Athenians he went to Byzantium and sold the Customs of those Ships which came from the Pontus and changed the Government of the Byzantines from an Aristocracy to a Democracy so that the Byzantines were not at all concern'd to see such numbers of Athenians in their City When he had performed this and made an Alliance with the Chalcedonians he sailed out of the Hellespont and finding all the Towns in Lesbos except Mitylene take part with the Lacedemonians he attackt no place till he had first taken four hundred men out of his Fleet at Mitylene and form'd them and the Exiles who had fled thither into a body and joyn'd them with the stoutest men of the Mitylenians He gave every one of them hopes To the Mitylenians that if he mastered the rest of Lesbos they should command the whole To the Exiles that if they assisted him in the recovery of the particular Towns they would be in a capacity of being restored to their own Countries again To the Seamen that if they could bring Lesbos into the Alliance of the Athenians they should greatly enrich themselves thereby When he had thus encouraged the men he drew them up and marched with them to Mithymna But Therimachus Governour of the place for the Lacedemonians understanding Thrasybulus was coming against him took the Seamen from on board his Ships together with the Methymnean and Mitylenian Exiles and met him at the Frontiers where they had an Engagement in which Therimachus was killed and a great many slain in the pursuit After this he took some Cities by composition but foraged the Country about those which held out and raised pay for his Souldiers out of the Spoyls From thence he hastened to Rhodes to levy a strong body of men there and when he had raised Contribution at several places he went to Aspendus and sailed up the River Eurymedon with his Fleet. He had formerly received money from the Aspendians and now the Country-men being injured by the Souldiers they in a rage fell upon the Athenians by night and killed Thrasybulus in his Tent who ended his days in this manner having had the reputation of being a good man. The Athenians chose Argyrius to succeed him in the Fleet. The Lacedemonians receiving intelligence that the Athenians had sold the Customs of the Pontic Ships at Byzantium that they were possest of Chalcedon and that the other Cities on the Hellespont were in a good condition because Pharnabazus was their Ally thought it was high time to look about them And altho' they could object nothing against Dercyllidas yet Anaxibius by favour of the Ephori procured himself to go Governour of Abydus and undertook if they would give him a Fleet and pay off his men to make War with the Athenians after such a rate as should change the face of things in the Hellespont Hereupon they gave him three Gallies and Pay for a thousand Mercenaries and dispatched him away When he arrived he raised more Forces and wrested some of the Eolic Towns from Pharnabazus and whilst he was gone against Abydus with his own Army and the Forces of the other Cities Anaxibius on the contrary fell upon them and laid wast their Territories Afterwards he fitted out three Ships more at Abydus besides those he had and when he took any Ships that belonged either to the Athenians or their Confederates he carried them in thither When the Athenians received intelligence hereof they feared he would undo all that Thrasybulus had done before in the Hellespont whereupon they sent out Iphicrates against him with eight Sail and 1200 Targetiers being most of those he commanded at Corinth For the Argives having possest themselves of Corinth declared they had no occasion for them because Iphicrates had put some to death who favoured their interest whereupon he return'd home and lived privately When he arrived at the Chersonese he and Anaxibius sent out Foragers on both sides and with them they carried on the War one with another A while after Iphicrates hearing that Anaxibius was gone to Antandrus with the Mercenaries Lacedemonians and 200 Abydenian heavy-arm'd men and understanding that Antandrus had surrendred to him he guessed that he would put in a Garison there and return with the Abydenians Whereupon he passed over in the Night at a place which was freest from the discovery of the Abydenians and when he had possessed himself of the Hills he placed an Ambush He commanded also the Gallies which transported him to cruise off the shoar by break of day that they might seem to be going to collect Tribute Nor was he mistaken for though Anaxibius had not an auspicious Sacrifice yet he departed from Antandrus and despised the Ceremonies partly because he marched through a Friends Country and to a City of the Confederates partly because he understood by those he met that Iphicrates was sailed back to Praeconnesus and therefore marched more carelesly Iphicrates did not rise out of the Ambuscade whilst Anaxibius's Army was on even ground but after the Abydenians which were in the Van had entred the Plain by Cremastes where there were Gold Mines the rest of the Army went down the Hill being followed by Anaxibius and the Lacedemonians And then Iphicrates rising up gave a furious charge upon Anaxibius who when he saw that there was no hopes of escaping and that his Army was extended in length and in a strait place that they could not come up the ascent of the Hill to his assistance being already past it and that all were in a Consternation by reason of the Ambuscade he said to those who were near him Gentlemen Here I must die but do ye consult your own safety before you engage with the Enemy And when he had said so he took a Shield from his Squire and fought till he died upon the Spot His * He was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and bred up under some great man who was to be an example of vertue to him So was Lysander under Agesilaus Plut. Vbbo Em. Page also who staid with him and the 12 Lacedemonian Governours which followed him out of the Town fell together with him the rest were slain in the pursuit of the others near 200 were killed and of the Abydenian heavy-arm'd men 50 Iphicrates having performed these Exploits return'd to the Chersonese XENOPHON'S History OF THE Affairs of Greece LIB V. THE CONTENTS Teleutias a famous General Antalcidas returns from Persia with Articles of Peace and a Peace is made Mantinea taken and the Citizens obliged to live in Villages The Citadel of Thebes betrayed to the Lacedemonians and recovered Teleutias slain at Olynthus Agesipolis dies The Lacedemonians Power declines The Thebans draw the Athenians into the War against the Lacedemonians Sphodrias impeached for beginning the War and acquitted THis was the state of Affairs betwixt the Athenians and Lacedemonians in the Hellespont The people of Aegina formerly had Commerce with the Athenians till the
affected to the Republick of the Lacedemonians and that they were unjustly banished as also to desire that they might be restored with their Consent and not by Force This put the Phliasians in a fear lest some in the Town should let in the Lacedemonians if they appeared before it with an Army Moreover apprehending that there were several of the Exile's Relations in the Town with others that favoured their Party and as in most Republicks some young men disposed to a change and for recalling the banished men they decreed that the Exiles should be readmitted and such of their Goods restored as were not sold and those that were should be made good out of the Publick Treasury and if any Controversie should arise amongst them it should be decided by Law. Thus the Affair about the Phliasian Exiles was adjusted at that time Soon after there came Ambassadors to Lacedemon from Acanthus and Apollonia which were the greatest Cities near Olynthus When the Ephori understood their Errand they introduced them to the Assembly and Confederates where Cligenes the Acanthian made this Speech I suppose My Lords of Lacedemon Clygenes's Speech and you the Allies that there is now a growing Mischief in Greece of which you have not yet taken notice Most of you know that Olynthus is the greatest City in Thrace the Inhabitants whereof have drawn some Towns into their Alliance upon Terms to enjoy the same Laws and live in the same Community They have united some of the more considerable Cities and attempted to wrest the Macedonian Towns from the Allegiance of Amyntas their King Vpon the coming in of the Neighbouring Places they soon proceeded to those more remote and bigger Amongst several other Cities we left them possest of Pella which is far the greatest of any in Macedon Since we understand that Amyntas abandons his Towns and may be said to be only not dispossest of all his Countrey The Olynthians sent to us and the Apollonians a threatning Message how that if we joyned them not they would turn their Arms upon us We desire My Lords to enjoy our own Laws and live under our own Government but if none will assist us we must of necessity associate They have no less than eight hundred Heavy-armed men of Targetiers a greater number and if we joyn with them they will make above a thousand Horse Besides we left the Athenian and Boeotian Ambassadors there and we heard that the Olynthians had decreed to send theirs to treat of a League Offensive and Defensive with these Confederate Cities if therefore the Athenians and Thebans gain such an Accession of Strength beware they prove not too many for you Moreover seeing they are possessed of Potidaea on the Isthmus of Pallene it 's certain that those Towns which are within it will fall into their hands The Consternation those Cities are in may be a sufficient Demonstration thereof who though they bear an inveterate hatred to the Olynthians yet durst not send their Ambassadors with us to represent the State of their Affairs Again consider with your selves how can you in probability prevent all Boeotia from Associating when you regard not the Conjunction of a greater force that gathers strength so fast both by Sea and Land. What can hinder them they have Timber enough in their own Countrey for Shipping They can't want Money for they have Customs from their Ports and Towns of Mart their Plenty also makes them Populous Besides all this the Thracians who are their Neighbours and not under a Kingly Government do now caress them And if they be subdued by them this also will be a formidable addition to their Power and if all these Designs succeed the Gold Mines at Pangaeus must of necessity follow I 'll mention nothing now but what is the common talk of the Town What need I tell you of their haughty Minds their Spirit and Ambition who can express Perhaps God and Nature have so contrived man that as our Fortune so our aspiring Humor should also rise We My Lords have faithfully represented to you the State of Affairs and now 't is your part to consider whether they be worthy your regard or not This I must not forget to tell you too that their Power indeed is great yet it is not so formidable as you need fear to grapple with The Towns which were forct into the Confederacy when they see a Power on foot will soon fly off again But if once they be linkt together with inter-marriages and Commerce which they have made a Law to encourage and shall apprehend how advantagious it is to follow the Victor as the Arcadians who whilst they sided with you both saved themselves and plundered others perhaps it will be no easie matter to dissolve their Vnion After this Speech Phanostratus Archon the Lacedemonians gave the Confederates leave to speak exhorting every one of them to offer what they thought would be most adviseable in this Conjuncture for the Peloponnesians and Allies Thereupon several proposed a War especially those that would ingratiate with the Lacedemonians so it was resolved to send to the respective Cities a list of ten thousand men to be raised 'T was debated too that those Towns which would contribute Money instead of men might 6 d. ¼ provided they paid three Aeginean Oboli for each man and that if any set out Horse each Trooper should have the pay of four Heavy-armed men Moreover if any of the Towns declined the Service it should be lawful for the Lacedemonians to mulct them one Stater a day for every man. 15 s. 7 d. ob After they had thus resolved the Acanthians rose up again and shewed that these were good Decrees yet could not be quickly put in Execution Declaring it would be better whilst these Levies were making that a General and what Forces could be raised on a suddain in Lacedemon and other Places should march forthwith for hereby those Cities which were not yet associated would remain firm and such as were forced into the Alliance would be colder in their Assistance This being agreed on the Lacedemonians sent out about two thousand of the Half-Slaves Neighbouring People A Band of chosen men which fought by the King Diod. Sic. â—ib XV. and Sciritae Eudamidas when he began his march entreated the Ephori that his Brother Phoebidas should assemble the Forces he had raised but left behind and follow him When he arrived in Thrace he sent Garisons to those Towns which desired them and took Potidaea one of the Associated Towns upon surrender This place he made the Seat of War and managed it as well as could be expected from the small force he had In the mean while Phaebidas assembling the Forces that Eudamidas left behind marched with them and when he arrived at Thebes he encamped without the City by the Artillery ground At that time Ismenias and Leontiades being chief * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 There were two of
disbanded them all departing home The Athenians taking into consideration Callias Archon that the Lacedemonians had a Formidable Power that they had passed by Attica to attack Thebes and that the Corinthian War was ended tried two of those Captains which conspired with Millo against Leontiades Party one whereof they executed and the other they banished because he fled from Justice The Thebans also fearing lest they should be left alone in the War against the Lacedemonians found out this contrivance They as 't is thought corrupted Spodrias Governour of Thespiae to enter Attica and engage the Athenians in a War with the Lacedemonians He hearkned to them and undertook to surprize the Piraeus which was yet without Gates In order thereto he refreshed his men and marched out of Thespiae very early giving out that he would reach the Piraeus by Day though it was Day when he arrived at Thria so that he could not conceal his Design from being discovered Therefore in his return he drove away the Cattle and plundered the Houses Some that met him came flying by Night to the City and informed the Athenians that a great Army was entred their Countrey whereupon the Heavy-armed men and Horse that were upon the Guard armed At that time the * Etymocles Aristolochus Ocellus Lacedemonian Ambassadors at Athens were entertained by Callias their Publick Host but when this News came the Athenians seized them and committed them to safe Custody suspecting them to be concerned in this Conspiracy The Ambassadors being amazed at it made their Defence saying they would ne'r have been such Fools if they had known the Piraeus was to have been seized as to have remained in the City under their Power nor with a Publick Host where they might so easily be found out adding that it would appear the Lacedemonians themselves knew nothing of it and that they would soon hear that the Republick would punish Sphodrias Thus they having purged themselves were discharged The Ephori recalling Sphodrias impeached him of High Treason and he being frighted made no appearance yet was acquitted Many thought these Proceedings of the Lacedemonians were unjust The reason hereof was this Sphodrias had a Son named Cleonymus newly come to man's Estate being the most beautiful and renowned of his Equals whom Archidamus Agesilaus's Son intirely loved Cleombrotus's Friends being very intimate with Sphodrias were inclined to acquit him but because he had committed so hainous a crime they feared as well Agesilaus and his Party as those that were indifferent A while after Sphodrias said to Cleonymus Son you may save your Father's Life by intreating Archidamus to prevail with his Father to be favourable to me in my Trial. He hearing him say so put on confidence and going to Archidamus begged of him to bring his Father off Archidamus seeing Cleonymus weep wept too and after he had heard his Petition said to him you know Cleonymus I am not able to look my Father in the face but when I would carry any thing in the City I make use rather of any than him Yet since you command me assure your self I 'll use my utmost endeavour to serve you herein After that Archidamus went home from the Publick Eating-place and reposed himself in the Morning as soon as he was up he took care to observe his Father's walking abroad and when he saw him go forth if there were any of the Spartans by he let them discourse with his Father and if there were any Strangers or Servants that desired to make their Addresses he gave way for them too At length as Agesilaus was returning home from the Eurotas The River on which Sparta stands Archidamus went away and came not near his Father and the next day he did so again Agesilaus suspecting for what he went after him so askt him no Questions but let him go his way In the mean time Archidamus you may be sure had a great desire to see Cleonymus but to go to him before he had discoursed his Father he could not Then Sphodrias's Friends seeing Archidamus did not come to his House so often as he was wont were at their Wits end lest Agesilaus should have given him a rebuff At last Archidamus ventured to go and thus accosted him Father Cleonymus desired of me to beg of you that you would save his Fathers Life and I make it my request that it may be granted Agesilaus answered him I forgive you but I don't see how I shall get my own pardon from the Republick for not condemning one that has taken Bribes to the prejudice of his Countrey At that time he replied nothing again being convinced by the Justice of what his Father said but went his way Yet afterwards whether he took notice of it by his own motion or that it was hinted to him by some body else he went to him and said Father I know that if Sphodrias had not offended you would have acquitted him for Innocencie's sake and if he has pardon him for mine Agesilaus made him this Answer if it be consistent with my Honor it shall be so which when he heard he went away with small hopes About that time one of Sphodrias's Friends discoursing with Etymocles said I believe all you that are of Agesilaus's Party will be for putting Sphodrias to death Etymocles replied why should we not follow Agesilaus's Opinion seeing he tells every one he discourses about it that it is impossible to bring him off Yet it would be hard for him to be put to death in the Flower of his Age who has behaved himself so well when a Child a Youth and a Man grown for Sparta wants such Soldiers He hearing this told it Cleonymus who being pleased therewith went directly to Archidamus saying Now I know you have a respect for me and I would have you rest satisfied that my endeavours shall be so as your love mayn't be misplaced Nor was he deceived in him for he behaved himself honourably in his Countrey as long as he lived and fought at Leuctra under General Dino before the King where charging in the formost of the Battel he fell in the midst of the Enemy greatly afflicting Archidamus Nor was he according to his Promise a Dishonour but a Credit to him After this manner Sphodrias got off whereupon the Athenians that favoured the Interest of the Boeotian Faction possessed the People that the Lacedemonians were so far from punishing Sphodrias that they commended him for plotting against Athens Upon that the Athenians immediately after made Gates to the Piraeus built Ships and vigorously assisted the Boeotians The Lacedemonians decreed that an Army should be sent against the Thebans and desired Agesilaus to take the Command of it esteeming him one of better Conduct than Cleombrotus He told them that he would comply with the pleasure of the State what ever it was and so prepared for his march But when he understood that it would be no easie matter to enter the Thebans Countrey
