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claudianê°_n which_o live_v under_o honorius_n 410._o year_n after_o the_o incarnate_a word_n author_n of_o the_o scottish_n war_n against_o gyllus_n which_o unto_o he_o seem_v no_o inconvenience_n who_o in_o other_o place_n most_o impudent_o father_v his_o folly_n &_o fable_n upon_o caesar_n the_o dictator_n &_o tacitus_n in_o very_a deed_n claudianus_n have_v write_v of_o the_o gyldonicum_fw-la war_n make_v in_o africa_n by_o masticelis_n brother_n to_o gyldo_n gyldo_n cheiftaine_n therein_o and_o of_o the_o expedition_n which_o honorius_n take_v in_o hand_n against_o the_o brother_n that_o rebel_v but_o i_o beseech_v you_o my_o friend_n hector_n tell_v i_o whether_o you_o affirm_v this_o gear_n in_o jest_n or_o in_o good_a earnest_n that_o thereby_o we_o may_v judge_v of_o the_o residue_n or_o whether_o that_o you_o think_v you_o can_v deceive_v all_o man_n with_o your_o lie_n this_o gyldo_n be_v a_o goth_n no_o scot_n the_o war_n be_v in_o africa_n not_o in_o ireland_n this_o visible_a tyrant_n live_v in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 398._o but_o their_o feign_a &_o invisible_a gyllus_n be_v devise_v to_o have_v flourish_v 400._o year_n before_o beside_o these_o insulse_fw-la and_o unsavored_a lie_n he_o affirm_v that_o all_o the_o knowledge_n and_o learn_v of_o the_o druid_n druid_n come_v first_o unto_o the_o scot_n when_o as_o it_o plain_o appear_v unto_o such_o as_o be_v exercise_v in_o the_o read_v of_o history_n that_o philosophy_n and_o the_o liberal_a science_n be_v know_v to_o the_o celtae_n and_o britain_n long_o before_o they_o be_v to_o the_o greek_n and_o latin_n but_o as_o touch_v the_o wholesome_a law_n &_o institute_n which_o he_o false_o attribute_v unto_o the_o scot_n unto_o those_o which_o read_v solinus_n and_o mela_n depaynt_v forth_o the_o manner_n and_o nature_n of_o the_o irishman_n the_o truth_n hierom._n will_v appear_v likewise_o out_o of_o s._n hierome_n who_o we_o may_v better_v credit_n than_o boethius_n it_o be_v evident_a 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that_o they_o be_v so_o barbarous_a at_o his_o time_n it_o be_v not_o like_a that_o so_o many_o hundred_o year_n before_o as_o boethius_n do_v fain_o they_o be_v rule_v with_o so_o many_o good_a law_n and_o wholesome_a institute_n neither_o do_v i_o for_o my_o part_n write_v this_o to_o the_o intent_n i_o will_v detract_v any_o thing_n from_o the_o scottish_a glory_n in_o so_o much_o as_o i_o know_v very_o well_o that_o this_o nation_n after_o that_o it_o have_v depart_v from_o barbarousness_n and_o embrace_v christian_a religion_n and_o obey_v law_n and_o right_n precise_o like_o other_o people_n be_v so_o firmlye_o join_v in_o league_n of_o friendship_n with_o our_o britain_n that_o we_o read_v how_o in_o many_o war_n th`one_a nation_n aid_v the_o other_o i_o acknowledge_v also_o that_o many_o thing_n have_v be_v by_o they_o do_v both_o wise_o &_o valiant_o in_o britain_n france_n and_o italy_n and_o that_o the_o englishman_n howbeit_o a_o strong_a nation_n seldom_o assay_v the_o scot_n in_o war_n but_o that_o they_o be_v always_o ready_a with_o all_o their_o force_n to_o join_v with_o they_o in_o battle_n which_o be_v no_o sign_n of_o a_o cowardly_a or_o heart_n less_o people_n but_o i_o write_v this_o only_a to_o this_o intent_n that_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o history_n may_v be_v know_v and_o that_o the_o scot_n themselves_o may_v contemn_v this_o fabler_n &_o hold_v themselves_o content_v with_o this_o that_o together_o with_o the_o saxon_n frenchman_n &_o englishman_n most_o noble_a nation_n they_o be_v first_o know_v to_o the_o roman_a world_n and_o now_o let_v we_o see_v what_o substantial_a &_o approve_a writer_n who_o both_o we_o &_o they_o must_v credit_v have_v transport_v to_o memory_n touch_v the_o scot_n and_o redshank_n the_o first_o therefore_o of_o the_o roman_n so_o far_o as_o i_o know_v mamertinus_n in_o his_o panegyricus_n call_v maximinianê°_n make_v mention_n of_o the_o redshank_n by_o these_o word_n and_o true_o not_o like_a as_o there_o be_v but_o one_o name_n of_o britain_n so_o shall_v the_o loss_n be_v but_o small_a to_o the_o commonwealth_n of_o a_o land_n so_o plentiful_a of_o corn_n so_o flourish_v with_o number_n of_o pasture_n so_o flow_v with_o river_n of_o metal_n so_o gainful_a for_o revenue_n so_o welbeset_v with_o haven_n so_o wide_a in_o circuit_n which_o when_o cesar_n first_o of_o the_o romans_n &_o the_o beginner_n of_o this_o your_o name_n enter_v into_o write_v that_o he_o have_v find_v another_o world_n suppose_v it_o to_o be_v so_o big_a that_o it_o seem_v not_o to_o be_v compass_v with_o the_o ocean_n but_o rather_o to_o compass_v the_o ocean_n about_o but_o at_o that_o time_n britain_n be_v nothing_o furnish_v with_o ship_n for_o war_n by_o sea_n and_o the_o roman_n after_o the_o punic_a and_o asiatic_a war_n have_v
nothing_o trouble_v with_o hunger_n nor_o cold_a neither_o weary_a with_o martial_a affair_n neither_o fall_n into_o desperation_n by_o adversity_n but_o soon_o ready_a to_o rise_v up_o after_o a_o fall_n and_o press_v by_o and_o by_o again_o to_o assay_v the_o peril_n of_o war_n as_o in_o battle_n easy_a so_o in_o continuance_n of_o war_n hard_a to_o be_v overcome_v whereby_o claudianus_n seem_v to_o speak_v of_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o same_o nation_n say_v if_o that_o their_o heart_n you_o let_v a_o while_n 2._o to_o rest_v so_o many_o slaughter_n they_o devoid_a of_o sense_n do_v seem_v to_o take_v and_o of_o small_a price_n the_o loss_n of_o so_o much_o blood_n to_o deem_v thus_o much_o he_o and_o more_o which_o short_o god_n willing_a shall_v be_v set_v forth_o now_o let_v we_o come_v to_o the_o description_n of_o the_o land_n this_o land_n after_o the_o british_a destruction_n wales_n be_v divide_v into_o six_o region_n as_o i_o read_v of_o late_a in_o a_o very_a ancient_a book_n write_v of_o the_o law_n of_o the_o britain_n for_o say_v that_o book_n after_o that_o the_o saxon_n have_v vanquish_v the_o britain_n &_o obtain_v the_o sceptre_n of_o the_o realm_n and_o the_o crown_n of_o london_n all_o the_o people_n of_o wales_n assemble_v together_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n devey_v to_o choose_v a_o king_n and_o yno_o i_o doethant_a gwyr_n gwynedh_fw-mi à _fw-fr gwyr_n powy_n a_o gwyr_n deheubarth_n à _fw-fr reynnwc_n ac_fw-la esylluc_n à _fw-la morganuc_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v and_o thither_o come_v man_n of_o gwynedh_n and_o man_n of_o powy_n and_o man_n of_o deheubarth_n and_o of_o reynnucia_n and_o of_o syllucia_n and_o morgania_n &_o they_o choose_v maylgun_v who_o other_o call_v maclocunius_fw-la of_o â–ª_o gwynedh_n to_o be_v their_o king_n this_o be_v about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n â—60_n howbeit_o afterward_o in_o the_o lamentable_a conflict_n against_o ethelfredus_n king_n of_o northumberland_n be_v recite_v the_o king_n of_o dynetia_n which_o false_o they_o call_v demetia_n of_o guenta_fw-la of_o powysia_n and_o of_o north-wales_n and_o in_o another_o place_n â—ention_n be_v make_v of_o the_o king_n of_o stra_n 〈…〉_o cluyde_v so_o that_o hereby_o it_o be_v easy_o 〈…〉_o ered_a that_o this_o country_n be_v subject_a 〈…〉_o ivers_n petikinge_n or_o earl_n unto_o rodericuâ—_n 〈…〉_o e_o of_o roderike_n the_o great_a who_z ob_fw-la 〈…〉_o the_o monarchy_n of_o all_o