in October or Nouember that the fyrst Ianuarie or Februarie when it hath taken roote it may be graffed vpon Martial would haue you graffe it in the stocke but in deede it prospereth better being graffed betwixt the barke and the wood It delighteth to be set in deepe trenches to haue roome yenough and to be often digged about It loueth to haue the wythered bowe continually cut away it groweth best in cold places and so hateth doung as yf it be layd about them they growe to be wyld it is also planted of the slippes and wyll beare his fruite without stone yf in the setting of the set you turne the vpper end downeward Others wyll that the tree being young and two foote hye be slitte downe to the roote and the pith taken out of both sides and ioyned togeather the seames close bound about couered with doung which within a yeere after when it is wel growen the young graffes which hitherto haue borne no fruite yf you graffe them wil beare Cherys without stones as Martial sayth There are sundry kinds of Cherys as Plinie reporteth or Apronianus that are redder then the rest Actianus as blacke as a cole whiche kinde in Germany yet at this day they call Acklische kirsen Celicians that are rounde Plinie in speaking of the sundry sortes preferreth the Duracins which in Campania they were woonted to call Plinians and a little after he sayth vpon the bankes of the Rhine there grow alsâ— Kersis of colour betwixt blacke redde and greene like the Iumper beries when they be almost ripe in whiche the common sort of bookes haue Tertius for Kirsis amongst the Germanes for Plinie whereas in many places he vsurpeth the Dutch woordes as in the .9.10.17 and .18 booke and in diuers other places which being not vnderstanded of the Latine came altogeather corrupted to the posteritie There are also Bay Cherys graffed at the fyrst in the Bay that haue a pretie pleasant bitternesse at this day the small Cherys are best esteemed growing vpon a lowe bushe with short stalkes round fruite and very red much meate soft and full of licour It is sayd they wyll beare very timely yf you lay Lime about them it is good to geather them often that theâ— which you leaue may waxe the greater for setting and plantyng of Cherys you may reade a great sort of rules in the geatheringes of Constantine There are also found a kinde of Cherys growyng wylde in the Woods and Heâ—gerowes with little beries some redde some altogeather blacke whiche the Farmers in the Countrey doo vse for to fatte theyr Hogges withall The Plome tree in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the fruite 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Prunus and Pruna in Italian Prune and Succiue in Spanish Ciruelâ— and Ciruela in French Prune in Dutch Proumen it is planted from the middle of Winter till the Ides of Februarie but yf you set the stones at the fall of the leafe let it be done in Nouember in a good and mellowe ground two handfuls deepe they may be likewyse set in Februarie but then they must be steeped in lye three dayes that they may sooner spring they are also planted of the young sets that growe from the body of the tree eyther in Ianuarie or in the beginnyng of Februarie the rootes being wel couered with doung they prosper best in a riche and a moyst ground and in a colde countrey they are graffed towarde the ende of March and better in the clouen stocke then in the barke or els in Ianuarie before the Gumme begin to droppe out it is graffed vpon his owne stocke the Peache and the Almond There are sundry sortes of Plomes wherof the Damson is the principal ioying in a dry grounde and in a hotte countrey and is graffed as the other Plomes are There are diuers coloured Plomes white blacke purple and redde wheate Plomes and horse Plomes wherewith they vse to fatte Hogges The fynger Plomes are most commended being of the length of a mans fynger which are brought vnto vs from Bohemia and Hungary and Iulians and Noberdians being blewe in colour but later The Damsons are dryed in the sunne vpon Lattyses Leades or in an Ouen some doo dippe them before eyther in sea water or in brine and after dry them The Peache tree called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the tree 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Persica in Italian Perseo in Spanish Durasuo they are also called Rhodocina and Dorocina or Duracina whereof there are foure kindes but the cheefest are the Duracins and the Abrecocts in Nouember in hotte countreys and in others in Ianuarie the stones are to be set two foote a sunder in wel dressed ground that when the young trees are sprong vp they may be remoued but in the setting you must set the sharpe ende downeward and let them stand two or three fyngers in the ground wheresoeuer they grow they reioyce most in watry groundes which ground yf you want looke that you water them abundantly so shall you haue great store of fruite Some woulde haue them set in hotte countreys and sandy ground wherby they say their fruite wyl longer endure the better wyl also the fruite br yf as soone as you haue eaten them you set the stone with some part of the fruite cleauing to it it is graffed eyther on him selfe the Almond or the Plome tree The Apples of Armenia or Abricoct dooth farre excell the Peache vsed as a great dayntie among noble men and much desyred of the sicke they are best graffed in the Plome as the Peache in the Almond tree the fayrest graffes that grow next the body of the tree are to be chosen and graffed in Ianuarie or Februarie in colde countreys in Nouember in hotte for yf you take those that growe in the toppe they wyll eyther not growe or yf they growe not long endure You shall inoculate or imbudde them in May or April the stocke being cut aloft and many young buddes set in neither must you suffer them to stand very far one from the other that they may the better defend them selues from the heate of the sunne The Frenchmen and our Gardners also after the Italians order doo graffe the Abricoct taking a graft not full a fynger long or the budde that is well showte out with a little of the rynde cut of and slitting the rynde of a young Plome tree crosse wyse they set them in binding them well about with Hempe or Towe and that in the end of Iune or in Iuly and August Some thinke they wyl be redde yf they be eyther graffed in the Plane tree or haue Roses set vnderneath them they wyll also be figured or written in yf seuen dayes after that you haue set the stoâ—e when it beginneth to open you take out the kernell and with Uermillion or any other colour you may counterfaite what you wyll after the stone closed vp about it and couered with clay or
take it for a kinde of Wheate Herodotus sayth Bread was made of it Of Laurentius it is called Far of Gasa Siligo Diuers learned men call it Secale and take it for Plinies farragoâ— the Frenchemen cal it Segle the Dutchemen Rock the Italians almost as the Latines Saegala the grayne is something blacke and maketh blackishe bread But to passe ouer all controuersies I folowe the Countrey speache and take Siligo for our common Rye whiche is sowed immediatly after Wheate about the ende of September or in the beginning of October in good ground in sandy and grauelly ground it is sowed in Februarie and called Sommer Wheate it requireth the best grounde warme and fast and refuseth not light grounde and grauelly so it be helped with doung it loueth wette grounde as ill as Wheate they both require to be sowen in a deepe moulde and a plaine soyle but Rye is sowed a litle after Wheate in the sowyng whereof you must occupie a thirde part more then of Wheate it prospereth lightly in any grounde and many times with the yeeld of a hundred for one It must be sowed after the third plowing as Wheate harrowed much after the same sort the stalke or steale thereof is smaller then the Wheate stalke taller and stronger his care hanging downewardes and therefore more subiect to blasting because it receiueth and keepeth the water that falles whyle it flowreth and suffereth the violence of mystes and frostes the strawe thereof is gentle and flaxible seruing for Uines and coueringes of houses Nowe foloweth Barâ—ley accounted in the olde generations among the woorthyest sort of grayne and not of small estimation at this day The Italians call it Beade or Beaue or Orze the Spaniards Ceuada the Dutch men Gerst the Frenchemen Orge the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and though it be vsed in Greece and Italie and suche warme and fruitefull Countreys for cattelles foode as Homer also witnesseth yet in the Northerne Countreyes it supplies the place both of Bread and Wine There are of it two sortes Hexâ—stichon and Polystichum whose eares are three foure sometimes sixe square and diuers eares springing from one grayne euery eare conteynyng aboue fourescore graynes so woonderfull are the gyftes and blessinges of god The other sort is called Distichon hauing in the eare but two rankes or orders only Agayne there is one kinde of it to be sowed in Winter an other for Sommer The Winter Barley is of better yeeld but it is soone hurt specially