the Athenians and the Tribunes amongst the Romans For what greater Power can there be than to inflict Punishment of Death without Form of Justice Estate follows Life and what can't they do in Religion who are absolute Masters of the other two Liberty is desired by all of which we by our wise Constitution have a greater share than any Nation either has or we could expect from a Change. And because our own Examples affect us most we may look back to the late Civil Wars which were begun and fomented for the Cause of Religion and Liberty yet both destroyed the unhappy Nation suffering well nigh as many Alterations of Government as it did Years of War and Confusion The Troubles also drew along with them Rebellion Schism Faction Atheism and a Train of Vices whose dire effects we still see in the General Corruption of Manners and Tendency of the Factious to the Old Game Nor could our Differences be composed till the Rightful Heir was recalled and the Ancient Government together with our Liberty restored which we enjoy under our Gracious Prince rather unthankfully repining than justly prizing it A brief Account of the Land and Naval Forces of the Ancient Greeks I Thought it might be necessary for the better understanding of this History to give some Account of the Land and Naval Forces of the Greeks yet not to make a set Discourse about it but only to speak of the Militia as it was in the time of the Peloponnesian War this Art continually altering and improving as well in former Times as in this present Age. It will be necessary also to Treat separately of the Lacedemonian Discipline because it was distinct from that of the rest of the Greeks and then speak of those Particulars wherein the Athenians and others varied from it The Lacedemonians were the most valiant People of all the Greeks and tho' their Numbers were but small yet they were so well experienced that they very rarely mist of Success fighting with an assurance of Victory Their Life was continually employ'd in Action and such Provision was made by the Laws of their Country that not only the Men but the Women also were used to Robust Exercises and the Parents inured to hardship that the Children might be rendred strong and able to undergo the Fatigue of War. The Youth were divided into two Parties and exercifed Mock-battels encountring wheresoever they met yet were they under such exact Discipline that if any came by and offered to part them and they refused to obey they were immediately carried before the Paedonomus a Magistrate that took cognizance of those Crimes and severely punish'd them for being so far transported with Passion as not to pay due Obedience to the Laws By this their Discipline they became hardy and resolute fighting with that obstinacy that they would rather die than yield But farther to habituate them to this Virtue of Martial Patience they were once a year cruelly whipt at the Altar of Diana Orthia which though it were rather a Punishment than an Exercise yet they bore it with an Invincible Courage In this manner they were Train'd up till they came to thirty years of age for before none were suffered to go into the Campagn unless it were upon a very great necessity Thus having spent so many years in the Speculation of War they became so strong and vigorous in the practice thereof that they lasted forty years fit for Service none having a Mission till he was seventy years of age Their Infantry consisted of Targetiers Light-arm'd and Heavy-arm'd men the Light-arm'd men were placed in the Wings being commanded out in the Forelone-hope and used in Skirmishes because they were not loaden with Armour Their Arms were Arrows Darts Staves and Stones which they threw or slung taking any extemporary Weapon that came in their way The Scholiast of Thucydides says they did not close but fought at some distance advancing and retiring as they saw occasion for either The Targetiers were a middle sort between the Light and Heavy-arm'd men having a Target or lesser Shield and a Sword They were nimble and expeditious and very useful for pursuing the Lacedemonian Regiment near Corinth being cut off by Iphicrates's Targetiers The Heavy-arm'd men were raised out of the beter sort the other two being for the most part Mercenaries and Half-slaves Their Arms were a Shield of Brass a Pike and a Scymitar their business was to repulse the Enemy and to maintain their ground because the Fortune of the Day depended on them for if they were Defeated the Army was totally Routed And in these indeed did the chief Strength of the Lacedemonians consist When they put the Enemy to flight the Horse light-arm'd men and Targetiers pursued though it was a Maxime amongst them Not to be too eager but to make their Enemies a Bridge of Gold lest Desperation should make them fight and vanquish their Pursuers Our Author also blames Agesilaus for meeting the Enemy in their flight whereas he ought to have rather given them way and followed the Pursuit As for their Horse the Lacedemonians had a Body of three hundred that fought near the King like the Roman Celeres But they were very deficient in this part of their Militia those they had were arm'd with Spears and Charged full Cariere some of them carried Bows and were called Hippotoxotae They were furnished with the main Body of their Horse from the Thebans and being at War with them they were deprived of those Auxiliaries So that Epaminondas the Theban General knowing the Lacedemonians were weak in Cavalry charged them at the Battels of Leuctra and Mantinea with his own and the Thessalian Troops whereby he gave them those two memorable Overthrows The Lacedemonian Forces consisted both of their own Subjects called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and their Allies Of the first there were four sorts The Spartans which were the Inhabitants of the City and enjoyed more Priviledges than the rest the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Lacedemonians which dwelt in the Country the Half-slaves who had merited Freedom by their Valour The Lacedemonians thinking it of dangerous Consequence to cut them absolutely off of all hopes lest the desperateness of their Fortune might provoke them to rise up in Arms against the Government and subvert it the last were the Slaves the Candidates for Liberty whom they trained because the Wars made such a consumption of People and raised Emulation in them that they might advance themselves thereby to their Freedom The Confederates made up the Gross of their Army for their own Numbers were but small which they concealed either out of a Maxime of their own or that the Enemies by knowing how few they were might not despise them Yet this inconsiderable Number were men of such extraordinary Valour that Agis being askt How many strong the Lacedemonians were made answer Enough to fight any Army whatsoever However one may conclude from the Forces they had at Leuctra that
to perform his rash Enterprise Tho this was accounted as strange and unexpected an Accident as any hap'ned during the War because the Lacedemonians were so well secured in this Island that they thought none could Force them From Pylus the Athenian Fleet went to Corcyra and joyning with them in the City compelled the Seditious that had retired to the Hill Isto and from thence infested the Country to surrender and to remain Prisoners till such time as Orders came from Athens about them But in Case any one of them offered to make his escape then all were to lose the benefit of the Treaty The other Corcyreans fearing the Athenians would not do Justice on them secretly invited some to fly And thus the Conditions being broken they were all delivered up to the Corcyreans by whom some of them wer cruelly put to Death and the rest had a very miserable end Nicias with his Fleet takes the Island Cythera a place of great importance VIII Olymp. Lysarchus Archon and guarded by the Lacedemonians The Camarinaeans and Geloans made Truce and the other Sicilian States invited by this send their Deputies to treat for a General Peace which was promoted by Hermocrates the Syracusian Who shewed the Athenians lay only to watch an Opportunity to master them all when they were sufficiently weakened and proved this to be their Design for that they had banished two Admirals and fined a third because they did not oppose the Treaty of Peace The Magareans deliberating about recalling their Exiles some resolved rather then they would admit that to deliver up the City to the Athenians who accordingly came but were frustrated of their Design yet they invested Nisaea the port Town to Megara and took it Brasidas hast'ned to the relief of Megara which kept it self Neuter till either the Lacedemonians or Athenians got the better but when the latter durst not fight they surrendred to the Lacedemonians as Conquerors After this Brasidas being invited into Thrace by Perdiccas took his way through Thessaly and was in Danger to have disputed his Passage for marching through the Territories of those Princes without their leave first obtained In Thrace several Towns came over to the Lacedemonians upon the Promise of Liberty and being govern'd by their own Laws The Athenians fortifying Delium which was sacred to Apollo contrary to the Custom of Greece were beaten by the Boeotians who attempted the recovery of it and sat down before the place At length Delium was taken by a new devised Engine made of a vast great Yard of a Ship bored through and plated over with Iron at one end To which was fixed a pot filled with Sulphur and other Combustible matter Then it being applyed to a part of the Wall where dry Vines were the Besiegers blew with an huge pair of Bellows through the bore of the Yard and made such a Fire that none was able to keep upon the Wall or withstand it and there the Enemy entred the Town Brasidas took several places in Thrace and put new Life into the Affairs of the Lacedemonians rendring the Athenians Contemptible thereby as if they had not force enough wherewith to oppose them Truce was made between the Lacedemonians and Athenians for a year IX Amyntas Archon yet Scione and Mende revolted to Brasidas after the making thereof Which so Irritated the Athenians that they neglecting the War in all other places applyed themselves wholly to reduce these two They took Mende and Besieg'd Scione Perdiccas disgusted at Brasidas made a League with the Athenians LIB V. Cleon Sailing with the Athenian Fleet to Thrace took Torone X. Alcaeus Archon and coming before Amphipolis which Brasidas defended he was not able to carry the place but decamped The Lacedemonians Sallied out and falling upon them in their Retreat routed them In this Shirmish both Generals were slain Brasidas was carried into the City and Honorably buried Anniversary Games were also performed to him as to an Hero. After the fall of Cleon and Brasidas that so stifly opposed the making of Peace the Lacedemonians recoved again and the extraordinary Success of the Athenians being ballanced by the two defeats at Delium and Amphipolis both Parties inclined to an Accommodation And accordingly a Peace was concluded at the end of Winter which dissatisfied several of the Lacedemonian Allies Soon after the Peace XI Ariston Archon the Lacedemonians and Athenians made a League offensive and defensive for fifty years But it was kept only for six years and ten Months Yet the War might truly be said to continue for all this League because neither Party performed what they agreed to the League being broke both in the Mantinean and Epidaurian Wars About this time the Truce for thirty years between the Lacedemonians and Argives expired Thereupon the Corinthians and discontented Confederates joyned with the Argives apprehending the two powerful Republicks had combined to enslave the rest of Greece The Lacedemonians longing to have Pylus restored had it intimated by the Athenians that provided the Boeotians would restore Panactum to them the Lacedemonians should be re-possessed of Pylus Yet the Boeotians refused to part with Panactum unless the Lacedemonians would make a private League with them which they did tho they knew it was contrary to that they had made with the Athenians wherein it was provided that no Treaty should be made without the joynt Consent of them both The Boeotians having demolished Panactum the last Winter XII Olymp. XC Aristophylus Archon the Athenians resented it extremely ill thinking they did it by the Instigation of the Lacedemonians And therefore meeting with a favourable Conjuncture they made an Alliance with the Argives and other Confederates A War broke out betwixt the Epidaurians XIII Archias Archon and Argives because the former refused to send a Victim to Apollo Pythius whose Temple belonged chiefly to the Care of the Argives The Argives assisted by the Athenians made several Incursions into Epidaurus under the Conduct of Alcibiades The Lacedemonians being Confederated with the Epidaurians XIV Antiphon Archon went with a great Army against Argos and empounded the Argives when the Battles were ready to joyn two of their Generals came to Agis and parlied At last a Truce was made for four Months and Agis march'd off with his Army to the Grief of the Souldiers that had a Prospect of so fair an Advantage and so great a Spoil Afterwards the Athenians came with considerable Recruits and perswaded the Argives to break the Truce telling them 't was not good because it was made without the Privity of the other Confederates Vpon that they besieged Orchomenus in Arcadia and took it From thence they went to Tegea which was relieved by the Lacedemonians a Battle was fought the Argives beaten and a Peace concluded betwixt these two Republicks XV. Euphemus Archon The Argives breaking with the Lacedemonians made a League with the Athenians and for fear of the former built Long
he intended to say or do Instructing and bidding them give present advice upon some matters and deliberate upon others By this Hermocrates got great credit at the Council of War having the reputation of the best Orator and ablest Councellor The same Hermocrates when he accused Tissaphernes at Lacedemon was believed upon his own credit though Astyochus came in as a joynt witness and got money of Pharnabazus when he went to him before he askt it with which he provided Men and Ships for his return to Syracuse In the mean while the Successors of the Syracusian Admirals arrived at Miletus and took the Command both of the Fleet and Army Near the same time a Sedition hapning at Thasus the Lacedemonian Party with their Governour Eteonicus a Lacedemonian was driven out and Pasippidas a Lacedemonian being accused for compassing it by Tissaphernes his help was banisht Sparta Cratesippidas was sent to the Fleet which Passipidas had got together from the Allies and took the Command of it at Chius It hapned that whilst Thrasylus was at Athens Agis came out of Decelea to forage and advanc't as far as the very Walls of the place Whereupon Thrasylus marching out with the Athenians and all the Forreigners that were in the City drew up in Battalia beside the Lyceum A School in which Aristotle taught and resolved to sight him if he advanc't any farther When Agis saw that he retreated hastily and lost some of his Rear that were cut off by the Light-arm'd men This Action made the Athenians more favourable to Thrasylus in the Affair he came about insomuch that they decreed he should raise a thousand Heavy armed men a hundred Horse and set out fifty Gallies Agis discovering from Decelea a Fleet of Corn Ships * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Port Town to Athens joyned to the City by two long walls running up the †Piraeus cried it was in vain for him to spend so much time in blocking up the Athenians by Land unless their Provisions were cut off that came by Sea so that it would be the best way to send Clearchus the Son of Ramphius the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 One that took care of Strangers and Embassadors to provide them reception hereby contracting an intimacy with those they entertain'd and so becoming the sitter Persons for Embassadors Pollux Publick Host of the Byzantines to Chalcedon and Byzantium This advice being opproved of he parted with fifteen Sail fitted out by the Megareans and other Confederates that were Ships fitter for †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are opposed to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that are used for Men of War the other being made to transport Soldiers in and to be Tenders to the Fleet. Burthen than Service Three of which were destroyed in the Hellespont by the nine Athenian Guard-Ships that continually observed what Ships passed that way the rest fled to Sestos and got safe from thence to Byzantium XXIII Year of the War. Diocles Archon Thus the year ended wherein the Carthaginians under Hannibal their General invaded Sicily with an Army of an hundred thousand men and took in three Months time Selinus and Himera two Cities that were Greek Colonies The Year following * Which was the 93 Olympiad in which Evagoras the Elean was Victor with the Chariot added by Alemaeon Eubotas the Cyrenean won the foot Race Evarchippus was Ephorus of Sparta and Euctemon Archon of Athens vid. the end of the seventh Book the Athenians fortified Thoricus and Thrasylus taking the Ships that were ordered him armed five thousand Sea-men with Targets that they might serve for Targetiers as he saw occasion and parted for Samos the beginning of Summer where having stayd three days he sailed from thence to Pygela Here he destroyed the Countrey and made an attempt upon the Town Where some from Miletus coming to assist the Pygeleans persued the Straglers of the Athenian Light-armed men but the Targetiers and two Companies of Heavy-armed men succouring their Light-armed killed most of the Milesians and taking about two hundred Shields erected a Trophy The day after they sailed to Notium and there having made preparations for their Voyage went to Colophon the People whereof came over to them and the same Night they fell into Lydia when the Corn was ripe burning several Villages and got many Slaves and a very great Booty Stages the Persian being in those Parts and assisted by a Body of Horse took one of their men Prisoner and killed seven more the Athenians in the mean while being stragled from their Camp and every one intent upon his own Spoyl Afterwards Thrasylus marcht off with his men to the Sea-side and made shew as if he would sail to Ephesus but Tissaphernes suspecting his Design drew a strong Body of men together and sent away the Horse commanding them all to go to Ephesus and protect the Goddess Diana The 17 Day after this Incursion Thrasylus sailed to Ephesus and landed his Heavy-armed men at Coressus but the Horse Targetiers Sea-men and all the rest of his Forces he landed at the Marsh on the other side of the Town and advanc't by break of day with his Army in two Bodies On the other hand the People of Ephesus the Auxiliaries commanded by Tissaphernes the Syracusians from on board the first twenty Ships those also from on board the other five that lately arrived with the Admirals Eucles the Son of Hippo and Heraclides the Son of Aristogenes and the two Selinuntians uniting all their Forces against the Enemy set first upon the Heavy-armed men at Coressus Where having killed about an hundred they routed and persued the rest to the Sea-side and afterwards turned upon those that were posted at the Marsh Here also the Athenians fled and near three hundred of them were destroyed for which the Ephesians erected a Trophy at each place and gave Rewards both from the Publick and from private hands to several Syracusians and Selinuntians that had behaved themselves with bravery as also Immunities from Taxes for ever to any of their Countrey that would live amongst them and gave the Selinuntians freedom of their City in consideration that they had lost their Countrey The Athenians made Truce to fetch off their slain and sailed to Notium where they buried them and so went to Lesbos and the Hellespont As they were going into Port at Mithymna in Lesbos they discovered twenty five Sail of Syracusians passing by from Ephesus and bearing up to them they took four men and all and chased the rest to Ephesus Thrasylus sent all the Prisoners to Athens but ston'd Alcibiades the Athenian Cousin to his Namesake and Companion in Exile From thence he sailed to the rest of the Fleet at Sestos and there transported the whole Army to Lampsacus Now the Winter was coming on wherein the Syracusian Prisoners that were kept in the Piraean Quarries digging through the Rock and making their escape by Night got some to Decelea and the rest
stole privately away in the Crowd that was going ashore at the Piraeus and got safe to Decelea In the mean while Pharnabazus XXV Year Antigenes Archon and the Ambassadors that wintered at Gordium in Phrygia heard what had past at Byzantium and as they were going to the King of Persia in the beginning of Spring they met Boeotius and his Colleagues the Lacedemonian Ambassadors in company of some other Envoys on their way from Asia These reported that the Lacedemonians had obtained all their Demands of the King that Cyrus had Orders to assist them and was to be Governor of all the Maritine Provinces and that he had brought Letters under the Broad Seal to the People of Asia Minor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to this Effect I send Cyrus to be Caranus of those Forces that Rendevous at Castolus Caranus is Generalissimo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Athenian Ambassadors when they heard this and had seen Cyrus were very earnest to go to the King or else return home But Cyrns commanded Pharnabazus to deliver them up to him at least not to let them go home being unwilling the Athenians should understand what had passed Pharnabazus detained the Ambassadors and that he might not be blamed he sometimes gave out that he would conduct them to the King and other whiles that he would send them home At three years end he entreated Cyrus to permit them to depart telling him he had obliged himself by Oath to convoy them as far as the Sea if he could not bring them to the King. At last they sent them to Ariobarzanes and commanded him to conduct them who convoyed them as far as Cius in Misia from whence they sailed to the Athenian Fleet. Alcibiades having a desire to return home went immediately with the Army to Samos and taking twenty Ships from thence set sail for the Golf of Ceramicus in Caria 18750 l. where he raised an hundred Talents and returned to Samos again Thrasybulus went with thirty Sail to Thrace and amongst other Places that had revolted from the Athenians took in Thasus which was reduced to a miserable condition by War Sedition and Famine Thrasylus set sail with the rest of the Fleet for Athens before whose Arrival they had nominated for Admirals Alcibiades that was in Exile Thrasybulus who was abroad and for a third Conon Alcibiades returns from Banishment one of those that were at home In the mean while Alcibiades went from Samos with the money and twenty Sail of Ships to Parus From whence he stood directly to Gytheum to make discovery of the thirty Gallies which he heard the Lacedemonians were fitting out there and to learn whether he should be recalled home and how the Government stood affected towards him When he understood they were well inclined having chosen him General and sent for his Friends in private he returned up the Piraeus the day the Plynteria were kept A Feast in honour of Minerva wherein the Ornaments were taken off the Image and the Image covered esteemed an unfortunate day Plut. in Alcib the like Feast was at Argos Callim and Minerva's Image covered which some presaged would prove unfortunate both to his Country and himself For no Athenian dares undertake any thing of moment that day When he arrived all the People flock'd out of the Piraeus and City to the Ships admiring and longing to see Alcibiades crying He was the bravest man of their Country that he only was declared to have been unjustly banished being circumvented by those that were of less Abilities and Eloquence than himself and that served themselves of the Government That he always promoted the good of the Commonwealth not only with the Publick Stock but his private Fortune That having been impeached for prophaning the Holy Mysteries he desired to come immediately to his Trial yet his Enemies though his Request seemed just put it off till another time and when he was absent banished him In the mean while he being compelled to a servile compliance and forced to caress his greatest Enemies was continually in danger of his Life and though he saw the miscarriages of State yet was rendred uncapable by his Exile of serving his dearest Friends and Countrymen Such a man as he said they needed no Innovations nor change of Government but that he could prefer himself by the favour of the People before any of his years and not come short of those that were older and appear the same man to his Enemies that he was before These when they had gotten any power ruined the best of men and though none but themselves were left in the Government yet they were respected by the People for no other reason but because they wanted better to employ On the contrary others said that he was the sole cause of their former evils and that none but he durst attempt such things as could endanger the Government Alcibiades did not land immediately upon his Arrival for fear of his Enemies but getting upon Deck looked if any of his Friends were there and when he saw Euryptolemus the Son of Pisianax his Cousin with divers of his Relations and Friends he landed and went up into the City accompanied with those that were ready to have prevented any Affront that might be offered He made his Defence before the Senate and Assembly that he had not profaned the Holy Mysteries but was tradured with more to the same purpose The Assembly suffering none to contradict him declared him Generalissimo of all their Forces as one that could maintain the former Grandeur of his Countrey Then he drew out the whole Army and celebrated the Eleusinian Mysteries upon the account of the War at Land which the Athenians for fear of the Enemy performed at Sea. After this he made a levy of fifteen hundred Heavy-armed men an hundred and fifty Horse and equip't an hundred Sail of Ships The third Month after his return he went against Andros which had revolted from the Athenians There were joyned with him Adimantus Son of Leucorophides and Aristocrates Generals at Land. Alcibiades putting his men ashore at Gaurium a place in Andros routed the Andrians when they came with their Succors and shut the besieged up in the Town having slain others besides the Lacedemonians that were there Whereupon he erected a Trophy and staying several days in that place he went to Samos and made that the Seat of the War. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Lacedemonians Cratesippidas his Commission being expired sent Lysander Admiral who arriving at Rhodes and taking with him the Fleet from thence sailed to Cos and Miletus and next to Ephesus where he lay with seventy Sail till Cyrus came to Sardes Upon his arrival he went with the Lacedemonian Ambassadors to Cyrus and complained of Tissaphernes desiring him that he would apply himself vigorously to the War. Cyrus told them he had received such Orders from his Father and that he was fully resolved to execute them