wales_n the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 843._o divide_v it_o into_o three_o part_n which_o he_o leave_v in_o possession_n of_o his_o three_o son_n for_o unto_o meruinius_fw-la as_o gyraldus_n term_v he_o to_o who_o i_o consent_v his_o elder_a son_n he_o give_v gwynedh_n to_o anaraudus_fw-la who_o some_o make_v the_o elder_a powy_n &_o to_o cadelhus_fw-la the_o young_a deheubarth_n and_o that_o i_o may_v use_v the_o word_n of_o gyldas_n southwales_n be_v allot_v to_o cadelhus_fw-la with_o the_o blessing_n and_o goodwill_n of_o all_o the_o people_n which_o they_o call_v deheubarth_n which_o be_v as_o much_o to_o say_v as_o the_o right_a side_n which_o although_o in_o quantity_n it_o be_v far_o the_o big_a notwithstanding_o by_o reason_n of_o noble_a man_n which_o in_o the_o welsh_a tongue_n be_v call_v vchelwyr_n that_o be_v to_o say_v high_a man_n wherewith_o it_o abound_v which_o be_v wont_a to_o rebel_v against_o their_o lord_n &_o to_o defy_v they_o in_o armour_n it_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o worse_a this_o division_n whilst_o their_o posterity_n contend_v among_o themselves_o in_o civil_a war_n and_o each_o of_o they_o alone_o with_o the_o englishman_n in_o external_a at_o last_o destroy_v the_o kingdom_n of_o wales_n the_o chief_a of_o these_o kingdom_n which_o the_o inhabitant_n call_v gwynedh_n englishmen_n north-wales_n &_o the_o latin_a writer_n corrupt_o venodotia_n have_v in_o venodotia_n ancient_a time_n these_o limit_n on_o the_o west_n and_o north_n side_n it_o have_v vergivium_fw-la or_o the_o irish_a ocean_n at_o the_o south-west_n and_o by_o south_n the_o river_n devye_fw-mi whereby_o it_o be_v cut_v of_o from_o southwales_n on_o the_o south_n and_o east_n side_n it_o be_v sever_v from_o powy_n and_o england_n with_o high_a hill_n and_o sometime_o with_o water_n unto_o the_o force_n of_o the_o river_n dee_fw-mi the_o same_o also_o be_v part_v into_o four_o region_n which_o contain_v fifteen_o cantredi_n which_o signify_v a_o hundred_o village_n the_o principal_a of_o these_o region_n be_v the_o i_o will_v of_o anglysey_n of_o who_o we_o have_v speak_v in_o another_o place_n &_o in_o the_o same_o be_v a_o king_n palace_n the_o seat_n of_o north-wales_n in_o aberfraw_n whereof_o the_o king_n of_o gwynedh_n have_v the_o name_n of_o the_o king_n of_o aberfraw_n for_o in_o the_o law_n of_o howel_n dha_n that_o be_v to_o say_v good_a howel_n of_o wall_n both_o king_n and_o lawyer_n which_o i_o have_v see_v write_v both_o in_o the_o british_a and_o latin_a tongue_n it_o be_v decree_v that_o like_o as_o the_o king_n of_o aberfraw_n aught_o to_o pay_v threescore_o and_o three_o pound_n for_o tribute_n unto_o the_o king_n of_o london_n so_o likewise_o the_o king_n of_o dinesur_n a_o matrafall_n be_v several_o bind_v to_o pay_v so_o much_o whereby_o it_o appear_v that_o this_o wales_n king_n be_v the_o chief_a prince_n of_o all_o wales_n about_o anglysey_n be_v diverse_a little_a land_n as_o ynis_n adar_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o i_o will_v of_o bird_n sometime_o but_o now_o it_o be_v call_v ynis_n moylrhoniay_v to_o wit_n the_o i_o will_v of_o whale_n in_o english_a ysterisd_v also_o ynis_n lygod_n that_o be_v the_o i_o will_v of_o mouse_n and_o the_o i_o will_v seirial_n in_o english_a preêstholme_n the_o second_o region_n of_o gwynedh_n call_v arfon_n as_o who_o shall_v say_v above_o anglysey_n the_o best_a fortify_v part_n of_o all_o wales_n for_o it_o centeyn_v the_o high_a mountain_n and_o rock_n of_o all_o britain_n which_o we_o term_v yriri_fw-la the_o englishman_n snowdowne_n because_o they_o carry_v snow_n for_o height_n and_o plenty_n of_o cattle_n scarce_o inferior_a to_o the_o alps_n it_o have_v in_o it_o many_o river_n and_o stand_v water_n beyond_o who_o far_a promontory_n call_v lhynus_fw-la lie_v a_o i_o will_v which_o ptolomaeus_n term_v lymnos_n our_o countryman_n eulhi_n the_o englishman_n bardesey_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o i_o will_v of_o the_o bardi_n in_o arfon_n overagain_o anglysey_n stand_v a_o ancient_a city_n call_v of_o the_o roman_n segontium_n of_o the_o britain_n caërsegont_a of_o a_o river_n which_o pass_v thereby_o but_o now_o out_o of_o the_o ruin_n thereof_o there_o be_v a_o new_a town_n and_o a_o castle_n found_v by_o edward_n the_o first_o of_o 1._o that_o name_n king_n of_o england_n call_v caër_fw-la arfon_n that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o town_n upon_o anglysey_n and_o not_o far_o from_o thence_o overagain_o anglysey_n lie_v the_o bishop_n see_v of_o banchor_n and_o upon_o conway_n water_n which_o there_o ebb_v 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appear_v that_o through_o the_o default_n of_o writer_n &_o negligence_n of_o such_o as_o write_v afterwards_o among_o who_o livius_n even_o of_o the_o roman_n themselves_o be_v touch_v with_o want_n of_o trust_n many_o thing_n of_o great_a importance_n than_o the_o departure_n of_o brutus_n be_v yield_v to_o oblivion_n and_o although_o caesar_n call_v the_o britain_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v to_o say_v bear_v in_o the_o same_o country_n where_o they_o dwell_v and_o diodorus_n siculus_fw-la say_v that_o they_o be_v from_o the_o beginning_n yet_o do_v i_o believe_v that_o brutus_n come_v into_o britain_n with_o his_o train_n of_o troyan_n and_o there_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o government_n of_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n and_o of_o his_o own_o man_n &_o thereof_o be_v call_v britain_n for_o our_o countryman_n unto_o this_o day_n do_v call_v a_o britain_n brituun_v which_o word_n come_v not_o from_o the_o ancient_a name_n of_o the_o island_n prydain_n but_o from_o 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howbeit_o our_o countryman_n say_v that_o the_o cornishmen_n and_o those_o be_v one_o nation_n cornishmen_n which_o both_o the_o king_n name_n be_v like_a in_o both_o country_n as_o conane_n meriadoc_n by_o which_o name_n a_o par_fw-fr cell_n of_o denbygh_a shire_n in_o north-wales_n be_v call_v to_o this_o day_n hoel_n alane_n theodore_n rywallone_n with_o diverse_a other_o and_o also_o the_o proper_a word_n and_o name_n for_o all_o thing_n almost_o one_o although_o in_o their_o join_a and_o construction_n of_o speech_n they_o seem_v a_o little_a to_o differ_v as_o it_o chance_v sometime_o in_o one_o country_n do_v prove_v manifest_o our_o countryman_n call_v it_o in_o their_o mother_n tongue_n lhydaw_n which_o word_n seem_v to_o i_o to_o be_v derine_v from_o the_o latin_a word_n littus_n signify_v the_o shore_n as_o who_o shall_v say_v it_o be_v a_o country_n lie_v on_o the_o shore_n of_o france_n for_o like_a as_o the_o latin_n do_v change_v d._n in_o all_o our_o word_n into_o t_o even_o so_o our_o countryman_n do_v turn_v their_o t_o into_o d_o and_o do_v always_o in_o word_n which_o begin_v with_o l_o write_v they_o with_o aspiration_n as_o lhadron_n borrow_v the_o word_n latrones_fw-la from_o the_o latin_n that_o be_v to_o say_v in_o english_a thief_n but_o to_o return_v again_o from_o whence_o we_o have_v digress_v when_o as_o i_o have_v say_v before_o the_o youth_n of_o britain_n be_v lead_v by_o maximus_n into_o france_n &_o those_o that_o be_v leave_v at_o home_n be_v oppress_v by_o the_o most_o cruel_a and_o savage_a nation_n the_o redshank_n and_o scot_n look_v for_o no_o succour_n from_o the_o roman_n which_o be_v