reason why one tongue is esteemed aboue another Why men treat in the Latine tongue for the most part The cause why we esteem the Italian tongue so much What the speaking of a tongue is What the writing of a toung is Whether euery tongue be of equal importance for trauailers Those toungs are best that profit most Tongues most needfull for this State The nature of the people the second point Fiue discouerers of the nature of people The first discouerer of the peoples nature Two causes of ciuility or barbarousnesse Rules of policy touching the nature of people The priuate vse that Trauailers are to make Meanes to interpret the nature of people The difference of natures No nation but may be tainted with barbarous fashions The consideration thereof The place of Ciuilitie and Barbarousnes Touching the varietie of manners what trauailers are to obserue and follow The second discouerer of the peoples nature Freedome or seruilenesse politicall Freedome froÌ„ slauery and misery By prescriptioÌ„ By arrogation By policie Ciuilitie the meanes to obedience Seruitude two fold 1. By oppression By depression The markes of seruitude Rules of policy touching the same The third discouerer of the peoples nature Religiousnesse or Profanenesse What is ment by these words Religious in Idolatrie and superstition A consideratioÌ„ The fourth discouerer of the peoples nature A triple consideration of warlike or effeminatenes The fift discouerer of the peoples nature The peoples condition discernable in three things The peoples inclination discouered in foure points Foure bewrayers of mens affections to vice or vertue Exercises tripâ—e Diet triple A triple consideration of apparell Conuersation The third point of knowledge The suruay of the Country In sixe points principally 1. Name 2. Populousnes 3. Situation 4. Qâ—antity 5. Commodities Naturall commodities foure â— Temperate ayre 2 Fruitfulnesse of the soyle 3. Plenty of Riuers 4. Springs and Baths Artificial commodities two 1. Buildings triply considered Seuen obseruations in Cities and Townes How the secret of places fortified may bee discouered A consideratioÌ„ of the naturall and of the artificial strengths of fortifications 2 Trades Mechanick sciences sixe Husbandry discouâ—red in three points Clothing Masonrie Carpentrie Smitherie Engining 6. Discommodities The fourth point of knowledge Concerning Lawes Lawes diuine and humane The Law is triple 1. The law of God Note Note 2. The Law of Nature Lawe of Nations A consideratioÌ„ of moment Sed hoc non defectu legis sed sensus 3. The law Humaine Note Lawes positiue variable Lawes prerogatiue How to discern lawes prerogatiue Lawes positiue Politicall Ecclesiasticall Customes Generall Particular Regal Particular Customs Regall Quia scripsit contra LutheruÌ„ The foure markes of Souereigntie Customes of the Nobilitie The fift point of knowledge Concerning the gouermeÌ„t Three things remarkeable in the gouernmeÌ„t 1. The persons gouerning Three formes of gouerment 2. The gouerned 3. The policie or Instruments The meanes how to discern the policie The sixt point of knowledge concerning the secrets The Common secrets of two sorts 1. Forraine A consideratioÌ„ of friends to an estate Two sorts of friends politicall The strength of friends Religious friends Warlike frends Freedome of friends 2. The State at home discernable in foure points 1 Sufficiencie of people 2 Store of coÌ„modities 3 Munition plenty 4 The Treasurie Priuate and publicke Seuen meanes whereby treasures are gathered 1. Reuenue 2. Conquest 3. Gifts 4. Tribute 5. Trafficke 6. Merchandise 7. Taxations Ordinarie and extraordinary 6 Causes to exhaust treasures 1. Almeshouses 2. Housekeeping 3. Reparations and buildings needfull 4. Due payments 5. Gifts to straÌ„gers and offisers 6. Donatiues politicke Secrets Accidentall Where those secrets may be discerned 1. NegotiatioÌ„s and Contracts 2. Suâ—cessiâ—n by election and by inheritance Heires apparant infants of the State A due consideration of the person of the Prince that ruleth The consideration of the people gouerned in sixe points The instrumeÌ„tall secrets obserued in eight points 1 Dearth 2 Mortalitie 3 Lostes 4. Defect of Iustice. 5. Riot and expenses 6 Impositions 7 The good or euill of the State 8 Weaknesse of the State Their discretioÌ„ vpon returning Note Sixe points to be perpended of Trauailers being returned 1. Manifestation of sound Religion 2. Honestie before policie 3 To be known by vertuous indeuours 4 To be stored of a worthy friend 5 Constancie without ambition 6 Diligence trauailing at home for aduertisments
