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country_n horse_n red_a white_a 1,820 5 11.1643 5 false
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A06926 The English husbandman. The first part: contayning the knowledge of the true nature of euery soyle within this kingdome: how to plow it; and the manner of the plough, and other instruments belonging thereto. Together with the art of planting, grafting, and gardening after our latest and rarest fashion. A worke neuer written before by any author: and now newly compiled for the benefit of this kingdome. By Garuis Markham; English husbandman. Part 1 Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637. 1613 (1613) STC 17355; ESTC S112063 130,486 198

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pease_n do_v manure_v barren_a ground_n well_o your_o lentles_a better_a and_o your_o lupin_n the_o best_a of_o all_o now_o for_o the_o nature_n and_o use_n of_o these_o grain_n the_o pease_n as_o all_o husbandman_n know_v be_v both_o good_a for_o the_o use_n of_o man_n in_o his_o bread_n as_o be_v use_v in_o leicester_n shire_n lincolnshire_n nottinghamshire_n and_o many_o other_o country_n and_o also_o for_o horse_n in_o their_o provender_n as_o be_v use_v general_o over_o all_o england_n for_o lentles_a or_o white_a ftche_n or_o the_o lupin_n which_o be_v red_a fitche_n they_o be_v both_o indifferent_a good_a in_o bread_n for_o man_n especial_o if_o the_o meal_n be_v well_o scald_v before_o it_o be_v knodden_v for_o otherwise_o the_o savour_n be_v exceed_a rank_n or_o else_o they_o be_v a_o very_a good_a food_n be_v sod_v in_o the_o manner_n of_o leap●-pease_n especial_o at_o sea_n in_o long_a journey_n where_o fresh_a meat_n be_v most_o exceed_o scarce_o so_o that_o rather_o than_o your_o land_n shall_v lie_v idle_a and_o bring_v forth_o no_o profit_n i_o conclude_v it_o best_o to_o sow_v these_o pulse_n which_o both_o bring_v forth_o commodity_n and_o also_o out_o of_o their_o own_o nature_n do_v manure_v and_o enrich_v your_o ground_n make_v it_o more_o apt_a and_o fit_a to_o receive_v much_o better_a seed_n for_o the_o manner_n of_o sow_v these_o three_o sort_n of_o pulse_n you_o shall_v sow_v they_o ever_o under_o furrow_n in_o such_o sort_n as_o be_v describe_v for_o the_o sow_v of_o pease_n and_o beanes_n upon_o the_o white_a or_o gray_a clay_n which_o be_v of_o indifferent_a dryness_n and_o apt_a to_o break_v now_o the_o limitation_n for_o this_o ardour_n or_o ●éede_n time_n manure_v be_v from_o the_o midst_n of_o march_n till_o the_o midst_n of_o april_n then_o from_o the_o midst_n of_o april_n till_o the_o midst_n of_o may_n you_o shall_v make_v your_o especial_a work_n to_o be_v only_o the_o lead_n forth_o of_o your_o manure_n to_o that_o field_n which_o you_o do_v fallow_a or_o lay_v tilth_n that_o present_a year_n immediate_o after_o christmas_n and_o of_o which_o i_o first_o speak_v in_o this_o chapter_n and_o herein_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v that_o the_o best_a and_o princpal_a manure_n for_o this_o redde-sand_n be_v the_o oulde_v manure_v of_o beast_n which_o can_v beget_v which_o you_o shall_v know_v by_o the_o exceed_a blackness_n and_o rottenness_n thereof_o be_v in_o the_o cut_n both_o soft_a and_o smooth_a all_o of_o one_o substance_n as_o if_o it_o be_v well_o compact_a mortar_n without_o any_o show_n of_o straw_n or_o other_o stuff_n which_o be_v