to meet the Enemy In the mean while Lysander sailed from Rhodes along the Coast of Ionia to the Hellespont to observe what Ships came that way and to go against those Cities that had revolted The Athenians stood more out to Sea towards Chius because Asia was an Enemies Countrey Lysander parted from Abydus to Lampsacus which was in league with the Athenians When the Abydenians and some other Forces under the Command of Thorax the Lacedemonian came to him by Land they attackt the Town and took it by Storm and the Soldiers had the plunder of it being very rich and well stored with Corn and other Provisions but Lysander dismist all the Freemen The Athenians followed him directly and put into Harbour at Eleus in the Chersonese with an hundred and eighty Sail of Ships whilst they were at Dinner News was brought them of the loss of Lampsacus Upon which they parted immediately for Sestos where they took in some Provisions and went from thence to Aegospotamos over against Lampsacus which is about fifteen Furlongs from the hellespont and there they Supped The same Night towards Morning Lysander made a Sign to the Soldiers to refresh themselves and come on board Then having made all necessary preparations for an Engagement and causing the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 they are made of old Cables we use them in our men of War to shelter the men from the Shot Barricadoes to be set up he commanded them to observe their posture and that none should move out of their Line As soon as the Sun was up the Athenians ranged their Fleet in order before the Port and faced the Enemy with a resolution to engage But when Lysander came not out to them and the day was far spent they sailed back again to Aegospotamos Upon which Lysander ordered out the nimblest Ships to follow the Athenians to observe how they behaved themselves when they went ashore and then to come back and give him an Account nor did he permit any of his men to go ashore till these Ships returned This he did for four days together during which time the Athenians continually bore up to him Alcibiades when he viewed from his Castle the Athenians lying by the Shore near no Town fetching their Provisions from Sestos that was fifteen Furlongs from the Fleet but the Enemy in Port and near a Town from whence they were furnisht with all necessaries went and informed them that they had but bad riding and advised them to go to Sestos where they might have the accommodation both of an Harbour and a Town When you are there said he you may fight the Enemy when you think fit your selves The Admirals especially Tydeus and Menander bid him go about his business for now they commanded and not he so he went his way On the fifth day that the Athenians had thus constantly bore up with Lysander he commanded those he had ordered to observe their Fleet that when they discovered the Enemy gone ashore and stragled on the Chersonese which they contemning Lysander for not coming out to engage them did every day more and more fetching their Provisions a great way off they should return back to him and hale up a Shield when they were half Seas over They obeyed his Command Then Lysander having taken Thorax with the Land-Army on board made a Sign to set Sail with all expedition As soon as Conon saw the Enemy bearing up with him he made a Sign for his men to come on board and succour him with all possible diligence but the men were so stragled that some Ships had not above two Rowers some one some none at all Only Conon's with seven more and the Paralus being manned stood out to Sea Lysander surprises the Athenian Fleet. but all the rest Lysander took on ground The Athenians ashore got together in a Body and threw themselves into the Garrisons Conon seeing the Athenians totally defeated fled with nine Sail and stood for Abarnis a Cape of Lampsacus and taking from thence the Main-sails of Lysander's Ships he went himself with eight Sail to Evagoras in Cyprus but the Paralus parted for Athens with the News of what had passed Lysander carried to Lampsacus the Ships Prisoners and the rest of the Spoil together with Philocles and Adimantus two Admirals that were his Prisoners The day that the Action hapned he dispatcht Theopompus the Meletian a Pirate to Lacedemon with an account of the Fight who arrived there in three days After this Lysander called the Confederates together and bid them Consult what was to be done with the Prisoners There were a great many Accusations brought against the Athenians for their former villainous Actions for having determined to cut off every Prisoner's right hand if they had gotten the Victory at Sea and for throwing down a Precipice the men they had taken on board two Gallies the one a Corinthian the other an Andrian being set on by the cruel advice of Philocles Several other things also were alleged and 't was resolved that all the Prisoners who were Athenians should be put to death except Adimantus because he only at the Council of War opposed the cutting off of hands which was the reason that some accused him for betraying their Fleet. Lysander asking Philocles that threw the Andrians and Corinthians down the Precipice what he deserved for being the Inventor of such inhumanity against the Greeks hackt him in pieces When he had setled Affairs at Lampsacus he went to Byzantium and Chalcedon where being received by the Townsmen within their Walls he sent away the Athenian Garrison with Passes At that time those that betrayed Byzantium to Alcibiades fled to Pontus and from thence to Athens where they were naturalized Lysander when he saw any Soldiers of the Athenian Garrisons or any Athenian besides sent them all to Athens giving Passes to those that sailed thither and to no place else concluding that the greater the Multitudes were that flockt to the City and Piraeus the sooner they would want Provisions Therefore leaving Sthenelaus the Lacedemonian to be Governour of Byzantium and Chalcedon he went to Lampsacus and refitted his Fleet. When the * A Ship for Sacred and Publick uses there were four others viz. Antigonis Ptolemais Ammonis and Delias or Salaminia Castel Syntag Paralus arrived at Athens in the Night upon the first report of the Calamity the sad News was conveyed by a continual Lamentation from the Piraeus up the Long Walls on to the City one informing another So that Nobody slept that Night not only bewailing those that were slain but their own condition a great deal more reflecting how they had treated the Melians a Colony of the Lacedemonians after they had besieged and taken them as also the Histiaeans * Scioneans Toroneans Aegineans and several other Greeks The day following they called a Council and decreed That all the Ports except one should be choaked up the Walls cleared Guards set and all things
provided for the City to hold out a Siege And thus whiles the Athenians were employed about these Affairs Lysander came from the Hellespont to Lesbos with two hundred Sail of Ships and settled the Government at Mitylene as he had done at other Towns and sent Eteonicus to the Coast of Thrace with ten Gallies to reduce all the Towns there to the Obedience of the Lacedemonians After the Sea-fight the rest of Greece deserted the Athenians except the Samians who had murdered the Chief men and possest themselves of the Government Lysander sent to acquaint Agis and those of Decelea and Lacedemon that he was coming with two hundred Sail of Ships Whereupon the whole Multitude of the Lacedemonians and Peloponnesians except the Argives went out to receive him by order of Pausanias the other King. When they were all assembled he marcht with them and encamped near the City of Athens in the School called Academia Then Lysander going to Aegina and getting as many of the People together as he could restored them to their Countrey as he also did the Melians and others that had been banish't After that he wasted Salamis and came to an Anchor in the Piraeus with an hundred and fifty Sail hindring any Ships from coming into Port. The Athenians blockt up by Sea and Land knew not what measures to take being destitute of a Fleet of Friends and Provisions thinking it was now come to their turn to suffer the ills they had inflicted on the People of other Towns which was not by way of revenge but insolency and for no other cause but that they had joyned with the Lacedemonians Thereupon they advanced those that had been disgraced and so held out the Siege and though many were starved to death yet no mention was made of capitulating At last their Provision being quite spent they sent Ambassadors to Agis to desire an Alliance with the Lacedemonians to reserve themselves the * Long-walls joyned the Port and the City which Megara Argos and other Cities had Long-walls and Piraeus and to make Peace upon these Conditions He ordered the Ambassadors to go to Lacedemon because he had no Power to conclude a Peace and they informing the Athenians thereof were dispatcht thither and went to Sellasia near Laconia When the Ephori understood their Message to be the same that it was to Agis they commanded them to depart immediately and think of fairer Proposals if they really stood in need of a Peace The Ambassadors returned home and when they reported the News to the People there fell a Consternation on all for they thought of nothing less but that the Survivers should be made Slaves and that whilst other Ambassadors were passing to and fro the rest of them would be starved As for pulling down of the Walls there was none would propose it Because Archestratus was committed for mentioning in the Senate that it would be expedient to make a Peace with the Lacedemonians upon their own demands Which were that the Long-walls should be demolished on both sides for ten furlongs a Decree also was made forbidding any to move it hereafter In this Juncture Theramenes declared in the Assembly that if they would send him to Lysander he would discover whether the Lacedemonians by insisting on the demolishing of the Walls designed to make them all Slaves or only to oblige them to keep the Peace the better After he was dispatcht he stay'd with Lysander above three Months expecting when the Athenians now their Provisions failing would comply with any conditions Four Months after he returned and reported in the Assembly that Lysander had detained him till that time and now advised him to go to Lacedemon because it was not in his power to grant their demands but the Ephori's Upon that he was chosen one of the ten Plenipotentiaries to Lacedemon Lysander sent Aristotle an Athenian Exile thither in Company of some Lacedemonians to inform them that he had made Theramenes this Answer That the Power of War and Peace was vested in the Ephori When Theramenes and the other Ambassadors arrived at Sellasia 't was demanded what Powers they had They declared they had full instructions to treat of Peace Then the Ephori ordered them to be introduced and at their coming called an Assembly wherein the Corinthians and Thebans chiefly with several other Greeks opposed the making Peace with the Athenians and urged their total Extirpation The Lacedemonians replied they would not destroy a Greek City that had done so great Service to Greece in the most critical times but made Peace with them on these Conditions That the Long-walls and Piraeus should be demolished that they should deliver up all their Ships but twelve that they should restore their Exiles that they should make a League Offensive and Defensive with the Lacedemonians and serve them in all their Expeditions both by Sea and Land. Theramenes and his Collegues brought these Articles of Peace to Athens and when they came into Town a great Multitude flockt about them fearing they returned without effect though their necessity could admit of no delay by reason abundance of People perisht with Famine The day following the Ambassadors declared upon what terms the Lacedemonians would make Peace Theramenes spoke the first and advised them to comply with the Lacedemonians and demolish the Long-walls Whilst it was debated the major part approved it and it was resolved that the Peace should be accepted After that Lysander came up the Piraeus the Exiles returned and the Walls were demolished with great eagerness the Musick playing the while and all imagined that the Liberty of Greece might be dated from that day Thus ended the Year about the middle of which Dionysius the Son of Hermocrates usurpt at Syracuse the Syracusians having a little before vanquisht the Carthaginians in a Battel which latter took Agrigentum distrest by Famine and quitted by the Sicilians The next was the Olympick Year XCIV Olymp. Pythodorus Archon sive Anarchia The Oligarchy hap'ned after this manner In which Crocinas the Thessalian wont he foot-race Eudicus was Ephorus of Sparta and Pythodorus Archon of Athens whom the Athenians don 't reckon but call this Year the Anarchy the People determined to chuse Thirty men that were to make Laws and administer the Government by them Those that were chosen were these * Poliarches Critias Melobius Hippolochus Euclides Hiero Mnesilochus Chremo Theramenes Aresias Diocles Phaedria Choerelaus Anaetius Piso Sophocles Eratosthenes Charicles Onomacles Theognis Ae chines Theogenes Cleomedes Erasistratus Phido Dracontides Eumathes Aristoteles Hippomachus Mnesithides Lysander having setled Affairs in this manner parted for Samos Agis drawing the Land-Army out of Decelea disbanded and sent them home About this time when the Sun was Eclipst Lycophron the Pheraean aspiring to the Dominion of all Thessaly overcame the Larisseans and other Thessalians that opposed his Designs in a set Battle and made a great Slaughter At that time also Dionysius the Tyrant of
Haliartus THus ended the Sedition at Athens Soon after Cyrus sent Messengers to Lacedemon requiring that Republick to make him a suitable Return for the Service he had done them in the Athenian War. The Ephori thinking it a reasonable request sent their Admiral Samius Orders to assist him if there were occasion who willingly complied with Cyrus in all his Commands for sailing about with his own and Cyrus's Fleet to Cilicia he gave Syennesis the Governour thereof such diversion that he could make no opposition by Land whilst Cyrus marcht against the King of Persia * Cyrus undertook his expedition in the fourth year of the 94 Olymp when Exaenetus was Archon Diod. Sic. Olymp. 95. Laches Archon But after what manner Cyrus got an Army together and made an Expedition against his Brother how the Fight hapned how he was slain and how the Greeks got safe to the Sea-side Themistogenes the Syracusian has written After this Tissaphernes being highly esteemed by the King for his Service in the War against his Brother and being made Governour both of the Provinces he ruled before as also those that Cyrus had he forthwith required all the Ionic Cities to yield him Obedience But they being desirous to maintain their Liberty and fearing Tissaphernes because they had chosen Cyrus while living to be their Governour in his stead did not receive him within their Cities but sent Ambassadors to Lucedemon desiring that they being Protectors of all Greece would extend their care to the Greeks in Asia too that their Country might not be destroyed and that their Liberty might be preserved Hereupon the Lacedomonians sent Thimbro General ordering him about one thousand of the Half-Slaves and four thousand other Peloponesians desiring of the Athenians three hundred Horse besides these Forces and undertook to pay them himself They sent him three hundred of those that served under the Thirty Tyrants supposing it would be no loss to the People to have them sent abroad and knockt on the head When they arrived in Asia he drew some Forces out of the Greek Garisons in the Continent for all the Cities obeyed Leun 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because a Lacedemonian Commanded Thimbro with these Forces observed the Enemies Horse but did not take the Field with his Army being contented only to preserve the Countrey where he was from Depredations But after those that went in the Expedition with Cyrus returned safe home and joyned him he marcht into the Field against Tissaphernes and took upon surrender Pergamus Teuthrania and Halisarnia the Province of Eurysthenes and Procles descended of Demaratus the Lacedemonian He was banisht Sparta and followed Xerxes in his Expedition into Greece Diod. Sic. Lib. XI on whom the King of Persia had conferred this Government as a Reward for his Service against Greece Also Gorgio and Gongylus two Brothers came over to him whereof the one held Gambrium and Palaegambrium the other Myrina and Grynium which Towns the King gave to Gongylus because he was the only man amongst the Eretrians that was banisht for adhering to the Persian Interest Thimbro took some weak Places by Assault and setting down before Larissa which is called Aegyptia he besieged it because it would not surrender But being not able to master the place any other way he carried a Mine to cut off a Well designing thereby to deprive them of Water The Besieged making frequent Sallies and throwing Wood and Stones into the Trench he made an Engine of Wood and mounted it upon the Wall. This also the Larissoeans sallying out by Night burnt Thereupon the Ephori thinking he did them no Service sent him Orders to rise from before Larissa and march with his Army into Caria When he was at Ephesus in order to his Voyage thither there came Dercyllidas who had the reputation of being a skilful Engenier being thereupon Surnamed Sisyphus and took upon him the Command of the Army Thimbro returned home and being accused by the Confederates for suffering his Forces to pillage the Allies was fined and banished Dercyllidas after he had taken Command of the Army perceiving that there was no good understanding between Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus had a Conference with the former and entred Pharnabazus's Province chusing rather to make War with one than both Besides Dercyllidas was formerly disgusted with Pharnabazus for being Governour of Abydus when Lysander was Admiral Pharnabazus complained of him and thereupon he was confined to stand with a Shield which the Valiant Lacedemonians esteem a disgrace because 't is a punishment for deserting their Order in Battel so that for this Cause also he went with more satisfaction against him He in a short while so far surpassed Thimbro in Conduct that he marcht through the Confederates Countrey to Aeolis the Government of Pharnabazus without any Injury done to the Allies The Aeolis belonged to Pharnabazus's Province which Zenis the Dardanian held under him with the Title of Satrapas for term of Life When he died and Pharnabazus was designing to confer the Government on another Mania Zenis his Wife a Dardanian went to him with her Troops and Money which she carried to present Pharnabazus withal as also to oblige his Misses and other Favourits When she was admitted to his Presence she addrest her self to him after this manner My Husband Pharnabazus was your Ally and paid his Tribute so punctually that you both praised and honoured him And if I can serve you as well why will you prefer any other to the Government If I do not give you satisfaction it will still remain in your Power to take the Province from me and confer it on another When Pharnabazus heard her say so he determined that she should be Governess of the Province Afterwards being settled in her Government she paid the Tribute as exactly as her Husband and when ever she went to wait upon Pharnabazus she always carried him Presents and when he came into her Province she gave him a most Magnificent Reception and more to his satisfaction than any of the other Deputy Governors Nor did she only defend those Towns which she at first took under her Charge but the Maritine Towns Larissa Amaxitus and Colonae which would not yield her Obedience she reduced When the Mercenary Greeks attackt the Places she her self beheld them from her Chariot and whoever deserved her Commendation she liberally rewarded whereby she made her Mercenaries very brave men She also attended Pharnabazus in his Expeditions against the Mysians and Pisidians who at that time infested the King of Persia's Territories Insomuch that Pharnabazus had a great Veneration for her and sometimes admitted her to his Councils But when she was somewhat past forty years of Age Midias her Daughter's Husband being egged on by the Speeches of some who suggested to him that 't was a dishonour for him to lead a private life and live under the Domination of a Woman observing that she had a watchful eye upon others as Supreme Magistrates
