrell of his Countrimen But now perhaps euery one of you doth wonder and maruaile how it commes to passe that the Olynthians Eretrians the Oretâ—ynes haue more fauored king Philips friends partakers then their own patrones and defenders euen in like sort as you do The cause is this those that speake for the best can not at al times tell you that the which shall please you no though they would For why it lyes them vpon to coÌ„sider what shall be for your preseruation wheras these others while they tell you a faire tale and curry fauell with you brue altogither for king Philip. They required of euery
And therefore this saye I this write I and this béeing done I thinke there is time ynough yet to amend all Howbeit if any man haue any better than this let him say it and giue his aduice and whatsoeuer it be that you shall like of God graunt the same may be for your profite The Argument vpon the fourth Oration against king Philip of Macedonie CErtayne of Athens beeing King Philips feede men and greatly bounde vnto him for large rewardes giuen kept the people backe as muche as they coulde from repressing or withstanding his dooynges from tyme to tyme till hee had made all thinges readie for the warres and had sette foote in the fittest places that might bee for his purpose So that such his hyrelinges as vsed to speake for the maintenaunce of peace agaynst warre weare verye well lyked of the people not for anye speciall loue they had to peace but for feare of taxes and paymentes and other burthens hanging vpon warre the which commonly grieue the people most of all and in tyme of warre must needes bee had Wherefore it was daungerous to propounde matter concerning warre or to exhort the people to bee at defiaunce with any bodye For then those trayterous hyrelinges woulde put vp a Byll of complaint against them as motioners and Aucthours of those decrees And the people that coulde not abide to heare of charges and payments and therefore hated warre woulde with open mouth and full consent condemne him presently as an offender that once spake for warre although the necessitie weare neuer so great So that where as Demosthenes durst not subscribe to the enacting of warre to bee proclaymed he vseth cunning by a figure called Translatio and layeth it vpon an other saying that King Philip hath denounced warre agaynst them so that they are in great hazard and daunger And therefore he doth exhort them to withstande the warres alreadie commenced and taken in hande by king Philip the which is a naturall request For what is he that will not seeke to defende himselfe and deuise with force to withstande force Lastly he seeketh to set an attonement betwixt the rich men the poore who weare at defiaunce amongst themselues For the rich weare verie loth to yeeld to any subsidie and would rather that the treasure money wherof the poore people had a good part for their comfort should bee conuerted wholy to beare all the charges of the warres on the other side the poores sort weare in an vprore agaynst the riche and threatned that they woulde enter vpon their goodes and spoyle them in their owne houses rather than they woulde lose their stage pence and the benifite of the publike treasure for setting foorth of their shewes and pastimes Demosthenes herevpon rebuketh them both and willeth the rich men to let the stage money alone for the poore being so small a matter and chargeth the sayde poore men on the other side to forbeare violence and iniurie towardes the richer sort And in the necke of this he cryeth out agaynst Traytours that hinder good motions and councelleth herevpon the Athenians to sende Ambassadors to the king of Persia to haue him ioyne in league with them and to helpe theÌ„ with money for that otherwise the Citie had not wherewith to beare out their nâ—â—essary charges meaning hereby that the riche men should not bee called vpon and the poorer sort should be spared also and haue their desires if this ambassage tooke place the which is the verie scope and full entent of all his meaning And as it should seeme this Oration was spoken more vp-vpon the sodaine or at the least wise not prouided for as the other his Orations weare For that diuers thinges are here vttered and much matter of substaunce rehearsed and almost after the selfe-same maner in this action declared as was before spoken in certaine of his other Orations alreadie made and vttered to the people ¶ The fourth Oration against king Philip of Macedonie FOr asmuch as O Athenians these affayres wherevpon you doe sit in councell are both right weightie and necessarie for our Countrie I will endeuour my selfe to speake thereof that which I thinke is for your profite Amongst a great number of faults and gaules and those not of a small times growing that cause vs to be in this euil fauoured pickle there is none of them all O Athenians that doth vs more hurt at this time than this that you giue your mindes altogither from the dooing of your businesse For so long and no longer lastes all the labour you take as you may be sitting still hearing some newes told you and then euery man gets him away neyther regarding nor so much as remembring the matter at all And as for king Philippes dealings towarde all men they be so full of outragiousnesse and couetousnesse as you heare them reported to bée and euery man knowes very well that it is not possible to bridle him or restraine him of this by anye treatie or perswasion that we can vse Which thing he that can not perceyue by any other thing else let him consider it hereby whensoeuer it came to the talke of right iustice we neuer had the worse nor yet weare euer iudged to be wrong doers but haue alwayes had the better hande and haue preuayled in our talke And yet I pray you what did his businesse procéede any whit the worsse or ours any thing the better for al this nothing at all surely For where as his fashion is as soone as he hath taken armour in hande by and by to be readie to go and aduenture himselfe with all that he hath and ours on the other side to sit still some when we haue spoken that which right requireth and other some when we haue giuen the hearing by good reason I thinke it falleth out that déedes doe surpasse wordes and that all men do not so much marke and regarde the right that we maintaine in wordes and what we haue sayde or shall say for our selues as the thing that we do and put in execution And they be such as are of no force to the preseruation and safetie of any that is oppressed And here néedes no more talke therof Wherefore séeing it is so that all States and Towneships are deuided into these two factions whereof the one sort bée of those that neither desire themselues to haue the rule by force and strong hande neyther yet to be in bondage to others but séeke onely to maintaine their libertie and to haue their Countrie gouerned by lawes in an euennesse the other sort is of them that desire to be Princes ouer their owne Countrie men and yet can be contented to bée vnder the obedience of some other by whose meanes they thinke they maye attayne therevnto So it is that such as are of his minde that is they that desire to be Tiraunts and Lordes they haue got the rule and beare sway euery where alredie And I thinke