unrot_v for_o this_o dung_n be_v of_o all_o the_o fat_a and_o cool_v and_o do_v best_a agree_v with_o the_o nature_n of_o this_o hot_a sand_n next_o to_o the_o dung_n of_o beast_n be_v the_o dung_n of_o horse_n if_o it_o be_v old_a also_o otherwise_o it_o be_v somewhat_o of_o the_o hot_a the_o rubbish_n of_o old_a house_n or_o the_o swéeping_n of_o flower_n or_o the_o scowr_v of_o old_a fishpond_n or_o other_o stand_a water_n where_o beast_n and_o horse_n be_v use_v to_o drink_v or_o be_v wash_v or_o whereunto_o the_o water_n and_o moisture_n of_o dunghill_n have_v recourse_n be_v all_o good_a manure_n for_o this_o redde-sand_n as_o for_o the_o manure_n of_o sheep_n upon_o this_o redde-sand_n it_o be_v the_o best_a of_o all_o in_o such_o place_n as_o you_o mean_v to_o sow_v rye_n but_o not_o full_o so_o good_a where_o you_o do_v intend_v to_o sow_v your_o barley_n if_o it_o be_v a_o cold_a moist_a redde-sand_n which_o be_v seldom_o find_v but_o in_o some_o particular_a low_a country_n than_o it_o do_v not_o amiss_o to_o manure_v it_o most_o with_o sheep_n or_o else_o with_o chalk_n lime_n or_o ash_n of_o which_o you_o can_v get_v the_o great_a plenty_n if_o this_o soil_n be_v subject_a to_o much_o weed_n and_o quick_v as_o general_o it_o be_v then_o after_o you_o have_v tear_v up_o the_o weed_n and_o quick_v with_o harrow_n you_o shall_v with_o 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soil_n have_v ever_o a_o early_a harvest_n which_o as_o soon_o as_o it_o be_v mow_v and_o carry_v into_o the_o barn_n forthwith_o you_o shall_v with_o all_o expedition_n carry_v forth_o such_o manure_n as_o you_o may_v convenient_o spare_v and_o lay_v it_o upon_o that_o land_n from_o whence_o you_o receive_v your_o barley_n which_o be_v most_o barren_a and_o if_o you_o want_v cart_n manure_v you_o shall_v then_o lay_v your_o fold_n of_o séepe_n thereupon_o and_o as_o soon_o as_o it_o be_v manure_v you_o shall_v immediate_o plough_v both_o it_o &_o the_o rest_n which_o ardour_n shall_v be_v finish_v by_o the_o midst_n of_o september_n and_o so_o suffer_v to_o rest_n until_o
the_o beam_n also_o of_o this_o plough_n be_v much_o more_o straight_o than_o the_o former_a by_o which_o mean_v the_o skeath_n be_v not_o full_a so_o long_o plough-iron_n the_o iron_n belong_v unto_o this_o plough_n be_v of_o the_o fashion_n of_o the_o former_a iron_n only_o they_o be_v somewhat_o less_o that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o coulture_n be_v not_o so_o long_o neither_o so_o full_o bend_v as_o that_o for_o the_o red_a sand_n nor_o so_o straight_o as_o that_o for_o the_o black_a clay_n but_o as_o it_o be_v hold_v a_o mean_a between_o both_o so_o likewise_o the_o share_n be_v not_o full_o so_o broad_a as_o that_o for_o the_o red_a sand_n nor_o so_o narrow_a as_o that_o for_o the_o gray_a clay_n but_o hold_v as_o it_o be_v a_o middle_a size_n between_o both_o somewhat_o lean_v in_o proportion_n to_o the_o shape_n of_o that_o for_o the_o black_a clay_n as_o for_o the_o plough-slip_a plough-clout_n and_o other_o implement_n which_o be_v to_o defend_v the_o wood_n from_o the_o hardness_n of_o the_o earth_n they_o be_v the_o same_o and_o in_o the_o same_o wise_a to_o be_v use_v as_o those_o for_o the_o red_a sand._n draught_n now_o for_o the_o draught_n or_o team_n which_o draw_v this_o plough_n they_o be_v as_o in_o all_o other_o draught_n ox_n or_o horse_n but_o for_o the_o