then_o otherwise_o busy_v about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 450._o they_o call_v saxon_n unto_o they_o the_o saxon_n which_o be_v then_o practise_v piracy_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o france_n and_o britain_n &_o give_v they_o wage_n to_o aid_v they_o and_o whereas_o some_o write_v that_o before_o that_o time_n the_o britain_n never_o know_v the_o saxon_n it_o may_v appear_v to_o be_v false_a out_o of_o sundry_a author_n for_o claudianus_n where_o he_o inveigh_v against_o eutropius_n speak_v of_o they_o in_o these_o word_n about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 400._o what_o i_o may_v do_v since_o thou_o my_o prince_n have_v be_v thing_n not_o far_o hence_o can_v show_v for_o tethis_n do_v begin_v to_o wax_v more_o mild_a since_o saxon_n thou_o have_v quail_v etc_n etc_n likewise_o of_o the_o fort_o consulship_n of_o honorius_n the_o orchades_n be_v wet_a with_o blood_n of_o saxon_n slay_v and_o in_o another_o place_n britayn_n speak_v and_o i_o she_o say_v with_o country_n near_o about_o who_o be_v destroy_v almost_o defence_v well_o have_v stilico_n by_o who_o help_n now_o it_o be_v that_o scottish_a war_n i_o do_v not_o doubt_v ne_o do_v i_o dread_v the_o pict_n ne_o do_v i_o fear_v the_o saxon_a rout_n by_o stand_a on_o the_o shore_n to_o see_v they_o come_v with_o doubtful_a wind_n etc_n etc_n also_o sidonius_n apollinaris_n which_o write_v about_o their_o come_n into_o england_n handsome_o describe_v their_o piracy_n in_o a_o epistle_n to_o lampridius_n we_o may_v behold_v the_o wannish_a saxon_n here_o use_v to_o the_o sea_n before_o to_o dread_v the_o shore_n from_o of_o who_o head_n where_o outward_a they_o appear_v their_o bit_n content_a to_o hold_v not_o any_o more_o the_o shire_n their_o top_n of_o hair_n do_v clip_v &_o shore_n so_o that_o their_o lock_n cut_v hard_a unto_o the_o skin_n do_v make_v their_o head_n decrease_v but_o face_n to_o win_v and_o in_o his_o panegiricus_n unto_o socer_fw-la but_o also_o the_o amorick_a coast_n the_o saxon_n piracy_n well_o hope_v for_o ▪_o to_o who_o the_o british_a salt_n but_o play_v it_o be_v all_o naked_a and_o with_o clout_a boat_n the_o graysh_a sea_n to_o pass_v moreover_o sextus_n rufus_n in_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr notitia_fw-la provinciarum_fw-la of_o the_o knowledge_n of_o province_n speak_v of_o the_o earl_n of_o the_o saxon_a shore_n along_o both_o the_o britain_n these_o i_o say_v be_v sufficient_o know_v to_o the_o britain_n before_o they_o send_v they_o against_o the_o scot_n and_o redshank_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o hégischus_fw-la one_o hengischus_fw-la who_o when_o they_o have_v overcome_v they_o enter_v a_o traitorous_a league_n with_o they_o and_o like_o false_a man_n turn_v their_o face_n against_o their_o master_n and_o have_v slay_v the_o whole_a nobility_n of_o britain_n by_o craft_n at_o ambrose_n hill_n and_o send_n for_o aid_n from_o among_o the_o englishman_n and_o juthj_fw-la be_v germane_a they_o usurp_v the_o same_o country_n which_o we_o call_v lhoëgria_fw-la and_o after_o almost_o infinite_a battle_n they_o drive_v the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n into_o the_o end_n and_o edge_n of_o the_o island_n and_o part_v the_o same_o between_o themselves_o
divide_v it_o into_o many_o kingdom_n namely_o kent_n the_o south_n saxon_n the_o westsaxons_n the_o eastsaxons_n east_n englishmen_n the_o kingdom_n of_o march_n who_o lazius_n a_o man_n very_o well_o learned_a and_o well_o deserve_v of_o posterity_n in_o vain_a seek_v for_o in_o germany_n suppose_v the_o history_n of_o bede_n to_o be_v write_v of_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o germany_n and_o not_o of_o england_n and_o northumberland_n which_o be_v also_o divide_v into_o twain_o bernicia_n and_o deira_n who_o king_n be_v pagan_n destroy_v with_o fire_n and_o sword_n all_o church_n monastery_n and_o library_n and_o after_o that_o they_o have_v receive_v christianity_n by_o augustine_n the_o monk_n monk_n they_o fight_v many_o battle_n both_o among_o themselves_o and_o against_o the_o britain_n until_o that_o about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o egbert_n lord_n 620._o egbert_n king_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n be_v make_v monarch_n of_o all_o begin_v to_o rule_v alone_o and_o first_o of_o all_o command_v that_o the_o country_n shall_v be_v call_v england_n and_o the_o people_n englishmen_n englishmen_n be_v a_o very_a famous_a people_n of_o germany_n whereof_o the_o captain_n and_o chief_n of_o saxony_n as_o crantzius_n report_v be_v long_o time_n call_v captain_n of_o anglaria_n and_o there_o remain_v yet_o as_o i_o have_v read_v a_o castle_n where_o they_o sometime_o abode_n term_v now_o engern_n in_o the_o frontier_n of_o westphalia_n between_o osnabrugh_n and_o heruordia_n whereby_o it_o come_v that_o our_o countryman_n retain_v the_o first_o name_n do_v call_v all_o englishman_n saison_n and_o their_o tongue_n saissonaëg_n and_o know_v not_o what_o this_o word_n england_n or_o a_o englishman_n mean_v short_o after_o the_o dane_n over_o come_v the_o englishman_n &_o possess_v this_o land_n until_o the_o year_n of_o the_o incarnate_a bastard_n word_n 1066_o william_n bastard_n of_o normandy_n with_o his_o normans_n vanquishing_n both_o englishman_n and_o dane_n usurp_v the_o country_n from_o which_o stock_n almost_o the_o whole_a nobility_n of_o this_o realm_n unto_o this_o day_n do_v fetch_v their_o descent_n but_o let_v we_o return_v to_o lhoëgr_n which_o lhoëgr_n in_o time_n past_a be_v environ_v with_o the_o british_a ocean_n the_o river_n of_o severne_n dee_n and_o humber_n but_o now_o since_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n stretchefoorth_o beyond_o humber_n to_o twede_v we_o will_v also_o stretch_v forth_o the_o name_n of_o lhoëgr_n so_o far_o and_o although_o the_o englishman_n do_v possess_v beyond_o severn_n hereford_n shire_n the_o forest_n of_o deane_n and_o many_o other_o place_n yet_o we_o hold_v that_o they_o dwell_v in_o wales_n not_o in_o lhëogr_n and_o be_v take_v almost_o every_o where_o of_o all_o other_o englishman_n for_o welshman_n but_o the_o river_n dee_fw-mi be_v account_v at_o this_o day_n one_o of_o the_o ancient_a bond_n save_v that_o in_o certain_a place_n both_o the_o people_n &_o the_o welsh_a tongue_n have_v encroach_v more_o into_o england_n these_o thing_n be_v thus_o presuppose_v let_v we_o now_o descend_v to_o the_o particulared_a escription_n of_o lhoëgr_n or_o england_n in_o which_o the_o country_n call_v cantium_n of_o the_o roman_n of_o our_o countryman_n caint_v of_o englishmen_n kent_n come_v kent_n first_o unto_o our_o view_n from_o whence_o there_o be_v but_o a_o narrow_a cut_v over_o into_o france_n to_o the_o haven_n gessoriacus_n which_o be_v now_o term_v bollen_a as_o s._n rhenanus_fw-la gather_v out_o of_o the_o ancient_a chart_n of_o warly_a description_n and_o not_o only_a marcellinus_n amongst_o the_o old_a writer_n speak_v of_o the_o sea_n town_n of_o bollen_a in_o the_o life_n of_o julian_n the_o emperor_n but_o also_o in_o his_o panegiricus_n call_v constantinus_n the_o son_n of_o constantius_n these_o be_v find_v constantinus_n the_o father_n be_v make_v emperor_n at_o his_o first_o come_n with_o a_o innumerable_a fleet_n of_o enemy_n pen_v out_o the_o fierce_a ocean_n &_o environ_v army_n which_o lie_v upon_o the_o shore_n