state of the tongue of that countrey wherein they trauaile moreouer take paines in the speaking according to the naturall accent and tune of the countrey And as by much reading and labour a man shall attaine to the vnderstanding and consequently by a diligent obseruation to the writing so by conference and much parley the speaking of the tongue will be soone attained vnto And in speaking of the Tongues euery Countreys accent time and tune is best without affectation Hence wee see those that speake the high Dutch do striue to vtter their words highly and with spirit not hudling as the French but distinctly as the Italian Spaniard yet not with that chaunting manner Likewise in speaking the Latine there is a more ciuill elocution and cariage of the mouth than in speaking the high Dutch or Sclauonish with greater tēperance yet with some affectation like the Italian Spaniard euen so in writing elegantly euery tongue in effect hauing peculiar Characters men must follow the most esteemed fashion both in framing the letters sentences according to the Orthography of the country I meane hauing occasion to write letters let such vse that kind of hand most common and commendable and those phrases which in letters almost euery nation hath peculiar as in sub and superscriptiōs For the least error in these may either offer wrong to the party written vnto or discouer weaknes imperfectiō reproueable in Trauailers Lastly as the vnderstāding of a tongue is gottē by good Authors principles common conference with men so to speake the tongue well it behoueth a Trauailer to frequēt those places persons where amongst whō the tongue best flourisheth And as the Court Citie excel in the dialect and fine phrase so the Countrey phrase words are of no lesse esteeme and regard in so much as no man can be accounted worthily excellent in any tongue that wants discretion to speake Court-like and Country-like when and where it is requisite Moreouer considering the manifold Countries that Trauailers may come into it may be demanded here although we haue long plodded vpō the tongue already whether euery tongue be of equal importāce to be perfectly vnderstood spoken of these Trauailers For answere wherof I presuppose two rules first it is impossible for any man to be an obseruer of things required in these Trauailers an excellent linguist in al tongues considering the infinite time such an one must spend in the gaining of thē Secondly there is no such necessity for a Trauailer to learn them all wherfore let him busie himselfe about such only as may stand his State Country in best auaile if so be he shal happily come to prefermēt This resteth in the iudgemēt of Trauailers chiefly To make election for sometimes the state of things alter that necessitate a State to haue in recōmendation the general speakers of such and such tongues But for this Coūtry no one rule of certainty can perpetually hold to all men considering many Trauailers prescribe vnto thē diuers ends as some the knowledge only of the tongues others trauaile for knowledge contēplatiue to whō the Hebrue Greek Latine Chaldie Syriack tongues are most precious wherin all ancient monuments of things past to bee knowen are treasured vp which rauish more the mind then the knowledge of things present by how much they prognosticate future euents But for these honourable Trauailers in regard of their pretence the Latine the French and the Spanish tongues are most necessary and like to hold So the alteration of things causeth a necessity for a season to trauaile in the Italian as at this time the Germane and the Lowe Countrey language that of Denmarke Muscouie and such like confrontire tongues The which let Trauailers busie themselues about more then other tongues that for illustration and contemplatiue knowledge and learning are to bee respected whensoeuer it is requisite Let these things suffice for the first point to bee respected of Trauailers Voluntary 2 The second is the nature of the people of that Nation in which they trauaile which is the generall inclination sway maners and fashion of thē in euery common motion or action whereby may be discouered imperfection in things euil or apprehension of that which is good by the ensample whereof other Nations may generally reforme things amisse and establish their policie euen as Trauailers in particular may fashion themselues for all seasons places and persons to be compleat in ciuill conuersation in the iudgement of the world Now that Trauailers may discouer this amongst the people of a Nation or State let them consider fiue things First whether the people bee ciuill or barbarous Secondly whether they be free or seruile Thirdly whether religious or profane Fourthly whether warlike or effeminate And fiftly of what condition of bodie and disposition of mind These containe the maners nature and inclination of all people in a generalitie of which we will discourse in order And first therefore let Trauailers consider whether the people in generall be ciuill or barbarous and that whether by discipline the best Ciuilian Master or by naturall temperature of bodies Such are the Grecians and those of the Iles of Iapan and