number_n thereof_o they_o differ_v much_o from_o those_o which_o be_v former_o write_v of_o for_o you_o shall_v understand_v that_o in_o this_o white_a sandy_a soil_n which_o be_v of_o all_o soil_v the_o light_a either_o two_o good_a horse_n or_o two_o good_a ox_n be_v a_o number_n sufficient_a to_o plough_v any_o ardour_n upon_o this_o soil_n whatsoever_o as_o by_o daily_a experience_n we_o may_v see_v in_o those_o country_n who_o soil_n consist_v of_o this_o white_a light_n sand_n of_o which_o we_o have_v now_o write_v neither_o shall_v the_o ploughman_n upon_o this_o soil_n need_v any_o person_n to_o drive_v or_o order_v his_o plough_n more_o than_o himself_o for_o the_o soil_n be_v so_o light_a and_o easy_a to_o cut_v the_o plough_n so_o nimble_a and_o the_o cattle_n so_o few_o and_o so_o near_o he_o have_v ever_o his_o right_a hand_n at_o liberty_n because_o his_o plough_n have_v but_o only_o a_o left_a hand_n hale_n he_o have_v liberty_n ever_o to_o carry_v a_o goad_n or_o whip_n in_o his_o right_a hand_n to_o quicken_v and_o set_v forward_o his_o cattle_n and_o also_o a_o line_n which_o be_v fasten_v to_o the_o head_n of_o the_o beast_n he_o may_v with_o it_o ever_o when_o he_o come_v to_o the_o land_n end_n stop_v they_o and_o turn_v they_o upon_o which_o hand_n he_o please_v and_o thus_o much_o for_o the_o tillage_n and_o order_n of_o this_o white_a sand._n chap._n ix_o the_o manner_n of_o plough_v the_o gravel_n with_o bible_n stone_n or_o the_o gravel_n with_o flint_n their_o earring_n plough_n and_o implement_n have_v in_o the_o plain_a manner_n i_o can_v write_v sufficient_o already_o of_o the_o four_o simple_a and_o uncompounded_a soil_n to_o wit_n two_o clayes_n black_a and_o gray_a and_o two_o sand_n red_z and_o white_a it_o now_o rest_v that_o i_o also_o give_v you_o some_o perfect_a touch_n or_o taste_v of_o the_o mix_v or_o compound_v soil_n as_o namely_o the_o gravel_n which_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o hard_a sand_n clay_n and_o stone_n mix_v together_o and_o of_o gravel_n there_o be_v two_o kind_n that_o be_v to_o say_v one_o that_o be_v mix_v with_o little_a small_a bible_n stone_n as_o in_o many_o part_n of_o middlesex_n kent_n and_o surry_n and_o the_o gravel_n mix_v with_o broad_a flint_n as_o in_o many_o part_n of_o hartford-shire_n essex_n and_o sundry_a such_o place_n these_o gravel_n be_v both_o in_o general_a subject_a to_o much_o barrainnesse_n espcial_o if_o they_o be_v accompany_v with_o any_o extraordinary_a moisture_n yet_o with_o the_o good_a labour_n of_o plough_v and_o with_o the_o cost_n of_o much_o manure_n they_o be_v bring_v to_o reasonable_a fruitfulness_n where_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o ploughman_n which_o be_v master_n of_o such_o a_o soil_n if_o either_o he_o live_v not_o near_o some_o city_n or_o market-town_n where_o great_a store_n of_o manure_n by_o the_o concourse_n of_o people_n be_v daily_o breed_v and_o so_o consequent_o be_v very_o cheap_a or_o else_o have_v not_o in_o his_o own_o store_n and_o breed_v mean_v to_o raise_v good_a store_n of_o manure_n he_o shall_v seldom_o thrive_v and_o prosper_v thereupon_o now_o although_o in_o these_o gravel_n soil_v there_o be_v a_o diversity_n of_o mixture_n as_o the_o one_o mingle_v with_o small_a pebble_n which_o indeed_o be_v the_o worst_a mixture_n the_o other_o with_o broad_a flint_n which_o be_v the_o better_a sign_n