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country_n	city_n	great_a	village_n	1,731	5	9.2720	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A38593	Geologia Norvegica, or, A brief instructive remembrancer concerning that very great and spacious earthquake, which hapned [sic] almost quite through the south parts of Norvvay upon the 24th day of April, in the year 1657 also physical, historical, and theological grounds and reasons concerning the causes and significations of earthquakes / written in the Danish tongue by Michael Peterson Escholt ... ; and Englished by Daniel Collins.; Geologia Norvegica. English	Escholt, Michel Pedersøn, d. 1666.; Collins, Daniel, 17th cent.	1663 (1663)	Wing E3252; ESTC R15886	31,029	106

thereafter followed that very great destructive warr between the Persians and the Romans on the one hand and the Goths and Romans on the other hand to the great weakning and spoyling of the Romish Empire In the year 256. there sunk down many fair buildings people and all especially in Italy whereupon there followed terrible distempers all over the Romish Empire that all the Provinces of it were full of warrs and uproars and there was such a mighty Plague at Rome and in Achaia that there dyed at Rome in one day 5000 people all of the plague And the year after did arise the Sect of the Samosatenians by Paul Samosatenus a Bishop of Antioch which did much prevail and caused very great disturbance in the Church of God In the year 345. there hapned a destructive Earthquake in and about Antioch whereby many Towns were spoiled and destroyed and it continued almost a whole year sometimes ceasing and presently beginning again Thereupon followed a great warr between the Emperor Constantine and his Brother Constantem for the Emperial Monarchy wherein Constantine was beaten and overthrown by AnAnquileja and afterwards cast into the flood Alsa where he had his burial And after the same Earthquake did also happen fearful Schisms and differences in Religion for the Emperour Constantem himselfe turn'd Arian and caused an universal Synod to meet at Laodicea in which those holy Fathers of the Church and Bishops namely Athanasius of Alexandria Eusebius of Vercelis Dionisius of Meiland Hillarius of Pictavia Paulinus of Trier and many other Bishops and at last Pope Julius himselfe were deposed from their offices and places and banisht And presently after that did the Socinian Heresie arise by Photinus Praesbiterius Sirmienses which filled the Church of Christ with much trouble and confusion About this there was a great Synod of Divines met at Sardis in Illyrico wherein were Assembled 376 Bishops at which time the Church of Christ was wretchedly distracted and divided for although 300 of the Bishops remained constant to the true Christian faith and Religion yet the 76 Eastern Bishops fell from it and became Arians But the Sect of the Socinians was condemned by both sides In the year 348 there hapned a great Earthquake in Campania and Italy whereby Dyrachium was wholly destroyed and Rome shook and trembled for the space of three days and nights In Campania were many towns quite spoiled thereupon there followed again great distractions and disturbances both in Church and State For the Emperour Constantem caused two general Synods of Divines to be Assembled one in Armenia in Italy in which the Catholick Christian faith was confessed and maintained by more then 400 Fathers of the Church and the other at Saleucia in Isauria wherein the Arian Heresie was by a hundred and fifty Bishops approved justified and acknowledged for good And in the temporal state there followed a long and destructive warr between the Emperour Constantem and Magnentius with unspeakable efusion of bloud on both sides In the year 366. there hapned terrible Earthquakes all over the world the Sea broke through in divers places doing much harm At Constantinople it Hailed such great stones that they destroyed many People and much Cattle Nicaee was wholly demollished to the very ground the Romish Empire was fill'd with warrs and uproars in all places The High Dutch rob'd and plunder'd in France Sarmatae that is the Polanders and Muscovites on the one side and Quadi that is the Silesians on the other side invaded Hungary The Saxons on the one side and the Scots on the other side fell upon England the Goths did what they listed in Panonia and overcame Scythia and Thracia the Persians subdudued and took Armenia so that the Romish Empire was lamentably imbroyled and it proved Earthquake sufficient to the Inhabitants of those Countreys and Kingdoms In the year of Christ 400. There hapned a very great and dangerous Earthquake in High Germany and the Heavens lookt like a burning flame for divers days together Thereupon it followed that King Snie of Denmark waged a destructive warr against King Biorn of Sweden in which warr he lost his own life and the Lombards together with a great resort of several other Nations marched out of the Countrey of the Vandals 300000 strong over the Rhine into France and plunder'd it quite through from thence they advanced into Spain where they did the like and continued there a long time The Hunnes