for any man to tell how much he abused the poore wretches the Olinthians after he had giuen them Potidaea and many thinges else And euen nowe he fetches me in the Thebanes by giuing to them the Countrie of Boeotia and deliuering them from a very grieuous and daungerous warre So that euery one of them by profiting and aduantaging himselfe in a verie small matter are now some of them alreadie in that case as all men may sée othersome of them shall be faine to abide whatsoeuer may chaunce vnto them But as for you what you haue béene spoyled of I will saye nothing Euen at the verie instant of the knitting vp of the peace in howe many things haue you béene deceyued in how many things haue you bene lurched of hath he not got from you the Phoceyans the Piles is he not Lorde in the State of Thracia Doriscum Serrium and of king Charsobleptes himselfe kéepes he not presently Cardia in his hands cares not who knowes it And why beareth he himselfe towardes other men and towardes you not a like forsooth bicause men haue frée libertie without perill in this our Citie onely of all others to speake in the behalfe of the enimie and if any hath taken money he may speake safely ynough amongst you although you shoulde bée spoyled of all that you haue by the bargaine It was no safe speaking in Olynthus on king Philips side had not the Commons there béene also benifited by taking the fruites of Potidaea It was no safe speaking on king Philips side in Thessalia had not the multitude of the Thessalians béene also benifited in that Philip expulsed theyr Tyraunts after restored to them Pyles It was no safe speaking in Thebes neyther till he had giuen them vp Beotia and destroyed the Phoceyans But at Athens though king Philip hath taken from vs not onely Amphipolis and the whole countrie of the Cardians but also fortifieth euen nowe Euboia and maketh it as a rampire or countermure against vs and nowe commeth streight with his army vpon Bizanze yet is it safe speaking on king Philips side for all that And therefore some of these good felowes that speake in his fauour are risen vppe from beggers state to become sodenly very riche persons and of men without name or reputation growne to be of great aucthoritie and famous But you cleane contrary that earst weare of great account be now out of al estimation and that eare while weare welthie be now out of all welth For surely I take it that the riches of a state consisteth in confederates faithfulnesse and good will all which things you doe want And by your neglecting hereof and letting all things goe as they doe he is become happie and mightie and terrible to all the Gréekes and Barbarians whereas you your selues are voyde of friendes and low brought making a goodly shewe and glistering of a cheapnesse of vittayles that is among you But as for anye store or preparation you haue of things conuenient or néedefull you may be laughed to scorne of the worlde for it And I perceyue very well there be Counsellors that giue you not the like councell as they would do to themselues For they tell you you must be quiet though a man doe you wrong Where as they themselues cannot be at rest among you when no man doth them any harme at all But if a man might aske a question without checke Tell me O Aristodemus for as much as thou knowest it well ynough as what is he that knowes it not that as the priuate mans life is verie safe quiet and without perill so their life that beare rule in the common weale is fraughted with complaintes and vncertaine full both of dayly brawles and mischiefes why wouldest thou not rather follow a quiet and vnbusâ—ed life than choose this daungerous and vncertaine state of béeing What hast thou to saye to it For if thou makest vnto me that aunswere which is best for thée and that I doe graunt it vnto thée to be true that thou doest all these things for the desire thou hast to aduaunce thine honour I doe maruell truely séeing thou thinkest it méete for thée to take all these paines not to refuse any labor or perill for honors sake that thou wilt be a meane for thy Countrie to lose all these things through verie sloth and lythernesse For thou wilt not say this that it were méete for thée to be some body in this City and that this City ought to be of no estimation among the Gréekes Neither do I vnderstand this how it can be for the safetie of the Citie to meddle with hir own affayres and that it should be dauÌ„gerous for thée except thou doest intermeddle ouer curiously with other folkes businesse But contrariwise I thinke that through this thy medling and ouermedling great peril is like to fall to thée and the like to the City through their ydlenesse But thou on Gods name hast honor by thy Grandfather Father the which thou thinkest a shame to be ended in thée hath this Citie receyued no renowme or honor of hir Auncestors But that is not so For an errant théefe was thy father if he were like to thée wheras the glorie of our Citie standes in this that the Grecians as all men knowe weare twise deliuered out of extréeme daunger by our elders But all men doe not in lyke maner equally and ciuilly handle and gouerne their owne and the publike goodes For what equitie is there in this that some of those fellowes who came but the last day out of prison should be so prowde that they knowe not themselues and the Citie which earewhile had the chieftie and preheminence ouer all Gréecclande shoulde nowe become so base and out of all estimation Thus hauing much yet to speake and of many matters I will say no more Neyther is it for lacke of speaking as me thinketh that eyther nowe or at any tyme else our matters haue béene in so euill a plight but the matter is this when you haue heard men giue you good couÌ„cell and with one accorde allowed well their sayings you are as readie by and by to sit you downe and giue eare to those that are disposed to marre and ouerthwart the whole And not bicause you knowe them not for why you know them so soone as euer you sée them who they be that speake for their hire who serue king Philips turne and who they be that telles you the truth as it is and best for your auaile but to the intent that hauing a quarrell to rebuke them and turning all the matter to a ieast and a flowte you may kéepe your selues from doing of any thing that should be néedefull These things be true which I haue tolde you frankely and fréely with plainenesse goodwil and for your best behooue not a tale farced with
corner for that purpose There was also a certaine théefe in Athens called Aereus as much to say as brassie or made of brasse who was much offended with Demosthenes candle lightes in the deade night and therfore iested scoffed much at his night watches Sirha quoth Demosthenes I knowe well enough that my lightes are not good for thy profession for weare not my lights thou wouldst doe greater matters than lightes come to But maruell not you a whit O people of Athens quoth Demosthenes at these robberies that are done by this felow for as much as your théeues are of brasse where as your walles are but of earth iesting at his name Aereus which in Englishe is brassie or made of brasse On a time when Demosthenes voyce was thought to soft by reason of the noyse that the people made which afterwards was cast in his téeth by some others he aunswered that stage players are to be iudged by their lowd speach when it is either good or bad or when their voyce fayleth them but Orators and Councellors to an estate ought to be estéemed and accounted vpon by their wisedome and knowledge only For the part of him that playes on a stage is to séeke to satisfie the peoples eares but the part of an Orator and Councellor is to séeke the welfare of the Subiectes the one is for pleasure the other is for profite and therefore we may not stande vpon howe lowde a man be that speaketh to doe good but how good the councell is that he giueth A reporter of tales or a stage player in an open Theater it becommeth very well to haue a good ringing voice to ouersounde the noyse of the people but he that is a Counsellor or an Orator to an estate ought to be heard of the people with their owne accorde very quietly and attentiuely howe so euer his voyce serueth him An other tyme when the people would néedes rumble him out of his seate where he made his Oration by making an vncomely noyse with their handes and féete as they vse at thys houre to doe in all the Schooles of Italie most vnséemely when eyther they like not the readers handling of his matter or are not disposed to heare him any longer he desired them to giue him pacience to tell them a merie tale Where vpon when euery man was whisht and still he sayde thus a certaine yong man did hyre an Asse to serue for cariage in the whote sommer season to go from Athens to Megara and his guyde with him and when the sunne was verie hote about noonetide they both would go on the shadow side of the Asse to auoyde the heate so that they were at strife for the matter the guyde saying that the Asse was hyred but not the shadowe the other saying that as he had right to the Asse by hyring of him so had he right to the shadow of the Asse as well as to the Asse it selfe And when Demosthenes had tolde his tale to this poynt and saw them so hartily attentiue to heare the rest he came downe from his seate and gaue ouer his tale wherevpon the people staid him and desired him maruellously that they might heare the ende and application of his matter vnto whome he aunswered you loue verie well