of_o fruitfulness_n yet_o in_o their_o order_n of_o tillage_n or_o earring_n in_o their_o wee_n and_o cleanse_v and_o in_o all_o other_o ardour_n and_o observation_n they_o differ_v nothing_o at_o all_o the_o beginning_n and_o end_v of_o each_o several_a work_n be_v all_o one_o now_o for_o the_o manner_n of_o work_n belong_v unto_o these_o two_o soil_n it_o alter_v in_o no_o respect_n nor_o observation_n either_o in_o plough_n plough_v manure_a weed_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n whatsoever_o from_o that_o of_o the_o white_a sand_n the_o same_o time_n of_o the_o year_n the_o same_o seed_n and_o the_o same_o earring_n be_v ever_o to_o be_v obserued●_n wherefore_o at_o shall_v 〈…〉_z to_o write_v so_o ample_o of_o these_o soil_v as_o of_o the_o other_o because_o be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o white_a sand_n without_o alteration_n it_o be_v but_o to_o write_v one_o thing_n twice_o and_o therefore_o i_o refer_v the_o reader_n to_o the_o former_a chapter_n and_o also_o the_o husbandman_n that_o shall_v live_v upon_o either_o of_o these_o soil_n only_o with_o these_o few_o caveat_n first_o that_o for_o the_o lay_v his_o land_n he_o shall_v lay_v they_o in_o little_a small_a stitch_n that_o be_v not_o have_v above_o four_o furrow_n lay_v together_o as_o it_o be_v for_o one_o land_n in_o 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also_o in_o the_o summer_n it_o defend_v the_o scorch_a heat_n of_o the_o sun_n from_o parch_a and_o dry_v up_o the_o seed_n which_o in_o this_o gravel_o soil_n do_v not_o lie_v so_o well_o cover_v as_o in_o other_o soil_n especial_o if_o this_o kind_n of_o earth_n be_v environ_v with_o any_o great_a hill_n as_o most_o common_o it_o be_v the_o reflection_n whereof_o make_v the_o heat_n much_o more_o violent_a and_o last_o to_o observe_v that_o there_o be_v no_o manure_n better_o or_o more_o kind_o for_o this_o kind_n of_o earth_n than_o chalk_n white_a marle_n or_o lyme_n for_o all_o other_o matter_n whatsoever_o the_o former_a chapter_n of_o the_o white_a sand_n will_v give_v you_o sufficient_a instruction_n chap._n x._o the_o manner_n of_o plough_v the_o black_a clay_n mix_v with_o red_a sand_n and_o the_o white_a clay_n mix_v with_o white_a sand_n their_o earring_n plough_n and_o implement_n next_o to_o these_o gravel_o soil_n there_o be_v also_o two_o other_o compound_v earth_n as_o namely_o the_o black_a clay_n mix_v with_o red_a sand_n and_o the_o white_a clay_n mix_v with_o white_a sand_n which_o albeit_o they_o differ_v in_o composition_n of_o mould_n yet_o they_o hold_v one_o nature_n in_o their_o tillage_n and_o husbandry_n wherefore_o first_o to_o speak_v of_o the_o black_a clay_n mix_v with_o red_a sand_n which_o as_o before_o i_o say_v be_v call_v of_o husbandman_n a_o hassell_n earth_n you_o shall_v understand_v that_o it_o be_v a_o very_a rich_a and_o good_a soil_n very_o fruitful_a both_o for_o corn_n and_o grass_n for_o corn_n be_v apt_a to_o bear_v any_o seed_n whatsoever_o and_o for_o grass_n as_o natural_o put_v it_o forth_o very_o early_o in_o the_o year_n by_o which_o your_o cattle_n shall_v get_v relief_n