of_o the_o town_n bollen_a etc_n etc_n coenalis_n affirm_v the_o haven_n gessoriacus_n be_v caslete_a of_o flanders_n which_o town_n stand_v upon_o the_o top_n of_o a_o high_a hill_n fourteen_o mile_n from_o the_o sea_n sufficient_o declare_v the_o author_n unskilfulness_n and_o i_o take_v iccius_n to_o be_v the_o same_o haven_n which_o now_o they_o term_v caletum_n for_o calitium_fw-la calais_n but_o i_o can_v agree_v calais_n with_o those_o which_o make_v selusas_fw-la of_o flaunders_n to_o be_v iccius_n be_v unlike_a that_o the_o roman_n will_v have_v use_v so_o long_o a_o course_n by_o sea_n when_o they_o may_v have_v pass_v over_o soon_o &_o more_o commedious_o from_o that_o place_n there_o be_v in_o kent_n in_o old_a time_n three_o famous_a port_n well_o know_v to_o the_o roman_n doris_n rhutupis_n and_o lemanis_n doris_n undoubted_o be_v the_o same_o which_o both_o englishman_n and_o britain_n reserve_v the_o ancient_a name_n at_o this_o day_n do_v call_v dover_n for_o we_o call_v water_n dover_n dour_a or_o duúr_n and_o i_o be_o not_o ignorant_a that_o the_o dovarians_n stout_o defend_v that_o their_o town_n heretofore_o be_v call_v rutupium_n and_o that_o aruiragus_n king_n of_o britain_n build_v there_o a_o noble_a castle_n yet_o i_o have_v rather_o give_v credit_n to_o antoninus_n who_o speak_v of_o both_o and_o i_o suppose_v that_o to_o be_v rutupium_n which_o of_o the_o englishman_n be_v call_v repcestre_n nigh_o sandwiche_n not_o far_o from_o the_o isle_n of_o thanat_n for_o that_o i_o land_n we_o call_v thanat_n ynys_n rhuochym_n as_o much_o to_o say_v rutupina_n whereof_o the_o shore_n deserve_v to_o be_v term_v rutupinum_n and_o the_o porte_fw-fr rutupis_n lemanis_n or_o as_o some_o call_v it_o linienus_fw-la be_v that_o river_n which_o be_v now_o call_v amongst_o the_o englishman_n rotler_n rotler_n and_o flow_v into_o the_o ocean_n sea_n nigh_o apuldore_v moreover_o beside_o sea_n these_o famous_a port_n be_v rye_n and_o wynchelsea_n two_o town_n &_o far_a within_o the_o main_n land_n durobrevis_fw-la and_o durovernum_fw-la the_o same_o englishman_n do_v call_v cantorbury_n that_o be_v to_o say_v cantorburie_n the_o court_n of_o the_o kentyshman_n and_o with_o we_o caërgant_n and_o be_v chief_a metropolitant_a sea_n of_o all_o england_n and_o wales_n the_o tother_o be_v term_v rofcester_n but_o antoninus_n place_v vagniacum_n between_o london_n and_o dorovernum_fw-la &_o between_o that_o and_o durovernum_fw-la durolernum_fw-la but_o what_o name_v they_o have_v at_o this_o day_n i_o be_o not_o altogether_o ignorant_a howbeit_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o these_o town_n take_v their_o name_n of_o water_n which_o be_v duur_n in_o british_a and_o duriverne_v amongst_o we_o plain_o signify_v water_n which_o flow_v out_o of_o a_o place_n where_o alder_n grow_v whereby_o i_o be_o persuade_v that_o the_o same_o town_n in_o time_n pass_v thereof_o obtain_v his_o name_n but_o before_o i_o depart_v forth_o of_o kent_n i_o must_v brief_o touch_v that_o great_a will_v whereof_o both_o british_a and_o english_a writer_n have_v speak_v the_o britain_n call_v it_o coëd_v andr_v but_o the_o englishman_n andedreswald_n and_o huntingdon_n affirm_v that_o it_o contain_v in_o length_n one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o mile_n and_o in_o breadth_n thirty_o mile_n and_o that_o the_o worthy_a city_n call_v caër_fw-la andr_v and_o andredecester_n stand_v therein_o which_o dalla_n king_n of_o the_o southsaxons_n utter_o overthrow_v so_o that_o there_o remain_v no_o token_n nor_o rubbish_n thereof_o the_o kentishman_n and_o southsaxons_n to_o this_o day_n do_v call_v a_o place_n where_o wood_n have_v be_v walden_n walden_n not_o know_v for_o all_o that_o whence_o the_o word_n be_v derive_v when_o other_o but_o false_o call_v it_o welden_v other_o wylden_n for_o the_o english_a saxon_n call_v a_o wood_n walden_n as_o the_o german_n do_v now_o term_v a_o plain_n without_o tree_n wolden_a as_o in_o these_o word_n cottiswolden_a and_o pork_n will_v it_o appear_v next_o unto_o the_o kentishman_n on_o the_o southside_n of_o the_o thames_n be_v those_o which_o in_o time_n past_a be_v the_o second_o kingdom_n of_o southsaxson_n and_o be_v term_v southsaxon_n but_o be_v now_o divide_v into_o two_o shire_n southsex_n and_o southtrey_n and_o i_o be_o of_o belief_n that_o neomaguin_n be_v their_o city_n where_o chichester_n gylford_n now_o stand_v chichester_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o southsaxons_n be_v call_v caërceri_fw-la in_o british_a after_o these_o come_v the_o atrabates_n which_o now_o be_v call_v the_o people_n of_o barkshyre_n who_o principal_a city_n in_o old_a time_n be_v call_v walingford_n caleva_n but_o now_o walyngford_n wherein_o i_o can_v consent_v to_o those_o which_o call_v oxford_n caleva_n stand_v on_o the_o north_n shore_n of_o the_o thames_n there_o be_v also_o a_o village_n name_v cilcester_n not_o far_o from_o basinge_v which_o before_o time_n be_v call_v caërsegent_n and_o segontium_n of_o
call_v in_o latin_a deva_n of_o the_o river_n which_o we_o term_v dourdowy_a to_o say_v the_o water_n of_o dee_n the_o englishman_n call_v it_o legancestre_n and_o afterward_o clip_a chester_n the_o name_v short_a call_v it_o chester_n and_o the_o citizen_n do_v glory_n that_o they_o have_v the_o body_n of_o henry_n the_o four_o emperor_n who_o they_o affirm_v to_o have_v yield_v up_o the_o empire_n and_o have_v betake_v himself_o to_o a_o hermit_n life_n and_o so_o be_v they_o likewise_o persuade_v of_o herald_n who_o be_v the_o last_o king_n of_o the_o danish_a blood_n more_o east_n from_o these_o be_v the_o doruentani_fw-la now_o derbishyremen_n so_o term_v of_o their_o cheifcitie_n dwrguent_n which_o be_v as_o much_o to_o say_v as_z white_a water_n all_o these_o shire_n and_o convente_n with_o a_o great_a part_n of_o wales_n as_o far_o as_o the_o renown_a ditch_n of_o king_n offa_n of_o which_o we_o will_v speak_v hereafter_o make_v up_o the_o six_o kingdom_n of_o english_a saxon_n in_o britain_n which_o of_o the_o river_n merse_n be_v call_v the_o kingdom_n of_o mercij_fw-la or_o march._n here_o now_o i_o can_v sufficient_o marvel_v how_o wolfangus_fw-la lazius_n a_o man_n excellent_o learn_v and_o very_o well_o deserve_v of_o all_o that_o be_v studious_a of_o antiquity_n in_o his_o great_a work_n of_o the_o migration_n of_o nation_n shall_v be_v so_o much_o deceive_v as_o to_o say_v that_o the_o mertij_fw-la or_o people_n of_o march_n be_v marcomanni_n and_o the_o their_o king_n penda_n offa_n with_o all_o the_o rest_n reign_v in_o the_o low_a germany_n be_v most_o evident_a in_o all_o history_n that_o there_o be_v never_o any_o such_o kingdom_n there_o and_o that_o these_o king_n &_o people_n who_o he_o affirm_v to_o have_v dwell_v in_o germany_n inhabit_v that_o country_n of_o britain_n which_o we_o now_o describe_v likewise_o while_o he_o endeavour_v to_o link_v together_o the_o discentes_fw-la and_o pedigree_n of_o the_o norman_a blood_n of_o the_o king_n of_o england_n he_o handle_v they_o so_o confuse_o &_o so_o far_o beside_o truth_n that_o it_o seem_v he_o never_o read_v either_o the_o name_n or_o order_n or_o deed_n of_o the_o king_n but_o it_o be_v rather_o likely_a that_o he_o learn_v they_o by_o hearsay_n of_o some_o babble_a unlearned_a fool_n that_o have_v no_o regard_n of_o his_o good_a same_o or_o honesty_n as_o a_o neither_o have_v â—oone_o of_o late_a day_n a_o