my maysters quoth he to heare a man speake of the shadowe of an Asse but you cannot abide that any man should tell you of earnest matters or such things as touches all your welfare And so he went his way and would not speake any thing else to them Demosthenes was one of the ten Orators whom the people of Athens sent in ambassage to king Philip of Macedonie And therfore after that Aeschines and Policrates whom king Philip did chiefly cherish retourned home to Athens with the rest and had amongst other cōmendations of the king set him specially forth for these thrée ornamentes of his that he was a verie fayre and welfauoured king a iolye talker and a lustie good fellow such as we call a potte companion or a carrowser with good felowes Demosthenes did thus iest vpon the praise and sayd that they had reported nothing of him fit for a king to haue bicause the first prayse was proper to a woman the second to a babling Sophister the thirde to a Sponge In his Targate that he vsed for the warres although he was not the hardiest man in the world he caused this sentence to be written Good lucke Afterwardes comming to the field where he shoulde shewe his manhoode by and by he tooke his héeles and threwe his Targate from him which matter being layde to his charge that he played the coward he shooke off the same with this common prouerbe and vsuall verse The man that turnes his backe will shew his face againe Meaning that it is more wisedome for a man to runne his way when there is none other remedie than to die in the fielde foolishly For that a dead man fighteth no more whereas he that escapeth vpon any ouerthrow may reinforce himselfe againe and be profitable to his Countrie diuers wayes When Phocion that notable wise man in Athens did steppe forth to speake after Demosthenes had done he woulde say to his friendes that sate next him nowe riseth the sworde or hatchet of all my reasons for that Phocion did many tymes dissent from Demosthenes and being short in collecting an other mans tale was sharpe therewithall and did cut off all superfluous speaches not touching any thing but that chiefly the which was most of all materiall When king Alexander did graunt peace to the Athenians with this condition that they should giue him eight of their gouernours into his handes amongst whom he named Demosthenes for one Demosthenes start vp amiddes the people and tolde them a fable of the Wolfe who promised vnto the shéepe that he would be at peace with them so that they woulde giue vnto him their Dogges signifying by the Wolfe Alexander by the Dogges the Magistrates and Orators by the shéepe the people of Athens He sayde moreouer lyke as Marchantes sell great quantitie of Wheate or other corne with bringing out a little modicum in a tréene dishe for a sample so you quoth Demosthenes if you deliuer your eight gouernours that are demaunded you doe thereby betray and giue vp your selues and your whole Countrie But Demades that notable wise man of Athens tooke vpon him for the charges of 980. pound starling to take the Ambassage vpon him for them and to entreate the king either for the hope he had in the kings friendship or else for that he thought to finde him nowe full glutted wyth slaughter as a Lion is that hath eaten his bellie full of carion or other meate It is reported that he went once to Corinthus to sée a famous Courtisan there called Lais being a man somwhat subiect to the frailtie of flesh although he dranke water neuer so much with whome he
thought to haue had some familiaritie which Courtisan asked him for the reward of hir loue 300. pound starling whervpō he being amazed at hir shameles demaund was cooled and sayd Ladie I doe not minde to buye my repentance so deare as for the pleasure of a little bulbiting to haue a pinching and sharpe displeasure for the same Meaning that all such as follow vnhonest pleasures in such sort doe repent themselues afterwards almost to their graue A certaine Damosell receyued certaine money to kéepe for two straungers that went out of towne with this condition that shée shoulde deliuer the same money to them both ioyntly Afterwards it happened that one of them came home colourably as a mourner for his fellowe that was deade and brought as it should séeme a false testimoniall thereof and so deceyuing the yong woman got all the money to himselfe Now when this money was payde the other fellow commes in the necke thereof and demaundes the money that he left with hir in trust The poore woman was out of hir wittes and coulde not tell in the world what aunswere to make wherevpon Demosthenes séeing hir in dispayre tooke the matter in hand and thus he began to saye for hir This woman is readie sirha to pay you the money that you put hir in trust withall but except you bring your fellow she cannot pay it bicause as you know your selfe the agréement was betwixt you that the money should not be payd to the one without the other And therefore bring your fellow and you shall haue it otherwise you are lyke to haue none at hir handes And by this wise sleightie deuise he saued the poore woman from vndoing and auoided the falsehoode of those varlets that betwixt themselues had packed to haue this money twise payde them Being asked what was the chiefe thing in eloquence hée aunswered pronunciation and asked what was the seconde he sayde pronunciation and further asked what was the third he made none other aunswere but still pronunciation signifying hereby that none can euer be an excellent Orator that hath not the gift of vtteraunce by nature or at the leastwise attayned therevnto by industrie and trauaile and that all other skill in the profession of eloquence is but vaine if this one thing bée wanting On a time when one scoulded with him maruellously and vsed vnséemely spéech he sayd thus I am entered into a match with one wherein he that preuayleth hath the worste and hée that is ouercome hath the best signifying that it is better yéelding to a rayling verlet than to contend with him in babling and fowle language Thus I haue giuen you a tast of certaine his aunsweres whereby both his myrth and pleasauntnesse haue somewhat appeared and the quicknesse of his witte made notorious Nowe will I shew howe good a man he was towards his Countrie and how faythfully he defended the libertie thereof deuising the assurance of it euen to his ende And therefore not onely did he speake most boldly to the people in rebuking their disorders and withstanding their vnlawfull desires but also in denying flatly vnto them that which he was charged to do for as Theopompus wryteth when he was chosen to be an accuser of one and to burthen him with surmises he would not do it for any thing they could doe and when the people were in a hurly burly for it he sayde thus O you people of Athens you shall haue me to be your Counsellor and to aduise you the best I can whether you will or no but to be an accuser or slaunderer of men that shall you not haue mée to bée althoughe you would neuer so faine Whom he knew to be faultie he spared not to charge them to their faces whatsoeuer they weare and namelye Antiphon a man of great aucthoritie whome he caused to be taken and to be arreyned of high treason in spite of the people amongest whom he was very well estéemed And he layde so hard to his charge before the Iudges of the Areopagus to haue promised vnto king Philip to sette their nauie on fire as he was thervpon found guiltie and so suffered death for it with others that were of his conspiracie Yea he was so iealous of the state not only agaynst some of his owne country but also agaynst forreyners that he was neuer at rest but euer busie in charging one or other when good cause mooued him Especially he did so much mistrust king Philip of Macedonie that although there was peace betwixt him and Athens yet would he euer be harping at him for euery matter and thrust diuers things into their heads to warne them still to take héede of him Which king Philip did know very well and therefore hated him aboue all others and yet sought to winne him if it weare possible to be on his side as he did Aeschines and others but he could neuer by any meanes in the worlde get him to like well of him And therefore when the breach of peace was lyke to be bicause that neyther king Philip could be at rest and the people of Athens were maruellously encensed by