Chios as on the contrary side the people of Africa America Magellanica and those of Northeast Europe and Asia by nature barbarists The vse of which obseruation for the Common-weale may appeare by these two rules First that ciuill nations gouerned by lawes diuine and humane written may either be feared for enemies or trusted for friends in case they be neighbours and of the same Religion and of good abilitie Secondly that barbarous people are neuer good faithfull friends but for their profit being euer wauering and treacherous nor if enemies other than mortall yet if their power be not ouer-great are easily vanquished But the priuate vse that Trauailers must make to themselues hereby is to chase away such barbarousnesse and rudenesse as possesseth them to establish a more humane and sociable carriage For better discouerie of these let Trauailers marke the gesture apparell decencie conuersation diet feeding giuing of honour and all other actions of the people of a countrey one towards another regarding or contemning all moral vices with better iudgement than those fantastickes which bring home with them some apish ceremonies of curtesie and strange fashions of apparell but nothing else to giue them commendations at their returnes It may not be vnknowen moreouer that there is no nation in the world but may be reduced to ciuilitie and forced in time to put off barbarousnesse seeing in all people God hath sowen the seedes of that which is good within the furrowes and fieldes of euery ones heart which groweth more or lesse according to the pleasure of the seedeman manifested in the proportioning of nature whereof euery climate hath a seuerall stroke as being an instrument whereby God frameth
Moreouer what inconstant luxuriousnesse and superfluitie of vnciuilitie in fashions and apparell toucheth the French The which except of vs English is reproued of most Nations in the world And amongst many barbarousnesses of manners how strange is that of the French mens dissimulation to their verie friends The which is left also hereditarie from the Lumbards to the Italians that haue any education I feare me other Nations trauailing thither will say that we beginne to smell of that disease Lastly what fencerlike and gladiatorious behauiour bemaddeth the Germanes What corruption of manneâ—s generaly reigne in the Italians Insomuch that other lesse accort Countries then ours haue this coÌ„mon prouerbe wherof it shall suffice to touch that of the Germanes Multi Germani rustici In Italiam proficiscuntur angeli Redeunt diaboli vrbani What inconstant countenance do these Italians sauor of What arrogancie and insolencie discouereth the Spaniard to his superior and equall what insupporrablenesse to his inferior and subiect What falsehoods may men finde in the Gelderlanders whereas Turkes being Heathens are keepers of promise What crueltie and tyrannie do the Spaniards and Irish discouer to their enemies What pride of the French What pertinacitie generally do Schollers Courtiers and Souldiers discouer What inhospitalitie do the Germanes keepe What anger and hastinesse of the Irish yea of the poorest kerne Thus by these examples may a Trauailer suruey the ciuilitie and barbarousnesse of Nations in euerie vertue actiue or morall chiefly in the Court and Citties For the Countrie people rellish of rudenesse euermore though in some points they may serue for samplers of great ciuilitie and true carriages of the which a trauailer must in particular make obseruance But considering that which is Ciuilitie in one Nation is vnaccustomed and reiected in other State it may be doubted how a Trauailer shall demeane himselfe to be compleat and know which to retaine The answere is easie for it is euer presupposed that it is no breach of office or of ciuilitie being in another Nation to obserue the fashions guises and customes of the same in things indifferent and ceremoniall although they grate on barbarisme as superfluitie of complements and words such as the French and Italians vse the manner of eating and drinking whether vppon the ground lying along as in Turkie and Africke or standing The manner of saluting with the hatte on without bending of the knee without bowing of the bodie without imbracing without profering of the hand without conioyning without kissing and such like externall customes of indifferencie becomming well enough the boundes of euerie Countrie For though it be a rule with vs that those ceremonies and ciuill vses come neérest to the point of true cariage and consequently most commendable that expresse humilitie and curtesie and encrease affection of most kindnesse and humanitie hence comes our salutations bareheaded and hand kissing bowed bodies and knees embracings conioyning and shaking of the hand peculiar to great personages hence the Italians and French haue gotten probatum of their humilious phrases and kind