also at that time made an unspeakable warr upon the Romans lost in one battle 125000 men but slew 210000 of the Romans shortly after this they had another battle again wherein the Hunnes lost 40000 men In the year 406. there hapned several Earthquakes in High Dutchland especially by the River Rhine Thereupon King Rorick of Denmark fell into High Dutchland the year following vanquished subdued and possest himselfe of the Countrey round about went over the River Rhine and destroyed Mentz Worms Spire and Trier ruin'd and destroyed all the adjacent Towns so that the Inhabitants yea even nature it self seemed to be amazed and to tremble at his approach For which is strange when he came before the City of Metis that is Metz and laid siege unto it a great part of the City walls fell down to the ground by an Earthquake so that without any resistance or striking a stroak he took the City In the year 412. there hapned many Earthquakes both in Asia and Europe Whereupon ensued a great plague of pestilence in most Countreys and also a most terrible famine and scarcity by means of the great mis-growth of the fruits of the earth Also fearful Tempests Storms and Hail that many Hailstones weigh'd eight pound Alaricus the King of the West Goths fell into Italy and almost utterly destroyed the City of Rome purposed to have destroyed Italy and called Rome by the name of Gothia And after these Earthquakes did also arise the Pelagian heresie by Pelagius an English Heretick against which was holden an universal Synod at Carthage consisting of 270 Bishops amongst which especially was St. Jerom and St. Augustine also Attilla the King of the Hunnes began to tyrannize cruelly in Europe having great and wonderful fortune and success In the year 488. there hapned great and terrible Earthquakes in the Romish Empire for a moneths time together whereby many Mountains Castles and Cities were destroyed and overthrown and many people perished And it ensued thereupon that Odoacer of Saxony by open Hostility invaded Italy and was defeated three times by King Diderick of Bern so that he was forced to flye for refuge to Ravennam and was besieged there by the Goths three years together In the year 544. there hapned as is Recorded several terrible Earthquakes almost all over Europe but especially at Rome and in Italy Whereupon it followed that Totillas the King of the East Goths besieged Rome so straightly that the Inhabitants were forced to eat Dogs and Cats for hunger Afterwards he took the

became dried up in many places that many men fainted and dyed of thirst as well as Cattle yea many Buildings and countrey Villages were set on fire by the heat of the Sun and it caused a terrible famine in Europe In the year 1155. there fell many houses down in Burgundy and thereafter followed a great dissention between the Emperour Frederick Babarosa and the Pope of Rome which continued many years with much efusion of blood until the Emperour was openly excommunicated out of the Romish Church and suffer'd himselfe to be publikely absolved in St. Marks Church in Venice where Pope Alexander was not therewith contented that the Emperour went bare-leg'd to the Church and there kneeled on his bare knees with Prayer and Fasting for his offence committed against him but the Pope also shamelesly trode upon his neck with his feet In the year 1194. there was a great Earthquake in Denmark and it followed thereupon that the Vandals fell from the Danish Crown forsook their Christian faith and returned to the former idolatrous worship again whereupon King Knute of Denmark raised all the power of his Countrey caused the Schleswickers to prepare 130 Ships the Reepers 120 the Wendsussellers 50 the Fyeners 100 the Sealanders 120 the men of Skone 150 in all 670 ships and therewith fell upon Knute King of the Vandals who destroyed and kill'd all that came before them and carried away much plunder of Goods and Cattle out of the Countrey In the year 1300. there hapned a fearful Earthquake almost all over Europe thereupon followed an unusual dry Summer with extraordinary heat so that in Denmark and the small Islands men scarcely knew where to find any fresh water in any place And in Italy there arose such a fearful civil warr and dissention between two Princely Families called the Guelphs and Gibilines that it had neer ruin'd whole Italy It will be needless to write any thing more out of History concerning Earthquakes and what remarkable things have always ensued for from those many that are Recorded it may sufficiently be seen that Earthquakes signify no great good to Countreys and Kingdoms but God by his Almighty power can divert much evil A Theological conclusion with some instructions out of the Holy and infallible word of God what Earthquakes do signifie and teach unto us NOw when we enter into the Sanctuary of God that is into his Holy and infallible Word and there seek and enquire diligently for right instructions concerning Earthquakes then we shall receive this information viz. That God did create the world at first that it should be and remain fixt and unmoveable concerning which the Scripture giveth this testimony 1 Chron. 16. 