with much wette and frostes folowyng There is nothyng more hurtfull to Winter Corne specially Barley Rape seede and Rye then the wette of Winter nipped with often frostes and after a warme thawe to be presently frozen agayne both the sortes of Barley require grounde that is very riche Winter Barley after two or three plowinges is to be sowed in September Sommer Barley in March or April after twyse plowing and many times necessitie forcing after once plowing in the sowing you must occupie more seede by halfe then in sowyng of Wheate it requires a mellowe and a fatte ground and therfore is best sowed where the grounde is most manured The Winter seede flowreth in May and is ripe in Iune at the furthest This kinde was not woont to be sowed in these partes but great numbers nowe mooued by my example doo vse and receiue great gaynes by it The Sommer Barley in many Countreys is ripe and redy in three monethes afâ—er the sowyng In Aragon as Plinie wryteth it maketh double haruestes euery yeere The seuenth day after it is sowen it commeth vp and one end of the seede runneth downe in roote the other that â—ooner springeth commeth vp in blade the greater ende of the grayne maketh the roote and the slenderer the flowre In other grayne the roote and the blade spring both from one part the blades of both kindes are ruffe It must be geathered with more speede then other graynes for the strawe of it is very brittell Of Barley is made as Dioscorides wryteth both Beere and Ale. RIGO I lyke your Beere you haue excellently wel I pray you tell me in what sorâ— you make it CONO I wyll not hyde my cunnyng in this matter My Barley is fyrst steeped in a Sestorne of water a day or two yf it be Winter seede it is harder hulled and requireth the longer watering The Sommer grayne is thinner and requireth a lesser tyme When it is watred I drye it vpon a floore or a keel tyll it swel and breake putting out as it were litle beardes or threds yf it be layde thinne it wyll in Sommer specially in March drye and breake of it selfe without any fyre You must take good heede that in sprowting it open not to much and loose his flowre This being doone I grinde it and put the meale into a Mash Fatte wherevnto I put my licour sodden and after let it seethe three or foure times adding vnto it both for holsomenesse and taste the flowre of the Hoppe after this I put on Yeest and set it a woorkyng and then cleanse it The more it is cleansed the holsomer and cleerer it is that whiche commeth of the spurging is kept both for brewing and baking the drinke wyll be the better yf you put to it a fourth part or sixth part of Wheate the more Corne you laâ— on the pleasaunter and better coloured wyll your Beere be Your greatest care must be to see it well sodden well cleanseâ— and well hopped otherwyse Malt of it selfe wyll soone corrupt Obseruing this order your drinke shal be both holsome and pleasant that endureth best and longest that is brewed in march There is made of Barley Alica a reasonable good meate and Ptisan How they must be made you may reade in Plinie Next to Wheate and Barley foloweth Zea which the common people both in Italy Spaine and Flaunders call Spelta the Frenche call it Espeltra with Homer is greatly commended 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the feel des that beareth the Zeam being as Galen sayth the meane betwixt Wheate and Barley for he hath the qualities of eache of them is of two sortes the one in stalke ioynt and care like to Wheate and carieth in euery huske two seedes and therefore is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the other hauing both stalke and eare shorter and but one grayne in euery huske growing in two rankes and in the toppe resembling Barley with his sharpe Aaâ—es In Italy specially about Mirandula and Concordia it is vsed in prouender for Horses it is not in these Countreys in vse I woulde sowe it here syth the ground wyll well serue for it and that both bread and drinke might be made of it very well but that it is something troublesome to grinde because of the double huskes It desyreth a moyst ground riche and good it is sowed after the same maner that Wheate is sowed in September or October it flowreth in Iune and is ripe in Iuly very meete for
and the Lupine is also single the others are all fall oâ— branches and selender slippes and all hollowe All Pulse for the most part are to be sowed in the Spring and reqâ—ire very râ—che groundâ— except the Lupine that câ—res not where he lyes they are all sowen in the encrease of the Moone except Pease yf they be watred beâ—ore their sowing they prosper the better they are speedily to be geathered when they be ripe for they suddaynely shatter they wyll endure longest being geâ—thered in the change of the Moone It is much to be regarded whether you wyl keepe or sell them for the seedes in the encrease of the Moone doo waxe greater theâ—e are that preserue them in earthâ—n vesseâ—es strâ—wyng asshes vnder them and sprinckling them with Uineger some vse asshes alone other soâ—e 〈…〉 sprinckle them with Bergewine vineger as I haue saide of the Linâ—yll Moreouer the Greekes haue wylled to mingle with tâ—e doung a little Saltpâ—ter when you sowe them wherâ—by they shall the better seethe and be the tenderer and yf they be not presently â—ender they wyll to cast into the pot a little Mustard seeâ—e whiche wyll make them straightway well Theophrastus addeth diuers thinges beside whiche were to long to tell RIGO Is â—t needefull or euery husbandman to sowe all these Graâ—ne and Pulâ—e in hâ—s ground CONO No but as I â—aide before in speaking of grounde and seede you must cheefely sowe suche as best agree with the nature of your grounde howe be it there are some of them that refuse no grounde There are certayne of them as Varro sayth that are not sowen for present necessitie but for other afterturnes And others agayne that are of necessitie to be sowen as Corne for man and Fodder for cattell of whiche must speciall care he had that there be no 〈◊〉 of them without which we can not â—iue as Rye Otes and Buck Lupines and certayne Pulse els for fodder refuse no grounde though it be neuer so barren Besides when as the husband must not onely haue a care of prouiding such as serue for the sustenaunce of man but also for suche as serue for the feeding of poore cattell without whiche the grounde can not be husbanded therefore must he sowe Pâ—lse for the vse of man and beast and fodder in more abundance for the sustenaunce of beaâ—tes Amongst all sortes of fodder that is counted for the cheefe and the best which the people of olde timeâ— and the Italians at this day call Medica some call it Treefoyle the Frenche men cal it Grand â—restâ— the Spaniardes â—lfalsâ— others call it Burgandie grasse because it was brought in by the Burgundians it is nowe also come into Germanie and there called Welsholken in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Plinie wryteth that it was brought by the Romanes out of Media into Italy differing almost nothing from Tryfolly or Threeleaued grasse but that it is grâ—â—ter higher and rancker for in stalke leafe and flowre it is all one it groweth altogeather busshing in leaues In the toppe of the stâ—lke it putteth foorth short coddes writhen lyke hornes indented about and hauing as it were little prickles wherein is the seede shaped like a Moone and growyng to the codde in bignesse as the Lentyl which being chawed tasteth like Peâ—se euery codde hath his seede it requireth a fatte grounde withouâ— stones full of iuyce and riche in many places it commeth not vp in others it springeth very thicke Varro geueth charge that it be not sowed in too drye a grounde or tyckle but in good and well seasoned Plinie would haue the grounde be drye and very riche Columella biddeth that the feelde where this Medica shal be sowed should be broken vp about October and so to lye mellowyng al the Winter and then to stirre it in Februarie and the stones cast out to harrowe it well and after in Marche to order it garden wyse castyng it into beddes euery bedde ten foote broade and fyftie in length so that they may be easily wâ—tred and of euery side well weeded then laying on good olde doung let it lye tyll Apryl and at the ende of April sowe it in such proportion as euery handful of seede may occupie fyue foote in breadth and ten in length and couer the seede out of hand raking them with woodden Rakes for the Sunne wyl soone burne them After it is sowen that it come vp an inche in heyght you must beware you touche not the grounde with any iron instrument but eyther with your yngers or with Rakes of wood weede it well from all other noysome thinges otherwise it wyll growe wylde and turne to pasture Let the fyrst haruest be long deferred to the ende he may somewhat shed his seedes at other tymes you may mowe it as soone as you wâ—l and geue it to your cattell Suche as are skilfull in husbandry doo say that yf you mingle Otes with the seede of Medica and sowe them they wyll cause them to stocke very well it is sowed in April or later in May to scape the frostes and the seede