a_o high_a colour_n and_o have_v upon_o they_o a_o very_a thick_a husk_n which_o make_v the_o meal_n somewhat_o brown_a cause_v the_o baker_n not_o all_o together_o to_o esteem_v they_o for_o his_o pure_a manchet_n yet_o the_o yield_v of_o flower_n which_o come_v from_o they_o be_v as_o great_a and_o great_a than_o any_o other_o wheat_n whatsoever_o these_o two_o sort_n of_o wheat_n be_v to_o be_v sow_v upon_o the_o fallow_a field_n as_o crave_v the_o great_a strength_n and_o fatness_n of_o ground_n whence_o it_o come_v that_o they_o be_v most_o common_o see_v to_o grow_v upon_o the_o rich_a and_o stiff_a black_a caly_n be_v a_o grain_n of_o that_o strength_n that_o they_o will_v seldom_o or_o never_o mildew_v or_o turn_v black_a as_o the_o other_o sort_n of_o wheat_n will_v do_v if_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o ground_n be_v not_o abate_v before_o they_o be_v throw_v into_o the_o earth_n now_o for_o the_o choice_n of_o these_o two_o wheat_n if_o you_o be_v compel_v to_o buy_v they_o in_o the_o market_n you_o must_v regard_v that_o you_o buy_v that_o which_o be_v the_o clean_a and_o fair_a be_v utter_o without_o any_o weed_n as_o darnel_n cockle_n tare_n or_o any_o other_o foulness_n whatsoever_o you_o shall_v look_v that_o the_o wheat_n as_o near_o as_o may_v be_v hold_v all_o of_o one_o bigness_n and_o all_o of_o one_o colour_n for_o to_o behold_v it_o contrary_n that_o be_v to_o say_v to_o see_v some_o great_a corn_n some_o little_a some_o high_a colour_a some_o pale_a so_o that_o in_o their_o mixture_n they_o resemble_v changeable_a taffeta_n be_v a_o apparent_a sign_n that_o the_o corn_n be_v not_o of_o one_o kind_n but_o mix_v or_o blend_v as_o be_v partly_o whole-straw_n partly_o pollard_n partly_o organ_n and_o partly_o chelter_v for_o the_o flaxen_a it_o be_v natural_o so_o white_a that_o it_o can_v be_v mix_v but_o it_o may_v easy_o be_v discern_v and_o these_o mix_a seed_n be_v never_o good_a either_o for_o the_o ground_n or_o the_o use_n of_o man_n again_o you_o shall_v careful_o look_v that_o neither_o this_o kind_n of_o wheat_n nor_o any_o other_o that_o you_o buy_v for_o seed_n be_v black_a at_o the_o end_n for_o that_o be_v a_o sign_n that_o the_o grain_n come_v from_o too_o rich_a a_o soil_n be_v mildew_a and_o then_o it_o will_v never_o be_v fruitful_a or_o prove_v good_a seed_n as_o also_o you_o shall_v take_v care_n that_o it_o be_v not_o too_o white_a at_o the_o end_n show_v the_o corn_n to_o be_v as_o it_o be_v of_o two_o colour_n for_o that_o be_v a_o sign_n that_o the_o wheat_n be_v wash_v and_o dry_v again_o which_o utter_o confound_v the_o strength_n of_o the_o corn_n and_o take_v from_o it_o all_o ability_n of_o bring_v forth_o any_o great_a increase_n now_o if_o it_o be_v so_o that_o you_o have_v a_o crop_n of_o wheat_n of_o your_o own_o so_o that_o you_o have_v no_o need_n of_o the_o market_n you_o shall_v then_o pick_v out_o of_o your_o choice_a sheaf_n and_o upon_o a_o clean_a floor_n gentle_o bat_n they_o with_o a_o slaile_n and_o not_o thresh_v they_o clean_o for_o that_o corn_n which_o be_v great_a full_a and_o ripe_a will_v first_o fly_v out_o of_o the_o ear_n and_o when_o you_o have_v so_o batted_a a_o competent_a quantity_n you_o shall_v then_o winnow_v it_o and_o dress_v it_o clean_o both_o by_o the_o help_n of_o a_o strong_a wind_n and_o open_a sive_n and_o so_o make_v it_o fit_a for_o your_o seed_n i_o have_v see_v some_o husband_n and_o true_o i_o have_v account_v they_o both_o good_a and_o careful_a that_o have_v before_o wheat_n seed_n time_n both_o themselves_o wife_n child_n and_o servant_n at_o time_n of_o best_a leisure_n out_o of_o a_o great_a wheat_n mow_v or_o