Demosthenes agaynst him he did stirre the Athenians to attempt Euboia which was gouerned by king Philips Tyraunts And so they making thither by sea vpon Demosthenes decrée did expell from thence all king Philips officers and subiects Again he caused those of Constantinople to be holpen and the Perinthians also agaynst the force of king Philip perswading the people to loue one another and to helpe their allies and confederates by whome they haue béene heretofore preserued Moreouer what with sending Ambassages and calling the Gréekes into societie of warre with them and styrring them to be doyng he brought the matter to this poynt that all the Gréekes a fewe excepted were in confederacie agaynst king Philip. And now when all these were in league that is to wit the Euboians the Achaians the Corinthians Megarensians Leucadians and those of Corfu there remayned onely for Demosthenes this matter in hande to bring the Thebanes to be in league also with Athens who had lande nigh to Atticke and sufficient power and weare counted the valiauntest warriours amongest all the Gréekes Neyther was it a matter easy for him to doe bicause the Thebanes had freshly then receyued great pleasure from king Philip in the warres agaynst the Phoceians and weare still like to stande in néede of him for that there was euer like to be controuersie and debate betwixt the Phoceians and them the landes and territories adioyning so nighe the one to the other as they did Yet for all that when king Philip being puffed vp with the successe of Amphissa had gotten Phocis and had vpon the sodaine set vpon Eliteum wherwith the Athenians weare maruellously astonied and that no man durst steppe forth to speake his minde as people in dispaire and not knowing what to do onely Demosthenes when
so mightie as it is Such is the force of vertue in a good man so great is the value of some one aboue thousandes And further he said that whereas he did send Ambassadors to other places if the Athenians did sende any of theirs thether and suffered Demosthenes to tary at home he commonly preuayled in his demaunde but if Demosthenes weare in place he defeated still all his purposes and was euermore a trumpe in his way Yea such a man is he quoth king Philip that there can not be any sufficient monument erected to set forth fully hys great worthinesse But to returne againe to king Philip thus it is reported that he hearing Demosthenes at an other time euill spoken of by Parmenio for that he had vsed verie vehement wordes agaynst the king in the Councell house at Athens well quoth king Philip we must allowe Demosthenes to vse his wordes for amongst all others he neuer yet came within our bookes of expences meaning he could neuer fasten pennie of him whom he did so estéeme for his singular constancie his assured fidelitie and notable heart towardes his Countrie that he thought him to be the oddest man for all giftes that euer was in Grecia Thus worthily king Philip reported of his deadlie enimie honouring vertue where soeuer he found it And therefore I would haue wished that the memory of such a king should haue béene kept vnspotted after his death or at leastwise not so dispited as to haue triumphes made vpon his infortunate ende séeing he was not so verie euill as he is made to be I doe like well that Demosthenes hated him deadly while he liued for that he sought to get into his hands the whole estate of Athens and all Greceland besides And surely I do thinke that no man can be a good Magistrate that will not as deadlye hate as hée déepely loueth and as soone make an euill man afrayde of him as a good man to loue him For by that meanes he shall both do his Countrie good seruice and saue himselfe from great perill and daunger that else might happen vnto him And according as the Poet Pyndarus sayth he is a man among men that is friend to a friend and a Lyon to his enimye especially the hatred rising for the detestation of vice and the loue growing for the aduauncement of vertue But nowe that king Philip was dead what doe the people of Athens forsooth by by through Demosthenes perswasion they did fall to arme themselues and ioyning in confederacie with others they warred vppon king Philips countrie where the Thebanes gaue the â—resh onset vpon a garrison of Macedonians and slue them through helpe of Demosthenes that prouided them armor and therevnto the Athenians hasted all that was possible for helpe and ioyned with them And who swayed nowe lyke a God among men but Demosthenes addressing letters to the Nobilitie of Persia to arme themselues against yong king AlexaÌ„der whom Demosthenes called â—ibberly Boy Notwithstanding afterwardes when yong Alexander had satled his Realme hée marched with a great power to Boeotia And then was the Athenians combe cut and Demosthenes courage cooled For then did the Thebanes forsake them and they standing vpon their owne proper force weare in daunger to haue lost theyr Citie whervpon they sent Demosthenes with others as Ambassadors to entreate But he was so afrayde of king Alexanders indignation that he returned backe againe in the midde way without doing his message at all Vpon the necke whereof king Alexander sent his Ambassadors and required to haue giuen into his handes and power eight of the Orators whereof Demosthenes was the first and principall And although Demosthenes went to perswade them by the tale of the woolfe and the shepe as you heard before with other reasons alleaged amongst his Apoththegmes that they should not deliuer them yet if Demades that great Orator and suttle Grecian had not béene they had all béene sent away who requiring fiue talents for his charges of Ambassade tooke vpon him to deale with the king for appeasing of his wrath hoping eyther vpon the kings friendship and his fauour or else that the king being glutted alreadie with so great an ouerthrow woulde the rather be satisfied Who in déede as he thought perswaded the king and so the Orators weare not demaunded and peace was made with the Citie Now after Alexander was gone the rest of the Orators caryed great fauor but Demosthenes was no bodie yet wheÌ„ Agis king of Lacedemon began to styrre Demosthenes then rowsed himselfe a little but after when the AtheniaÌ„s would do nothing and that Agis was ouerthrowne his whole country brought to ruyne Demosthenes then sate stil as others did About this time was that action entered by Aeschines against Ctesiphon for crowning Demosthenes with a Garlande for his deserts towards his Country according to the maner then vsed but the matter was tryed long after which matter was so famous as neuer was any publike cause aswell for the worthinesse of both those Orators as for the honor and noblenesse of the Iudges who would not yéeld to the condemnation of Demosthenes although his enimies weare very mightie great friendes to the Macedonians but did acquite him so nobly that Aeschines had scant the fift part of the Ballottes on his side with him And therefore he went out of the Citie by and by as a banished man wearing out the rest of his dayes at the Rhodes where he taught Rhetorike And there one day vnfolding his Oration to certaine learned men which he had vttered agaynst Ctesiphon for the discredit ouerthrow of Demosthenes being maruellously well liked of them for â—t they desired also that they might heare of him Demosthenes aunswere in his owne defence Who read it to them likewise Whereat when he sawe they stoode astonied and amazed for the wonder of his vehement and singular maner of perswasion he brust out thus nay then quoth he what would you haue sayd my maisters if you had heard the best himself vtter it pronounce it vnto you meaning that his pronunciation was of such force and so excellent that it wanne notable credit to the matter propounded Thus these two men being both notable Orators the one could neuer abyde the other and in their méetings at councell weare euer contrarie and ouerthwarting togither Not long after this one Harpalus a great man with king Alexander forsooke his Countrie of Macedonie and fledde to Athens partly for that he had euill vsed things committed to his charge and partly for that he feared the fiercenesse of king Alexander who had cruelly dealt with certaine of his deare friends as Lysimachus Calisthenes and had slaine Clitus his best beloued CouÌ„sellor sodainly in his fury as he sate at table with him Now this Harpalus being come to Athens with great treasure and ships stolne from king Alexander as