is cast in lyke sort as Wheate is When it beginneth to branche al other weedes must be weeded away and being this ordred you may mowe it sixe tymes a yeere It flowreth sixe times or at the least fiue times so it be not cut When you haue mowed it water it well and as it springeth weede it agayne And thus as I sayde you may mowe it sixe times a yeere and it shall thus continue ten yeeres togeather it enricheth the ground all poore and feeble cattel are soone brought vp with it it likewyse healeth cattell that are diseased but when it fyrst springeth tyl cattell be acquainted with it you must geue them but little at once lest the strangenesse of the foode hurt them for it maketh them to swell and breedeth great abundance of blood Columella wryteth that one acre of it wyll well fynde three Horses a yeere In some Countreyes this hearbe dooth growe in great plentie in euery Meddowe eyther of the nature of the grounde or through the disposition of the heauens and sometime the relikes of that whiche â—ath been long agoe sowen dooth yeerely spring of the seede that falleth and ouergrowen with grasse weedes dooth change into meddowe I see no cause but that it may growe of it selfe but that perhaps suche plantes as are brought out of strange Countreys requyre sowyng and dressing it is best to be mowed when it beginneth to flowre for it must not be suffered to seede whereby the fodder shall be the better whiche being well layde vp wyll continue in goodnesse three yeeres to the great profite of the Grasier for as I haue sayde before there can be no better fodder deuised for cattell wherewith they wyll better feede and sooner ryse The next in goodnesse in this Medica is Cytisus woonderfully as Plinie wryteth commended of Aristomachus and as Vergil sayth a good fodder for Sheepe and beyng
drye a delightfull foode to Swyne it may be mooued sundry times in the yeere to the great commoditie of the husband a little whereof dooth soone fatte vp cattell neither is there any other grasse that yeeldeth eyther more abundance or better mylke the most soueraine medicine for the sicknesâ—e oâ— cattell that may be bâ—side the Philosophers promise that Bees wyll neuer fayle that haue this grasse growyng neare them therefore it is necessarie to haue your grounde stored with it as the thing that best serueth foâ— Poultrie and Cattell the leaues and seedes are to be geuen to leane and drouping Pullen some call it Telinen some Trefoyle some great Melilot the Romanes call it Trifolu maius great Trasâ—e it is a plant al hearie and whytishe as Rhamnus is hauing branches halfe a yarde long and more wherevpon groweth leaues lyke vnto Fenygreeke or Clauer but something lesse hauyng a ryâ—yng crest in the middest of them This plant was fyrst founde in the Ilande Cythno and from thence spread throughout the Cyclads and so to Greece wherby the store of Cheese came to be great neyther is there any Countrey at this day where they may not haue great plentie as Columella sayth of this shrubbe In Italy it groweth about the enclâ—syars of Uineyardes it shrâ—nketh neyther for heate colde frost nor snowe it requireth good groude yf the weather be very drye it must be watred and when it fyrst springes well harrowed after three yeeres you may cut it downe and geue it your cattell Vaâ—ro woulde haue it sowen in well ordred ground as the seede of Colwoortes should be and after remooued and set a foote and a halfe a sunder or els to be set of the slippes The tyme of sowyng of Cytisus is eyther in Autume or in the spryng in ground well plowed and layde out in beâ—des yf you want the seede you may take the slippe so that you set them foure foote a sunder and a bancke cast about them with earth well dounged you may also set them before September when they wyll very well growe and abyde the colde in Winter it lasteth but three yeere Columella hath two kindes of Cytisus one wylde the other of the Garden The wylde dooth with his claspers feede very well it wyndeth about and killes his neighbours as the Iuie dooth it is founde in Cornefeeldes specially amongst Barley the flowre thereof is lyke the flowre of Pease the leafe yf it be bruysed smelleth like Rockeâ— and being champâ—d in the mouth it tasteth like Chyche or Pease There is an other kinde of fodder among the plantes vnknowen to the old wryters very good to feede both cattel Poultrye I know not whether it be knowen in other Countreys beside Germanie the common people call it Spury or Sperie it hâ—th a stalke a foote in height or more busshed foorth in mans branches it hath a whyte flowre without any leafe the flowre endeth in little knoppes as Flaxe hath conteynyng in them a very little seede like Rape seede They are much deceiued that take it for Cytisus when that as Dioscorides sayth hath leaues like Fenugreeke and this is altogeather without leaues neither is the seede any thing like though the vse be almost one The best Milke and Butter in Germanie commeth of this feeding wherefore it is esteemed almost as good as Barley or other grayne the strawe is better then any Heye the Chaffe feedeth as well as any Graynes the seede feedeth Pigeons and Poultrie in Winter passing well it is sowed in sandie and light groundes all the Sommer long and some sowe it in Spring time with Oates for the seede sake in Autume and Haruest time it is sowed to feede Cattell it is profitable for husbandes that dwell in sandy and grauelly Countreys wherefore they shoulde neuer be without good store of it for Hennes Bees Goates Sheepe Oxen and all kinde of Cattell delight very muche in it nowe remayneth the sowyng of Flaxe and Hempe RIGO I looke for it CONO These although they be not to be receiued in the number of Corne nor Pulse Fodder nor Hearbes yet is there great account to be made of them with the husbandmans thinges without whiche no house can be furnished nor man wel apparelled whiche being beaten to a sofâ—nesse serueth for webbes of Linnen and twysting of Cordes and more of tâ—is so little a seede dooth spring that which as Plinie sayth carrieth the whole worlde hether and thether that bryngeth Egypt to Italy and carryeth vs from Cales of Ostia in seuen dayes Linum in Latine in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian and Sâ—â—nishe Lino in French Dulin in Dutch almost like â—auing that they call the seede Lyn and the plant Flaxe is a very common hearbe wherewith women are set a woorke it hath a sclender stalke not muche vnlike to Sperie but that it groweth higher a litle bigger with narrow leaues long blewe flowres in the top which falling away leaueth behinde them little round knoppes as bigge as a Pease wherin are enclosed yellowe seedes it delighteth in rich ground and somewhat moyst some sowe it in barrayne grounde after once plowyng it is sowed in the Spring and geathered in sommer In Gelderland and Gulicke where there is great store of it they sowe it about the beginnyng of May there are agayne that obserue three seasons for the sowyng of it as the weather shall fall out for it requireth rayne and moysture the ripenesse of it is perceiued by the waxing yellowe and swelling of the knoppes that holde the seede being then plucked vp and made in little bundels it is dryed in the Sunne the rootes standyng vpwarde that the seede may fall out Some vse agayne to carde of the knoppes with an iron Combe and drying them in the Sunne to geather the seede The bundels afterwardes are layde in water heated with the Sunne with some wayght vppon them to keepe them downe the rynde waxing loose sheweth when they haue been steeped yenough Then the bundels vnloosed and dryed in the Sunne are beaten with beetelles when as the vtter rynde is pilled of and combed and hacked vpon an iron combe the more wrong it suffereth the better doth it prooue the Towe is seuered from the Flaxe and appoynted for his vse so are they seuerally spon vpon the Distaffe made vp in bottomes and sent to the Weauers whereof are wouen webbes to the great commoditie of al men Last of all the webbe is layde out in the hotte Sunne and sprinckled with water whereby it is brought to a passing whitenesse It may be remembred that not long since the women of Germanie knewe no costlyer attyre The best Flaxe that is at this day is brought from Moscouia Liuonia and those Countreys farre excelling ours in heyght and goodnesse Except there be great encrease of it price in the Countrey where you dwel Columella would not haue you meddle with the sowing of it for it is most hurtfull to the ground as Virgil