latter was chosen Generalissimo and partly to assure him of his readiness to make a joint War with him as also to assist him in driving the Greeks out of the King's Territories Otherwise he envied Tissaphernes his Command of General and resented it very ill for that he had been deprived of the Province of Aeolis After he had heard his Proposals Tissaphernes-said to him First pass with me into Caria and then we will advise about these things when they arrived there it was thought convenient to place strong Garisons in the walled Towns and then to return into Ionia As soon as Dercyllidas heard they had repassed the Maeander he informed Pharax that he feared Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus would over-run and ravage the Countrey which was defenseless whereupon he passed the Maeander too The Greeks marched with their Troops in no good Order because the Enemy had entred the Countrey about Ephesus before them where on a suddain they discovered the Lacedemonians from the opposite Watch-Towers on the Monuments On the other hand the Greeks sent some up into the Monuments and Towers which they were possessed of and espyed the Enemy drawn up in Battalia in the way they were to march being the Carians with their white Bucklers and the Persians that were there together with all the Greek Troops that both of them had and a vast Body of Horse Tissaphernes having the right Wing and Pharnabazus the left When Dercyllidas perceived this he ordered the Commanders of the Heavy-armed men and Captains instantly to draw up eight deep and place the Targetiers and Horse in both Wings whilst he in the mean time sacrificed The Peloponnesians made a stand and prepared for a Charge but the Prienians Achilleans Islanders and those of the Ionian Towns threw down their Arms in the Corn which was thick in the Vale of Maeander and those that stood their Ground made shew as if they would not long maintain it The report was that Pharnabazus advised to come to a Battel but Tissaphernes recollecting after what manner Cyrus his Army had received him and imagining all Greeks were like those refused to engage and sent to Dercyllidas acquainting him that he would come and have a Conference with him Dercyllidas taking the goodliest Persons both of his Horse and Foot went forth to the Deputies and thus accosted them I had indeed prepared for Battel as you see yet since Tissaphernes desires a Parly I won't oppose it though if there be a Conference there must be Pledges and Hostages exchanged on both sides When this was agreed upon the Armies marcht off the Barbarians to Tralles in Phrygia and the Greeks to Leucophrys where there is a Temple of Diana held in great Veneration and a Pool above a Furlong in Circumference somewhat Sandy being fed with a Spring whose Water is both potable and warm And this was that days Transaction The day following they came to the Place appointed and there determined to understand from each other upon what Terms they should make a Peace Dercyllidas proposed that the King of Persia should restore the Greek Towns to their Liberty On the contrary Tissaphernes insisted to have the Greek Army drawn out of the King's Territories and the Lacedemoian Governours out of the Greek Towns. At this Conference they made a Truce till such time as Dercyllidas had sent the Proposals to Lacedemon and Tissaphernes to the King. Whilst Dercyllidas was setling Affairs in Asia the Lacedemonians being formerly prvooked by the Eleans the Ephori and whole Assembly resolved to humble them because they had made an Alliance with the Athenians Argives and Mantineans and drove them from the Horse-races and * They were five leaping running Quoits fighting at Whorle-bats and Wrestling P. Fab. Agon Gymnick Games pretending the Lacedemonians were condemned in a Fine to them nor yet being satisfied with this had whipt †Thucyd. lib. 5. Lichas an ancient man and thrown him out of the Foot-race because he had delivered the Chariot to the Thebans and attempted to crown them with Garlands after they had been declared Victors by the Cryers and because they had opposed Agis in making of Vows for the Success of the War though he went by the direction of the Oracle to sacrifice to Jupiter and obliged him to depart without sacrificing affirming it was against an ancient Custom for Greeks to consult Oracles when they made War against Greeks Thereupon they sent Ambassadors to Elis and declared that the Lacedemonian Magistrates thought it equitable that they should restore the adjacent Cities to their Liberty The Eleans made Answer War with the Eleans That they should not comply with them herein for that they had acquired those Towns by the Sword upon that the Ephori ordered an Army to be raised which Agis commanded and fell with it into the Eleans Territory by the way of Achaia near Larissa When the Army had newly entred the Enemie's Countrey and were destroying it there hapned an Earthquake which Agis imagining to be from Heaven marched out of their Territories and disbanded his Army Hereby the Eleans were animated and sent Ambassadors to those Cities they understood were disaffected to the Lacedemonians When this Year was elaps'd Ithycles Archon the Ephori ordered Agis to be sent with another Army against Elis the Athenians too with the rest of the Confederates except the Baeotians and Corinthians joyned him After Agis had entred the Elean's Countrey through Aulon the Lepreans forthwith revolted from them and joyned him and a while after the Macistians as also their Neighbours the Epitalians When he had passed the River Alpheus the Letrians Amphidolians and Marganeans came over to him then he went to Olympia and sacrificed to Jupiter Olympius nor did any presume to hinder him After he had sacrificed he marched to the City Olympia destroying and burning the Countrey and carried off abundance of Cattel and Prisoners Insomuch that several of the Arcadians and Achaeans hearing of it went voluntarily into the Army and partook of the Spoil this Campagne being like an Harvest to Peloponesus When he came to the City he destroyed the Suburbs and the School which was a fair Structure As for the City it being unwalled 't was thought he rather would not than that he could not take it The Countrey being thus laid wast and the Army in the Neighbourhood of Cyllene Xenias his Complices according to the Proverb Spoken Hyperbolically of those that expect more than ordinary advantage Erasm Adag Chil. 2. Cent. 10. measuring their Father's Money by the Bushel intended by their own Power to deliver up their Countrey to the Lacedemonians and rushing out of an House with their Swords made a Slaughter killing one amongst the rest that was like Thrasydaeus the Peoples Patron and thought they had killed Thrasidaeus indeed so that the People being in a great Consternation remained quiet The Murderers imagining they had done their Business went with their Complices to the Market-place with
their Arms. But Thrasydaeus was fast asleep in a certain Place where he had got drunk and when the People perceived he was not killed they thronged about the House where he was and swarmed about him like Bees about their King. Thrasydaeus heading the People fought and prevailed upon which the Murderers fled to the Lacedemonians After this Agis repassing the Alpheus left a Garison of Elean Exiles in Epitalium near the River and constituting Lysippus Governour thereof disbanded his Army and returned home The remaining part of Summer and the Winter following the Eleans Countrey was harassed and destroyed by Lysippus and his Garison The next Summer Thrasidaeus sent to Lacedemon Lysiades Archon acquainting them that he would dismantle the City and would quit Cyllene Phrixa Epitalium Letrini Amphidoli with Margana and besides these Acrorii and Lasion which the Arcadians laid claim to As for Epeus a Town that was situate between Heraea and Macistus the Eleans demanded that for themselves alledging they had bought it and the Countrey about it of those that were then possest of it 5625 l. for thirty Talents and had paid the Money But the Lacedemonians judging it was no more their right for buying it by force than if they had wrested it from those that were weaker than themselves compelled them to quit this Place also Yet they did not abridge them of the Superintendency of Jupiter Olympius his Temple though anciently it belonged not to them Concluding the Countrey-men that would become Competitors for it were not worthy to have the inspection thereof These Conditions being accepted a Peace was made as also a League Offensive and Defensive between the Eleans and Lacedemonians which put an end to the War. After this Agis went to offer the * The Victors offered the tenth part of their Spoyl to Apollo Dionys Halic lib. 1. Tenths at Delphi and being old fell sick in his Return at Heraea from whence he was carried whilst he was yet living to Lacedemon where he soon after dyed and had Honors above the proportion of a man done to him at his Funeral †Three days after the Death of the King the Market place was strewed with Chaff and nothing sold Herac Pont. de Polit. Some days being passed according to Custom the time came that they were to chuse a King. Leotychydes who pretended to be the Son Agesilaus and Leotychides Competitors for the Kingdom of Lacedemon and Agesilaus the Brother of Agis were Competitors for the Crown Leotychides saying to Agesilaus that by Law the King's Son and not the King's Brother succeeds unless he has no Son and then his Brother shall inherit the Kingdom I therefore replied Agesilaus must be King. How so said Leotychides whilst I am alive Because says Agesilaus he that you called Father ne'r owned you for his Son and your Mother that can tell a great deal better than he affirms the same Besides Neptune convinces you of Imposture who publickly drove your Father out of his Bed-Chamber with an Earthquake The time also which is the surest Evidence confirms this For you were born the tenth Month after the God appeared and scared your Father out of the Bed-Chamber This was alledged But Diopithes a man skilful in Oracles Plutarch in Ages and a Favourer of Leotychides his Cause declared there was an Oracle from Apollo that admonished them to have a care of a lame Kingdom Lysander in defence of Agesilaus replied he thought the Oracle did not bid them beware of one that should stumble and so be lame but rather of a Successor that was not of the blood Royal for the Government would be altogether lame when not administred by one of Hercules his Posterity When the States had heard both sides they chose Agesilaus King and before he had enjoyed the Crown a Year as he offered one of the accustomed Sacrifices in the behalf of the Commonwealth the Priest told him that the Gods intimated a most horrid Conspiracy when he offered the second time the Sacrifice appeared with more direful Tokens but the third time he offered the Priest cried O Agesilaus the Signs seem to me as if we were in the midst of our Enemies Then they sacrificed to the Gods Saviours Cinado's Plot. and Averters of Evils and having with much difficulty procured auspicious Signs made an end Within five days after they had made an end of sacrificing a certain Person discovered a Conspiracy to the Ephori and that Cinadon was the Head of it this Cinadon was a young man of undaunted Resolution but not one of those that were capable of Dignity 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 those that were capable of Preferment and bearing Offices Crag de R. L. When the Ephori asked the Discoverer how the Plot should be put in Execution he told him that Cinadon took him to the farthest part of the Market-place and bid him tell how many Spartans there were in it I said he told the King the Ephori the Senators and about forty more and then said I to Cinado Why did you bid me count them He replied These were to be accounted Enemies and all the rest Friends Besides said he amongst the Spartans that are in the Farms there will be in each one Enemy the Master but several Friends Then the Ephori asking him how many were privy to the Plot he replied that he was informed by Cinado that not many credible Persons knew of it yet those that did were such as could be trusted but that it was to be communicated to all 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the Slaves Half-Slaves and them that were not yet capable of Dignity and to those that lived in the Neighbourhood of Sparta for wherever there was mention made of the Spartans amongst these there was none able to conceal his hatred against them but that he could with pleasure eat them up alive Again they asked him how they were to be furnished with Arms he informed them that Cinado told him those of us that have been trained have Arms already As for the Rabble he took me to a Smith's Shop and there shewing me a great many Daggers Swords Spits Axes Adses Reaping Hooks said all these might serve for Arms and that the Instruments of Husbandmen as also those that carved Wood and Stone and the Tools of the Artisans might be employed for Weapons especially against naked men Afterwards being askt when it was to be put in Execution he made answer that he was ordered to stay at home The Ephori hearing this and giving credit to his Information were astonished nor did they call the less Assembly This is opposed to the great Assembly called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and is supposed to consist only of the Spartans Crag but the Senators getting together from several Parts resolved to send Cinado and some other young men to Aulon pretending to give him Orders to fetch some of the Aulonites and Slaves whose Names were set down in a
understood not how to honour them that augment my Glory Lysander replied Perhaps your Majesty is in the right and has discharged your part better than I Yet my request is that I mayn't be disgraced by the loss of my Interest with you and being I am so unpleasing an Object in your sight that you would send me some whither where I may be serviceable to you Upon this Agesilaus was pleased to hearken to him and sent him to the Hellespont where finding that Spithridates a Persian was in disgrace with Pharnabazus he discoursed and perswaded him with his Children and the Estate he had together with two hundred Horse to come over to the Lacedemonians So leaving the rest behind at Cyzicus he brought Spithridates and his Son to Agesilaus who when he understood it was well pleased therewith and presently inquired of him about Pharnabazus his Province and Government After that Tissaphernes elated with the Opinion of the Army that was coming down to him from the King threatned Agesilaus to declare War against him unless he withdrew his Forces out of Asia The Lacedemonians and Confederates who were there present appeared very much concerned at it imagining the Forces Agesilaus had then with him were much inferiour to the preparations of the King of Persia but Agesilaus with a pleasant Countenance bid the Ambassadors tell Tissaphernes that he was very much obliged to him because by his Perjury he had made the Gods Enemies to himself and Friends to the Greeks Immediately he commanded his men to prepare for an Expedition ordering the Towns that he was obliged to pass through in his march to Caria to lay in Provisions and sent Orders to the Ionians Aeolians and those who lived upon the Hellespont to send their Forces to the Rendevous at Ephesus Tissaphernes partly because Agesilaus wanted Cavalry and partly because Caria was impassable for Horse supposing also he was provoked by his Fraud concluded for certain he would fall into Caria the Place of his Residence Whereupon he drew all his Foot thither and marcht about with his Horse into the Plains of Maeander imagining he could trample the Greeks under foot with his Cavalry before they reached those Countries that were impassable for Horse But Agesilaus instead of going into Caria turned a clear contrary way marching into Phrygia and falling unexpectedly upon them took the Towns which were in his way together with a very great Spoyl All this while his march was without any opposition but when he came near Dascyllium the Vant-Curriers ascended up an Hill to see if they could discover any thing before them when by chance a like number of Pharnabazus his Horse sent by him under the Command of Rathines and Bancaeus his Bastard Brother marcht up the same Hill and discovering one another at four hundred foot distance from each other Plethrum is the sixth part of a Furlong Herod or an hundred foot Suid. at first they halted The Greeks were drawn up four deep like a Phalanx the Barbarians not above twelve in Front though a great many deep These gave the Onset and when they came to handy-blows as many of them as hit the Enemy broke their Lances but the Persians having theirs made of Cornel Tree killed instantly twelve men and two Horses So the Greeks were routed though when Agesilaus came to relieve them with his Heavy-armed men the Barbarians lost one man and retreated The next day after the Fight between the Horse Agesilaus sacrificed to see whether he might advance farther up into their Countrey The Liver is dumpt together and all of a mass in diseased Cattle which was an ill Omen in sacrificing but the Liver wanted Lobes upon sight of which he turned back and marched down to the Sea-coast and finding he could not maintain his Ground in the Champion Countrey without he had a sufficient Body of Horse he resolved to make such Provision that he might not be obliged to he always upon the defensive side Therefore he ordered that the wealthiest men in all the adjacent Cities should keep Horses and declared whoever furnisht out Horse and Arms with an approved man should be excused from serving himself which was effected with that Expedition as if one willingly went to search out another to be knockt on the head for him In the beginning of Spring 96 Olymp. Phormio Archon he assembled all his Forces at Ephesus intending to exercise them and proposed Rewards to those Ranks of the Heavy-armed men that had the ablest Bodies and to the Cavalry that rode the great Horse best proposing also Rewards to those Targetiers and Archers that performed their Duty exceeding well Upon this one might see all the Schools full of men exercising the Tilt-yards of Horse-men running the Darters and Archers training which made Ephesus where those things were done a Place worth the seeing the Market was full of Horses and Arms exposed to sale the Brasiers Carpenters Smiths Shomakers and Painters were all employed about making of Arms so that the City seemed to be the Shop of War. This added courage to every one when they saw Agesilaus and the Soldiers return from the Schools with their Garlands and dedicate them to Minerva For why may not there be entertained great Hopes of good Success were men are Religious Martial and Loyal Agesilaus thinking the Contempt of an Enemy would beget a resolution to fight commanded the Cryers to bring out those Barbarians naked to sale that were taken by the Foragers the Soldiers seeing them have white skins because they seldom exposed their Bodies naked being effeminate and tender and always coacht about thought a War with such People would be no more than if they were to fight with a Company of Women At this time a year being almost elapsed since Agesilaus first began his expedition The XXX Commissioners whereof Lysander was one sailed home again and Herippidas with the rest of the Successors arrived Agesilaus appointed Xenocles and another of their Body to be Generals of Horse giving Scythes the Command of the Heavy-armed Half-Slaves Herippidas he made General of those Soldiers that served under Cyrus and Mygdo of the Troops furnisht out by the Cities declaring to them that he would march directly and take his shortest cut into the heart of the Enemies Countrey That therefore they should prepare their Bodies and resolve to fight Tissaphernes thinking he spread this report designing to deceive him again and that now he would in good earnest fall into Caria passed with his Foot thither as he had done before and posted his Horse in the Plains of Meander Agesilaus did not deceive him and according as he had given out he fell into the Neighbourhood of Sardes and marching three day through the deserted Countrey of the Enemies got store of Provisions for his Army The fourth day the Enemies Horse appearing Agesilaus commanded the Camp-Master General to pass the Pactolus and mark out a Camp. Then the Persians observing some of