complements of kissing their hands the Spaniardes of humbly kissing the hands of those they respect and conuerse with men as women the Dutch in their carrowsing in like sort as we vse in contracts by imposition of hands and afterwards by kissing them yet we see the nature of the Italians caÌ„not brooke kissing openly of women nor the French being long bareheaded and in like expressions other Nations are as precise Notwithstanding in the expressions of moral vertues and vices a Trauailer must be so curious and graue that hee not only beware to committe sinne and do as the people do but cleaue wholly to the vertue and meane of things abhorring blaspheming swearing rayling malreporting and such like vices of the tongue as of all other actions and customes of wickednesse which are euill in their owne nature without circumstances And these Trauailers haue prerogatiue of other Nations to prescribe against many though indifferent and against all euill customes that swarue from the rule of Nature humanitie Thus hauing long stayed vpon this haunt of the first discouerer of the nature of people the second offereth it self for the Trauailer to know Whether the people be Free or Seruile For al people considered as Subiects are one of these two And though by nature largely coÌ„sidered one man is equally so free as another none more seruile for seruitude is politicke yet we see some people politickly seruile as free some more some lesse according to the alteration of times and things By the words seruile free then are meant not the naturall since all by nature are seruile to sinne and vnrighteousnesse and are equally free from miserie and subiection but the politicall which maketh some people free in regard of misery and seruitude and other seruile to slauery miserie and subiection Now seeing all people of a State are vnder subiection in generalitie in this place the nature of a people must bee sought out of such as are free from slauery and miserie and of those that are seruiled vnto them Of people free in this sense there be some by prescription enfranchised the gouernment of whose States by good lawes haue made them free from long miserie or slauery Such are the Commons and Nobilitie of this land whose freedome is such as they enioy their owne things so freely as the Prince The like may be sayd of the States of France and Germanie and of other well ordered Common wealths Moreouer such freedome generally reigneth in France as with vs here in Kent that what slaue or bondman shal but land in France is immediatly made free and whosoeuer abideth one yeere in Kent shall be euer after enfranchised Moreouer there be others free by arrogation who according to the state of times and things licentiously vse their libertie Such in times past were the people of Denmarke whose force was their law in so much that their Prince held his royaltie at their placitum For if at any time they misliked any of his actions he was instantly deposed and an other set in his place Such at this day is the freedome of the Venetians that they seeme to beare a hard hand ouer their Dukes And such is the common nature of euery Democracie and Aristocracie Lastly there bee some whose policie and state haue continued them in much freedome from miserie and slauerie as euer striuing against seruitude Such were the Sclauonians the Switzers and the Lumbards the Neapolitanes in the Romane gouernement in so much as these people being euer confederates with that mightie Empire yet durst they giue succour to the banished from Rome Such were the Hungarians against the Turke Such generally are the Nobility of most Christian States who as Libertines are euer out of tyranny before the CoÌ„mons Such are the Spaniards that chuse rather to die than to be made slaues And such is the naturall affect of those
most part for slouthfull vitious and effeminate bodies Those that be temperate in these three and accustome their bodies to endure hardnesse may be obserued for men of action and employment and as these may prooue good instruments for warre so the other are scarce good for either The apparell reuealeth like affections which consisteth either in the fashion or stuffe or colour Those that keepe the fashion which is approued in the Court if they be Courtiers shew discretion and constancie Where on the other side they bewraie lightnesse and ficklenesse vnlesse in speciall cases So doe all those that affect vneasie and vnhandsome fashions Those moreouer are not euer the wisest that are first in the newe fashion but such rather that come in the taile if they doe it in this respect to see first whether the same bee better and more necessarie then the olde But seeing fewe Nations in the World be variable in fashions but wee and the French I will shut vp this point that there is a meete fashion for Courtiers for souldiers and for other people necessarily distinct