the thicker and the doubbler they growe otherwyse they wyll ware syngle and wylde it wyll also doo them good sometime to burne them being remooued it springeth very soone and well being sette of settes foure fyngers long or more after the setting of â— seuen starres and after remooued in a westerly winde and sette a foote a sunder and often dygged The olde Rosyars must haue the earth loosed about them in Februarie and the dead twigges cutte of and where they waxe thinne they must be repaâ—red with the young springes To haue Roses of fyue sundry colours vppon one roote make when they begin to burgen a fine hole beneath in the stocke vnder the ioynt and fyll it with redde colour made of Brasell sodde in water and thrust it in with a clâ—ute and in the like sort put into an other part of the stocke greene colour and in an other yellowe and what other colours you wil and couer the holes well with Oxe doung and Lome or very good earth If you wyl haue your Roses beare betimes make a little trenche two hande breadthes of rounde about it and powre in hotte water twyse aday and thus dooing as Democriâ—us promiseth you shall haue Roses in Ianuarie You may preserue Roses before they open yf makyng a slitte in a Reede you enclose the blossome and when you would haue freshe Roses take them out of the Reedes others put them in earthen pottes close couered and set them abrode the Roses continue alwayes freshe that are dipt in the dregges of Oyle If you wyll haue them at all tymes you must set them euery moneth and doung them and so as Didymus sayth you shall haue them continually To cause them or any other flowres to growe double put two or three of the seedes in a Wheate strawe and so lay them in the ground If you sette Garlicke by your Roses they wylbe the sweeter the dryer the grounde is where they growe the sweeter they wyll be as it appeareth by the season of the yeere for some yeeres they are sweeter then others the Rose wylbe white that is smokte in with brimstone when it beginneth to euen amongst all Roses those are most to be commended that they call Carnations and Prouincials The oyle of Roses was greatly had in estimation euen in Homer his time and at this day the vinegre of Roses is greatly vsed Next vnto the Rose in woorthynesse for his sauour and beautifull whitenesse is the Lillye called iu Greâ—ke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Giglio in Spanishe Tirio in Frenche Fleur de Lis in Dutch Lilien The Greâ—kes holde opinion that it sprang fyrst of Iunos milke sprinckled vpon the ground In Februarie we beginne to sette Lillyes or yf they grewe before to loose the earth about them with a rake taking good heede that the young tender shootes about the roote be not hurt nor the little head which taken from the olde roote we sette for newe Lillyes As the Roses are so are the Lillyes the sweeter the dryer the ground is where they growe Lillyes and Roses being once sette continue both very long There are redde Lillyes made so by arte for they take the stalkes and rootes of the Lillye and hang them in the smoke till they wyther and when the knottes begyn to vncouer they are layde in Marche in the lees of redde wine tyl they be coloured and then sette in the grounde with the lees powred about them so wyll they come to be purple Uiolet in Greeke is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Viola Uiolet blacke and Uiolet purple 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian it is called Viola porporta in Spanishe Violetta in Frenche Violets de Marts Caresme in Dutche Fiolen these although they growe wylde about euery Hedge and Wall yet are they sette in Gardens with other flowres There are sundry sortes of Uiolettes both of kinde and colour but the orderyng of them is in a maner all one THRA I haue nowe heard yenough of Kitchin hearbes and flowres therefore nowe I pray you let me heare you saye something of the third sort that is Phisicke hearbes for mee seemeth I see a great sort of healyng hearbes here in your Garden MARIVS Nature hath appoynted remedyes in a redynesse for al diseases but the craft and subteltie of man for gaine hath deuised Apothecaries shoppes in which a mans lyfe is to be solde and bought where for a little byle they fetche their medicines from Hierusalem and out of Turkie whyle in the meane time euery poore man hath the ryght remedyes growing in his Garden for yf men would make theyr Gardens their Phisitions the Phisitions craft would soone decay You knowe what your olde freende Cato sayth and what a deale of Phisicke he fetcheth out of a poore Colwoort THRA I doo remember it and that he sayth he was wont both to helpe him selfe and his whole familie with the hearbes of his Garden But what hearbe is younder with the long stalke and the long blacke indented leaues on the toppe yf I be not deceiued it is Bearfoote with whose roote we vse to heale our cattel when they be sicke MARIVS It is so in deede and is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Veratrum there are two kindes of it the blacke and the white the white is that whiche the Dutchmen call Nyswurts wranckrauâ— the blacke they call Kristwurts because it flowreth about Christmas the Italians the Spaniards and the Frenchmen keepe the Greeke name The roote of this Bearfoote they thrust through the eare or into the brest of the beast that is eyther diseased in his loonges or hath the murren Columella seemeth to call it Consiligo it groweth not in Gardens except it be sowed it continueth long and loueth cold and woody ground There standes not farre from that an other very noble hearbe in Phisicke called Angelica it is supposed to be called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and whether it be Myrrhis with the Latines or no. I leaue that to the Phisitians to discusse it is called with the Italians Spaniards Frenchmen and Germanes Angelica His roote because it is a soueraigne remedie agaynst the plague and hath diuers other good operations it is cherished in our Gardens and being once sowed it commeth vp euery yeere it groweth also wylde in the mountayne countrey and flowreth in Iuly and August Here is also Helicampane in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Enula in Italian Enela in Spanishe Enula campana in Frenche Aulne in Dutch Alanâ— this also is set in our Gardens for medicines sake we make muche of it for the roote it groweth wylde in hilly Countreys and drye shaddowy places In Sommer the roote is taken out of the ground and cutte in small peeces is dryed at this day it is called Enula campana it hath a yellowe flowre a leafe lyke Mullin but white and hoarie at the one
with tillage I haue here thought good after the entreating of tillage Gardning and Orchardes to describe as breefely as I can the order and maner of keeping of cattell which skill though Varro deuideth only into three partes I haue deuided into foure In the first part I put the greate cattell for burden as Horses Asses Mules Camelles in the second part the lesser sorte as Sheepe Goates and Swyne in the thyrd such thinges as are belonging to the keeping and safegarde of Cattell not for the proffit they yeelde of them selues but for their necessary vse as shepheardes dogges and cattes of these three partes in this third booke I entreate of the fourth I referre to the fourth booke Hauing thus declared the contention betwixt keeping of cattell and tillage with the worthynes and antiquitie thereof I meane now to prosecute such thinges as are belonging to the same I haue brought in the masters and keepers of euery kinde of Cattell resting them selues vpon the hollyday in the greene grasse the Sommers shadowe euery one declaring his skill and knowledge according to his profession The parties are EVPHORBVS the Netheard HIPPOCOMVS the Horsekeeper HEDIO the shepheard and EVMAEVS the swineheard EVPH. How sirra HIPPOCOMVS whither wander you doo you not know that it is hollyday a day to daunce in and make mery at the ale house HIPPO Eueryday is hollyday with lazy and slouthfull merchants it lyeth me vppon to looke to my profit to see whether my Horses feede well and that they take no harme The pastures are so burnt with the heate of sommer that I am affraid for wâ—â—t of meate they will seeke to breake into other grounds and so hurt them selues EVPH. Why bring you not them into this feelde where there is both a good grotten and prety store of grasse among the headgroues HIPPO You perswade me not the worst EVPH. Come on then byd Mastix your boy bring hither your Horses and you your self sit you downe vnder this Hasel that will yeelde vs both shaddow and nuttes and wee will send for EVMAEVS and HEDIO if you thinke good and we will passe away the time with such talke as we shall finde HIPPO Agreed Go Mastix Fetch hyther the Horses with the Coults and the Asses EVPH. And you EVMAEVS and HEDIO bring your Heardes togeather and come hither euery man shall lay downe his shot as they vse in the Tauerne but without mony or any charges declaring at large what belongeth to the Cattell he kepeth Your Horses HIPPOCOMVS are yet in good plight I saw the Horses of our neyghbour Agrius of late which are leaner and barer a great way HIPPO Peraduenture they haue not so good loking vnto though they neyther want pasture nor are much laboured but mine on the other side are continually laboured and are not so well fed but are better looked vnto then my neyghbours EVPH. Wel since both tyme and place requireth it I pray you let vs heare what you can say touching the charge and looking to of Horses HIPPO Surely I haue not so much money to tell but I may well be at leysure and therefore since you are so earnest with me I will not deny your request although