Lacedemonians should march out of their Countrey who gladly accepted it and taking their dead retired out of Boeotia After this Action the Lacedemonians went away much dejected but the Thebans insulting fell upon those that stragled in the Villages and pursued them to the Roads Thus ended the Expedition of the Lacedemonians and Pausanias when he came home was tried for his Life being accused for coming later to Lysander at Haliartus than he ought to have done having agreed to meet him by a certain day and for that he had made Truce to fetch off the killed and had not attempted it by fighting as also for that he dismissed the Athenians taken in the Piraeus besides all this he did not make his Appearance and therefore was condemned to lose his Life But he made his Escape to Tegea where he sickned and died of a Distemper And this was the State of Affairs in Greece at that time XENOPHON'S History OF THE Affairs of Greece LIB IV. THE CONTENTS The Marriage Treaty between Cotys King of Paphlagonia and Spithridates's Daughter The Thebans are vanquisht by the Lacedemonians The Athenians beat the Lacedemonians in a Sea-fight at Cnidus The Battel at Chaeronea The Massacre at Corinth Corinth surprized by the Argives and recovered by Praxitas The Walls of Athens rebuilt by Conon Antalcidas is sent to Teribazus the Persian to negotiate a Peace The Lacedemonians defeated by Iphicrates and Anaxibius their General slain AFterwards early in the Autumn Agesilaus entring Phrygia the Government of Pharnabazus burned and destroyed the Countrey taking in some Cities by Force and others by Surrender But Spithridates telling him That if he would go with him into Paphlagonia he would bring him to an interview with the King thereof and make him an Ally Agesilaus was very forward to go having a great desire a long time before to bring over this Nation from the Obedience of the King of Persia After Agesilaus arrived in Paphlagonia Cotys came to him and made an Alliance for though he was sent for by the King of Persia he went not too him but by the perswasion of Spithridates left a thousand Horse and two thousand Targetiers with Agesilaus who returning his thanks to Spithridates for them said Tell me Spithridates won't you bestow your Daughter on Cotys That I would replied he more willingly a great deal than Cotys King of so large a Countrey and so mighty a People would marry a poor Exiles Daughter Thus much only was mentioned at that time about a Match but afterwards Cotys being upon his departure came to take his leave of Agesilaus who ordering Spithridates to withdraw said to Cotys in the presence of the XXX Commissioners Pray tell me Cotys of what kind of Family is Spithridates descended Of one replied he that is no ways inferiour to any in Persia Have you seen said Agesilaus what an handsome Son he has What then says Cotys Yes I have for last Night I supped with him They say replies Agesilaus that he has a Daughter more beautiful than he Before God says Cotys she is a Beauty Then replied Agesilaus Since you are become one of our Friends by my consent you shall marry her for first she is extraordinary handsome the most welcome Quality in a Wife and then descended of a most Illustrious Father and one of so considerable Power that being affronted by Pharnabazus he has revenged himself in the manner you see and chased him out of his Province You may be assured therefore said he that as he is able to revenge himself on an Enemy so he can oblige a Friend and consider with your self that if such a thing should be you will not only contract an Affinity with him but with me also and the rest of the Lacedemonians and we as you well know are the leading People of all Greece What Nuptial Solemnity therefore can be more Pompous than yours What Bride was ever attended by so many Horse Targetiers and Heavy-armed men as shall conduct yours to your Court Then Cotys asking him said Agesilaus Does Spithridates approve of what you say By Heaven replied he Cotys I speak not by his Order for though the pleasure of revenging my self on an Enemy be very sweet yet I am much more pleased when I can find out any thing that can be serviceable to a Friend Then said Cotys why don't you ask his Consent Go you therefore Herippidas and the rest says Agesilaus and inform him of these Proposals and use all the best Arguments you can to perswade him so they went and acquainted him And whilst they staid Agesilaus said Shall we Cotys send for Spithridates hither for I believe he will be sooner prevailed upon by you than by all together Soon after Agesilaus sent for Spithridates and the rest and when they drew near Herippidas said Agesilaus Not to trouble you with the whole Relation of the Matter Spithridates says he will submit wholly to your pleasure Then 't is my pleasure says Agesilaus that you Spithridates bestow your Daughter on Cotys and that you Cotys accept her and I wish you much joy Yet we cannot send you her by Land before the Spring Faith saith Cotys but you may presently have her conveyed if you please by Sea. In Conclusion the Marriage-Treaty being ratified Cotys was dismissed Immediately Agesilaus knowing him to be in hast fitted out a Gally giving Orders to Callias the Lacedemonian to convey the Lady and went himself to Dascyllium the Court of Pharnabazus which had a great many and large Villages about it furnished with all necessaries for life as also Wild Beasts some in Parks and others in Forrests exceeding delightful being encompassed by a River stored with all sorts of Fish and abundance of Fowls for those that loved the Game There he took up his Winter Quarters and partly in that Place and partly by Depredations in the Countrey got Provisions for his Army but as the Soldiers never having been foyled before contemned the Enemy and were not upon their Guard when they foraged Pharnabazus with two Scythed Chariots and four hundred Horse met them stragling in the Plains As soon as the Greeks discovered him advancing towards them about seven hundred of them drew up in a Body Pharnabazus without any more ado placed the Chariots in the Front and following himself with the Horse in the Rear commanded them to drive upon the Enemy The Chariots falling in and breaking their Body the Horse forthwith killed and took Prisoners an hundred men and the rest fled to Agesilaus who was not far off with the Heavy-armed men Three or four days after Spithridates discovered Pharnabazus's Camp at Caue a large Village about an hundred and sixty Furlongs from thence and immediately informed Herippidas of it who ever longing to perform some brave Exploit desired of Agesilaus two thousand Heavy-armed men as many Targetiers Spithridates's Horse the Paphlagonians and what Greek Horse he could prevail with besides When he had obtained a Promise of
were all those that ran together and by that time they came within a Pikes length they routed those that confronted them Nor did the Argives stand Agesilaus's men but fled to Helicon here when some of the Mercenaries were already setting a Garland upon Agesilaus's head advice came that the Thebans had beaten the Orchomenians and made their way to the Baggage thereupon he moved with his Battalion and marched towards them The Thebans seeing their Companions fled and desirous to make their escape to them got together in a Body and retired with diligence Now without all Controversie we may allow Agesilaus to be a man of great courage though here he took not the safest course for he might have let those that retreated have passed him and in the pursuit have cut off their Rear though he did not so but faced the Thebans and fell upon their Front. So they engaged and clashing their Bucklers together fought slew and were slain at last some of the Thebans escaped to Helicon and several in their Retreat were killed Afterwards when Agesilaus having gotten the Victory was brought wounded to his Battalion some of the Horse went and told him that there were about eighty of the Enemy with their Arms in the Temple of Minerva Itonia and demanded what should be done with them He though he had received several Wounds did not forget the Priviledges of Sanctuary but commanded to let them go whither they would and suffered none to injure them Then because it was late they supped and reposed themselves and in the Morning he commanded Gylis a Colonel to draw up the Army to erect a Trophy to crown all with Garlands in Honour of the Goddess the Pipers were also ordered to play which was done accordingly The Thebans sent Heralds to desire a Truce that they might fetch off their slain which was granted Agesilaus went to offer the tenth of the Spoil to Apollo at Delphos 18750 lib. which was not less than an hundred Talents Gylis the Colonel marcht with the Army into Phocis and there fell into Locris the day after the Soldiers plundered the Villages and took away both Goods and Provisions but towards the Evening as the Lacedemonians retreated the Locri pursued and galled them with their Lances and Javelins The Lacedemonians facing about and following them killed some and after that they fell no more upon their Rear but shot at them from the Eminencies The Lacedemonians tried to drive them through the Precipices but as it grew dark they by the reason of the difficult Pass were killed in their Retreat some because they could not see before them and others perished by the Shot There Gylis and some of his Seconds fell Veget. calls these Adsites with eighteen Soldiers in all some being knocked on the head with Stones and others dying of their Wounds so that if several that were at Supper in the Camp had not succoured them they had all been in danger to be cut off After the Soldiers were sent home to their several Cities Eubulides Archon Agesilaus returned to Lacedemon by Sea At the same time the War was carried on by the Confederates who made Excursions from Corinth Argives Boeotians Athenians against the Lacedemonians and their Allies who made Sicyon the Seat of the War. The Corinthians seeing their Countrey destroyed their Subjects consumed by the War and exposed to the Violence of the Enemy when the rest of the Confederates were free from Depredations and enjoyed their own Estates the Generality especially the Principal men desiring Peace conferred together and disposed one another thereto But when those of the Confederates who had received money from the King and were the greatest Promoters of the War considered that the City would go near to take part with the Lacedemonians if they took not off those who were inclined to Peace they resolved upon a Massacre And at the first they engaged in a most horrid and bloody Design for whereas none though condemned to die are executed in the Feast Euclea There was a Temple in honour of Diana Euclea in Boeotia and another in Attica and I suppose the Feast here might be called from thence vide Paus yet they fixt upon the last day thereof for this Slaughter because they thought that then they should catch most in the Market-place So when the Conspirators had notice whom to kill they drew their Swords and cut some in pieces as they stood talking together others as they were sitting some in the Play-house and the Judge upon the Bench. As soon as the Design was known some of the Principal men fled immediately to the Images in the Market-place and others to the Altars but both the Murderers and those who set them on being eminently wicked and void of all sense of humanity butchered them in the Holy Places Insomuch that some good men who were not to be massacred were exceedingly afflicted to behold such barbarous Villainies Several of the Old men being at that time in the Market-place were killed but the Young men Pasimelus having some suspicion of it remained in the Artillery Ground till the Cry was heard when some escaping the Slaughter came thither and running from thence into the Tower they repulsed the Argives with the rest that attacked them Whilst they were consulting what to do the Capital of a Pillar fell down though there was neither Earthquake nor Wind stirring and when they sacrificed the Entrails were such that the Priests signified it would be their safest way to depart out of the Place So they at first like men going into Exile forsook their Countrey Corinth but when their Friends Relations and some of the Magistrates came to them entreating and promising them upon their Oaths that they should live at home in security several returned back again Yet when they saw them play the Tyrants and that their Country was ruined being called Argos instead of Corinth their Boundaries pulled down and themselves forced to be made Denizons of the former which they had no occasion to be and of less Power in their own Countrey than Foreigners Some of them thinking this kind of Life not to be born endeavoured to reduce Corinth to such a condition as it had been formerly in and by restoring it to its Liberty and wholesome Laws to purge it from Murderers which if they were able to effect they should be called the Saviours of it and if they could not yet they having aimed at the noblest and greatest of Designs shall obtain a glorious Death Whereupon two men only Pasimelus and Alcimenes attempted it and passed a Brook to meet Praxitas a Lacedemonian Colonel who at that time was with his Regiment in Garison at Sicyon they acquainted him that they could let him into the Town the way that leads to the Lechaeum Praxitas knowing them formerly to be trusty men gave credit to what they said and procuring the Regiment which was marching out of Sicyon to continue there contrived how
several of the Acarnanian Targetiers came up and made use of their Javelins and Slings but Agesilaus being encamped on an Hill sustained no dammage only the Soldiers as they were providing Supper were forced to march down into the Plain At Night when the Acarnanians drew off and set their Centinels the Army reposed themselves Next day Agesilaus decamped but the Pass out of the Meadows and Plain being strait by reason of the Mountains which surrounded the Lake the Acarnanians possessed themselves of the Hills and put the Enemy to a great deal of trouble with their Lances and Javelins from the Eminencies and descending from thence gave them such a diversion that they were not able to march any farther Nor did the Heavy-armed men and Horse which were drawn out of the Body of the Army with design to pursue do them any harm because they retired to their fastnesses Agesilaus considering it would be a difficult matter for his men who had been in such hard Service to force this Pass resolved to pursue those that charged in the left being a strong Party that had pressed hard upon them because this Hill was easier for the Heavy-armed men and Horse to pass Whilst he was sacrificing the Acarnanians put them hard to 't with their Lances and Javelins and advancing very near wounded several of them But when he commanded his men to pursue the heavy-armed men who were fifteen years past man's estate ran upon them the Horse moved and he himself followed with the rest Immediately the Acarnanians who came down the hill and made some light Skirmishes with the Enemy soon turned their backs and were cut in pieces in their retreat to the ascent thereof The Acarnanian Heavy-armed men were posted on the top of the Hill and continued there with a strong Party of Targetiers who amongst others threw their Lances wherewith they galled the Cavalry and killed some of their Horses Yet when they were just going to close with the Lacedemonian Heavy-armed men they fell to flight and about three hundred of them were killed for which Action Agesilaus erected a Trophy and after that went ravaging and destroying the Countrey The Acarnanians thinking he had done them no Service at all because he had not taken in any place either by Surrender or Siege intreated him that if he would condescend to nothing else yet that he would stay only so long as to hinder the Enemie's Seed time He told them they made a very unreasonable demand For said he I shall march hither again the next Summer and the more they sow the more desirous will they be of Peace This he said and made such a march by Land through Aetolia as neither a small nor a great Army could have done without the leave of the Aetolians but they let him pass at that time hoping to recover Naupactus by his Assistance At last he took his way by Rhium and returned home because the Athenians had put to Sea with their Fleet from Oeniadae and stopt his passage from Calydon into Peloponnesus Demostratus Archon After Winter was past Agesilaus according to his Promise got an Army together early in the Spring to make an expedition against the Acarnanians but they having intelligence hereof and supposing that they being Inhabitants of an Inland Countrey should be blockt up by those that destroyed their Corn in the same manner as if they were besieged in Towns sent Ambassadors to Lacedemon to make Peace with the Achaeans and an Alliance with the Lacedemonians And this is the Account of the Acarnanian Affairs About this time the Lacedemonians designing to make an Expedition against the Athenians and Boeotians resolved to send an Army against Argos not thinking it safe to leave behind them so potent a City as that in their Neighbourhood and at War with them Agesipolis understanding he was to command the Forces procured an auspicious Sacrifice for his Voyage and went to Jupiter's Oracleat Olympia to enquire whether he might in Justice refuse the Peace offered by the Argives or not being they made no Proposals at any seasonable time but devised shifts to divert the War just when the Lacedemonians were ready to enter their Territories The Oracle answered He might lawfully refuse a Peace which was not offered at a fit time From thence he went to Apollo at Delphos to know whether he was of the same Opinion with his Father concerning the Peace 't was answered he was Whereupon Agesipolis drew his Army out of Phlius for there the Forces were assembled till he went to both Oracles and entred the Enemie's Countrey by the way of Nemea When the Argives found they could not prevent the War they as their way was sent two Heralds crowned with Garlands to make overtures of Peace Agesipolis answered them that the Gods did not think the Peace was fairly offered nor did he accept it but fell on which caused a terrour and put those of the City and Countrey into a Consternation The first day he dined in the Countrey of Argos and when the usual Sacrifices were offered after Supper there happ'ned an Earthquake The Lacedemonians having began their March from home sung all of them an Hymn to Neptune supposing they should return back again because Agis when formerly there hap'ned one in Elis had done the like To which Agesipolis replied that if the Earthquake had hap'ned before he had entred the Countrey he should have apprehended as if the God had opposed his Design but since it was after he thought he gave him encouragement to proceed So the next day he sacrificed to Neptune and marched a little way into the Enemies Countrey And because Agesilaus had lately made an Expedition against Argos Agesipolis inquired of the Soldiers how near he advanced to the Walls of the City and how far into the Countrey striving Champion like to outdo him in every thing For one time when he was shot at from the Turrets he repassed the Ditch that encompassed the Walls at another when most of the Argives were gone to make an Inroad into Laconia he advanced so near the Gates that those who guarded them shut out the Baeotian Horse that would have put themselves in fearing the Lacedemonians would have entred at the same time with them So that the Horse were forced to lie as close under the Walls and the Works as Bats and if some Cretans had not made an Excursion towards Nauplia several of the men and Horses had been destroyed by the Arrows Soon after when he encamped at Erctae there fell a Thunderbolt into the Camp which struck some and astonisht others so that they died And when he was designing to fortifie a small Castle at the Pass over Coelossa the Sacrifice wanted Lobes upon which he marched away with his Army and disbanded it having very much incommoded the Argives by so surprising an Invasion After this manner was the War managed by Land I will now relate what passed about the same time at Sea and
Communities and at length all obliged themselves by Oath to confirm the Peace Only the Thebans would ratifie it in the Name of the rest of the Baeotians but Agesilaus refused to accept their Oath unless they would swear according to the Tenour of the Kings Letters which was that the lesser as well as greater Cities should be set free The Theban Ambassadors replyed The Letters were not directed to them Go then said Agesilaus and consult your Masters about it and tell them moreover that if they will not accept these Proposals they shall be excluded the League After their departure Agesilaus out of hatred to the Thebans lost no time but moved the Ephori against them and immediately Sacrificed when having signs of a prosperous Expedition he marcht to Tegea and from thence sent the Horse to the neighbouring places as also the Commanders of the Mercenaries to hasten their Conjunction of the Army But before he moved from Tegea the Thebans arrived and signified that they would restore the Cities to their Liberties Whereupon the Lacedemonians returned home and the Thebans were obliged to make Peace allowing the Baeotian Towns their own Laws Nevertheless the Corinthians did not dismiss their Garison of Argives upon which Agesilaus threatned the one that if they did not discharge the Argives and the others that if they did not quit Corinth he would treat them as Enemies Both being frighted herewith the Armies departed the Town and the City of Corinth was restored to its liberty The Murderers and those that were conscious to themselves that they were concerned in the Massacre departed and the rest of the Citizens very willingly received those formerly banished Hereupon the respective Communities swore to observe the Articles of Peace sent by the King and the Land together with the Naval Forces were disbanded This was the first Peace that was made between the Lacedemonians Athenians and their Allies since the Walls of Athens were demolished And though the Lacedemonians did in a manner ballance the power of the Enemies during the War yet they gained themselves a great deal of Reputation from that called the Antalcidean Peace which the King of Persia Proposed For they being Guarrantees of it restored the Cities to their Liberty made Corinth their Ally and as they formerly desired freed the Boeotian Towns from the Jurisdiction of the Thebans Besides they obliged the Argives to quit their Pretensions to Corinth and decreed to send an Army against them unless they abandoned the Place When Affairs succeeded thus according to their desires Mystichides Archon they resolved to revenge themselves on those Allies who during the War had inclined more to the Interest of the Enemy than theirs and for the future to make such Provision as that it should not lie in their power to prove false First therefore they sent to the Mantineans commanding them to demolish their Walls and telling them that unless they did they could not believe but that they favoured their Enemies adding they had Intelligence that they sent the Argives Provisions who were at War with them and that at other times they would not joyn them but pretended a Truce and when they did they did them but ill Service Moreover they perceived that they envied their Success and were much pleased at any misfortune that befel them Besides the * This Truce was made the XIV year of the Pelopon War Thucyd. Lib. V. Dexitheus Archon XXX years Truce made after the Battel of Mantinea expired this Year The Argives refused to demolish their Walls and thereupon an Army was sent against them Agesilaus requested the States to excuse him this Expedition affirming that the Mantineans had done his Father very good Service in the Messenian War. Hereupon Agesipolis led the Army though his Father Pausanias had a good understanding with the Chief men of Mantinea He entred the Countrey and burnt it but yet when the Mantineans did not demolish their Walls for all this he drew a Line of Circumvallation about the Town carrying on the Works with one half of the Army and defending those that were employed about them with the other After the Lines were finished he encompassed the Town about with a Wall without any loss but when he understood that it was well stored with Provisions the former having been a plentiful Year thinking 't would be an hard case to wear out the Army and Allies with a long Expedition he dammed up a large River that ran through the Town and stopping its course raised it above the Foundations of the Walls and Houses Whereupon the lowermost Bricks being moistned yielded under the uppermost and the Wall cracking leaned upon that the Mantineans propped it up with Wood and made a Work to prevent the Tower from falling But when they saw they were overpowred by the Water fearing the Wall would drop down quite round whereby they should easily fall into the Enemie's hands they consented to demolish it But the Lacedemonians would hearken to no Terms unless they would consent to live in Villages The Mantineans seeing themselves necessitated yielded to their Conditions They that favoured the Argives and Chief men apprehended they should suffer death but Pausanias prevailed with his Son Agesipolis for sixty of them to depart the Town with safe Conduct The Lacedemonians stood on both sides from the Gates with their Pikes to view them as they marcht out and though they hated the Mantineans yet the Private Soldiers forbore them with much more moderation than the Officers of the Mantineans would have done which I have mentioned as a testimony of great Obedience to their Commanders From this time the Walls were pulled down and Mantinea divided into four Parts being inhabited as in former times The People were troubled at first because they were obliged to pull down their Houses and build others anew Yet they became well satisfied with the change being nearer their Estates which lay just by the Villages being governed by an Aristocracy and delivered from the oppressing Demagogues so that when the Lacedemonians sent an Officer to each Village to raise men they came into the Service with more readiness than when they were governed by a Democracy These were the Transactions at Mantinea By which others may learn not to draw Rivers through the Walls of their Cities The Phliasian Exiles observing that the Lacedemonians took an Account of all the Allies bevaviour towards them in the War Olymp. 99. Diotrephes Archon and supposing they had now a fair opportunity in their hands went to Lacedemon and represented that whilst they enjoyed their Countrey their City both received the Lacedemonians and followed them in all their Expeditions But after they were expulst the rest would serve the Lacedemonians in no capacity they of all men being excluded their City When the Ephori heard this they thought it a matter worthy their consideration and sent a Message to the Community of the Phliasians to let them know that the Exiles were well