bay_n to_o glean_v or_o pull_v out_o of_o the_o sheaf_n ear_n by_o ear_n the_o most_o principal_a ear_n and_o knit_v they_o up_o in_o small_a bundell_n to_o bat_n they_o and_o make_v their_o seed_n thereof_o and_o questionless_a it_o be_v the_o best_a seed_n of_o all_o other_o for_o you_o shall_v be_v sure_a that_o therein_o can_v be_v nothing_o but_o the_o clean_a and_o the_o best_a of_o the_o corn_n without_o any_o weed_n or_o foulness_n which_o can_v hardly_o be_v when_o a_o man_n thresh_v the_o whole_a sheate_n and_o although_o some_o man_n may_v think_v that_o this_o labour_n be_v great_a and_o troublesome_a especial_o such_o as_o sow_v great_a quantity_n of_o wheat_n yet_o let_v they_o thus_o far_o encourage_v themselves_o that_o if_o they_o do_v the_o first_o year_n but_o glean_v a_o bushel_n or_o two_o which_o be_v nothing_o among_o a_o few_o person_n and_o sow_v it_o up_o on_o good_a land_n the_o increase_n of_o it_o will_v the_o next_o year_n go_v far_o in_o the_o sow_v the_o whole_a crop_n for_o when_o i_o do_v speak_v of_o this_o pick_n of_o wheat_n ear_n by_o ear_n i_o do_v not_o intend_v the_o pick_n of_o many_o quarter_n but_o of_o so_o much_o as_o the_o increase_n thereof_o may_v amount_v to_o some_o quarter_n now_o there_o be_v also_o another_o regard_n to_o be_v have_v as_o available_a as_o any_o of_o the_o former_a in_o choose_v of_o your_o seed_n wheat_n and_o that_o be_v to_o respect_v the_o soil_n from_o whence_o you_o take_v your_o seed_n and_o the_o soil_n into_o which_o you_o put_v it_o as_o thus_o if_o the_o ground_n whereon_o you_o mean_v to_o sow_v your_o wheat_n be_v a_o rich_a black_a clay_n stiff_a and_o full_a of_o fertillitie_n you_o shall_v then_o as_o near_o as_o you_o can_v choose_v your_o seed_n from_o the_o barraine_v mix_v earth_n you_o can_v find_v so_o the_o wheat_n be_v whole-straw_n or_o pollard_n as_o from_o a_o clay_n and_o gravel_n or_o a_o clay_n and_o white_a sand_n that_o your_o seed_n come_v from_o a_o much_o more_o barren_a earth_n then_o that_o wherein_o you_o put_v it_o the_o strength_n may_v be_v as_o it_o be_v redouble_v and_o the_o increase_n consequent_o amount_v to_o a_o high_a quantity_n as_o we_o find_v it_o prove_v in_o our_o daily_a experience_n but_o if_o these_o barren_a soil_n do_v not_o afford_v you_o 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his_o increase_n and_o the_o seed_n which_o come_v from_o the_o fat_a ground_n be_v put_v into_o the_o lean_a have_v all_o the_o vigour_n fullness_n and_o juice_n of_o fertilnes_n do_v not_o only_o defend_v itself_o against_o the_o hungrinesse_n of_o the_o ground_n but_o bring_v forth_o increase_v contrary_a to_o expectation_n whence_o proceed_v this_o general_a custom_n of_o good_a husband_n in_o this_o land_n that_o those_o which_o dwell_v in_o the_o barren_a wood_n land_n heathe_n and_o high_a mountain_n country_n of_o this_o kingdom_n ever_o as_o near_o as_o they_o can_v seek_v out_o their_o seed_n in_o the_o fruitful_a low_a vale_n and_o very_a garden_n of_o the_o earth_n &_o so_o likewise_o those_o in_o the_o vale_n take_v some_o help_v also_o from_o the_o mountain_n now_o for_o your_o other_o sort_n of_o wheat_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o white_a pollard_n and_o the_o organ_n they_o be_v grain_n nothing_o so_o great_a full_a and_o large_a as_o the_o whole_a straw_n or_o 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