that of this matter an honest and learned Gentleman of England maister Thomas Blunduile hath so throughly written to his commeÌ„dacion and benefite of his country as there can not be more sayd I referr you therfore wholy to him notwithstaÌ„ding breefely I wil shew you my fansy Among all other creatures that wee vse in our labour the Horse may worthiest challenge the chiefest place as the noblest the goodliest the necessariest and the trustiest beast that wee vse in our seruice and since he serueth to so many vses I should here bestow some time in his prayse and in declaring his seruice but for this an other time shall better serue EVPHOR Wee onely here desire to know the signes of a good and an excellent Horse and the ryght maner of ordring him HIPPO First you shall knowe that Horses serue for sundry purposes Some for the Plowe the Carte the packesaddle others for light Horses Coursers Horses of seruice others agayne for Stallions and breeders and therefore they must be chosen according to their seruice Souldiers and men of warr desire a sierse Horse couragious swift and wel colored The husbandman would haue his horse gentill large bodyed and meete for trauaile and burden Notwithstanding the breeding and bringing vp of them is almost one for in their breeding wee hope to bring them all to the saddle EVPHOR What thinges are most to bee considered in their breedinge HIPPO Hee that hath a fansey too breede Horse must first prouide himselfe of a good race and then of good ground and plenty of pasture which in other Cattell ought not to bee so greatly obserued but in Horses there must be special care therof And therefore you must first see that your Stallion bee of a good race well proporcioned and framed in euery poynt and in the like sorte the Mare Some reckon their goodnes by theyr Countryes wherin they take for chieâ—e the Genet of Spaine the Courser of Naples the Sarmacian Horse the Peloâ—onâ—han the Turkey and the Thessalian but these serue chiefly for running and swiftâ—nesse For largenesse of body enduring of laboure and fitnesse for breede the best are to be had out of Freeseland Holland and Artoyâ— The shape and proporcion of the Horse ought heedily to be considered for the very looke and countenaunce oftentyme declareth the goodnesse of his nature Therefore you must diligently consider his makinge from the heele to the hedde and first you must cheefely regarde his feete for as in viewing of a house it is in vaine to regarde the beawty of the vpper roomes if the foundacion bee ruynous so the Horse that is not sounde of his feete will neyther serue the Souldiour the Husband nor the Trauayler In your looking vpon him therefore you must first consider his hoofes that they bee not tender and soft but hard and sound round and hollowe that the hollownesse may keepe his foote from the ground and sounding like a Cimball as Xenephon sayth may declare the soundnes of the foote for the hoofe that is full and fleshy is not to be lyked y Horses that haue suche hooâ—es doo easely halt wherefore diuers commend a Horse like the hooâ—e 〈◊〉 asse the pastors next to the hoofe not to longe as the gote hath for shaking of his rider and breeding of wind-gall nor to short for beeing hurt in stony ground The legges the thyes sith they are the standardes of the body they ought to be euen straight and sound not gouty with much fleshe and vaynes for such as haue their legges clad with muche flesh and vaynes they with greate Iourneis growe full of windgalls and swellinges which will cause them to halt which Legges at the first foling are as long as euer they wil bee by reason
placed as it may alwayes be in the masters eye and to be lightsome least the Horse being vsed to the dark his eye dasel at the light Some thinke they will be the gentler if they be vsed to the light and the fayrer if they haue the sunne at his rysing in somer time let as mutch ayre come to them both day and night as you can In winter your stable should rather be warme then hot and therfore your stable must stand toward the south but so as the windowes may open toward the North which being kept shut in winter may be warme opened in somer you may let in the coole ayre EVPH. The like we vse in our oxe stalles HIPPO Besides whereas the bodies of Cattell haue nede of rubbing as well as mens bodyes for many times it doth the Horse as much good to be stroked downe the backe with your hand as to feede him The Horse is to be continually curryed in the morning at night and after his labour In currying of them we must begin at the head and the necke for it is a vaine thing to make cleane the lower partes and leaue the other foule It is good also to obserue due times for his feeding his watering his trauayle Thus much of his exercise Now followeth to speake of his dyet and because we haue spoken before of his pasture we must also say sumwhat of his other feding The better a man would haue his Horse to proue the better must he looke to his meate for the good feeding the country people say is a great helpe to the goodnesse of the Horse If the Horse be young as I said before of Coltes he must be fed with grasse chaffe and hay if he be elder and mete to trauaile his foode must be the dryer as Chaffe Barley Oates and Hay Chaffe doth not so well nourish by reason of y drynesse but it keepes the body in good plight and because hard meate is hardest of digestioÌ„ it is therefore to be geuen to those that labour The stocke or studde must be pastured in large pastures and marshes as also vpon mountaines and hilly groundes but euer well watred not dry rather champion then woddy and rather soft sweete grasse then hye and flaggy if y pasture be too short they sooner weare their foreteeth are toothlesse before their full age And where as euery kind of Creature is naturally moyst a Horse ought cheefely whether he be young or old to be fed with moist pasture for y better conseruatioÌ„ of his natural temprature Some would haue you in no wise to geue your Horse grasse in the spring time but in Iune or the fall of the leafe they would haue you geue them grasse with the deaw vppon it and in the night season Oates Barly Hay Howbeit in y colder couÌ„treys in Germany France England where the pasture is very good they doubt not to skowre their Horses with greene grasse and weedes of the meddowes and in the chotter countryes they doo the like with greene blades of wheate or barly Sâ—me vse to geue theÌ„ Aples shared in peeces to skoure theÌ„ withal thus much of skouring of Horses Generally who so euer will haue his Horse helthy and aâ—le to endure trauaile let him feede his Horse with Oates mingled with chaffe or strawe so shall he be temperatly well fed and yf so he labour much geue him the more Oats His meate must be geuen him as some thinke best in a lowe manger set so lowe as they are forced to eate their meate with some difficultie or trauaile which they say is to make them bend their neckes by which excercise both the head and the neck groweth bigger and they wyll be the easier to be bridled besides they wyll be the stronger by reason of the hard setting of the forefeete Howbeit in some places they vse hie standing mangers after what sort so euer they be they must alwayes be kept clene and well swept before you cast in their meate Their prouender though diuers Horscorsers that liue by sale of Horse do feede them with sodden Rie or beanemeale sodde pampering them vp that they may be the fayrer to the eye yet is it not good â—oode to labour with The best prouender that is is Oates and for defâ—wâ—e of them Barly you must beware you geue them neyther Wheate Ric or any dry pulse their prouender must be geuen them rather often litâ—ell then once or twyse a day in greate porcâ—ons least you gluâ—te them therewith they are vsed to be fed comonly â—iue times a day when they stand in the stable keeping an equall number of houres betwene y times when they trauaile you may geue them meate seldomer but in greater quantitie yf their iournies be long they must haue prouender besides in the night alwayes remembryng as I said that you glâ—â—â—e them not The better a Horse feedeth the better wyll he labour you must also beware that you geue him no prouender neyther Oates nor Barly after any great labour till he be thorowe colde notwithstanding you may geue him a little hay to coole his mouth The hay must be sweete and wel made and 〈◊〉 shaken before it be cast in the racke and specially seene too that there be no feathers of any fowle amongest it If the 〈…〉 very hotte after his labour let him be well couered and softly walked tyll he be colde before you set him vp when he is sâ—â— vp 〈◊〉 him well leâ—â—t the coldnesse of the ground stâ—â—ke into him in any wyse washe him not when he is hot but when he is through colde water him and washe him wiping him dry when you bring him in If the Horse forsake his meate some vse to stampe Garlike and Pepper and to geue it him rubbing his teeth well till his stomacke come to him some would haue a cloute wette in salt water tyed vpon a sticke and thrust into his Iawes In watring you must looke well vnto him for as Aristotle saith beastes doo feede and are nourished the betâ—eâ— yf they be well watred Horses and Camels do loue best to drinke a thicke troubled water in so much as yf y water be cleare they wyl trouble it with their â—ecte For the most Bullockes againe desire a fayre cleare water and 〈◊〉 The same Aristotle also affirmeth that a Horse may suffer thyrstâ— 4. dayes without drinke Varro wylles you to water your Horses twyse a day which order we obserue that is once in the morning and againe in the afternone but in winter yf they drinke but once a day it suffiseth before you water him he must be well rubbed and then ledde into the water vp to the knees specially yf he be leane yf he be fatte he may goe the deâ—per Notwithstanding there are some that holde opinnion they ought not to goe so deepe as their stones touche the water specially if the Horse be young After Marche the