unless he was first possest of Cithaeron and being advertised that the Cletorians were at War with the Orchomenians and had entertained Mercenary Troops in their Service he treated with them to lend him those Forces in case he had occasion for them After he had obtained an auspicious Sacrifice for his Expedition he sent before he arrived with his Army at Tegea to the General of the Mercenaries that served under the Cletorians and gave them a Months pay commanding them to go and possess themselves of Cithaeron and ordered the Orchomenians to forbear Hostilities threatning also that if any City should make War during the time of this Expedition he would persuant to the Decree of the Confederates fall immediately upon them After he had passed Cithaeron he arrived at Thespiae and parting from thence with his Army he marched into the Thebans Countrey and finding the Plain and best Parts of it entrenched and fortified with Palisadoes he encamped in several Places and after Dinner sent out Parties to burn and destroy the Countrey that lay before his Works For wheresoever Agesilaus marched the Enemy appeared upon the Defensive Part within their Trenches But when he returned to his Camp the Theban Horse lying under a Covert sallied out of the Avenews about the time the Targetiers were getting their Supper ready and preparing for it the Horse being partly mounted and dismounted They charged and killed Cleo and Epilytidas two Spartan Horsemen as also Eudicus one of the Neighbourhood of Sparta with some of the Athenian Exiles that had not yet mounted But when Agesilaus faced about and came to their Assistance with the Heavy-armed men and Horse supported by those that were ten years above man's estate and charged them full speed The Theban Horse shew themselves to be meer Slugs 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 'T was a note of Luxury and Sottishness to sleep after Dinner Athen. standing their Ground only till the Cavalry advanced and threw their Lances but reached them not for as soon as they did they gave back and lost twelve of their men Agesilaus understanding that the Enemy used to appear in the Field after it was Noon sacrificed by break of Day and marching with diligence entred their Trenches through a Place that was not well guarded wasting and destroying all to the Gates of Thebes After this Action he retired to Thespiae and walled the Town appointing Phoebidas Governour of the Place and marching back again to Megara disbanded the Auxiliaries and returned home with his Spartans From that time Phoebidas sent out Foragers to ruin and destroy the Countrey about Thebes who wasted it with their continual Depredations On the contrary the Thebans to be even with them fell with all their Forces into the Thespians Countrey but whilst they were there Phoebidas observed them and obliged them to keep together in a close Body So that the Thebans being weary of their invasion hastened their Retreat out of the Countrey the Muletiers also threw away the Corn they carried and drave their Mules home so great a Consternation was the Army in Then Phoebidas taking the Targetiers along with him commanded the Heavy-armed men to follow and pressed the Enemy very hard hoping to give them a total Defeat For he led on very boldly encouraging his men to set seriously to their Work and the Thespian Heavy-armed men to follow The Theban Cavalry getting together in a Body retired to a Forest that could not be passed through and there they turned upon the Enemy because there was no way to retreat Whereupon the formost of the Lacedemonian Targetiers being few in number and struck with a terror fell to flight Which the Theban Horse seeing they were encouraged to fall upon those that fled and soon after Phoebidas with two or three more that fought by him were slain Whereupon all the Mercenaries fled When they came in their pursuit to the Heavy-armed men of the Thespians these who before disdained to yield to the Thebans turned their backs though pursued by none because it was late in the Evening and though but few of them were slain yet they stopped not till they had a Wall between them and their Enemy By this Action the Theban Affairs recovered new Life again so that they made War upon the Thespians and other Neighbouring Cities causing the People to remove from these Places to Thebes there being in those Towns the same Government as in that City by which the Friends of the Lacedemonians were weakned there After Phaebidas was slain the Lacedemonians sent a Colonel with a Regiment by Sea to put into the Garison at Thespiae In the Spring the Lacedemonians sent an Army against Thebes Olymp. 101. Chariander Archon and intreated Agesilaus to command it He took the same Measures in this Expedition as in the other sending before he had an auspicious Sacrifice to the Colonel at Thespiae to possess himself of the Pass over Cithaeron and keep it till he himself arrived thither When Agesilaus passed this Hill and came to Plataeae he made as if he would first march to Thespiae sending thither and ordering Provisions to be got ready and the Deputies to expect him there The Day following Agesilaus sacrificed by break of Day and reaching Erythroe performed two days march in one and passed the Trench at Scolum before the Thebans came from the Guard of that Post where he entred at first Having performed this he destroyed the Thebans Countrey as far as that of Tanagra which hitherto was defended by Hypatadorus and his men the Lacedemonian Allies and retreated to the left of the Town The Thebans coming upon him drew up in Batallia at a Place called the Old Woman's Breast having secured their Rear with a Ditch and Palisado supposing they might easily hazard a Battle there because the Place was very narrow and not easily accessible Agesilaus seeing this did not attack them but marched a contrary way towards Thebes the Thebans being in pain for their City because it was naked left the place where they were drawn up and hastned thither with diligence by the way that leads to Potniae that being the securest This was esteemed a neat Stratagem for Agesilaus by retiring a good distance from the Enemy obliged them also to retreat full speed besides the Colonels flanked them with some Regiments as they passed by On the other hand the Thebans darted their Javelins from the Hill so that Alipetus one of the Colonels was killed therewith Yet the Thebans were beaten from this Hill and the Sciritae ascending with a Party of Horse cut off some of their Rear as they passed by towards Thebes When the Thebans were advanced near the Walls they faced about which the Sciritae seeing retired with diligence and though not one of them was lost yet the Thebans erected a Trophy because the Enemy retreated from the Place to which they had first ascended The Season being advanced Agesilaus parted thence and encamped in a Place where he discovered the
Enemy first drawn up and the next Day decamped marching the way that leads to Thespiae The Mercenary Targetiers of the Thebans following them very boldly called to Chabrias to keep up close the Olynthian Horse also who according to a Treaty served under the Thebans facing about pursued them to the rise of an Hill and killed a great many for the Hill being easie to be rode up the Horse made the Foot Prisoners on the Ascent Afterwards when Agesilaus came to Thespiae and found the People divided the Lacedemonian Faction giving out that they would put their Adversaries to death one of which was Meno he would not permit it but composed the Differences and made them sware mutually to be Friends From thence he returned over Cithoeron the way that goes to Megara and there having disbanded the Auxiliaries marched home with the Troops of his own Countreymen The Thebans being hard pressed with scarcity of Provisions at this time because they had reaped no Corn for two years together manned two Gallies and sent ten Talents to be expended in Corn at Pagasae 1875 l. But whilst they were buying of their Corn Alcetas the Lacedemonian Governour of Oreum fitted out three Gallies taking particular care that his Design might not be discovered After it was shipped off Alcetas took that and the Gallies and the men being no less than three hundred and put them into the Citadel where he himself quartered They say then that Alcetas had a marvellous handsome Boy of Oreum to wait upon him whose Company he went down from the Citadel to enjoy The Prisoners observing this his carelessness seized the Citadel upon which the Town revolted and the Thebans imported plenty of Corn. In the beginning of the Spring following Hippodamus Archon Agesilaus was confined to his Bed for when he marcht with his Army out of the Thebans Countrey to Megara as he was going out of Venus's Temple into the Senate-house he broke a Vein somewhere or other in his Body and the Blood flowed out from thence into the sound Leg then the calf swelling and the pains growing intollerable a Syracusian Doctor opened a Vein by the Ankle Yet the blood ran Day and Night continually and did not stop do what they could till he swounded and then it stanched From hence he was carried to Lacedemon where he lay sick the rest of the Summer and the Winter following Early in the Spring the Lacedemonians sent out another Army Socratides Archon and gave the Command thereof to Cleombrotus who marched with his Forces to Cithaeron the Targetiers went before to possess themselves of the Places that lay above the Road but a Party of Athenians and Thebans having taken the Hill before them they let them ascend and having gotten them within their power rose up pursued and killed near forty of them After this Action Cleombrotus thinking it impossible to pass into the Thebans Countrey marched back again with his Army and disbanded them At that time the Confederates being assembled at Lacedemon muttered that they were consumed by the War through the negligence of their Generals that they could man out a much stronger Fleet than the Athenians and could starve their City that they could transport an Army in this Fleet into the Countrey of Thebes either at Phocis or Creusis Hereupon they fitted out sixty Sail and made Pollis Admiral Nor were they mistaken in their Measures for the Athenians were blocked up and their Corn Fleet being at Geraestus could not return from thence because the Lacedemonian Fleet lay off of Aegina Ceos and Andros The Athenians considering their own exigencies fitted out a Fleet and engaged with Pollis under the Conduct of Chabrias beat him at Sea and so the Corn was brought into Athens Soon after the Athenians making Preparations to Transport an Army into Boeotia the Thebans entreated them to send another into Peloponnesus supposing if this were done the Lacedemonians would not be able at the same time to defend their own Countrey and their Confederates as also to send a sufficient force against them The Athenians provoked by what Sphodrias had done equipped a Fleet of sixty Sail with great diligence and chose Timotheus their Admiral But the Enemy having neither entred the Thebans Countrey nor Cleombrotus began his march nor Timotheus sailed round Peloponnesus with his Fleet the Thebans vigorously attacked the Neighbouring Towns and retook them In the mean while Timotheus sailed about Peloponnesus and took Corcyra but did not enslave the People nor banish any nor change their Laws whereby he endeared himself to all the adjacent Towns. On the other hand the Lacedemonians set out a Fleet against them appointing Nicholochus their Admiral a very daring sort of man who coming in view of Timotheus's Fleet without any more delay though six of the Ambracians had not joyned him engaged the other sixty six with fifty five of his own and was beaten Thereupon Timotheus erected a Trophy at Aelyzia Afterwards when Timotheus's Gallies were haled up a shore and refitting Nicolochus having joyned the six Ambracians sailed to Aelyzia where he lay and erected a Trophy in the Neighbouring Isles because he came not out Timotheus refitting those Ships he had and equipping more in Corcyra made up above seventy Sail becoming thereby far stronger at Sea and sent to Athens for mony having occasion for large Summs wherewith to maintain so numerous a Fleet. XENOPHON'S History OF THE Affairs of Greece LIB VI. THE CONTENTS Jason made Captain General of Thessaly Mnasippus the Lacedemonian Admiral ruined by his Avarice Iphicrates a Famous General of the Athenians The States of Greece assemble about making a Peace A Peace is made and broken The Battle of Leuctra wherein the Lacedemonians are overthrown by the Thebans Jason is murdered in the height of his Glory The Lacedemonians beg Assistance of the Athenians against the Thebans THE Affairs of the Athenians and Lacedemonians stood thus The Thebans having subdued the Towns of Boeotia carried the War into Phocis whereupon the Phoceans sent Ambassadors to Lacedemon to let them know that if they were not succoured they must necessarily fall into the hands of the Thebans Upon this Message they sent Cleombrotus their King with four Regiments and a Detachment of the Confederates into Phocis Much about this time Polydamas the Pharsalian came out of Thessaly to Lacedemon being esteemed in the other Parts thereof a Person of Honour and Integrity and in his own City was reputed one of that Probity that the Pharsalians in time of Sedition committed the Citadel to his care ordering him to receive the Revenues assigned by Law to be expended on the * The Sacrifices were at the charge of the Publick for the most part and Tâ—eodosius perswades several Heathens to turn Christians because of the costliness of their Religion Suid. in voce 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sacrifices and other Publick Affairs Out of that Money he kept the Citadel and gave up his Accounts every
with Who either by Stratagem Surprize or Force rarely misses of his Enterprize The Day and Night are all one to him and when Expedition is required he can Eat and March at the same time thinking 'tis then only time to Repose when he is arrived whither he intended and has accomplished what he designed He has also inured his Souldiers to the same hardship understanding how to gratifie the desires of his men when they have adventured hard and to suit his Rewards to their Fancies So that those who serve under him have learnt the result of their Toils to be certain Recreation and pleasure And this advantage he has that never any man was more abstemious from bodily pleasures being never diverted by them from dispatching his business 'T is your concern therefore to consider of these things and to let me know both what you can and what you intend to do Thus he spake the Lacedemonians deferred their Answer and taking into consideration the next day and the day following how many Regiments they had abroad and how many Gallies to fight the Athenians with as also what Forces they had to carry on the War against the Borderers return'd him this Answer That at present they were not in a condition to send him sufficient Succours but exhorted him to go home and put his own Affairs and those of the City in the best posture he could He commended the plain dealing of the Republick and departed Afterwards he went to Jason and entreated him not to oblige him to deliver up the City of Pharsalus but permit him to keep it for them that had committed it to his care and gave his Children for Hostages promising to bring over the City by a free Consent and make him Captain-General Whereupon immediately Hostages being exchanged the Pharsalians obtained Peace and Jason by an universal consent was declared Captain General of the Thessalians After he was chosen he appointed what Quotas of Horse and heavy-armed men each City should furnish having above eight thousand Horse together with the Confederates of heavy-armed men no less than twenty thousand and Targetiers enough to fight any Army whatsoever It would be too tedious a piece of work to reckon up what a number of considerabe Cities were subject to him He ordered all the Neighbouring-people to pay the same Tribute they did in Scopas's time and thus things stood on that side Now I leave Jason's Affairs and return to the place where I made my Digression The Lacedemonians and Confederates assembling in Phocis the Thebans retired into their own Territories and guarded the Passes The Athenians seeing the Thebans though raised by them contribute no Ship-money that they themselves were fleeced with Taxes suffered Depredations from the Aegineans and maintained Garisons were very desirous to bring the War to a conclusion and sent Ambassadors to Lacedemon in order to make a Peace Immediately two of the Ambassadors setting sail from thence by order of the Republick commanded Yimotheus to return home with the Fleet because peace was made In his return he carried the Exiles of Zacynthus and put them a-shore in their own Country Thereupon the Zacynthians sent to Lacedemon and acquainted them with the Injuries they had suffered from Timotheus the Lacedemonians supposing the Athenians had broken the Peace by this action fitted out another Fleet forthwith getting together sixty Sail * From Lacedemon Corinth Leucas Ambracia Elis Zacynthus Achaia Epidaurus Troezen Hermione and the Halieans and appointed Mnasippus Admiral giving him Commission amongst other things to make an Attempt upon Corcyra and to guard the Seas They sent also to Dionysius to let him know that it was his Concern not to suffer Corcyra to remain in the hands of the Athenians Mnasippus having assembled his Fleet went against Corcyra with fifteen hundred Mercenaries besides those from Lacedemon There he making a Descent took the Island and burnt the Country which was neatly Cultivated and Planted having stately Houses and Wine-Cellars in several places Insomuch they report the Souldiers grew so dainty that they would drink none but †This Liquor so much prized by the Ancients was made of new Wine and a mixture of Sea-water their Wines also were perfumed with Violers Roses and other fragrant Flowers Athen. lib. 1. Aromatick-Wine A great many Prisoners and Cattel were also taken in the Country After that Mnasippus encamped on a Hill five Furlongs distant from the City in the Front of the Island that so he might cut off any Forces which entred the Island on that side On the other he lay with the Fleet supposing he could discover any Ships that were going thither and prevent them from landing Moreover he rode in the Port and blockt up the City when he was not hindred by storms The Corcyreans seeing they could get nothing out of the Country because it was possessed by the Enemy and that nothing could be imported by Sea being overpowred there became greatly distressed and sent to desire Succours of the Athenians acquainting them that the taking Corcyra would be both a great loss to them and an accession of strength to the Enemy For no City furnished more Money or Ships than theirs excepting Athens Besides Corcyra lay commodiously for the Bay of Corinth and the places that belonged to it as also opportunely for the infesting Laconia but most advantagiously for the opposite Continent and the Passage out of Sicily into Peloponnesus The Athenians hearing this and thinking it a matter of very great Importance sent Stesicles Commander in Chief with about six hundred Targetiers requesting Alcetas to transport them Accordingly he landed them at a certain place in the Island by Night and so they got into the City Besides they equipped sixty Sail of Ships and appointed Timotheus Admiral who went to the Islands endeavoured to make up their Complement there because he could not fit them out at Athens accounting it a matter of no small moment to go with Precipitation against a Fleet that was already united The Athenians concluding he trifled and wasted the time of Action forgave him not but put him out of Commission and chose Iphicrates in his room who in a very small time fitted out a Fleet with great diligence obliging those that were bound to set out Gallies to equip them taking the Paralus and Salaminia which in a more special manner attended the Service of the Publick and what Ships soever he met with on the Coast of Attica telling them that if things succeeded well in Corcyra he would send several back again and got together a Fleet of about seventy Sail. In the mean while the Corcyreans were so distressed with Famine that Mnasippus by reason of the numbers of Deserters declared by Proclamation That all such should be sold for Slaves Nevertheless when some deserted for all that he whipt them and sent them back again On the contrary the Besieged would not receive their Slaves into the Town so that they died without