For the Courtier respecteth comelinesse the soldier ease and warmth the rest are variable according as they stand in yeares or humors or necessitie As concerning the state of apparell Whosoeuer weareth not good apparel being a Courtier and in Court beseeming this Estate and being young discouers his discontentment or want of meanes so they that goe more costly then the guise of the place or their habilitie can beare withall or not respecting times places and persons reuealeth vanitie and hautie Ambition The like affections are bewraied by the third to weet the Colour it being for the most part generally through the world respected for a Concordance according to the fitnesse of yeares of persons of times places the which are circumstances reuealing the affections or imperfections of men in the colours of their apparell The last Censurer is the Conuersation of men with the vertuous or vitious whereby the secret carriages of the minde be discouered For as those that keepe euill companie bewray imperfect mindes so such as conuerse with the vertuous may be obserued for honest and trustie men to be imployed in the affaires of their common-wealth either for peace or warre if other things concurre withall In which conuersation an eye must be had of such to discerne what wisedome valour temperancie liberalitie vprightnesse couragiousnesse of minde euerie one of the nobler sort in his actions discouers and contrariwise of the vices and capitall euils that reigne in them But of these wee haue opened enough and also concerning the nature of the people it now remaineth to speake of the thirde point of knowledge about which a Trauailer must busie himselfe in the interim of his Trauaile namely in the suruey of the Countrie wherein he shall trauaile But seeing the consideration hereof is multiplex it would be to many very tedious to handle euery species and subdiuision largely Wherefore we will but make a discouerie touch onely the most necessary things to be vnderstood Of the Countrey there is a sixefold consideration as first of the name to weet wherof the Countries or Cōmon-weales name hath his deriuation how many sundry names it hath had since the first habitation thereof and finally how long it hath continued in each name what were the causes of alteration The which things forasmuch as frō records they may be collected we wil not insist vpon them adding only by way of implicatiō one vse hereof That such Cōmon-weales as neuer haue altered their names will hardly be subdued or brought vnder the yoke of an absolute Conquerer whereas those that haue been accustomed to change their names may easily by Conquerers be perswaded to suffer a change The second consideration is of the populousnesse or scarcitie of people the knowledge whereof is so auaileable as a Politician cannot well plot without good certificate thereof from time to time for a multitude of people cannot well indure without much trafficke without many friends and in case of penurie death and want not well without disorder Neither are a few people to be feared for great enemies or to be trusted for constant friends and such like Thirdly of the situation of the Countrie in regard of the earth and seas as of the heauens namely vnder what Climate it lieth and what signe doth patronize the same But these things being they may be attained vnto by reading perusing of Mappes and sea Charts let it be sufficient to vs to haue remembred them Fourthly the quantitie which is either of the length breadth circuit or figure of the Countrey is to bee considered The which also wee omitte to enlarge by discourse considering by the rules of Geometrie and Cosmographie any may easily attaine to the same Onely let this not bee impertinent to be superadded how the marches of the countrey if it be part of the Continent is confronted with naturall defence or artificiall how it borders on other Countreys and what quarter there is kept ordinarily whereof in the sixt and last generall point of knowledge namely in the secrets of the State wee shall haue cause to treate The fift consideration is to bee made of the commodities to bee found in the Countrey And the sixt likewise of the discommodities Of these two last we will dilate a little First a Trauailer shall obserue the commodities of a Countrey either as they stand naturally or artificially The naturall commodities are foure namely the goodnesse or temperatenesse of the Ayre the Fruitfulnesse of the soyle the plenty of Riuers and Ports if the same coast the sea And lastly the Springs Lakes Baths Spawes or Pooles that haue any singular vertue in them Touching the first let not a Trauailer weigh the goodnesse or temperatenesse of the ayre by his own constitution of body that peraduenture can away well with the same as wee see some of our English bodies can away well enough in colde Moscouia others in hot Morea but by the