man_n famous_o learn_v in_o the_o mathematics_n in_o his_o geographical_a chart_n of_o this_o island_n and_o beside_o these_o hieromus_fw-la ruscellus_n in_o his_o ptolomaeus_n late_o print_v at_o venice_n while_o he_o go_v about_o to_o set_v forth_o new_a name_n correspondent_a to_o the_o old_a confound_v place_n a_o hundred_o mile_n distant_a one_o from_o another_o namely_o error_n colchester_n and_o wynchester_n neither_o in_o other_o place_n be_v his_o gheass_n any_o thing_n more_o certain_a wherefore_o i_o exhort_v man_n not_o to_o trust_v he_o in_o this_o behalf_n there_o remain_v the_o seven_o and_o last_o kingdom_n of_o saxon_n in_o england_n which_o they_o term_v nordan_n humbrorum_fw-la because_o it_o stand_v at_o the_o northecoast_n of_o humber_n the_o same_o be_v afterward_o divide_v into_o two_o kyngedome_n of_o the_o deer_n and_o bernice_n the_o kingdom_n of_o deera_fw-mi contain_v all_o the_o country_n from_o humbre_a and_o trent_n to_o the_o river_n tyssa_n bernicia_n reach_v from_o tyssa_n to_o the_o scottish_a sea_n which_o they_o call_v now_o fyrthew_n the_o britain_n term_v this_o same_o brennich_n &_o the_o other_o deifyr_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o region_n especial_o south_n ward_n be_v call_v snotyngomenses_n but_o now_o most_o common_o notingamshiremen_n next_o unto_o these_o be_v yorkeshyreman_n who_o of_o the_o roman_n be_v call_v brigant_n of_o who_o tacitus_n write_v thus_o petilius_n caerealis_n fight_v many_o bataile_n whereof_o some_o be_v not_o unbloody_a against_o the_o city_n of_o the_o brigant_n which_o be_v report_v to_o be_v the_o place_n of_o resort_n to_o the_o whole_a populous_a province_n and_o obtain_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o brigant_n either_o by_o victory_n or_o else_o by_o fight_n all_o these_o the_o li_a champion_n of_o the_o scottish_a name_n hector_n boëthius_n stick_v not_o to_o put_v into_o his_o gallovidia_fw-la and_o to_o prove_v the_o same_o by_o argument_n gather_v out_o of_o ptolomaeus_n and_o tacitus_n but_o how_o much_o ptolomaeus_n be_v deceive_v trust_v to_o the_o report_n of_o other_o in_o describe_v the_o length_n and_o breadth_n of_o place_n in_o britain_n for_o he_o write_v that_o scotland_n lie_v forth_o to_o the_o east_n &_o that_o the_o far_a promontory_n thereof_o be_v viij_o degree_n more_o easterly_a than_o any_o place_n of_o england_n which_o in_o this_o paralelle_n do_v make_v about_o 240_o mile_n which_o be_v altogether_o untrue_a sing_v england_n stand_v more_o to_o the_o east_n then_o scotlandeâ—â—the_v â—â—the_z be_v as_o clear_v as_o day_n light_n to_o all_o those_o that_o have_v taste_v of_o cosmography_n but_o ptolomaeus_n be_v to_o be_v pardon_v be_v excuse_v a_o egyptian_a bear_v and_o excellent_o well_o learn_v in_o mathematicals_n who_o have_v do_v the_o best_a he_o can_v but_o not_o foolish_a and_o impudent_a boëthius_n bear_v and_o bring_v up_o no_o far_o of_o than_o scotland_n he_o speak_v thus_o of_o tacitus_n that_o he_o be_v a_o grave_a author_n affirm_v that_o the_o brigant_n be_v a_o spanish_a brood_n dwell_v in_o a_o far_a corner_n of_o britain_n far_a than_o any_o dare_v avouch_v that_o at_o his_o time_n the_o britain_n have_v pass_v oh_o impudent_a face_n where_o about_o do_v tacitus_n speak_v thus_o of_o the_o brigant_n he_o seem_v to_o derive_v the_o siluri_n by_o a_o colour_n from_o the_o spanish_a brood_n because_o they_o lie_v over_o against_o spain_n gallovida_fw-la be_v far_a from_o spain_n then_o any_o region_n of_o england_n or_o wales_n and_o that_o in_o tacitus_n time_n the_o brigant_n be_v first_o know_v to_o the_o roman_n i_o confess_v it_o but_o he_o find_v it_o not_o in_o tacitus_n and_o not_o mindful_a of_o himself_o as_o it_o behove_v a_o liar_n to_o be_v he_o call_v not_o to_o remembrance_n that_o he_o write_v in_o another_o place_n that_o claudius_n the_o emperor_n adjoin_v also_o unto_o his_o empire_n the_o orchades_n which_o lie_v beyond_o scotland_n but_o let_v we_o bid_v faithless_a hector_n a_o dieu_fw-fr and_o let_v we_o now_o also_o see_v what_o the_o ancient_a writer_n have_v write_v of_o the_o brigant_n ptolomaeus_n recite_v the_o city_n brigant_n of_o brigant_n eboracum_n epiacum_n calatum_n bimonium_fw-la caturactonium_n rhigodunum_n isurium_n olicana_n with_o other_o all_o man_n know_v that_o eboracum_n be_v that_o city_n which_o the_o britain_n call_v caër_fw-la efroc_n the_o englishman_n euerwyke_v and_o now_o short_a york_n of_o the_o rest_n we_o do_v york_n but_o conjecture_n as_o bimonium_n to_o be_v bincestre_n calatum_n which_o antoninus_n and_o bede_n call_v calcaria_n to_o be_v helicastre_n now_o tadcastre_n rhigodunum_n rippon_n and_o olicana_n haligfex_fw-la and_o that_o isurium_n be_v call_v aldburg_n there_o be_v never_o any_o man_n that_o dream_v that_o these_o city_n be_v in_o scotland_n but_o antoninê°_n ascribe_v they_o to_o the_o brigant_n &_o place_v they_o in_o the_o way_n which_o lead_v to_o london_n from_o the_o ually_n praetorium_n for_o that_o there_o be_v a_o valley_n from_o the_o river_n soluathianus_fw-la to_o the_o mouth_n of_o tine_n all_o do_v know_v i_o conclude_v therefore_o that_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o the_o brigant_n be_v ever_o in_o scotland_n in_o so_o much_o that_o the_o remembrance_n of_o this_o name_n remain_v until_o this_o day_n amongst_o we_o for_o when_o we_o see_v any_o man_n not_o due_o obey_n law_n &_o commandment_n he_o we_o call_v chwaret_n brigans_n that_o be_v to_o say_v one_o that_o play_v the_o brigant_a and_o like_v as_o they_o be_v rebel_n against_o the_o people_n of_o rome_n so_o do_v he_o contemn_v the_o law_n of_o magistrate_n and_o of_o elder_n and_o sure_o i_o be_o of_o belief_n that_o all_o deera_fw-mi before_o time_n be_v call_v brigantia_n ptolomaeus_n place_v the_o vernicones_n and_o taiazalos_n between_o the_o river_n tine_n and_o tweed_n this_o country_n alone_o now_o refayn_v the_o name_n of_o northumberland_n when_o all_o northumberland_n the_o region_n before_o time_n from_o that_o river_n to_o the_o scotish_n sea_n be_v call_v by_o that_o name_n for_o there_o be_v no_o river_n in_o all_o britain_n that_o have_v the_o name_n of_o humbre_fw-mi but_o only_o the_o water_n into_o who_o many_o notable_a stream_n do_v flow_v whereby_o our_o friend_n m._n leland_n not_o with_o out_o good_a cause_n suppose_v that_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v call_v aber_n which_o among_o the_o britain_n signify_v a_o arm_n of_o the_o sea_n either_o swiftness_n or_o fall_v of_o any_o