the Walls When Mnasippus saw this he thought he was Cock-sure of the Town and began to Treat the Mercenaries after a new manner abridging some of their whole Pay and was two Months in Arrears to those which he paid Nor did he this for want of Money as was reported for it being a Sea-Expedition several Cities had sent Money in lieu of Men. In the mean while the Besieged discovering from the Towers the Watches not so carefully kept as before and the Souldiers stragling up and down the Country sallied out took some and killed others Mnasippus having notice hereof not only arm'd himself but went out with his heavy-arm'd men to their Relief ordering the Commanders and Captains to lead out their Mercenaries and when some of them made answer It was not easie for him to contain the Souldiers in their Duty who had not supplied them with Necessaries he struck one with his Truncheon and another with the Javelin of his Lance And thus they marched out shrewdly against their humour hating their General a thing no ways expedient in time of Action After he had drawn them up in Battalia he routed those that were posted by the Gates and pursued them but they getting near the Walls and facing about threw their Javelins and darted their Lances from off the Monuments At the same time more sallied out at the other Gates and fell pell-mell upon his Rear The men being marshalled Eight in Front and apprehending that part of the Battalion to be weak endeavoured to face about but as they began to retreat the Enemy attacked them as if they had actually fled so that they could face no more and then those next the Rear were routed By this time Mnasippus was not able to succor them that were pressed because the Enemy lay hard upon him in the Front and hose about him grew still fewer and fewer At last the Enemy gave a furious Charge and attacked Mnasippus his Squadron being already reduced to a small number which the heavy-arm'd men seeing came on and killing Mnasippus pursued with all their Forces and had taken the Camp and Trench but that discovering the Sutiers Servants and Slaves they took them to be men effective and retired The Corcyreans erected a Trophy and restored the Dead upon Truce Hereupon they in the Town gathered strength and the Besiegers were wholly disheartned there being news that Iphicrates was as good as arrived and the Corcyreans were Equipping their Fleet Upon that Hypermenes Mnasippus his Vice-Admiral fitted out all the Ships that were there and sailing about to the Camp put the Slaves and Money on board all the small Vessels and sent them away defending the Camp himself with the Seamen and other Souldiers that had escaped the Battel who having very great Apprehensions lest they should be surprized by the Athenians went on board the Gallies in confusion and setting Sail arrived safe at Leucas leaving behind them a great quantity of Corn and Wine with a considerable number of Slaves and sick men When Iphicrates set Sail he immediately made ready for an engagement leaving his main Sails as though he were going to fight made little use of his small Vessels though it was a fair Gale but kept on his course with rowing whereby he exercised the mens bodies more and made the Ships Sail better For several times in those places where the Fleet were to Dine or Sup he stood out to Sea and then tacking lay with the Stems of the Gallies towards the Shore commanding them when the sign was given to strive who should land first because they that did were by way of Reward served first with Water or any thing else they wanted and had the preeminence of dining first On the contrary it was a great punishment for the Tardy to be deprived of all those Advantages and be obliged to come on board when the sign was made for those that got first ashore did every thing at their leisure but those that came last did all in an hurry When Iphicrates dined in the Enemies Country he set Centinels as the custom is at Land and haled up his Masts setting the men to spy from them so that they looking from an Eminence saw a great deal further than they could upon a Level When he had Supped and Reposed he made no Fires in the Camp but made Lights before it that the Enemy might not approach undiscovered Oftentimes when he supped in a Calm he put to Sea and if it were a Gale the Seamen rested and the Fleet kept on their course if they were obliged to row he refreshed them by turns and in their course by Day he sometimes drew up the Fleet in a Line and other whiles in a Body So that they supposing as they sailed that they went into a Sea possessed by the Enemies had all things in readiness for an Engagement And because Iphicrates did only that which was just necessary he prevented Supplies from being brought to the Enemy and performed his Voyage with great expedition He was at Sphagea a Town in Laconia when Mnasippus was slain from thence he went into the Country of Elis and passing the Mouth of Alpheus put into Port about a place called Icthys next day he sailed from thence to Cephallenia continuing his course in that order so as to have all things ready for an Engagement if occasion served For being he had heard nothing about Mnasippus from any that was an Eye Witness he suspected this report might be spread purposely to catch him and therefore he was upon his Guard but afterwards arriving at Cephallenia and being certified of the truth there he refreshed his Army I confess that Discipline and Exercise is to be used when there is a prospect of an Engagement but this I commend in Iphicrates that being to go where he immediately expected a Sea Fight he so contrived that his men should understand what belonged to one and yet all this Discipline did not retard his course After he had taken in the Towns in Cephallenia he went to Corcyra and there having Intelligence of the ten Gallies which Dionysius sent to the Assistance of the Lacedemonians he went himself to view in what part of the Country they might be discovered when they arrived and at what place from the Town they who were to give the sign of their Arrival might be discerned there he set Scouts and appointed what sign they should make upon the Enemies Arrival and coming into Port. In the mean while he gave Orders to twenty Captains of Gallies who were to attend him upon Summons made and told them before-hand that if they did not thy must thank themselves for what followed It was worth while to have seen what hast they made upon the discovery of the Enemies Arrival and the Proclamation made there being none of them but got aboard with all imaginable diligence Iphicrates went from thence to the place where the Enemies Gallies lay and found that the men were
Alexander had a Design against them and hid them in her House a whole Day At Night having laid him to sleep drunk she light a Candle and brought out his Sword but finding that her Brothers delayed to make their attempt upon him she told them if they would not do the Work she would awake him When they entered she pulled to the door and barred it till her Husband was dispatched Some say this hatred against her Husband was because when he had imprisoned his Page a beautiful Youth and she interceeded for his release he brought him out and cut his Throat others for that having no Children by her he had sent to Thebes and engaged himself to Jason's Wife These are the reports that go about concerning his Wife's conspiracy Tisiphonus the eldest Brother held the Government from the time of the Conspiracy till the writing of this Book And now having related the Affairs of Thessaly that were in Jason's time and from his death till the Government of Tisiphonus I return from my Digression Afterwards Archidamus who was going with Recruits to Leuctra returned home with the Army The Athenians considering that the Peloponnesians thought they were stil obliged to serve the Lacedemonians in the Wars and that the Lacedemonians were now in the same condition they had formerly reduced the Athenians to sent about to all the Cities that would come into the League proposed by the King. When they met together they made a Decree that those who were to come into the Treaty should take this Oath I will maintain the Peace prescribed by the King as also the Decrees of the Athenians and their Allies If any one shall make War against any of these Cities that have sworn to this Peace I will oppose them with my utmost Power All the rest were very well satisfied with the Oath only the Eleans objected that the Cities of the Marganeans Scylluntians and Triphylians might not be free because these were their Towns. But the Athenians and the rest decreeing that pursuant to the King's Letters both the lesser and greater Cities should be free they deputed some to go and swear the Chief Magistrates in every City And all took the Oath except the Eleans Then the Mantineans as being absolutely free meeting together decreed to make Mantinea one Town and to wall it but the Lacedemonians thinking it an hard case that this should be done without their Consent sent Agesilaus thither who was said to have a kind of Fatherly care over them When he arrived the Chiefmen told him they would not assemble the People for him but bid him tell them his Business He promised them if they would forbear fortifying at present he would procure that the Wall should be built with little charge and with the approbation of the Lacedemonians But being told they could not possibly desist because it was decreed by the Community Agesilaus went way in an heat though he thought a War would not be declared against them by reason the Peace was made for Liberty Some of the Arcadian Cities sent men to the Mantineans to assist them in carrying on the Wall and the Eleans contributed three Talents of Silver towards the Charge of it 563. l. 10 s. Thus stood Affairs with the Mantineans The Tegeans of Callibius's and Proxenus's Party consulted about assembling all the People of Arcadia and that whatever was carried at the Convention of the States should be Law unto all the Towns but Stasippus's Faction endeavoured that the Ancient Laws might be continued both in City and Country yet being overpowred in the Theaters and concluding that if the People met they should far out-do them in Numbers took Arms which Stasippus's Faction seeing they armed too nor were they inferiour to them in Numbers They fell to it and killed Proxenus with some others the rest they put to flight but did not pursue them Stasippus being a man who desired not to shed the Blood of his Countreymen Callibius and his men retiring to the Walls and Gates of Mantinea when they saw the Enemy made no farther attempt upon them got together in a Body and remained quiet having sent before-hand to the Mantineans for Relief In the mean while they treated with Stasippus about a Reconciliation but as soon as the Mantineans appeared to be on their March some got upon the Wall and perceiving them coming to their Assistance with all speed cried out to them that they should make hast and opened the Gates for them Stasippus's Faction having notice of what had passed sallied out of the Gate that leads to Palantium and getting into Diana's Temple before the Pursuers over-took them shut themselves in and lay still But the Enemy pursuing them and getting on the top of the Temple uncovered the Roof and pelted those in the Temple with Tiles They seeing themselves in this extremity desired the others to desist and they would come forth but the Enemy having gotten them into their Clutches bound them and putting them into a Cart carried them away to Tegea where they passed Sentence on them and the Mantineans and put them all to death Upon this the Tegeans of Stasippus's Faction being about eight hundred fled to Lacedemon After this the Lacedemonians pursuant to the Peace Lâ—sistratus Archon resolved forthwith to revenge both those that were killed and them that were banished by making War against the Mantineans for that they contrary to the Treaty had invaded the Tegeans in an Hostile manner Thereupon the Ephori decreed an Army to be raised and gave the Command of it to Agesilaus At this time the rest of the Arcadians were assembled at Asea but the Orchomenians refusing to incorporate with them out of hatred to the Mantineans and receiving the Mercenaries raised at Corinth and commanded by Polytropus the Mantineans remained at home to observe them The Heraeans and Lepreans assisted the Lacedemonians this Campagn against the Maintineans Agesilaus Assoon as he had an auspicious Sacrifice for his Expedition passed directly into Arcadia and surprised Eutaea a Town in the Confines where though he had found the Old men Women and Children at home in their Houses those that were able to bear Arms being gone to the Arcadian Army nevertheless he did no harm to the Town but permitted their People to enjoy their Habitations obliging the Soldiers to pay for what they had and if any thing was taken from the Townsmen by force when he came into the Town he searcht it out and restored it them again Moreover whilst he staid there in expectation of Polytropus's Mercenaries he built up as much of the Wall as was necessary About this time the Mantineans making War upon the Orchomenians the former retreated from their Walls with great difficulty and lost some men yet when they retired to Elymia and the Orchomenian Heavy-armed men pursued no further Polytropus's Troops charged them very boldly Thereupon the Mantineans considering that if they did not repulse them many of their own men
would be destroyed by the Enemie's Darts faced about and charged their Pursuers In this Skirmish Polytropus was slain and many more had been killed in the flight if the Phliasian Horse had not wheeled about and stopt their further pursuit by attacking the Mantineans Rear After this Exploit the Mantineans returned home Agesilaus hearing of it and concluding that the Orchomenian Mercenaries would not joyn them advanced in this manner The first day he supped in the Territory of Tegea and the day after passing into that of Mantinea he encamped under the Hills that are to the Westward of the City There he burnt the Countrey and destroyed the Fields The Arcadians that were assembled at Asea got into Tegea by Night and next Day Agesilaus encamped within twenty Furlongs of Mantinea The Arcadians coming with a strong Body of Heavy-armed men from Tegea and having reached the Hills betwixt Mantinea and that Place they were very earnest to joyn the Mantineans because the Argives had not sent all their Forces thither Some there were who perswaded Agesilaus to fall upon them separately but he fearing that whilst he attacked them the Mantineans out of the Town would fall upon his Flank and Rear concluded it would be best to let them joyn and then if they would fight they should have a fair and open Field By this time the Arcadians were united and Agesilaus as he was sacrificing before the Camp by day-break discovered the Targetiers from Orchomenus together with the Phliasian Horse who marched in the Night by Mantinea whereupon Agesilaus was obliged to return to his Arms and the rest to run to their Ranks In the Evening he encamped undiscovered in a Vally surrounded by the Mountains on the back of the Mantinean Territory Next day as he was sacrificing at the Head of the Army he discovered the Mantineans assembled on the top of those Hills that overlookt his Rear upon which he resolved to draw his men out of the Valley but fearing if he marcht from thence that the Enemy would fall upon his Rear he lay still and commanded those in the Rear to face about to direct their Arms towards the Enemy and to move to the right towards their Leader By this means he both drew his Troops out of the strait Pass and re-inforc'd his Battalion which when he had doubled he marcht into the Plain in that Order and there extended it nine or ten deep The Mantineans came out no more because the Eleans their Confederates had perswaded them not to fight till the Thebans had joyned them 187. l. being assured of their coming for that they had borrowed ten Talents of them for this expedition The Arcadians when they heard this kept themselves within the Walls of Mantinea Agesilaus though he had a great desire to march away with the Army it being in the midst of Winter yet he stay'd three days in the Neighbourhood of Mantinea that he might not be thought to hasten his departure for fear of the Enemy On the fourth day he refreshed his Army early and began his march making shew as if he would encamp in the Place where he did when he first set out from Eutaea But when none of the Arcadians appeared he though very much belated marched with diligence to Eutaea intending to depart with the Heavy-armed men before the Enemies fires were discovered that none might say he fled whereby he seemed to have allayed the consternation his Countreymen were in before because though he had entered Arcadia and burned it yet none would undertake to fight him As soon as he arrived in Laconia he sent home his Spartans and dismissed the Neighbouring Troops to go to their respective Cities The Arcadians receiving Intelligence that Agesilaus was marcht out of their Countrey and had disbanded his Army got together in a strong Body fell upon the Heraeans for refusing to incorporate with them for invading Arcadia with the Lacedemonians for firing their Houses and cutting down the Trees in their Incursions But when there came News that the Thebans were coming to relieve Mantinea they left Heraea and joyned them after the Armies were united the Thebans thinking all was well because they had succoured their Allies and no Enemy appeared in the Countrey prepared for their departure The Arcadians Argives and Eleans persuaded the Thebans to march directly into Laconia making ostentation of their Numbers and magnifying their Army for all the Boeotians were very well disciplined and elated with their Victory at Leuctra There followed them in this Expedition their Subjects the Phoceans Acarnanians Heracleans and Melieans and Forces out of all the Cities of Euboea both the Locri and Horse and Targetiers out of Thessaly They therefore well informing the Thebans of the Desolation which was in Laconia entreated them that they would not by any means march away before they had made an Incursion into that Countrey The Thebans indeed gave them the hearing but considered on the other hand that Laconia was very difficult to be invaded thinking there might be Guards set to defend those Places which were most easie to be passed For Ischolaus was at Ius in the Territory of Sciris with a Garrison of four hundred stout men consisting partly of half Slaves and partly of the Exiles of Tegea There was another Garrison too near Leuctra beyond Maleatis Moreover the Thebans considered that the Lacedemonians would soon unite and that they would fight no where better than upon their own Ground Upon all these Confiderations they were not very forward to march to Lacedemon but afterwards when some came from Caryae and reported the Countrey was in no posture of Defence proffering to guide the Army and offering themselves to be cut in pieces if they imposed upon them There came also several of the Nighbourhood to invite and to inform them that if they did but appear in the Countrey they would revolt and added that the Neighbours were lately summoned by the Spartans but would not assist them The Thebans hearing all these Reports and from several hands were over-perswaded and fell into Laconia about Caryae as did the Arcadians near Ius in the Territory of Sciris Though if Ischolaus had but gone before and secured the difficult Passes 't was said none could have entered on that side but he designing to joyn those of Ius tarried for them at that Village where the Arcadians came upon them in great Numbers and here Ischolaus's men facing about and charging the Enemy got the better But at last when those on the Houses threw their Lances and darted their Javelins both at the Rear and Flank Ischolaus and all the rest fell except any might escape undistinguished The Arcadians having performed this Exploit marcht towards Caryoe to the Thebans who having heard of their Success came down into the Enemies Countrey the more boldly and immediately destroyed and burnt Sellasia When they came into the Champion Countrey they encamped in a Grove of Apollo's but made no attempt
at first received them and made them retreat but the latter joyning the Foot that were come up charged them again and closed Soon after the Enemy gave ground and some of the Sicyonians fell together with a great many brave men of the Pellenians For this Action the Phliasians erected a noble Trophy and according to the custom sang an Hymn In the mean while the Theban General and Euphron beheld this Skirmish from several places as if they had intended to have seen a sight Afterwards the Enemy returned home to Sicyon and the Townsmen to the City The Phliasians behaved themselves incomparably well in this Action and tho they were reduced to great want yet they discharged a Pellenian who had been their publick Host without ransom Who would not allow men who perform'd such Exploits as these to be both brave and couragious for 't is known to the whole world that they adhered to their Friends with invincible resolution When they were deprived of their Corn they lived partly upon Forage and partly by what they bought at Corinth going to Market through many dangers getting Money with great difficulty hardly procuring any to furnish them and scarcely hiring it upon the security of their labouring Beasts At last being in extreme want they prevailed with Chares to send them a Convoy to Phlius and after he arrived they desired him to conduct the useless people to Pellene which he did and left them there Then they bought provisions and loading as many Beasts as they could get departed by night and tho they knew that the Enemy way-laid them yet thinking it would be more grievous to starve than fight they proceeded on their way with Chares and meeting the Enemy encouraged one another and presently fell to work * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 calling upon him for assistance Having obtain'd the Victory they beat the Enemy out of the Road and at last arrived safe with their Convoy The next day they slept late because they had watched that night At last when Chares rose the Horse and principal Men of the City came to him and said Chares You may do an excellent piece of Service today for the Sicyonians are fortifying a place in the Frontiers having with them a great many Masons but not many Soldiers Wherefore our Horse with the body of chosen Men will go before and if you will follow with your Mercenaries it may be you will find the work done to your hand or if you do but appear perhaps the Enemy will run as they did at Pellene But if any thing seem difficult do you consult the Gods by Sacrifice for we are of opinion that they had rather you should undertake this Enterprise than we Assure your self Chares that if you effect it you will not only defeat the Enemy but preserve a City that is in amity with you Besides you shall be the most honourable person in your Country and most Renown'd of all whether Allies or Enemies Chares embracing their proposal sacrificed and immediately the Phliasian Horse put on their Breast-plates and bridled their Horses the heavy-arm'd Men providing all things necessary for the Foot. When they had arm'd themselves and were gone to the place where he sacrificed he and the Priest met them and told them that the Sacrifice was auspicious Only stay a while said they till we march out with you Orders were immediately given and the Mercenaries went with full speed as it were by a divine impulse and when Chares began to march the Phliasian Horse and Foot went on before at the first marching nimbly then * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 jogging on faster at last the Horse and Foot advancing gave a furious charge in the best order they were able and were seconded by Chares with diligence This was a little before Sun-set when they surprised some of the Enemy upon the Wall others washing some getting ready their provisions others kneading their Dough and some making their Beds When they saw the violence of the Attack they were soon terrified and fled abandoning all their provisions to those valiant men who supped on them and carried the Remainder home Then sacrificing for their good Fortune and singing an Hymn they set their Watches and reposed themselves The Corinthians receiving the News about Thyamia by night summoned all their Carriages and loading them with Provisions sent them very courteously to Phlius whither they went every day after till the Wall was finished This is the relation of the Phliasians how they persisted in their fidelity to their Friends and behaved themselves with Bravery in the War and remained firm to their alliance altho reduced to extreme want Much about this time Aeneas the Stymphalian General of the Arcadians thinking the Transactions at Sicyon were not to be endured went up into the Cittadel with his Army and assembled the principal Men of the Sicyonians recalling those who were banished without a publick Decree Euphron fearing this fled to the Port of Sicyon and sent for Pasimelus from Corinth by which means he delivered up the Port to the Lacedemonians and again embraced their Alliance professing he had ever been faithful to them for when it was put to a vote whether they should break with the Lacedemonians or no he with a few more declar'd against it Afterwards designing to call them that betrayed him to an account he constituted a Democracy And now says he I have banished all those that have betraid you and if it had lain in my power I had brought over the City to you but the Port which I was possess'd of I have delivered up Many heard him what he said tho how many believ'd him is not certain But since I have begun with Euphron's Designs I will go through with them The principal Men and People of Sicyon being divided Euphron return'd into his own Country bringing with him some Mercenaries from Athens by whose assistance he possess'd himself of the Town but the Theban Governor had the Cittadel Euphron knowing it was impossible to maintain the City whilst the Theban held the Cittadel raised money and going to Thebes perswaded the Thebans to banish the principal Men and deliver up the Town again But those who had been banished by him knowing his intent and scenting his journey and design went to Thebes to prevent him where fearing he might effect what he came for because they saw him familiar with the Magistrates they ventured the danger and cut his Throat in the Cittadel at the time the Magistrates and Senate were sitting The Magistrates brought the Men that committed the Fact before the Senate and spoke thus We Fellow-Citizens indict these Men who have kill'd Euphron for Murder The Murderers of Euphron indicted We find that sober Men never commit any unjust or villainous Act and when Rogues do they endeavour to hide it But these have so far transcended all Men in boldness and villany that without authority they have murdered a man in the face