nowe called Modon an hauen town in Morea Great is the value of order and foresight to gouerne things well Disorder and want of foreknowledge doe cause confusion * The maner was that if any man being sessed refused to pay that he was sessed at an other offering to chaunge goods with him might do it and take that in hande that he should Tyme taryeth no man. He meaneth king Philip. Pleasant talke vnnecessarie when plaine speach is most needefull Foresight in Magistrates most requisite Lingring is then noysome when necessitie requires haste As Switzers fight fondly so doe many people and nations deale with their enimies vnwisely Cherronesus now Phanâ—â— a port towne in Morea God sendeth oft tymes wicked tormentors to securge and annoy others The carefulnesse of the wicked ought to quicken the Godly to looke about them All passages are open to the stowte and valiant souldiour â–ª As good neuer a whit as neuer the better Daungerous to slaunder souldiours that haue serued and worst of all to condemne them vpon the false report of others Gouernors to be personall and carefull vewers of things to be done Flying tales and flattering newes doe neuer good to any state A short gathering of all that hath bene sayd 1. King Philip enimye to Athens 2. A spoyler of their countrie 3. Prowde and iniurious 4. And their trustie friends by him made trecherous and vntrue persons Best for a man to trust to himselfe Better to fight with the enimie at his owne home than for him to fight with vs in our owne countrie Demosthenes neuer preferred priuate welfare before common weale Words are vnfit weapons to withstande armour Such studie such fruite â–ª Profite to be preferred vnto pleasure The enimie being mightie he is to be feared greatly Demosthenes consideration vpon king Philips doings Pyle certaine narow gates or strayts for passages King Philip findeth the Athenians vnspotted for corruption Thebanes corrupted by giftes and faire promises Great princes seeke amitie of meaner states for their owne welfare and to serue their seuerall turnes the better Athenians neuer corrupted with any fayre promise or offered hope to lose their countries libertie Athenians worthinesse seâ— forth by example of their elders Herodotus reporter of these matters In the warres against the Persians the Argeyans would not meddle but the Thebanes toke part with the Persians An aunswere to an obiection proouing that king Philip neyther for iustise sake nor yet by enforcement was friend to the Thebanes with certaine mocking of those nations The lapping vp of all these matters Wise men being wronged are to be feared of the wrong doers Euill men care for nothing but for the present time onely Part of an oration rehersed here by Demosthenes whereby he did will the Messenians and the Argians not to be in league with king Philip. Olynthians abused by King Philips counterfeyte dealings Thessalians deceyued â—y king Philip vnder colour of friendship offered Mistrustfulnes the chiefest safegarde that may be against the practises of Tyraunts He meaneth bicause he writ himselfe king Carelesse men are euer most nigh their owne harme Ambassadors seeking theyr owne priuate welfare are most daungerous ministers and therefore to be narowly looked vnto Daungerous to grauÌ„t an entry to the enimie Good men maliced for speaking truth Fayre promises makes fooles faine Pickethankes seeke by discrediting others to benefite themselues Good men in greater daunger for saying the truth than euill men are for dooing naughtily Pyla were certaine straytes to stop passages where the town Thermopylae stoode Peloponesus now Morea One inconuenience suffered many mischiefs do follow after Then is forâ—earing to speake most daungerous when necessitie requireth speach Flatterers and slaunderers the very authors of all mischiefe and euill hap that may be Slaunderers Bolde speech vpoÌ„ good cause deserues fauor Free speaking forbidden bringeth daunger to the state Many frame their talke according to the humor of others Through diligence and care those thinges may be redressed that weare by slouth and negligence forlorne He that doth wrong giueth cause of warre not they that seeke the redresse of wrong Councellours speaking for the best doe oftentymes beare the greatest blame Peace better than warre if a man may be sure of it Not king Philips words but his deedes are to be marked and looked vpon King Philip practised stafford law with the people of Athens Olynthians Phoceyans being euill vsed forsâ—oke their countrie by consent neuer to returne and builded Massilia in Prouance Thebe now Thiâ—a in Beotia Phere nowe Ceramidi a towne of Attica betwene Megara and Thebes Oreteynes Sleight and guile fitter for king Philip than euennesse and plaine dealing King Philips deedes rather to be marked than his wordes Diophites generall of the Athenians armie Cherronesus now Phanar Serrium and Doriscum townes in Thracia and in this second towne Xerxes armie was found iust 1000000. men Whatsoeuer swarueâ— an ynch from iusâ—tice the same tendeth streight to iniustice An vndermâ—ner and a fetching practiser worse than an open and plain sworne enimie The intent makes the offence when all things are prepared although the execution do not follow Preuention necessary when purposed mischiefe is foreknowne Hellespontus Megaris Euboia Peloponesus Cherronesus now Phanar Bizance nowe CoÌ„stantinople Aâ—l Greceland in daunger of king Philip. The sodaine rysing and encreased might of king Philip. King Philips libertie to doe what he lyâ—â— without step or let hath beene the cause of all the warres in Grece Grecians ruled by the Athenians 7â— yeares Grecians ruled by the Lacededemonians 29. yeares Grecians ruled by the Thebanes after the battail at Leuctra Such as passed the boundes of moderation among the Grecians heretofore were restrayned of their course brought perforce to liue in order The vnmeasurable harmes and excessâ—ue wrongs done by king Philip in short tyme Olynthus Methona Apollonia 32. townes in Thracia Countryes spoyled by king Philip. Phoceyans Thessalians Quatuorviratus Euboians A prowde bragging maner of writing vsed by king Phillip Hellespontus Ambracia now Larta Elis in Morea now Beluedere Megaris now Megrâ— All the worlde euer little to glut king Philips gredie and bottomlesse ambition Fondly weare the Grecians carelesse and vnquiet among themselues when the enimie was so busie and stirring abroade * King Philip he meaneth Euery man sekes to saue one for a time while others miscary whereas none haue any care of the whole state or country * An apt similitude deriued from the bodie to the mind declaring howe carelesse the GreciaÌ„s were Wrongs done by straungers more daungerous than harmes done by naturall Citizens or home borne men King Philip a barbarous prince mere straunger to the Grecians King Philip contumelius and dispitefuâ—l of his tongue * Pythia certaine games made yerely in the honour of Apollo for killing the mighty and venimous serpent Pytho Oracle of Apollo Amphictyones an assembly of states to come to gither hauing the name of Amphiction who caused the princes of Grece to be summoned to meete at