vncurable which yf the Horse had and was sold by the old lawes he was to be turned backe agayne except the bargaine were otherwyse of which number are the broken wineded the lunaticke and the manginesse called the farcine which disease yf it come once to y stones is thought vncurable to this they adde the through Splenâ— some thinke that broken winded is not to be cured because it is like to the consumption of the longs in a man yet some hope of recouery there is if it be taken in time for letting of blood in dry diseases is against reason But you may annoynt the hole body with Wine Oyle mingled togeather warmed and curry him against the heare till he sweate and geue him this drinke inward from the first day the iuâ—ce of Pisan Swines grease clarified Amylum in new sweete wine which being boyled together you may geue it him with a horne to open his pipes set him so as he stand warme The lunaticke eyes are cured by letting him blood in the temple vaines bathing the eyes on the outside with some warme bath putting into them some strong water certaine dayes till they be hole For the manginesse take the woormes called Cantharides beaâ—ing them mingle with them a little Uerdegrease and so annoynt them with it warming the body of the Horse with a fyrepan Others vse to washe him with warme water twyse a day and after to rubbe him with Salt sodden in water tyll the matter come out Aboue al other they say it excelleth in the beginning to anoynt him with the fat of a Seale yf it haue runne long you must vse stronger medicines as Lime Brimstone Tarre olde Swynes grease of eache a like quantitie boyled togeather and with a little oyle made in an oyntment they vse to rubbe it also with the Soote of a Caldron Against many diseases both of Horses and Bullockes they vse the roote of the hearbe called black Ellebor of some Bearfoote of others Setterwort which they thrust in the brest of the beast betwixt the fleshe and the skinne making a hole before with a Bookine Against all diseases of Horses Vegetius commendeth this medecine as the cheefest Centory Woormewood Dogge Fenell wyld Time Saâ—apen Betony Saxifrage Aristolochia Rotunda take of eache alike beate them small and sift them and yf the Horse haue an ache geue it him with water yf he be ferme with good strong Wine The olde husbands would not suffer their Horses to be let blood but vpon great necessitie least being vsed to it yf it should at any time be omitted it should breede some disease and therefore in very young Horses and suche as be healthy it is best not to let them blood but in the roofe of the mouth For those that be come to their full age you may let them blood before you put them to pasture but beware you beare a steddy hand and strike them not too deepe Geldinges you shall not neede to let blood the Horses of Barbary as they say neuer neede any medecine EVPHOR You haue spoken yenough of Horses it is time you say something of Asses HIPPO It is greatly out of order but since you wyll needes haue me so to doo I wil not sticke with you to say what I can therin that eache of you may doo the like in his charge Asses are commonly kept yet not to be little set by because of their sundry commodities and the hardnesse of their feedyng for this poore beast contentes him self with what meate so euer you geue him Thystels Bryers Stalkes Chaffe wherefore euery countrey hath store is good meate with him besides he may best abide the yll looking to of a necligent keeper able to susteyne blowes labour hunger and thyrst being seldome or neuer sicke and therefore of al other cattel longest endureth for being a beast nothing chargeable he serueth for a number of necessary vses in carrying of burdens he is comparable to the Horse he draweth the Cart so the lode be not vnreasonable for grinding in the Mill he passeth all others therefore in the countrey the Asse is most needeful for carrying of things to the market and Corne to the Myll In Egypt and Barbary where the ground is very light they haue also their vse in plowing and the fine Ladyes of the countrey doo ryde vpon Asses richely furnished yea they be very apt to be taught so as at this day in Alcayre you shall haue them daunce very manerly and keepe measure with their Musitian Varro maketh mention of two sortes one wylde whereof in Phrigia and Lycaonia there are great store the wylde Asses that are tamed are passing good specially for breede they are easely broken the other is tame of which I meane to speake The best are brought out of Arcadia although Varro seemes to commend the breede of Italy for goodnesse He that wyll haue a breede of Asses must haue the male the female both of reasonable age large bodyed sounde and of a good kind the male must be at the least three yere old for from three tyll they be tenne they be fyt for breeding they bring foorth their Coltes sometimes at two yeeres and a halfe but three yeeres is the best age the female goeth as long with her burden as the Mare and dischargeth in all respectes as she dooth but she wyll not very well reteyne except she be forced immediatly after the horsyng to runne about she seldome bringeth forth two When she foaleth she gets her into some darke place and keepes her selfe from being seene They wyll beare all their life time whiche as Aristotle sayth is thirtie yeeres they are put to the Horse a little before the tenth of Iune and beare euery other yeere they bring foorth their Fole at the twelfth moneth Whyle they be with Fole they must not be greatly laboured for hazarding their Fole the male must neuer be idle for he is as lecherous as the deuyll and by rest wyl waxe nought The Colt is suffered to run with the damme the first yere the next is gently tyed vp with her only in the night times the third yeere they are broken according to their vse The damme doth woonderfully loue her young so much as she wil not sticke to come through the fire to it but the water shee dare in no wise come neare no not to touche it with her foote neyther wil she drinke in any strange water but where she is vsed to be watred so as she may goe stand dry foote They delight to be lodged in wyde roomes are troubled with fearfull dreames in their sleepes whereat they so pawe with their legges that yf they lye neare any hard thing they hurt their feete in drinking they scarsely touche the water with their lippes as it is thought for feare of wetting their goodly eares whose shadowes they see in their drinking no beast can worse away with colde then this If your Asses halt
at any time you shal thus remedy theÌ„ wash al the foote with warme water afterward make them cleane with a sharp knife which when you haue done take old chamber lye as hot as may be melt therin Goates suet or if you haue not y Oxe tallow anoint al the feete til they be hole EVPH. They say that betwixt an Asse a Mare is gotten the Moyle as a third kinde of two sundry kinde neyther resembling the father nor the mother HIPPO It is very true as of the shee Asse the Horse is engendred the shee Moyle but altogeather stubborne vnreasonable dul Also of the Mare the wyld Asse being broken are bredde Moyles that runne passing swyâ—tly are wonderful hard hoofed but rugged of their body mischeuous stomaked yet easie to be handled the Mares for breede must not be vnder foure yeeres nor aboue ten they are faied in the twelfth moneth as Horses and Asses are as Aristotle saith but Columella sayth their foling time is not before the .13 moneth The female conceaueth as experience teacheth assuredly after the seuenth day the male doth neuer better horse theÌ„ wheÌ„ he is most tired She that conceaueth not before she hath cast her coltes teeth is taken to be barraine as she likwise that takes not at the first horsing Those that are gotten betwixt a Horse an Asse in olde time were called Neyars such as were brought forth betwixt an Asse a Mare they called Moyles The Moyles them selues they say doo neuer ingender yf at any time they did it was taken for monstrous accounting the cause of their barrâ—nnesse y contrarietie of their kinds which matter a long time troubled both Aristotle the rest of the Philosophers Though Aristotle hath other where written that Moyles doo both ingender bring