first to consult their Allies about it being willing to make peace with those that desired it and to let those who preferred War to have a War. The Thebans giving their consent the Corinthians went to Lacedemon and there delivered themselves after this manner My Lords of Lacedemon The Corinthians Speech to the Lacedemonians We your Allies are come hither requiring you that if you have any prospect of success by continuing the War to inform us thereof but if your Affairs be reduced to extremity it will be for your Interest as well as ours to make a Peace There is no Nation in the World that we had rather be secure with than with yours But if you think War can be advantageous to you we desire you to give us the liberty of making peace for our selves If we be preserv'd we may at a seasonable time assist you but if we be now ruined we can never be serviceable to you hereafter The Lacedemonians hearing this advised the Corinthians to make peace and permitted the other Allies that were not disposed to carry on the War to sit still declaring as for themselves they would hold out and submit to Providence But to part with Messene which they had received from their Ancestors they would yield to never Thereupon the Corinthians went to Thebes for Peace The Thebans required them to make a League offensive and defensive to which the Corinthians made answer That such a League was not a Peace but an Exchange of the War however if they thought good they were willing to make one upon equal Terms The Thebans admiring them because they would not be ungrateful to their Benefactors tho they were exposed to danger granted them the Phliasians and the rest that came with them a Peace upon condition that every one should possess their own and on these terms it was ratified The Phliasians immediately upon conclusion of the Treaty quitted Thyamia but the Argives tho they had sworn to the Peace being not able to procure the same Freedom for the Phliasian Exiles in Tricranum as in their own City possess'd themselves of Thyamia and placed a Garrison there alledging the Territory belong'd to them tho a little before they had destroyed it in an hostile manner and when the Phliasians demanded Justice they denyed it them Much about this time Chion Archon Dionysius the elder died and his Son sent twelve Gallies commanded by Timocrates to aid the Lacedemonians who after he arrived assisted them in the taking of Sellasia and then returned home again Not long after the Eleans took Lasio which formerly belonged to them but at that time it was under the jurisdiction of the Arcadians The Arcadians neglected it not but immediately assembled their Forces together and took the Field against whom the Eleans came out first with four hundred Men and then with three hundred more encamping all the day in a Plain In the night the Arcadians march'd up to the top of an Hill that over-looked the Eleans and came down upon them by break of day The Eleans seeing that they were stronger and march'd from the higher Ground were yet ashamed for some time to decamp but the Arcadians attacking them at last they scarce came to handy-blows before they fled and lost a great many Men and Arms in their Retreat through the strait Passes After this Action the Arcadians attacked the Towns of the Acrorians and having taken all but Thraustus passed on to Olympia where making a Trench about Saturn's Temple they put in a Garrison there and possess'd themselves of Mount Olympus Then they took Margana upon surrender The Eleans were wholly dejected at this success of their Enemies The Arcadians also came up to the very City and advanced as far as the Market-place where the Elean Horse and some others beside encountring them beat them them out and having killed some of them erected a Trophy Sometime before this there were Divisions at Elis for the Faction of Charopus Thrasonidas and Argeus brought in a Democracy and that of Stalcas Hippias and Stratolas an Oligarchy But the Arcadians having a great power and inclining to those who were for a Democracy Charopus's Party thereby became bolder agreeing with the Arcadians to assist them and surprise the Cittadel The Horse and the three hundred Foot observing them march'd up thither and beat them out so that Argeus and Charopus with about four hundred more were banished Not long after being supported by a Body of Arcadians they took Pylus to which place there had been a Concourse of People from the City as being wealthy and having so powerful assistance from the Arcadians who afterwards entered the Eleans Country being perswaded by the Exiles that the City would yield to them But the Achaeans being at that time in League with the Eleans protected them so that the Arcadiaus only harrassed their Country and retired As soon as they were march'd out of the Territory of Elis being inform'd that some Pellenians were in the City they took a long March in the Night and possessed themselves of Olurus a Town that belonged to the Pellenians because they were in League with the Lacedemonians After the Pellenians heard the News of Olurus they fetched a long compass and returned to their own City Afterwards tho they were but a small Party yet they attacked the Arcadians and all the people in Olurus nor did they desist till they had taken it Again the Arcadians attempted Elis in another Voyage and whilst they encamped between Cyllene and the City the Eleans attacked them but the Arcadians receiving their first Charge repulsed them Whereupon Andromachus the Governor of the Eleans who perswaded them to fight kill'd himself the rest retired into the Town and Soclidas the Spartan being in this Fight was slain for the Lacedemonians were at this time in League with the Eleans When the Eleans were hard pressed at home they sent an Ambassador and desired the Lacedemonians to fall upon the Arcadians thinking the best way to divert them would be to attack them on both sides Thereupon Archidamus marched out with the Lacedemonians and taking Cromnus left there a Garrison of three Companies out of twelve and so returned home The Arcadians being assembled about the Expedition against Elis marched with their Forces and securing themselves with a double Trench besieged Cromnus The Lacedemonians being much concerned that their People should be besieged sent out another Army under the Leading of Archidamus who went and destroyed all Arcadia and Sciris endeavouring if it were possible to raise the Siege yet the Arcadians stirred not from the place nor took any notice of them Then Archidamus viewing an Hill along which the Arcadians had drawn their outermost Trench thought he could take it and that if he were possessed thereof the place would be too hot for the Besiegers When he had fetched a compass about it with his Forces the foremost of his light-arm'd Men discovered the * A chosen Band
commonly have but reposed confidence in him and treated him with that familiarity that a Mother does her Son in Law went into her Chamber as 't is reported and strangled her He killed also her Son about seventeen years Old a very comely Personage When he had perpetrated this Villany he siezed upon Scepsis and Gergis two strong Towns where the greatest part of Mania's Treasure was The Garisons in the other Towns would not receive him but kept the Places for Pharnabazus Soon after Midias requesting that he might have the Province on the same Conditions Mania enjoyed it Pharnabazus returned him this Answer that he should keep his Presents till he came himself to fetch them and him too Adding he wisht not to live without revenging Mania's Death In this Juncture comes Dercyllidas and forthwith in the same day Larissa Haaxitus and Colonae Maritine Towns surrendred themselves to him He sent Messengers also to the Aeolian Cities requiring them to resume their Liberty to receive him within their Walls and to make an Alliance The Neandrians Ilians and Cocylites complied with his Demands because the Greek Garisons in them had misbehaved themselves after Mania's Death But the Governour of Cebren a very strong Place hoping Pharnabazus if he defended it would prefer him did not receive Dercyllidas He enraged hereat prepared to assault the Place but being unsuccessful in the first days Sacrifice he repeated it the following and when he had no better Success in that neither he sacrificed again the third and so continued on to the fourth being extreamly troubled because he hastned to make himself Master of all the Aeolis before Pharnabazus could arrive with Supplies Athenadus a certain Sicyonian Captain imagining Dercyllidas trifled away his time and that he himself was able to cut off the Cebrenians Water fell on with his own Company and attempted to stop up a Fountain but they of the Town sallying out wounded him killed two threw their Darts and Javelins and repulsed them Whiles Dercyllidas was grieving there at supposing the Soldiers would make their Attacks with less Vigor there came some Heralds out of the Town from the Greeks declaring they did not approve of their Governors Proceedings and that they would rather serve the Greeks than the Barbarians and as they were conferring about these things one came from the Governour to acquaint them that he would confirm what the first proposed Thereupon Dercyllidas after he had successfully sacrificed ordered his men immediately the same day to their Arms and marcht up to the Gates the Greeks set them open and received him where he placed a Garison and went directly to Scepsis and Gergis Midias being in continual apprehension of Pharnabazus and fearing the Townsmen sent to acquaint Dercyllidas that if he would give Hostages he would come to a Parly Dercyllidas sent him one out of each of the Confederate Cities bidding him take as many as he pleased and whom he would he took ten of them and went out to parly When he came to discourse Dercyllidas he askt him upon what Terms he might make an Alliance He told him on condition that he restored the Citizens their Liberty and permitted them to be governed by their own Laws When he had given him this Answer he marcht on towards Scepsis Midias being sensible it was not possible for him by force to prevent his Design without the Citizens Consent permitted him to enter the Town Dercyllidas having sacrificed to Minerva in the Citadel of Scepsis thrust out Midias's Garrison and delivered up the Town to the Citizens exhorting them to live under such a Government as became Greeks and Freemen Afterwards when he left the Town and set forward towards Gergis several of the Scepsians attended him out of Honour and Respect for the Service he had done them Midias also following in the Retinue desired that Gergis might be put into his Possession Dercyllidas told him that he should have Justice done him and having said so marcht up to the Gates with Midias the Army following two in Rank in a peaceable manner The Garison discovering Midias in his Company from the lofty Turrets forbore darting But Dercyllidas saying to Midias command the Gates to be opened and conduct me to the Temple that I may sacrifice there to Minerva Midias was very loath to cause the Gates to be opened but yielded to it at last fearing he should be instantly siezed As soon as he entred the Town in company of Midias he went to the Citadel and having posted his Soldiers upon the Walls he with the rest sacrificed to Minerva After the Sacrifice he commanded Midias's Guards to stand to their Arms in the Front of his Army for being Midias was not any longer in danger they should now serve under him Whereupon Midias not knowing how to behave himself said to Dercyllidas I am going to make some reception for you No replied Dercyllidas it would look ill for me to receive an Entertainment from you Because they that sacrificed feasted their Friends now I have sacrificed seeing I ought rather to entertain you Stay therefore with me and whiles Supper is making ready we will adjust the Differences betwixt us When they were sat Dercyllidas examined him after this manner Midias said he did your Father leave you Heir of your Family Yes said he Then says Dercyllidas what Manors what Arable what Pasture have you Whiles he was setting down an account of them the Scepsians that were present said Sir he imposes on you Don't ye said Dercyllidas be too particular 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 At length when he had given an Inventory of his Patrimonial Estate Tell me said Dercyllidas who did Mania belong to All cried to Pharnabazus Is not therefore said he her Estate Pharnabazus his Yes said they Then it is ours said he since we have obtained the Victory for Pharnabazus is our Enemy Therefore said he let somebody show us where Mania's and Pharnabazus's Treasure is upon that some conducted him to Mania's House which Midias had seized and he himself followed thither after he had entred the House he called for the Treasurers and commanded his Officers to sieze them denouncing that if they were taken stealing of Mania's Goods they should be instantly put to death After they had shown all and he had taken a view of them he locked and sealed them up appointing a Guard over them At his going out he spoke to the Captains and Commanders whom he found at the door we said he have procured very near a Years pay for eight thousand men and if we get any thing else that also shall be yours This he acquainted them with knowing when they heard it that they would be in much better Discipline and more observant of their Duty When Midias askt him saying Where must I dwell Dercyllidas made answer in Scepsis where 't is most fitting for you it being your own Countrey and Father's House Dercyllidas having dispatcht these Affairs and taken nine Cities in
eight days consulted how he might not be troublesome to the Allies as Thimbro was by wintring in a Friend's Countrey and how Pharnabazus might not in defiance of him infest the Greek Towns with his Horse Thereupon he sent to him and demanded whether he would have Peace or War. Pharnabazus confidering that Aeolis lay as a Bulwark against Phrygia his own Province accepted a Truce and when it was concluded Dercyllidas went to Bithynica Thracia where he had his Winter Quarters which Pharnabazus was not much concerned at because the Bithynians had several times made War upon him Here Dercyllidas ravaged and spoiled the Countrey with great security and procured plenty of Provisions Afterwards when some Auxiliaries sent by Seuthes being about two hundred Odrysian Horse and three hundred Targetiers arrived from the other side of the Water they encamped and fortified themselves about twenty Furlongs from the Greeks and demanded of Dercyllidas a Guard of Heavy-armed men for their Camp and going out to forage took a great many Slaves and much Spoil Their Camp being now full of Prisoners and the Bithynians having Intelligence how many of the Greeks went out and what number of them staid behind to defend it assembled a strong Body of their Forces together both Targetiers and Horse and about day fell upon their Heavy-armed men being near two hundred As they advanced they threw their Lances and darted their Javelins when the Greeks saw themselves wounded and killed not being able to do any thing for that they were shut up within a Rampart of a man's height they broke it down and sallied out upon them But the Bithynians being Targetiers retreated wherever they were charged and easily avoided the Heavy-armed Greeks then they galled them on all sides with their Darts and laid in every effort several of them dead on the Ground At last they were cooped up as it were in a Pen and cut all in pieces except fifteen that escaped to the Greeks Camp who as soon as they perceived the Enemie's Design escaped immediately in the Skirmish undiscoveted by the Bithynians The Bithynians having performed this Action expeditiously and killed several of those Odrysian Thracians that guarded the Tents recovered all their Prisoners and departed So that the Greeks having Intelligence and coming with Succours found nothing in the Camp but the naked Carkasses The Odrysians after they returned buried their dead drinking good store of Wine over them and celebrated Horse-races and at last joyning the Grecian Army they harassed and burned Bithynia In the beginning of the Spring Aristocrates Archon Dercyllidas left the Bithynians and marcht to Lampsacus whilst he was here there came to him Aracus Navates and Antisthenes sent by the Magistrates at home who amongst other things were to inspect how Affairs stood in Asia and to acquaint Dercyllidas that he was to continue in his Command the following Year that the Ephori commanded them to call the Soldiers together and inform them that they blamed them for their former Actions but in that they had done no Injuries of late they commended them and to let them know that for the future if they did any Mischief it would not be endured but if they carried themselves justly to the Allies they should be praised After they had assembled the Soldiers together and spoke thus to them the General of Cyrus's Troops made Answer We My Lords are the same men now that we were last year but our General is another sort of a Person than the former was from which you may easily apprehend the reason why we don't offend now as we did before The Commissioners from home being received in the same Tent with Dercyllidas one of Aracus's Retinue informed them that they left the Deputies from the Chersonites at Lacedemon who reported that the Chersonese could not be manured for that they were plundered and spoyled by the Thracians unless a Wall were built from Sea to Sea and then they might not only have a large and fertile Countrey for themselves but for as many of the Lacedemonians as would to plant Declaring they wondred some Lacedemonians had not been sent by the Republick already with Forces to effect it Dercyllidas hearing this did not discover his own Opinion but dismissed them from Ephesus to go and visit the Greek Towns being pleased for that they would find them in a peaceable and flourishing Condition So the Commissioners departed and Dercyllidas knowing he was continued in Command sent again to Pharnabazus and demanded of him whether he would have Peace as he had the former Winter or War. Pharnabazus chose Truce so Dercyllidas leaving the Confederate Towns in the Neighbourhood in Peace passed the Hellespont with his Army into Europe marching through that part of Thrace which was in Amity with them where he was entertained by Seuthes and arrived at the Chersonese When he understood that there were eleven or twelve Towns in it and that it was a very fruitful and rich Countrey but reported to be infested by the Thracians he surveyed it and finding the Istmus to be thirty seven Furlongs over he without any more delay sacrificed and walled it in dividing the space amongst the Soldiers into several Parts and promised Rewards to them that finished theirs first and to the rest according to the proportion of their merit So the Wall that he began in the Spring he finished before Autumn and inclosed within it eleven Cities several Ports abundance of good arable Land a great quantity of which was sowed as also large and rich Pastures stored with all sorts of Cattel After he had performed this he repassed into Asia and visited the Towns there which he found were all in a good condition save only that the Exiles of Chios had siezed upon Atarna a strong Place and made Excursions thence supporting themselves by ravaging and destroying Ionia He hearing that there was store of Provision in the place sat down before it and besieged it forcing the Townsmen within eight Months to surrender He constituted Draco the Pellenian Governour of the Place and having stored it plentifully with all sorts of Provisions that he might have a Place of Reception whenever he came thither 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 he marcht to Ephesus which is three days Journey distant from Sardes Till this time Tissaphernes and Dercyllidas as also the Greeks and Barbarians in those Parts were at Peace but after there went Ambassadors from the Greek Towns to Lacedemon and reported that Tissaphernes had power if he would to restore the Greek Cities their own Laws and that he would soon be obliged to grant them their Liberty if they did but harass the Province of Caria 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 his Residence The Ephori being informed hereof sent Dercyllidas Orders to fall into Caria with the Army and Pharax the Admiral to coast along with the Fleet. They both observed their Orders It hapned about this time that Pharnabazus came to Tissaphernes partly because the