the hils Thermopylae which hils were so named of the hote baynes nighe vnto theÌ„ And those states were twelue in number Oreâ—m How Lorio A notable similitude declaring the nature of lyther carelesse people Ambracia now Larta Leucas nowe saint Meura Nanpactum now Lepontus Etolia a countrie betwixt Acarnania and Phocis Echinus in the geulfe of Dollo in Macedonie Bizance nowe CoÌ„stantinople in Romania Cardia in Thracia Cherronesus Where couetousnesse reigneth and licencicus liuing is vsed there is destruction one of another and small care had of the common weale The soundnes and vpright dealing of the auncient Grecians in times past Bribe takers and corrupt receyuers of gifts hated among the Grecians and sharpely punished Councellours vncorrupted The corruption and naughtinesse in bribe takers Acropolis the name of the Tower or Castle of Athens A seuere and auncient vsage of vanishing a traytor by the example of one Arthmius a Zelite not much vnlike to baffeling vsed in the Scottish borders Reade Graftons Cronicle 5. Hen. 8. This Aâ—thenius was employed to win men with briberie corruption and so he brought great summes of golde from Medea to Peloponesus a part of Grece and yet not vnder Athens Bribes brought to Peloponesus offended the Athenians as muche as though they themselues had bene offered bribes and touched with corruption The auncient Grecians thought themselues bound in conscience to tender the preseruation of all Greceland not onely of their owne seuerall state or couÌ„try In time of dauÌ„ger and especially wheÌ„ neighbors and friendes are negligent and carelesse it weare good for men to looke well and circumspectly to themselues The lesse one feareth his enimie the nigher he is to his own harme The order of warfare cleane altered and in stede of plaine dealing deceyte vsed and all sleyghts that may be both deuised and practised King Philip most painfull sparing for no weather to doe his indeuour Daungerous to fight with out enimye at our owne doores Better to begin warres than to abide warres Home enimies the worst people liuing and an euill cherishing it is of a Serpent in a mans bosome Euill men gouerne with better safetie than good men Olynthians Examples of practised treasons Apollonides banished being a faythfull subiect Eretria Plutarchus a Capitaine Porthmus a Creeke or Goulfe of the Sea that may easily be passed Hipponicus being sent by king Philip to ayde the Gretrians tooke their town and countrie afterwardes for his maysters vse Hipparchus Automedon Clytarchus Eurilocus Parmenion Oreum nowe called Loreo Philistides Menippus Socrates Thoas Agapeus Philistides accused of treason by Euphreus Enphreus suffered to be caried to prison by theÌ„ that weare for king Philip and despited euen then of hys owne countrimen The sharpe punishing euill handling of one good man makes many other good men afrayde Erphreus â—emented the euil of his countrie and beeing in prison not able to redresse things amisse did kil himself The reason why traytours and flatterers are better lyked than are the iust and true meaning Counsellors The demaund of good men for their countries weale the deniall vsed by flatterers to the hurt thereof Aduice and councell to go before mens actions God graunt vnto England many such true faythfull stowte and wise counsellors as was Demosthenes to Athens Oriteynes abvsed and pitifulâ—y tormented by king Philip. Clytarchus Olynthians deceyued by king Philip of their hope and promised pardon Take heede of Had I wyst Olynthians wise a day after the fayre Oriteynes beaten wyth their owne rodde Phoceyans come to had I wist An apt similitude to warne men to be wise in time and to take paines when neede requires The summe of Demosthenes aduice councell for warres to be had and the preparation thereof Athenians being the chiefest and worthiest GreciaÌ„s aboue all others neuer yeelded to any seuerall subiection or bondage Ambassadors needefull to be sent abrode in tyme of warre to all parts * Winning of time and delayes are profitable sometimes Demosthenes Polieuctus Hegesippus Clytomachus Lycurgus with others sent Ambassadors to Morea and the good that they did therby in staying of king Philip from thence and other places beside * Ambracia nâ—w Lacta Good for the Athenians as chiefest among the Grecians to beginne first their warres and then to call others to ioyne in league and felowship of war with them Such as are careles in their owne causes hardily finde others to bee carefull for them Negligence lost Athens Not wordes but armor must kepe king Philip vnder Ambicious persons cherished by king Philip. Corrupt officers neuer want matter to satisfie theyr corrupt myndes Mandragora of two sortes black and white bearing apples low vpon the grouÌ„d hauing no such roote as is fondlye ymagined but of vertue to cast one into so heauie a sleepe that being lauÌ„ced or burned he shall not fele the griefe Athenians contemned for their slouthfulnesse As a Feuer Hectyke is sonâ— cured at the first and hardly knowne but being growne is hardly cured easily perceyued so it fareth in the affayres of this world that things may sonâ— be remedied at the beginning if they weare espied whereas afterwards being suffered and knowne they do waxe incurable Elis now Beluedere in Morea He meaneth for that they had peace such questioning there was as though it had beene nedelesse to speake when all things were well and quiet King Philip hateth euen the verie religion of Athens Such as liue in libertie cannot brooke tiranny Athenians apt by nature to helpe the afflicted King Philip myndeth nothing more than the destruction of Athens * Panyke a kind of pulses not vnlike to Millet with a long stalke full of ioyntes in the top whereof groweth an ear full of little yellow seedes as small as Mustard seede but not so rounde being of little nourishment for man yet verye good for small birdes to feede vpon and to faâ— them withall King Philips chiefe drift to get Athens * High time for the Athenians to proclayme warre with one consent and to go also to the warres themselues in person Daungerous for any one man to subscribe to the Table for making of warre if the people did not allowe of it and therefore euery one forbare for feare of vndooing to enact or vnder-write to the Table but woulde rather it should be the whole peoples decere and act King Philip findeth the Athenians to be as he woulde haue them for his purpose Athenians carelesse of their doings till daunger appeared The Treasure must be looked vnto and kept in safetie Nothing well done that is not willingly done Our neighbours harme should be our griefe and carefull ought we to be ouer them God graunt England many such Counsellours The greater our enimy groweth the more we decay They that will not so muche as heare councell giuen them are persons inexcusable and nighest their last vndoing To prouide before hande is most wisedome that things being in a readinesse the same may be put in execution vpon the
sodaine The treasuâ—er and gouernor of Aterne for the Persian king called home from his charge for practising with king Philip against his soueraigne â–ª It is sâ—llie not to take ayde of a straunger when we may and haue nede of it Susae chiefe Citie in Persia distant from Athens 2000 myles the people called Susâ—â— and Ciâ—â—â—â— by Straac but noâ—e called â—oque Ismail * King Philip he meaneth â—â—â—batana now 〈◊〉 Meâ—ia 〈…〉 Persian 〈…〉 doth vse to make his abode Ciuill factions being betwixt the riche and poore are nedefull to be cut of Speach in fauour of the poore * Twenty three thousand foure hundred pouÌ„ds sâ—arling * Three score twelue thousand poundes starling Riche men not to drawe backe from their duties bicause the poore are vnwilling So should euery man liue in the common weale as good folkes do in priuate families The common Countrie and naturall soyle should be deare to euery man that is bred borne in it and no Subiect ought to be vncared for The rich well warned not to hinder the poore Conuerting of publike treasure to priuate game a thing hurtfull and offensiue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a hurre or noise that vpon some thing that liketh or misliketh the people assembled togither goeth thorow them all Iustice maintayneth estates An answeâ—e to traytours that sayde their was no feare of king Philip bicause there was plentie of vittayles â–ª in Athens and no want of things necessarie * king Philip he meaneth Carelesse people alwayes in most daunger Strength of a Citie what it is and wherein it consisteth The king of Persia he meaneth Falshoode in felowship and common enuying one an other Laysinesse lost Athens Vnnecessarie reasons alleaged to hynder necessarie warre A well spenâ— pennie that saueth a pound Particular griefes sooner felt than publike annoyaÌ„ces Daungerous giuing eare to common accusers It is good beaâ—ing of a prowd man. Vilaynes in grosse Home foes the worst and most dauÌ„gerous people liuing Thessalians deceyued by tâ—king of great gyftes Olynthians abused â–ª Thebanes brought into a fooles Paradice Athenians wyped cleane of their chiefe townes and fortes vpon their conclusion of peace with king Philip. Bribe takers being suffered to speake without perill bring hurt to the state Money taking destroyed Olynthus Money taking vndid Thessalia Money taking the ruine of Thebes * Constantinople Athenians receyuing losse suffer flatterers to speake in fauour of the enimie contrary to the maner and vsage