generall well-faring of the inhabitants without pestiferous diseases and accidents that seldome chaunce to that Land and people but extraordinarily For by the secret worke of God there is no Nation so temperate but is subiect to corruption of Ayre when his secret will shall bee displeased therewith and that by the reuolution of the heauens and of things ingendred and conteined in them Touching the second which is the Fruitfulnesse of the soyle there is a triple consideration either of such as mooue and growe vpon the superficies of the Land as Vegetables and liuing sensible things or of such things as are hid in the wombe and veines of the earth or of the molde it selfe Touching the first of these let Trauailers obserue what store there is found of irrationall Animals either wilde or domesticke seruing for the vse of man and especially whether the Countrey doe yeeld a superfluitie
is displayed in wood Caruers Ioyners Carpenters or builders of houses shipwrights and in all other dependances The fift to wit Smitherie is as variable as any of the former to bee sought into whether for varietie of metals to bee wrought vpon as Gold and Siluer-smithes Copper-smiths Brasiers Tinkers Pewterers Founders blacke and white smithes all such like or for infinite kind of tooles and Vtensils for the necessaries of man the which are more excellent in some places than other euen by so much as the matter and the Arts-men tend to perfection The sixt and last is Engining which being an extract from the grounds of Mathematicall knowledge is also much the more to bee considered well of Trauailers in how much there may arise many singular commodities to ones Countrey both in times of peace warre Wherin let Trauailers make obseruatiō who be the most famous workers what admirable things they worke bring to passe either by conueyance of water by scrues by pullies by weights by causing vacuums or reinforcing of spirits together in narrowe straights and Cylinders and by such other draughts of nature kept secret from the vulgar sort the which in the warres are so necessary as in the citie for ciuill and necessarie vses Insomuch as if any man trauailing shal grow therby excellent he is worthy the name of honor estimation though in other points he be found a weake obseruer This thing being of such singular proofe and vse euerie where may seeme to priuiledge Trauailers aboue any one point of knowledge besides About the consideration of which although wee could not dwell too long for of it selfe it requireth a volume yet other manifould points vntouched doe craue our discourse now Only for discouerie let this be added that whatsoeuer by naturall conclusions and as wee say by sleight with small adoe effecteth great things as to moue bodies contrarie to nature violently and swiftly to make powerfull any weake thing and to discouer things vnto the senses afar off out of their kēning or to penetrate any thing resistable may be contained vnder the arte or science of Engining Hitherto concerning the commodities of the Countrie The Discommodities now may easily be ex opposito collected from the former to enlighten the sixt and last point concerning the Countrie Notwithstanding we wil for better vnderstanding to some as it were make repetition The discommodities then of Countries are either imperfectious or wants The imperfections naturall are either intemperatenesse and vnholesome aire or extream barennesse of the Soile yeelding little or no commodities or aboundance of cruel beastes of which our Trauailer must haue a care to vnderstand whether the same be not for want of good husbandrie in the people of the Countrie The artificiall discommodities are likewise two Buildings and trades The defect of the one hindereth a Countrie from well peopling of the other from well and orderly liuing For it is a maxime in policie that no Countrie can be euer ciuile and orderly where there be not good trades planted for setting the Commons to worke for the husbanding all such commodities as their Countrie yeelds and of such as are brought vnto the same frō forrain parts the which to a Countrie much peopled is most needfull also Thus much concerning imperfections The wants are of those things properly that other Countries abound with which necessarily ciuill Estates doe want daiely must expect them from other places to furnish them For though there bee many Ilands in the World that content themselues and liue without the commodities of other places neither haue they other then a certaine naturall kinde of prouision distributed well and orderly alike to all Nations for the naturall support thereof Yet being once brought vnto ciuilitie and to the taste of the World either to be equall with others or to be engreatned there is no Natiō or Countrie but standeth in necessarie neede and want of forraine things the which being once tasted of generally it is