they_o come_v of_o englishman_n where_o as_o they_o and_o the_o englishman_n count_n the_o other_o scot_n but_o rude_a and_o barbarous_a these_o nation_n as_o i_o say_v until_o that_o honorius_n come_v to_o the_o empire_n which_o be_v about_o the_o year_n of_o the_o lord_n four_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o molest_v the_o north_n part_n of_o britain_n with_o incursion_n and_o robbery_n at_o which_o time_n have_v call_v a_o power_n out_o of_o ireland_n to_o help_v they_o as_o gyldas_n and_o bede_n do_v avouch_v under_o conduct_v of_o reuda_n establish_v themselves_o a_o kingdom_n in_o the_o west_n part_n of_o albania_n but_o the_o readshanks_n possess_v the_o east_n region_n whereas_o first_o they_o make_v war_n against_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o britain_n and_o afterward_o with_o the_o englishman_n and_o dane_n sometime_o they_o be_v confederate_a sometime_o they_o war_v diverse_o until_o about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n eight_o hundred_o and_o forty_o all_o the_o redshank_n be_v destroy_v by_o kennethus_n king_n of_o scot_n in_o somuch_o that_o their_o name_n and_o kingdom_n cease_v to_o be_v any_o long_o in_o britain_n who_o country_n the_o scot_n add_v unto_o their_o own_o which_o to_o this_o day_n be_v renown_v in_o britain_n this_o much_o i_o have_v to_o say_v of_o the_o scot_n and_o redshank_n according_a to_o the_o verity_n of_o the_o history_n howbeit_o i_o know_v well_o how_o boethius_n a_o most_o vain_a reporter_n of_o fable_n impudent_o affirm_v that_o they_o reign_v in_o britain_n three_o hundred_o year_n before_o christ_n be_v bear_v and_o he_o feign_v that_o there_o be_v so_o many_o king_n so_o many_o war_n by_o they_o most_o valiant_o wage_v against_o the_o roman_n so_o many_o wholesome_a law_n and_o statute_n in_o britain_n by_o they_o institute_v as_o neither_o lucian_n in_o his_o fabulous_a narration_n neither_o the_o author_n of_o the_o book_n of_o amadis_n of_o gaul_n nor_o witty_a ariostus_n in_o his_o orlando_n furioso_n have_v ever_o commend_v unto_o we_o in_o fable_n but_o to_o the_o intent_n that_o i_o may_v set_v forth_o the_o most_o beastly_a man_n in_o his_o colour_n &_o that_o the_o sleight_n and_o subtlety_n wherewith_o he_o endevour_v to_o blear_v all_o man_n eye_n may_v be_v display_v i_o will_v brief_o touch_v certain_a of_o his_o most_o vain_a trifle_n &_o such_o as_o all_o man_n of_o wit_n and_o understand_v may_v easy_o perceive_v to_o be_v stark_o lie_v and_o here_o i_o let_v pas_fw-fr egyptian_a fable_n and_o of_o the_o stock_n and_o race_n of_o scottish_a king_n in_o britain_n before_o caesar_n come_v where_o he_o affirm_v that_o caesar_n be_v vanquish_v by_o the_o scot_n and_o flee_v out_o of_o britain_n who_o afterward_o send_v ambassador_n unto_o the_o scot_n and_o redshank_n to_o request_v their_o friendship_n and_o that_o at_o last_o he_o conduct_v his_o roman_a army_n in_o to_o the_o forest_n caledonia_n also_o that_o augustus_n send_v his_o messenger_n unto_o metellus_n king_n of_o scot_n to_o entreat_v he_o for_o peace_n moreover_o he_o make_v cataracus_n a_o britain_n and_o son_n to_o king_n cynobellinus_n as_o dion_n a_o most_o famous_a author_n report_v king_n of_o scotland_n he_o stick_v not_o to_o avouch_v that_o the_o brigant_n siluri_n and_o ordovici_fw-la be_v scot_n he_o sheweth_z how_o dangerous_a the_o expedition_n be_v of_o claudius_n the_o emperor_n and_o describe_v great_a war_n between_o he_o and_o canus_n the_o king_n of_o the_o orchades_n he_o write_v that_o voadicia_n the_o most_o renown_a queen_n voadicia_n of_o iceni_n who_o valiant_a deed_n against_o the_o roman_n tacitus_n and_o also_o dion_n have_v make_v know_v to_o the_o world_n veusius_fw-la earl_n of_o brigant_n cartimandua_n the_o queen_n be_v all_o scot_n and_o final_o there_o be_v no_o one_o thing_n wherein_o the_o roman_n or_o britain_n behave_v themselves_o courageous_o or_o wise_o in_o britain_n which_o this_o monster_n do_v not_o ascribe_v unto_o his_o feign_a scot_n and_o which_o at_o that_o time_n be_v unknown_a to_o the_o world_n and_o he_o have_v not_o only_o transcribe_v the_o mind_n but_o also_o whole_a sentence_n and_o oration_n of_o tacitus_n into_o his_o book_n always_o change_a the_o name_n of_o nation_n and_o city_n like_o a_o malicious_a falsifier_n with_o out_o all_o shame_n or_o honesty_n he_o say_v caesar_n &_o tacitus_n write_v these_o thing_n of_o the_o redshank_n and_o those_o of_o the_o scot_n &_o that_o these_o nation_n make_v such_o and_o so_o many_o war_n when_o as_o in_o deed_n the_o name_n of_o scot_n or_o redshank_n be_v not_o at_o all_o to_o be_v find_v in_o these_o most_o noble_a writer_n and_o true_o it_o be_v not_o like_a that_o caesar_n be_v avery_n wise_a gentleman_n when_o he_o have_v thorough_o learn_v the_o state_n &_o manner_n of_o the_o britain_n and_o irishman_n will_v with_o silence_n have_v overpass_o the_o name_n of_o the_o scot_n and_o redshank_n special_o have_v send_v ambassador_n unto_o their_o king_n neither_o be_v it_o probable_a that_o tacitus_n a_o famous_a man_n and_o very_o expert_a in_o the_o state_n of_o britain_n and_o other_o country_n when_o he_o describe_v the_o expedition_n of_o agricola_n his_o father_n in_o law_n in_o to_o britain_n and_o as_o it_o be_v depeynt_v forth_o the_o sheyre_n peoples_z portes_n and_o river_n of_o that_o region_n by_o their_o proper_a name_n &_o make_v mention_n of_o a_o certain_a earl_n of_o ireland_n take_v by_o agricola_n know_v not_o also_o the_o name_n of_o scot_n and_o redshank_n with_o who_o boethiusâ—ayneth_v â—ayneth_z he_o wage_v that_o war_n when_o as_o in_o every_o place_n he_o seem_v to_o call_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o albion_n britain_n and_o it_o have_v stand_v much_o more_o with_o agricolas_fw-la honour_n be_v a_o worthy_a man_n who_o tacitus_n also_o by_o his_o work_n endeavour_v to_o make_v more_o noble_a to_o have_v subdue_v unknown_a nation_n and_o such_o as_o â—ead_a on_o man_n flesh_n such_o as_o it_o shall_v be_v prove_v that_o the_o scot_n be_v long_a time_n after_o rather_o then_o the_o britain_n which_o be_v sufficient_o know_v to_o the_o roman_n also_o dion_n a_o man_n which_o have_v be_v consul_n and_o familiar_a with_o severus_n the_o emperor_n and_o unto_o he_o dear_o belove_v whilst_o he_o declare_v his_o expedition_n into_o britain_n at_o large_a not_o once_o speak_v of_o the_o scot_n or_o redshank_n bâ—ing_v very_o well_o know_v to_o all_o man_n that_o he_o convey_v all_o his_o force_n and_o power_n into_o albania_n or_o scotland_n for_o quoth_v dion_n the_o meati_fw-la &_o caledonij_fw-la two_o diverse_a kind_n of_o britain_n revolt_a from_o the_o roman_n and_o severus_n call_v together_o his_o soldier_n command_v they_o to_o innate_a their_o country_n and_o kill_v all_o that_o ever_o they_o meet_v and_o thus_o he_o charge_v they_o in_o these_o word_n let_v none_o escape_v your_o hand_n away_o nor_o cruel_a bloody_a broil_n no_o tender_a imp_n though_o in_o her_o womb_n the_o dame_n there_o with_o do_v toil_n let_v he_o not_o escape_v a_o woeful_a death_n when_o severus_n come_v into_o caledonia_n he_o fight_v never_o a_o battle_n neither_o see_v he_o any_o power_n of_o his_o enemy_n in_o a_o readiness_n and_o so_o pass_a throughout_o all_o his_o enemy_n land_n have_v not_o lose_v in_o fight_n but_o by_o water_n and_o hunger_n fifty_o thousand_o man_n return_v unto_o his_o fellow_n if_o the_o scot_n have_v be_v in_o britain_n at_o that_o time_n the_o reporter_n hereof_o be_v a_o friend_n neither_o after_o he_o herodian_a who_o in_o sufficient_a long_a discourse_n have_v set_v forth_o that_o voyage_n will_v have_v defraud_v a_o emperor_n so_o ambitious_a and_o thirsty_a of_o honour_n as_o severê°_n be_v of_o his_o due_a praise_n wherefore_o it_o be_v as_o evident_a as_o noon_n day_n that_o at_o this_o time_n which_o be_v about_o two_o hundred_o and_o two_o year_n after_o the_o incarnation_n of_o our_o lord_n the_o scot_n have_v no_o seat_n in_o britain_n over_o and_o beside_o all_o this_o neither_o eutropius_n neither_o spartianus_n neither_o capitolinus_n neither_o lampridius_n neither_o vopiscus_n nor_o aurelius_n victor_n who_o have_v all_o write_v the_o expedition_n and_o war_n of_o the_o roman_a emperor_n in_o britain_n have_v in_o any_o plate_n make_v mention_v of_o the_o scottish_n or_o readshank_n name_n although_o therefore_o i_o suppose_v that_o these_o argument_n be_v sufficient_a to_o improve_v and_o condemn_v the_o â—eere_o trifle_n of_o boethius_n notwithstanding_o i_o will_v light_o touch_v two_o of_o his_o history_n which_o by_o the_o author_n be_v setfoorth_o at_o large_a enough_o with_o word_n a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a long_o but_o i_o pray_v you_o when_o you_o be_v let_v to_o look_v your_o laughter_n friend_n you_o will_v refrain_v in_o the_o second_o book_n of_o his_o fable_n he_o write_v how_o that_o ptolomaeus_n philadelphus_n king_n