of other countries Euery man for himselfe none for his couÌ„trie The treasure of a kingdome are these three 1. War fellowes confederates 2. Faithfulnesse in dooyng thinges 3. good will to doe well * king Philip he meaneth Dissembling Counsellors Aristodemus an euill counsellor perswading vnnecessarie peace The priuate mans life a verie safe being Many in auâ—thoritie seeke rather theyr own aduauncement than the welfare of their Countrie Ouer muche medling and ouerlittle both hurtfull to man and Citie Honors chauÌ„ge maners especially in those that rise from the Dunghill Thre chiefe poynts fit for Counsellors 1. to be bolde 2. plaine and 3. faythfull Much pardoning offences destroyeth a state The minde of man is man himselfe and needeth continuall teaching To know and to do are all in all in vertue Honor got by vertue hath perpetuall assurance Vertue honoured of all men but of wrong deedes no man maketh any worship If eyther feare or loue woulde cause men to be honest lawes were nedelesse Vertue excludeth vice Lawes are the links of vertue Demosthenes more honoured for his notable vertues good life than for his greaâ— learning and wonderfull eloquence Theseus perswaded the people to liue togither in the Citie who liued before in the countrie diuided into foure tribes or shyres and those tribes weare parted into twelue hundrethes and those twelue huÌ„drethes were seuered into 365 fraternities or brotherhoodes euery brotherhoode hauing their proper names 〈◊〉 Demosthenes among the reaâ—â— was of the Peanian brotherhoode Such as had the gouernemeÌ„t of Galeyes weare the best esteemed men in Athens Vertue the best Nobilitie 15. Talents Executors carelesse of their charge Battalus a Musitian so nise of behauiour that he could not well tell howe to treade vpon the grouÌ„d and a great delite he had to go in womans apparell or at the least wyse as nisely as women do Demosthenes aptnesse by nature to follow the path of vertue Oropus a town of Attica bordering vppon Boeotia for the iurisdiction of which place there was great holde The cause that moued Demosthenes first to loue eloquence Iseus an excellent Orator and teacher of eloquence Isocrates kept a schole of Rhetoricke being the sweetest Orator for hys sentences and phrases that then liued Plato Aristotel Demosthenes pleadeth agaynst his Tutor Orchomenius Laomedon through exercise of bodie cured himselfe of a great disease and made his bodie therby euer after more nimble lustie strong An apt similitude Vse makes maysteries Demosthenes imperfections in speach and want of skill to tell his tale Eunomius Thriasius Demosthenes bashfull of nature before the people Satyrus a professor to teach iesture and vâ—terance who shewed his cunning in open stage as Roscius and others did among the Romaines Demosthenes complaine to Satyrus PronunciatioÌ„ of what force it is Demosthenes practise to amende his speache Demosthenes maner to mend his voyce Demosthenes remedie to help his bashfulnes Demosthenes maner to ameÌ„d his iesture Demosthenes diligence and painefulnesse and his strauÌ„ge kinde of keping within Demosthenes maner to occupie his head witte withall Demosthenes more painefull than wittie Demosthenes neuer spake in â—pen audience vnprepared Demosthenes to Epicicles Labour and paynes taking bring all things to passe Pythâ—as saying to Demosthenes Demosthenes temperauncie of life Demades saying vpon Demoâ—thenes Clepsidra a Diall measuring houres by running of water Demosthenes Orations what they are Demosthenes aboue al praise Many passing vertues in one seuerall man. * The rehersall of the order to set forth Demosthenes 1. His seuerall speaches 2. His loue to his countrie 3. His constaÌ„cie and stoutnesse against the enimies of his Countrie 4. His banishment 5. His restitution 6. His last end and maner of death Demosthenes pleasaunt in priuate talke Vtterance maâ—eth much to set forth a matter Minerua the Ladie of wisedome chastitie and learning and therfore when an vnlearned person would controll one of much excellencie it is sayd in rebuke to him Sus MineruaÌ„ ColituÌ„ a place in Athens so named being the brothell corner as it should seeme of that Citie A pithie speach better than a Pilates voyce Fonde tales sooner heard than graue reasons Contention for the shadow of an Asse Trifling speaches better esteemed thaÌ„ earnest talke Aeschines and Policrates with others fauoured king Philips doings agaynst their Countrie King Philips prayses ouerthwarted Follie to dye without doing any good when a man may escape thereby do much good Phocion the hatchet of Demosthenes reasons Magistrates compared to Mastiffes that defende sheepe
against the Wolfe Fiue talents â–ª 10000. drachmes Pleasure bought with sorow causeth repentance Sleight auoyded by sleight Good vtteraÌ„ce the best thing for an Orator Scolding and rayling not to be vsed nor answered vnto Demosthenes loialty towards his Countrie Slaundering neuer vsed by any honest man Demosthenes boldnesse to rebuke offenders Antiphon charged with treason by Demosthenes Demosthenes ielous ouer his Countryes welfare Demosthenes continuall â—â—â—mitie agaynâ—â— king Philip of Macedonie Euboia nowe the Islande Nigropâ—nie Bizanze nowe CoÌ„stantinople Amphissa Phocis Eliteum Demosthenes Ambassador to the Thebanes Demosthenes aucthoritie among the Thebanes Boetians the rest of Greece Cheronea a town in Boâ—otia where king Philip got victory against the Athenians King Philip after victorye had feared yet Demosthenes King of Persia his estimatioÌ„ of Demosthenes Enuie foloweth vertue King Philip trayterouslye slaine by Paâ—sanias one of his Garde Great reioysing in Athens vppon the newes had of King Philips death especially by Demosthenes None contented with their state Enuie shoulde ende with the death of a man. king Philips saying to Parmenio of Demosthenes Traytors to their Countrie hated euen of the enimie although their treason bee sometimes rewarded A good subiect beloued euen of the enimie Eloquence of as great force as armour Demosthenes onely feared of king Philip â–ª as being a Spoke to all his deuises Marathone a place tâ—n miles distant from Athens where Miltiades that valiant Capitain of Athens vanquished the Parsians Salamine an Island by Athens where they gotte a greet vâ—ctorie The best men able to doe the greatest good are often kept backe others set in place that can do lesse good â–ª Calauria now Sidra Vertue honoured euen amoÌ„g enimies Xerxes fauour to his deadly enimies Demosthenes honoured chiefly for his great wisedome in gouernment â–ª Demosthenes neuer dismayde by any aduersitie â–ª Great prayses giuen to Demosthenes by king Philip his enimie Demosthenes could neuer be corrupted by king Philip. Loue and hatred must be in euerie good Magistrate Pyndarus worthy saying of hiâ— that is both a friend and a foe Demosthenes estemed among men as a God. Alexander miscalled by Demosthenes Demosthenes fearefull to doe his message Nine hundred pound starling Demosthenes out of credite Agis king of Lacedemon slaine by his owne men for that he would restore the lawes of Licurgus Aeschines agaynst Ctesiphon for decreeing a garlande to Demosthenes in aduauncement of his worthinesse Aeschines banished and Demosthenes cleared Demosthenes vtterance commended by Aeschines his enimie Harpolus a traytor that forsooke his mayster king Alexander and ran away with his treasure Money blindeth the wise 3600. pâ—unde stacling Demosthenes euercome with the loue of a golden cup. Angina otherwise called Synanche an inflamation of the muscle of the inner gargil Reuerence of a spousall Areopagus the high Court of Grece called the Pallace of Mars to iudge causes criminal and matters of great importaÌ„ce * Nine thousaÌ„d pound starling A good enimie better than a bad friend Demosthenes saying when he went into banishment The people euill rewarders of them that haue done them good Magistrates alwayes subiect to enuie Diuers good deedes of Demosthenes Such charity of redeming captiues muche vsed and greatly commended at this day among the Greekes Pausanias wryteth the hystorie of Harpalus at large in his second boke of the description of Grece semeth there to cleare Demosthenes Ostracismus a banishment for ten yeres space by a certaine kinde of balloting with shelles wherin the names of the persons condeÌ„ned weare written and it was vsed to