almost impossible to be left and forgotten The conclusion then of this point for our Trauailer may be That he obserue what speciall thing the Countrie standeth in neede of the which is either of clothing or of victuall For these two a Nation that is ciuile and well ordered cannot long want As concerning clothing let it be sufficient which we haue touched alreadie in the Commodities for out of the same may be gathered the discommodities è conuerso In like sort may it be saide forvictuals Only let a Trauailer make obseruation what liuing Creatures hee shall finde that cannot liue or bee found in the Countrie As our Theodore Zuingerus reporteth of Africk that neuer Hart or wilde Boare was found there And Plinie mentioneth that in Arabia no Swine liueth So in the Ilands of Nea there are bred no Patridges nor being thither brought will liue So some report of Ireland that in it liueth no venemous beast for the Climate worketh all vpon the people a strange Constellation for want of of good Religion Let these things suffice touching the 3 generall points of knowledge respecting the Countrie The fourth now offereth it selfe to our consideration which is of the Lawes and Customes that be vsed in the Countrey the knowledge whereof may well reforme the weedy affections of Trauailers and redresse distemperatures growen in their Countrie and lastly open the doore of many policies into which a Politician wil soone enter But first concerning the word Law in the intendiment there is a double respect to be had thereof For all honest lawes haue their deriuation and spring-head from the eternall fountaine of reason of the will of God in which respect they in substance are all diuine Notwithstanding in regard of the diuersitie of people as of sundrie causes for which they haue beene reuealed and promulgated they are also humane and multiplex Wherefore in the first respect the Lawe is an opening of the Diuine and eternall will whereby GOD teacheth and commaundeth what shall bee done and left vndone of men ordained for his owne glorie chiefly then for the publike priuate vse of men Now since the reuelation of that diuine will of God hath not beene manifested in one and the same manner alwaies to all people therefore in this respect the lawe is distributed into three kinds properly Into the Law of GOD into the Law of NATVRE and into the Humane or Lawe of Men. Touching the law of God wee obserue the same either written or not written The not written the learned call that which before the fall and afterwards was exercised till the Law by Moses was deliuered to the people of Israell inscribed in Tables of stone and since of Christ himselfe the Prophets Apostles enlarged expounded confirmed set forth the which was either Morall and perpetuall or Iudicial and politicall But as concerning the written Law cōmitted wholly to the Israelites lette it bee obserued first
into the lawes of other Countries and expert in those of their owne Nation they haue well purchased a goodly Mannor and trench of Land to build policies vpon Moreouer it is verie expedient for Trauailers to marke not only how many distinct kinds of Lawes the Countrie vseth to gouerne their people by but in speciall what are geâ—â—â—â—ll what particular lawes pertaining to seuerall diuisions of the Countrey as those of shires and Seigniories of townes places and persons c. And lastly if in regard of the time of trauailing such be able to take degrees for the approbation of their knowledge in the Vniuersities no doubt the honour and the commodity wil be very great For the title of a degree so atchieued wil celebrate more their worth than any other meanes by getting credite to their learning and iudgement and making them capable of preferment hauing authoritie to be imployed in the seruice of the Common-weale Thus much concerning the lawes the which a Trauailer may referre vnto three heads if he please To Things to Persons to Actions The Customes now follow Customes they are certaine vses of the Prince State or people of the countrie vnwritteÌ„ for the most part that doe prescribe or stand in force as lawes chiefly if they bee good and profitable for the Common-weale whereof there are three â—â—nkes that Trauailers must consider them in Generall Particular and Regall By the Generall Customes are meant the ancient vse and ordering of all things according to the ancient nature thereof Of which let Trauailers first note their alterations These may be discerned in the giuing of Lawes in ensample whereof wee haue at this day a more exact and ful order of the three states concerning forme than in former times Secondly in the Princes priuate State and houshold Lastly in Religion in diet in apparell and in the externall order of things and persons In all which Customes most Common-weales differ Whereof we will ensample onely to our Trauailer the Princes priuate estate and