late_o be_v busy_v against_o pirate_n &_o afterward_o by_o the_o mithridatick_a fight_n be_v very_o well_o practise_v by_o sea_n and_o land_n beside_o this_o nation_n be_v then_o but_o rude_a and_o the_o britain_n be_v accustom_v but_o only_o to_o the_o redshank_n and_o irishmen_n their_o enemy_n as_o yet_o but_o half_o naked_a soon_o yield_v unto_o the_o roman_a arm_n and_o ensign_n that_o caesar_n almost_o in_o all_o that_o expedition_n can_v vaunt_v himself_o but_o of_o this_o own_o thing_n that_o he_o have_v sail_v upon_o the_o ocean_n he_o affirm_v that_o the_o britain_n only_o dwell_v in_o a_o island_n and_o term_v they_o hibernenses_n hibernenses_n who_o afterward_o be_v call_v scot_n also_o another_o panegyricus_n unto_o constantinus_n the_o emperor_n speak_v of_o the_o redshank_n call_v pictones_n as_o follow_v for_o neither_o he_o speak_v of_o his_o father_n constantius_n after_o such_o and_o so_o many_o notable_a act_n which_o he_o have_v do_v vouchsafe_v to_o get_v not_o only_o the_o wood_n and_o marise_n of_o the_o calidones_n and_o other_o pictones_n but_o neither_o ireland_n which_o lie_v nigh_o neither_o the_o far_a tile_n neither_o yet_o the_o fortunate_a land_n if_o there_o be_v any_o such_o thus_o far_o the_o panegiricus_n this_o he_o write_v about_o the_o year_n after_o christ_n be_v bear_v three_o hundred_o &_o twenty_o at_o what_o time_n it_o seem_v that_o the_o pictones_n or_o redshank_n begin_v first_o to_o inhabit_v the_o far_a must_v part_n of_o scotland_n after_o he_o ammianus_n marcellinus_n 20._o first_o of_o the_o latin_n make_v mention_n of_o the_o scot_n in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o salvation_n 364._o in_o the_o ten_o consulship_n of_o constantius_n and_o the_o three_o of_o julianus_n when_o as_o in_o britain_n by_o excursion_n and_o break_v forth_o of_o the_o scot_n &_o redshank_n be_v wild_a nation_n peace_n be_v break_v the_o place_n about_o nigh_o to_o the_o frontir_n be_v spoil_v and_o afterward_o in_o the_o life_n of_o valentinian_n and_o valens_n he_o say_v at_o this_o time_n as_o though_o alarm_n 26._o be_v sound_v throughout_o all_o the_o roman_a dominion_n the_o most_o fierce_a and_o savage_a nation_n arise_v &_o forcible_o invade_v their_o near_a neighbour_n the_o alemanni_n or_o almain_n spoil_v the_o country_n of_o france_n and_o rhetia_n together_o sarmatae_n the_o ponnoniae_fw-la and_o the_o quadi_n now_o bohemans_n the_o redshank_n saxon_n scot_n and_o attacotti_n much_o molest_v the_o britain_n and_o afterward_o at_o that_o time_n 27._o the_o redshank_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o nation_n deucalidonae_fw-la and_o vecturiones_n also_o the_o attacotti_n a_o very_a warlike_a nation_n and_o the_o scot_n wander_v uncerteine_o about_o here_o and_o there_o waste_v and_o spoil_v very_o much_o and_o as_o for_o the_o coast_n of_o gallia_n they_o be_v spoil_v by_o frenchmen_n and_o saxon_n etc_n etc_n hereby_o it_o appear_v in_o what_o darkness_n the_o scottish_a state_n be_v drown_v for_o boethius_n in_o no_o place_n make_v mention_n of_o the_o attacotti_n who_o appear_v by_o this_o author_n to_o have_v dwell_v in_o albania_n and_o to_o have_v be_v of_o the_o scottish_a race_n wherefore_o it_o be_v most_o likely_a that_o a_o little_a before_o that_o time_n the_o scot_n and_o attacotti_n who_o afterward_o vanish_v into_o the_o name_n of_o the_o scot_n forth_o of_o ireland_n and_o from_o the_o hebrides_n the_o redshank_n hebrides_n out_o of_o the_o orchades_n whereas_o they_o lurk_v before_o by_o one_o consent_n enter_v into_o albania_n and_o there_o provoke_v by_o war_n the_o roman_n and_o britain_n &_o that_o they_o depart_v out_o of_o the_o field_n some_o time_n conqueror_n and_o sometime_o conquer_v for_o short_o after_o ammianus_n report_v that_o after_o that_o these_o nation_n be_v by_o theodosius_n a_o valiant_a captain_n under_o valentinian_n vanquish_v and_o drive_v out_o of_o the_o roman_a province_n they_o be_v at_o quiet_a and_o this_o can_v be_v no_o disparedgment_n but_o rather_o a_o great_a glory_n to_o the_o scottish_a nation_n that_o rather_o at_o that_o time_n then_o before_o that_o forcible_o against_o the_o roman_n will_n they_o plant_v they_o seat_n in_o britain_n which_o be_v prove_v not_o out_o of_o vain_a and_o fabulous_a writer_n such_o as_o be_v boethius_n and_o other_o such_o like_a but_o out_o of_o substantial_a author_n and_o such_o as_o do_v very_o well_o know_v the_o state_n of_o britain_n after_o all_o these_o claudianus_n a_o poet_n singular_o learn_v in_o diverse_a place_n make_v mention_v of_o these_o nation_n as_o for_o example_n of_o the_o getick_a war_n a_o power_n also_o there_o come_v against_o the_o far_a britain_n bend_v which_o bridle_v have_v the_o scot_n so_o fierce_a and_o note_n with_o iron_n burn_v then_o fail_v read_v whilst_o readshanks_n blood_n and_o breath_n be_v spend_v and_o in_o his_o panegyricus_n to_o honorius_n the_o nimble_a moores_n have_v he_o and_o pict_n so_o term_v by_o name_n full_a true_a subdue_v and_o he_o the_o scot_n with_o blade_n at_o random_n do_v pursue_v and_o of_o the_o four_o consulship_n of_o honorius_n be_v wet_a with_o saxon_n slay_v the_o orchades_n and_o island_n eke_o be_v hot_a with_o readshanks_n bain_n and_o freeze_a irland_n eke_o dead_a heap_n of_o scotshman_n weep_v amain_o who_o do_v ever_o set_v forth_o more_o plain_o the_o natural_a country_n of_o both_o nation_n for_o he_o show_v how_o readshanks_n come_v from_o thule_n that_o be_v to_o say_v island_n of_o thule_n the_o north_n and_o the_o scot_n but_o late_o out_o of_o ireland_n and_o in_o another_o place_n in_o his_o panegyricus_n britain_n speak_v unto_o stilico_n and_o i_o she_o say_v with_o country_n near_o about_o who_o be_v destroy_v almost_o defence_v well_o have_v stilico_n when_o irland_n soil_n on_o every_o side_n the_o scot_n do_v move_v and_o sea_n with_o noisome_a sail_n do_v foam_v about_o by_o who_o help_n now_o it_o be_v that_o scottish_a force_n i_o do_v not_o doubt_v ne_o do_v i_o dread_v the_o pict_n etc_n etc_n hereby_o it_o appear_v manifest_o that_o at_o this_o time_n that_o be_v to_o wit_n the_o year_n of_o our_o salvation_n 410._o the_o scot_n possess_v no_o certain_a place_n in_o britain_n but_o many_o time_n use_v to_o make_v eruption_n out_o of_o ireland_n and_o by_o little_a and_o little_o subdue_v the_o north_n part_n of_o the_o island_n and_o at_o length_n have_v drive_v thence_o the_o inhabitant_n establish_v their_o kingdom_n there_o under_o valentinian_n the_o young_a the_o year_n of_o god_n incarnate_a 444._o when_o as_o now_o the_o roman_n have_v leave_v of_o the_o charge_n and_o care_n of_o britain_n this_o much_o i_o have_v brief_o to_o say_v touch_n the_o original_n of_o the_o scot_n and_o redshank_n now_o i_o will_v address_v myself_o to_o the_o description_n of_o albania_n or_o scotland_n it_o be_v