abate the power and credit of great personages y weare suspected to aspire â–ª Pytheas and Callimedon banished men from their couÌ„trie became traytours to the same Demosthenes euer true to his Countrie although he was banished Demosthenes and Pytheas chiding brawling the one with the other Demosthenes turning a speach vttered by his enimy to his purpose Demosthenes called from banishment Alcibiades receyued home for feare least being absent â–ª he might be hurtfull to his countrie Fiftie talents Alteration of states a thing naturall Cranon a town in Thessaly Demosthenes condemned by the people Hiperides Marathonius Aristonicus Himerius Hyperides a lewde wauering Orator Calauria an Island bordering vpoÌ„ Troâ—â—enium in Arcipelagus Archias entering the temple of Neptune in Calauria fouÌ„d Demosthenes there sought to perswade him to come away quietly to Antipater and he should haue no harme but he could not entreat him for all that he could doe or say Demosthenes would not giue eare to Archias speach Demosthenes maner of death by putting a quill to his mouth Creon king of Thebes a cruell murtherer of diuers and especiallye of Antigone and Argia beeing slaine himselfe afterwardes by Theseus of Athens for hys great tyrannie and murther vsed against others Demosthenes dyed without poysoning himselfe being sodenly deliuered by Gods mightie hand A dialogue betwixt Demosthenes Archias and the same rehearsed as it was to king Antipater by Archias vpoÌ„ his returne from the Isle Calauria now Sidra A rehearsall made by Demosthenes of his seuerall deedes atchieued for his couÌ„tries welfare God Neptunes temple a sanctuarie Callimedon Pytheas Demades three euill members salemakers of their Countries libertie Notable bashfulnesse of a Mayden that being to be executed was careful that no bare plat of hir body might vnsemely appere open Hee is worsse than mad that chargeth an other man with beggerie for that fortune is euer vnstable and no man assured of that he hath The courage of mans minde aboue all force and strength whatsoeuer Their galleyes and ships called by Apollo their woodden walles Euctemon Aristogiton Pytheas Callimedon foure traytours to their Countrie and flatterers to king Philip. The minde of euery man is man himselfe Miltiades victor in the battaile at Marathona Antipaters notable prayses giuen of Demosthenes The free minded man the best and surest friend Demosthenes age and how long it is since he was Traytors ende their dayes as they deserue A straunge and pitifull sight to see learning go a begging The best men alwayes in most daunger * 1600. pound starling The Table Enimies to be vsed as they would vse others 8 Enimies to be dealt withall when they are at the worst 36 Enimie to be fought withall rather at his home than at our home 48 Enimie waxing mighty to be feared greatly 5â— Enimies most daungerous when they deale with vs in our owne countrie 75 Enimies domesticall the worst creatures liuing 75 Enuie followeth vertue 124 Enuie shoulde ende with the death of him that is enuied 125 Entry graunted to the enimie a thing very daungerous 58 Euent of things rather marked than the cause 4 Etesie north east windes comming ordinarily at a certaine season of the yeare 42 Euill men care for nothing but for the present time 55 Euill speakers would be euill doers 8 Euill men gouerne with better safetie than good men 75 Euboia now Negroponte an Iland in Achaia 38 Euphreus a iust man
saueth a pounde 97 Practisers vndermining worse than open enimies 66 Perticular griefes sooner felt than publike annoyances 97 Phocion the Hatchet of Demosthenes reasons 219 Priuate lyfe a safe being 101 Pleasure causing displeasure bringeth repentance in the ende 5.119 Presence of a Prince speedes his affayres 2 Preuention necessary when purposed mischiefe is foreknowne 66 Priuate losse to be susteyned for common profite 6 Prince and subiect being of diuers dispositions can not both long continue togither 15 Princes ambicious euill neyghbours to dwell by 2 Princes that be mightye match in league with meaner states to serue their turne the better 53 Profit to be preferred vnto pleasure 52 Prouision before hande is alwayes necessary 91 Pykethankes seeke by discrediting others to benifite themselues 58 Pythea certayne games in the honor of Apollo 70 Pytheas saying to Demosthenes 113 Pythie speach vsed better than a Pylates voyce 117 Q QVestions vnnecessary asked of king Philips being 36 R REwardes necessary for well doers and chastisement fitte for offenders 18 Rich men not to drawe backe to doe their duties bicause the poore are vnwilling 93 S SAtyrus a professour to teach iesture and good vtterance 11 Saying and doyng are two things 42 Scolding and rayling not to be vsed nor aunswered vnto 121 Short shooting loseth the game 43 Sclaunderers and flatterers the worst people liuing 62 Sclaundering neuer vsed by any honest man. 121 Similitude declaring how carelesse the Grecians weare 69 Similitude declaring the nature of lyther and carelesse people 70 Similitude warning men to be wyse in tyme. 79 Speach daungerously forborne when necessitie requireth speach 62 Speach needefull to be free for all men in their Countries quarrell 18 Stage mony ought to be employed vpon the warres 30 Straungers not so fit to deale for others as others to deale for themselues 30 Straungers ayde not to be refused in tyme of great neede 91 Straungers alone not to be trusted in seruice of the warres 40 Straunger to be generall is a thing very daungerous 41 Strength of a Citie wherein it consisteth 95 Souldiers must haue their paye 40 Souldiers not to be touched in their honor much lesse to be condemned through false report 47 Subiectes alwayes to be ready for annoying the enimie 38 Subiectes and straungers to be ioyned togyther 40 Subiectes to liue as men doe in priuate families 93 T TAke heede of had I wyst 78 Talkers often times frame their tongue to the humor of others 63 Thankes to be giuen for that which a man might haue aswell as for that which he hath 4 Thessalians treacherous people 7 Thessalians deceiued by king Philip vnder color of friendship offered 56 Theseus perswaded the people to forsake the Countrie and to lyue in the Citie 105 Thebanes corrupted by king Philip. 53 Traytours and flatterers better lyked than true meaning men and the reason why 77 Traytours to their Countrie hated euen of the enimye although their treason be sometime rewarded 126 Traytours ende their dayes as they deserue 145 Treasons vttered by examples 76 Treasure of the state consumed vpon feastes and games for to pleasure the people therewithall 7 Treasure of the state to be looked vnto 89 Treasure of the state conuerted to priuate gaine causeth great harme 94 Treasure of a kingdome consisteth vpon three poyntes 100 Troublesome times warne all men to be carefull 73 Trusting causeth treason 76 Trusting to a mans selfe is the best trusting 48 Tyme to be taken whyle it is for tyme will away 2 Tyme sometyme protracted and delayes vsed very profitable 79 V VAliant souldiers make all passages open for their purpose 46 Vertue consisteth vpon knowledge and doyng 203 Vertues a great number in one seuerall man. 115 Vertue honoured of all men but of wrong deedes no man maketh any worship 103 Vertue excludeth vyce 104 Vertue the best nobilitie .106 honored euen of the enimie 128 Villaynes in grosse 99 Vse makes maysteries 110 Vsury the cause of all misery 5 Vtterance maketh much to set forth a matter 116 VV WArres better to be denounced than to stande at defence 75 Welfare touching a mans selfe not likely that it will be forgotten 1 Welth exceeding ouermuch causeth much wo. 8 Welfare hideth the vices of wicked men and aduersitie vnfoldeth their natures to be seene of all men 16 Welfare of a state to be preferred before all other things 26 Wordes and deedes should be all one 21 Wordes vnfit weapons to withstand armor 51 Wrong doers be the cause of warre not the redressers of wrong 63 Wrong done by straungers more daungerous than harme done by subiectes 69 Wyse counsell more easie to be allowed than to be deuised 1 X XErxes saddle dedicated to Minerua for his victorie had at Salamnia 27 Xerxes fauour to his deadly enimies 128 ¶ Imprinted at London by Henrie Denham dwelling in Pater noster Rowe at the signe of the Starre Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum Anno Domini 1570.