forth and with him agreeth Theophrastus affirming y in Capadocia they do coÌ„monly bring forth ingender of themselues The like doth Varro before him Dionysius and Mago affirme that the breeding of Moyles in the countreys of Aâ—fryk is neyther monstrous nor geason but as common as our breede of Horses but the Moyle is both fayrer and better stomaked that is begotten of an Asse and a Mare The Stallion that you meane to haue for your race of Moyles must be as fayre as you can geat hauing onely this regarde that he be large of body bigge necked broade and strong ribbed large and brawâ—y brested his thyghes full of synowes and his legges well knitte of colour blacke and spotted for Asses though they be commonly dunne yet that colour agreeth not well with a Moyle some say that what colour you would haue your Moyle to be with that coloured cloke you must couer your Asse The Asse so proportioned as I haue declared that you meane to appoynt for your Stallion you must strayghtwayes take from his damme put him to some Mare that hath a Colt sucking of her you shall easely deceiue the Mare by setting her in a darke place remouing her owne Colt from her and putting to her in steede therof the Asses Colt which she wyll nurse as her owne Afterwards when the Mare hath been vsed to it a tenne dayes she wyl continually after y time geue it sucke The Asse being in this order brought vp wyll better acquaint him selfe with the Mares sometimes though he be sucked only with his owne damme being brought vp when he is young amongst Mares wyl wel yenough keepe company with them as Columella sayth but our Asses are of themselues desyrous yenough of the Mares that they neede not to be trayned to the matter for it is a woonderful Coltishe beast vnreasonably weapned He must not be lesse theÌ„ three yeeres olde wheÌ„ he couereth your Mares which must be in the spring time when you may well feede him with grasse good store of Oates Barly neyther must you put him to a young Mare for if shee haue not been horsed before she wil so beate her woer y she wil make him like the worse as long as he liueth for remedy wherof you must at y first put to the Mare a vilder Asse y may woe her before but not suffered to Horse her when you perceaue y shee is Horsing away with y raskall put to your Stalion A place fitte for this purpose the countrey people as Columella saith were woont to haue which they called a frame or a brake with two rayles on both sides a little distance betwene y the Mare can not striue nor turne from y Horse the lower part inclosed and the Mare standing lowe so the Asse may the better leape her hauing the vpper ground for his helpe which when shee hath conceaued at the twelue months end brought forth the yeere after she must be suffered to run emptie that she may the better bring vp her Colte The she Moyle being a tweluemonth old must be taken from the dam let run vpon mountaynes or wylde places for the hardning of his hoofes the better enduring of labour for the Male is y better for burden the Female the quicker and liuelier both the kindes doth trauayle wel tyll the ground if the plowman be not vnreasonable or the grounde so stiffe as it requireth a drawght of Oxen or Horse They wil leaue striking and kicking if you vse to geue them wine as Plinie reporteth who likewyse writeth that a Moyle wil liue fourescore yeeres EVPH. Since you haue begunne with trauayling beastes what can you say of the Cammell HIP. The Camell is cheefely vsed in the East partes which some suppose to be the seruisablest cattel for man that is as it were therevnto only framed for he is bumbast vpon y backe for bearing of burdens Also he hath foure knees where as the Horse the Asse such others haue but two for his hinder legges bowe forward as a mans knees doth wherwith he kneeleth to receiue his burden There are two kindes of them y Bactrian and the Arabian the Bactrian haue two bunches vpoÌ„ their backes and the Arabian but one the other on their brest to leane vpoÌ„ both sortes of them lacke their teeth aboue as y Bullocke doth they al serue in those countries for burden to carry men in y wars they are as swyft as Horses but some a greate deale more then others neyther wyll they breake their pace nor carry more burdens then they are vsed to they beare a naturall hatred to the Horse and can forbeare drinke for foure dayes he drinkes when he may both for that is past and to come troubling the water before with his foote otherwyse he delighteth not in it he is fed beside his pasture and such thinges as he gettes in the woodde with Oates or Barly Salt he engendreth backward as the Elephantes Tygers Lions Connies and such other whose instrumentes grow backward when they meane to goe to rutte they seeke the secretest and
hath often also been seene that their Coames being emptie they haue continued fasting till the Ides of Februarie and cleauing to the Coames as yf they were dead haue yet retayned their life but least they shoulde lose it altogeather it is good to powre them in some sweete licours by little pipes whereby they may sustaine their liues till the Swallow with her appearing promise a welcomer season After which time when the weather wyll suffer them they begin to seeke abrode for them selues for after the Sunne is in the Aeqâ—inoctial they neuer rest but trauaile painefully euery day and geather flowres and necessaries for their breeding Besides because fewe places are so fruitefull as they yeelde flowres both Sommer and Winter therefore in suche places where after the Spring and Sommer at whiche times both Beanes Rapes Wyllowes and other plantes and hearbes in euery place doo flowre the flowres doo faile they are carried of diuers and that in the night as I tolde you before into such places wheras there is good store of late flowring hearbs as Tyme wylde Marierum and Sauery wherwith they may be fedde geather foode at their pleasure and as Columella wryteth that Bees in the olde time were brought from the feeldes of Aâ—â—aia to the pastures of Athenâ— and so transported in diuers other places So may we with vs carry them from places where the flowres be consumed in the Spring to the sommer flowres as Clouer and suche other and after that about the end of the Sommer to places furnished with Heathe Tamariske such other late bearing flowre For the auoyding of this inconuenience of carrying from place to place I wyl shew you in what sort I haue ordered my Beeyard at home And because maister Hersâ—ach hath shewed you before in his Garden many good hearbes and yet not whereto they serue I wyll shewe you a fewe plantes that I haue set about my Bees seruing both for their commoditie and the health of my houshold I haue chosen of a great number suche as be most necessarie and of greatest vertue whose speciall vertues and woonderfull woorkinges geuen onely by the most gratious and bountifull framer of the Worlde and being as it were sucked and drawen out by the carefull toyle and diligence of the Bee must needes adde a greater perfection to their Hony and their Wax I haue first enclosed the yarde where my Bees stand with a quickset hedge made of Blacke thorne and Honysocâ—e the one of them seruing the Bee with his flowres at the beginning of the spring and the other at the latter end of sommer The first the Blacke thorne beareth a pleasant white flowre so much the welcomer to the Bee as it is the very farewell of the Winter for he commonly flowreth not till the Winter be past These flowres newly geathered and steeped all a night in the best and strongest Wine and afterwards destilled in Balneo Marie being drunke helpeth any paine in the sides as hath been certainely prooued Tragus the Germane confesseth that with this onely water he hath cured all manner of paines about the stomacke hart or sides Wine made of the Sloe and preserued vntill Iuly or August when the blooddy flixe most raigneth is a soueraine medecine against it The other the Honysocle or Woodbine beginneth to flowre in Iune and continueth with a passing sweete sauour till the very latter end of the sommer The water thereof destilled and drunke two or three dayes togeather at times asswageth the heate of the stomacke helpeth the Cough and shortnesse of breath Ragges of linnen dipped therein and applied doo heale any heate of the eyes or lyuer Next vnto my Hiues I haue planted the sweete hearbe Melissa or Apiastrum called in English Balme with a square stalke a leafe like a smoothe Nettle and a yellow flowre and groweth almost in euery Hedge an hearbe well knowen to the olde women in the countrey and greatly desyred of the Bee. This Melissa or Balme sodden in white wine and drunke two or three morninges togeather purgeth the brest helpes the shortwinded comforteth the hart driueth away the dumpishe heauinesse that proceedeth of Melancholy helpeth the falling sicknesse and almost all other diseases being chopped small and steeped a night in good white wine and afterwards destilled is greatly commended not only in deliuering women from their panges and greefes of the mother being drunke to the quantitie of three or foure spoonefulles