separate_v from_o england_n albania_n by_o the_o river_n tweed_n the_o hill_n cheviot_n and_o certain_a little_a river_n run_a down_o into_o the_o channel_n soluathianus_fw-la the_o first_o people_n which_o come_v to_o hand_n be_v gallovidiani_fw-la of_o old_a time_n call_v by_o the_o roman_n novantes_fw-la and_o not_o brigant_n as_o we_o have_v show_v before_o ptolomaeus_n call_v their_o city_n leucopibia_n which_o we_o term_v now_o caërleil_n &_o caërleil_n stand_v in_o the_o entrance_n of_o both_o kyngedome_n next_o unto_o these_o be_v the_o gadini_n nigh_o the_o river_n glota_n which_o some_o do_v better_o call_v cluyda_o howbeit_o that_o name_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o propriety_n of_o the_o tongue_n be_v sometime_o pronounce_v gluyda_o whereby_o grow_v that_o error_n of_o call_v it_o glot_n upon_o this_o river_n side_n sometime_o glot_n there_o stand_v a_o noble_a city_n of_o the_o britain_n call_v caër_fw-la alchuyd_v or_o archuyd_v that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o city_n stand_v upon_o cluyda_n which_o be_v now_o of_o the_o scots_n call_v dounbritton_n because_o it_o be_v restore_v again_o by_o the_o britain_n about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o salvation_n 800._o above_o these_o towards_o the_o east_n sea_n lie_v a_o region_n which_o now_o be_v call_v landonia_n and_o mercia_n march_n but_o in_o time_n past_o breunicia_n and_o of_o the_o pict_n call_v also_o redshank_n pictlandia_n the_o maeatae_n be_v place_v here_o by_o dion_n for_o say_v he_o the_o maeatae_n dwell_v beyond_o the_o wall_n unto_o the_o caledonij_fw-la ptolomaeus_n lay_v the_o vacomagi_n beyond_o tueda_n this_o limiting_n wall_n as_o spartianus_n report_v be_v first_o build_v by_o adrianus_n the_o emperor_n fourscore_o mile_n in_o length_n and_o capitolinus_n be_v author_n that_o antoninus_n erect_v another_o make_v of_o turâ—es_n between_o the_o britain_n and_o last_o of_o all_o that_o severus_n by_o a_o trench_n which_o be_v cast_v from_o sea_n to_o sea_n divide_v the_o roman_a province_n from_o the_o outstretch_o britain_n all_o man_n do_v general_o agree_v whereby_o our_o countryman_n
arfon_n by_o the_o river_n conway_n of_o who_o antoninus_n &_o ptolomaeus_n do_v speak_v under_o the_o name_n of_o novius_fw-la in_o this_o beside_o the_o forename_a river_n stand_v a_o most_o antique_a city_n of_o the_o britain_n call_v dyganwy_n in_o rosse_n of_o the_o englishman_n gannock_n &_o â–ª_o famous_a in_o tacitus_n by_o the_o name_n of_o cangorum_fw-la whereof_o the_o people_n of_o that_o country_n be_v call_v of_o the_o roman_n cangi_n and_o ptolomaeus_n mention_v the_o promontory_n of_o the_o jangani_fw-la which_o they_o call_v now_o gogarth_n a_o place_n so_o fortify_v by_o nature_n that_o it_o can_v scarce_o be_v take_v by_o man_n strength_n this_o city_n as_o i_o say_v be_v the_o seat_n and_o palace_n of_o the_o late_a king_n of_o britain_n when_o as_o now_o their_o power_n begin_v to_o quail_v as_o namely_o of_o maylgun_v caduanus_fw-la cadwalla_n who_o bede_n term_v a_o most_o cruel_a tyrant_n because_o he_o persecute_v his_o enemy_n very_o fierce_o and_o of_o cadwalladar_n who_o be_v the_o last_o king_n of_o britain_n of_o the_o british_a blood_n this_o city_n the_o year_n of_o our_o redemption_n eight_o hundred_o and_o sixteen_o cananus_n dyndaythuy_n reign_v in_o wales_n be_v strike_v with_o lighten_v from_o heaven_n and_o burn_v in_o such_o sort_n that_o it_o can_v never_o be_v afterward_o restore_v howbeit_o the_o name_n remain_v to_o the_o place_n to_o this_o day_n out_o oâ—_n who_o rubbish_n conovia_n be_v build_v lincoln_n moreover_o in_o this_o territory_n in_o rhyfaniacum_fw-la henry_n lacey_n earl_n of_o lincoln_n to_o who_o the_o conquer_v our_o thereof_o edward_n the_o first_o give_v that_o land_n erect_v a_o very_a stout_a castle_n not_o only_o by_o natural_a situation_n but_o also_o by_o a_o wall_n of_o wonderful_a thickness_n make_v of_o a_o very_a hard_a kind_n of_o stone_n in_o my_o opinion_n the_o strong_a and_o best_a defense_a thing_n in_o england_n add_v also_o thereto_o a_o town_n wall_v about_o which_o by_o the_o 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tongue_n and_o be_v endue_v by_o king_n of_o england_n with_o many_o privilege_n and_o liberty_n be_v rule_v by_o their_o own_o law_n the_o valley_n nigh_o whereto_o this_o town_n stand_v be_v term_v amongst_o we_o dyphryn_n clwyd_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o ualley_n of_o clwyd_n it_o be_v almost_o eighteen_o mile_n in_o length_n and_o in_o breadth_n in_o some_o place_n four_o mile_n in_o other_o some_o six_o on_o the_o east_n west_n and_o south_n side_n it_o be_v environ_v with_o high_a hill_n on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o ocean_n sea._n in_o the_o midst_n it_o be_v cut_v in_o twain_o by_o the_o river_n clwyd_n whereof_o it_o take_v name_n into_o who_o diverse_a other_o little_a stream_n fall_a out_o of_o the_o hill_n do_v discharge_v themselves_o by_o reason_n whereof_o irriguous_a and_o pleasant_a meadow_n &_o plentiful_a pasture_n do_v lie_v about_o the_o bank_n thereof_o in_o the_o entrance_n of_o which_o ualley_n ruthyn_n a_o ancient_a town_n and_o castle_n of_o the_o gray_n 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moon_n unto_o the_o twenty_o when_o the_o roman_n follow_v the_o nicene_n counsel_n keep_v their_o easter_n from_o the_o fifteen_o to_o the_o one_o and_o twenty_o whereby_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o these_o nation_n have_v celebrate_v that_o feast_n on_o diverse_a sunday_n but_o let_v the_o bishop_n take_v regard_n how_o far_o they_o do_v err_v from_o the_o decree_n of_o the_o nicene_n counsel_n while_o they_o follow_v that_o uncertain_a rule_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o son_n and_o moon_n which_o they_o call_v the_o golden_a reprove_v number_n be_v therein_o very_o foul_o deceive_v which_o thing_n in_o time_n paste_v be_v object_v for_o a_o crime_n against_o the_o britain_n by_o the_o over_o superstitious_a mounke_n augustine_n and_o likewise_o by_o bede_n which_o to_o much_o attribute_v unto_o such_o title_n in_o somuch_o that_o for_o the_o same_o cause_n he_o dare_v term_v they_o heretic_n but_o now_o howbeit_o under_o curse_n of_o the_o nicene_n counsel_n it_o be_v 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this_o word_n strat_n with_o the_o name_n of_o some_o river_n join_v thereto_o do_v usual_o signify_v amongst_o the_o welsh_a man_n a_o vein_n or_o soil_n of_o land_n nigh_o to_o a_o river_n as_o strad_n alyn_n strad_n towyn_n with_o many_o such_o like_a their_o last_o prince_n call_v dunwallon_n forsake_v his_o kingdom_n dunwallon_n when_o the_o dane_n afflict_v all_o britain_n depart_v to_o rome_n the_o year_n after_o the_o incarnation_n 971._o where_o short_o after_o he_o die_v in_o tegenia_n be_v a_o well_o of_o a_o marvellous_a nature_n which_o be_v six_o mile_n from_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o parish_n of_o kilken_a ebb_v and_o flow_v twice_o in_o one_o day_n yet_o have_v i_o mark_v this_o of_o late_a when_o the_o moon_n ascend_v from_o the_o east_n horizon_n to_o the_o south_n at_o what_o time_n all_o sea_n do_v flow_v that_o then_o the_o water_n of_o this_o well_o diminish_v and_o ebb_v and_o not_o far_o from_o this_o place_n be_v the_o famous_a fountain_n take_v name_n of_o the_o 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