houshold which we cal the Court Wherein what ordinary attendants and dependants and what ceremonies orders and customes are appertaining to the person of the Prince or to the place it selfe wheresoeuer the Court shal be or to the Nobility are the rather to be learned of Trauailers that they may not be ignoraÌ„t of the proper cariage of euery Court to enforme themselues of behauiour In Tartarie this custome is vsed that no stranger of what quality or degree soeuer dare put himselfe in the Kings presence to negotiate with him before hee hath beene purged with their fire Neither is it permitted to any stranger to set his foote on the threshold of the Cams lodging or where any of his Princes or Lieutenants dwell on paine of death And in our ciuill States we see no forreiner dare present himselfe to the presence of the Prince but by permission or in speciall cases and at special times Hence moreouer ariseth our great respect to our Princes in honouring and saluting them whereas the French are little vncouered and nothing so respectiue Some countrey people do kneele in the presence of their Prince others gaze in their faces onely others cast downe their heads and lookes and some as the inhabitants of Baccalaos or of the new Land fish haue a custome when they reuerence their King in his presence to rub their noses and stroking their forehead with their hand vnto the necke the which the King accepteth as an honest and due office and seruice turning his head eftsoones to his left shoulder which is a note of singular fauour and gratefulnesse of the King to honour his Subiect The which customes or the like though they be strange and not regular yet doe they become well enough the bounds of euery nation In like sort the customary phrase of writing and speaking of action of body of reuerencing and such such like are so to be pondered of Trauailers that they introduce not them into their owne Country vnlesse those customes be of a more ciuill carriage then such as their Countrey vseth For that is a fowle and irregular tricke of common Trauailers to innouate new fangles of fashions in their Countrey when they returne though they iudge theÌ„ to be of better esteem This is a common staine and delight of Ilands But as it is a shame for ciuill States to be variable in the custome of diuersitie of fashions wondring at the customes of other lesse ciuill graces and behauiours so as needes those must bee put in practise by them so a Trauailer that innouateth forreine peculiar customs of other Courts in his Countrey where either more ciuill or as good are vsed swarueth from the guise of completenesse in Trauailers requirable The Particular Customes concerne the members of the State as Countreys Dukedomes Principalities Counties Seigniories Domaines Cities Towns Corporations Castles Cittadels Fortes and such like which require also in regard of their excellencie to bee looked into so farre foorth as by discourse and discreete wayes may bee of Trauailers followed after The third and last Customes are Regall which properly are the maiesticke prerogatiue of the Countrey of the Prince and Nobilitie aswell within their precinct as in and vnder the iurisdiction of another power Whereof first let it bee regarded what preeminence the Countrey claimes to haue in and ouer other Countreys not tributary or subiect to the same Secondly as concerning the Prince let it be noted what titles of Custome he is inuested with as the French King to be the most Christian King which in those dayes was well arrogated from other nations As the King of Spaine to bee called the most Catholike King which title in those dayes was proper to him I speake as a Romist for he was Maximus bellator professor Romanae Catholicae ecclesiae And as our Souereigne King of Great Britaine by like custome now and with better title may most rightfully challenge to be the greatest and sincerest Defender of the faith of Christ thorow the world euen so was it a title in those dayes when it was reassumed and acknowledged of his Ancestor of proper attribution though the Pope had another slie and slouenly meaning and fetch of policie in the bequest For within a little after that most vndanted King Henry the eight whom for perpetuall honor sake I thought good to name by the good pleasure of God became the onely stout Defender of the faith of Christ singularly in shaking off the Popes supremacie and withstanding his displeasure Whereunto also let a Trauailer learne what place of Custome the Prince hath amongst other Princes and how farre the souereigntie of Princes stretcheth and of States The which souereignty is discernable in foure points The first is to haue power absolute to giue lawes to al in generall and in particular without controlment as Priuiledges Liberties Franchisedomes Honors and such like regalities to places or persons The second note of Souereigntie is