but also cureth the paines or fainting of the hart called commonly the passion of the hart Cardamus greatly commendeth this hearbe for the comforting and renewing of a decayed memory and affirmeth that it is a causer of sweete pleasant sleepes Next vnto this haue I growing that sweete and precious hearbe Angellica whose seedes I first receyued from that vertuous and godly Lady the Lady Golding in Kent a Gentlwoman that setteth her whole felicity in the feare and seruice of the Almighty this hearbe is in flowre seede leafe stalke and sauour so like vnto Louage as they may hardly be discerned the one from the other the leafe doth in a manner resemble the Figge leafe sauing that it is more iagged and indented round about If any man be suddainly infected with the pestilence feauer imoderate sweat let him take of the roote of this Angellica in powder halfe a dramme and putting to it a dramme of Treacle mingle them togeather with three or foure spoonefulles of the water destilled of the said roote and after he hath drunke it let him lie sweate fasting for the space of three houres at the least thus dooing by the helpe of God he shall escape the danger the roote steeped in Uineger and smelt vnto and the same Uineger sometimes drunke fasting doth preserue a man from the pestilence to be short the roote and the water thereof is soueraine against all inward diseases it scowreth away the collections of a Plurisie beginning helpeth vlcered and corrupted Loonges and is good against the Collicke Strangury restraint of womens purgacions and for any inward swelling or inflamacion the iuyce thrust into a hollow tooth aswageth the paine the water dropped into the eare doth the like the said iuyce water put into the eye quickeneth the sight taketh away the thinne skins and rines that couereth the eye Besides a most present remedy in all deepe and rotten sores is the iuyce the water or the powder for it clenseth them and couereth the bone with good flesh It was called in the olde time Panacea or Healâ—al Next vnto this Angellica haue I growing in great plenty Cardus Benedictus or blessed Thistell whiche the Empirickes or common Proalisers doo commend for sundry and great Uertues affirming that it was first sent out of India to Frederyck the Emprour for the great Uertue it had against the headache or megrime being eaten or drunken Likewyse they say it helpeth against the dasing or giddinesse of the head maketh a good memory
b. Cheese not to be made of beâ—steâ— that haue more then foure pappes 147. b. Chestnuts 94. b. Catoes ansvvere touching bicedyng 111. b. Catoes Oracle 15. a. Cabbedge 56. a. Coâ—le crompled 56. b. Cytâ—ons 91. a. Cordum a kinde of Hay 45. b. Cotryander 57. a. Cornâ—lltree 92. b. Cresinus his diligence 46. a. Coucomber 62. a. Cumyn 57. a. Cypresse 107. b. Cyrus kyng nursed by shepheardes 113. a. Cytisus 37. b. Cattell their breaking 128. a. Colts their handling 119. a. Cattell keeping and tyllage their felovvship 111. a. Cattell keeping the antiquitie and vvoorthynesse 113. a. Corke tree 109. a. Corke groue 101. b. Gornefloore 12. b. Covve barreyne 128. Castryl 170. a. Covve her age 128. b. Covve her making 128. b. Covve her caluing * 127. a. Calues their geldyng * 127. b. Cockes theyr choyse 158. a. Capons theyr makyng 161. b. Chickins hatched vvithout the Henne 159. a. Chickins diseases and remedy 160. a. Cock a moouer to repentance 158. a. Crosses 58. a. Cardiaca his vertues 192. b. Carduus Benedictus the vertues 191. a. D. Date tree 97. a. Damsons 96. a. Dyll 57. b. Drone Bee. 176. a. and 182. a. Dogge the starre his rysing 189. a. Dogges to ridde them of Tycks 156. a. Dogge for the house 154. a. Dogge for the sold. 154. b. Dogge maâ—â—de the tokens 156. b. Dogge his age 155. a. Dogges tayle the cutting 155. b. Dogges theyr feedyng 155. b. Dogges coolours 154. b. Dogges their kindes 154. a. Dogges kinde to be regarded 155. a. Dogges of vvoonderfull pâ—ice 153. b. Dogges diseases and remedyes 156. a. Dogges names 156. a. Dogges their lyttures 155. a. Douehouse buildyng 169. a. Doues to keepe from the Halke 170. a. Doues their foode 169. b. Doues their foes 170. a. Doues their price 168. a. Doues their kindes 168. b. Doues to allure them to the house 107. a. Doues young their feedyng 169. a. Doung the sortes 19. b. Doung nevve best for medovves 20. a. Doung olde best for come ground 20. a. Doung for Vines 82. a. Dounghill 13. a. Dvvelling house 10. b. Doung best the maisters foote 30. E. Elme 102 Elme his vse 106. a Egges their sortes 161. b. Eldar 107. a. Elecompany 68. a. Emperours of Nethardes 113. a. Endiue 55. b. Egges to be hatched 158. b. Egges hovve to choose 159 b. Egges kept from thunder 159. b. Eye of the maisters fattes the horse 121. b. F. Flax. 38. b. Firre tree his vse 106. a. Flovvre gentle 65. b. Filbert 94. b. Fruitefulnesse of diuers countreys 19. a. Figge tree 107. a. Fenell 57. b. Fenugreeke 36. a. Fodder for Cattell 36. b. Fish delighting in mud 173. b. Fish delighting in grauell 173. b. Eishepondes their sundry sortes 172. b. and 173. a. Fishpondes vvhere best 172. b. Fishpondes 172. a Frye 173. b. G. Garlicke 60. a. Galles 102. a. and. 110. a. Garners 42. b. Goose pennes their standing 163. b. Goose liuer of great bignesse 164. b. Goose her hatching 164. a. Goose their fattyng 164. a. Garden hearbes the sowing 52. b. Garden the standyng 52. a. Garden vvhat mould best 51. b. Garden dounging and digging 52. a. Gardens of great antiquitie 48. a. Garden a shambies 48. b. Garden vvithout vvater 49. b. Garden yll declares an euyll husvvyfe 48. b. Garden vvhen to water 50. a. Graffing 72. a. Graffing the season 71. a. Graffing a nevve vvay 74. a. Graffing diuers sortes 72. a. Graffing vvith the toppe downevvard 73. b. Gelliflovvres 66. a. Gourdes 62. b. H. Helecampany 68. a. Husband his good nature 17. a. Husbandmen most happy 7. a. Husbandmen come to be Emperours 5. b. Husbandry nurse of all other sciences 6. a. Husbandry Cosen Germane to vvysedome 6. b. Husbandry her nobilitie 6. a. Husbandry her antiquitie 6. b. Husbandry pleaseth GOD. 6. b. Husbandry no base trade 7. a. Holly the tree 107. b. Hony coames vvhat fashion 183. a. Hony coames 175. b. Haruest for Otes 41. a. Happy vvho is 7. b. Haruâ—st of Hâ—mpe 41. a. Hâ—ruâ—st of VVheate 41. a. Haruest of Rye 41. a. Haruest of Rapeseede 40. b. Haruest of VVinter Baily 40. b. Haruest of all other Corne and Pulse 41. a. Hempe 39. b. Hartichocks 63. a. Heauens their state for the ground 52. a. Heauens their state for planting and sovving 53. b. Horses age hovve to knovv 117. a. Horse loueth troubled vvater 121. a. Horse his proportion 115. a. b. Horse broken vvynded 124. a. Horse forsaking his meate the remedy 121. a. Horse halting the remedy 123. a. Horses their colours 116. a. Horses the Cratches 123. a. Horses soundring 123. b. Horses gald 123. a. Horse described by Virgil. 115. b. Horse vvyndgalles 123. a. Horse to be in health 121. b. Horse prouoked to stale 122. a. Horse tyred the remedy 122. a. Horse hauing vvoormes the signes and the remedie 124. a. Horse to keepe from Flyes 123. b. Horse vvhen to be broken 119. a. Horses feete the cure 122. b. Horse his rhume the cure 124. a. Horse mangie 124. a. Horse the vyues 123. a. Horse payned in the belly 123. b. Horse hovve long he liues 117. a. Horse holsome to trauayle 121. a. Horsing of Mares the time 117. b. Horses vvatring 121. a. Horsâ—s gelding 119. b. Horses carrying 120. a. Horse is ordring after tratrauayle 121. b. 120. b. Horse his prouender 120. b. Horse his skovvring 120. a. Horses generall remedies 124. b. Horses stables 119. b. Horse clothes 122. a. Horse lesse hurt by dravving then bearing 119. b. Horses vvallovvyng holsome 122. a. Horse hotte not to be vvatred 121. b. Horse colde to haue 118. a. Horse hovve to choose 115. Horse suddenly sicke the cure 151. b. Heye making 45. b. Heye cutting 5. b. Heye vvhen to cut 45. b. Husbandes bestovving of tyme. 2. b. Hogge sicke the signes 151. a. Hogge mesled 152. a. Hogge sound the tokens 151. a. Hogges theyr breaming and farrovvyng 149. b. Hogge sicke of the Quinsey and the Kernels 151. a. Hogges their gelding 150. b. Hogge the feuer 151. a. Hogges their herdes 148. b. Hogges diseases and the remedies 151. a. Hogges long sicke remedy 151 b. Hogges sicke of the mylt 151. a. Hogges turnesicke 151. b. Hogges made to the horne 149. b. Husbandry commended 5. a. Hedge dead 50. a. Hedge quicke preferd 50. b. Hedge quicke sundry vvayes of making 50. b. Hennes for broode their choyse 157. b. Hennes hovve long in hatching 160. a. Hennes house the standyng 162. a. Hennes hovve long in sittyng 158. b. Hennes their feeding 163. a. Hennes hovv to fatte 161. a. Hennes must haue dust 163. a. Hennes vvhat ligges to set vnder 159. a. Hennes to keepe from sittyng 158. b. Hennes the number to a Cocke 158. a. Hearbes for pleasure and beautie 65. a. Hearbe vvhat for pastures 45. a. Hippomanes 117. b. Horda vvhat 128. a. Hysope 64. b. Hony of the â—eath 184. a. Hony making 185. b. Hony the kindes 184. a. Hony the best 184. Hony hovv corrupted 184. Hyll hovv to plovve 21. a. Hiues of Bees