30. Fear ye the Lord all the earth the world also shall be stable that it be not moved And also Psalm 89. 12. and 102. 25. In fundasti terram Thou hast laid the foundation of the earth and all that is in it Also Psalm 104. 5. Who laid the foundations of the earth that it should not be removed for ever Also Prov 3. 19. The Lord by wisdom hath founded the earth And Isai 48. 13. Mine hand also hath laid the foundations of the earth From whence and other the like Oracles of the wholly Scripture we may cleerly discern and understand that God did not create the earth so loose and unfixed in the beginning that it should shake tremble and quake but always to remain steady and unmoveable 2 Pet. 3. 5. But when the Earth contrary to the fixed nature of its Creation shall tremble quake and shake then there must certainly be some extraordinary and important causes of it whereof the Holy Scriptures more especially intimateth two which moveth God to permit and produce such great and terrible Earthquakes namely First When the wickednesse of men is great upon the earth and the earth is corrupt and filled with violence Gen. 6. 5 11 13. Then is the Righteous and just wrath of God provoked to move the earth himselfe and cause her to tremble thereby to destroy men yea even the earth it self also Gen. 6. 13. By removing the Mountains and they know not which he overturneth in his anger when he causeth the earth to be shaken out of its place that the pillars thereof do tremble as Job speaketh chap. 9. 5 6. Concerning which the Holy scriptures do give this further testimony Exod. 15. 12. when thou strechedst out thy right hand the earth swallowed them Psal 18. 7. The earth shook and trembled the foundations also of the Hills moved and were shaken because he was wroth And Psal 104. 32. He beholdeth the earth and it trembleth he toucheth the Mountains and they smoak And concerning such Earthquakes the Prophet Isaiah teacheth thus Chap. 13. 13. The earth shall be removed out of her place by the fury of the Lord of Hosts in the day of his fierce anger And chap. 24. 18 19 20. The foundations of the earth do shake the earth is utterly broken down the earth is clean dissolved the earth is moved exceedingly the earth shall reel to and fro like a drunken man And Isai 29. 6. Thou shalt be visited of the Lord of Hosts with Thunder and with Earthquakes and with great noise with storms and tempests and with the flame of a devouring fire Also Nahum 1. 5 6. The mountains quake at him the hills melt and the earth is burnt at his presence c. Now where God in his wrath hath thus shaken the earth there her inhabitants might very well sigh deeply and pray with David in Psal 60. 2. O God thou hast made the earth to tremble thou hast broken it heal the breaches thereof for it shaketh Secondly when God hath been about to do some extraordinary thing upon the earth or make any remarkable alteration in Countreys and Kingdoms the Holy Scriptures do testifie that it is made known by preceding Earthquakes as by so many prodomos or Harbingers As for example when God himselfe descended down after an especial manner upon mount Sinai and there gave his wholly Law to the Isralites for the direction of themselves and of the whole world Then did the whole Mount greatly quake Exod. 19. 18. And when God brought his people out of Egypt though Moses hath not recorded that any Earthquake hapned then yet the Holy Scriptures do show that it was not done without a notable Earthquake by which the red Sea was divided in that place that the children of Israel went through and was so dry for the space of about sixty miles as the Tables of Cosmography do shew that the Israelites could go thorow dry-shod Exod. 14. 21 22. As Deborah the Prophetesse and Judge and Barack the son of Abinoam the Captain do testifie concerning this in their song of praise Judg. 5. 4 5. when the Lord went out of Seir and marched out of the fields of Edom the earth trembled and the mountains melted from before the Lord. And with this agreeth that of Asaph

the mouth of the hole in the top of it was choakt by the smoak and damp of the said fire and lost his life In Sycillia there is also such a Mountain called Etna which in old time was and is yet much spoken of for its continual casting up of fire and brimstone whose fire is only seen at nights and nothing but smoak a days except when it breaks out very vehemently then the fire may be seen day and night In the year 1537. the same Mountain cast up a great piece of burning Brimstone into the Air which fell down again in several places in pieces and spoiled the adjacent Countreys Woods and Villages The precedent year namely 1536. the 22. of March did this Mountain of Etna begin to cast out a most terrible fire so that the whole Countrey was amazed and trembled at it and there was such a dreadful Earthquake with a crackling and ratling noise that many dyed for very fear and the ashes which that same fire cast up cover'd over not only Sycillia but also Calabria a Province in Italy like a great Snow The Learned Philosopher Empedocles was choak't and destroy'd by this mountains fire and smell when he to satisfie his curiosity concerning the nature and qualities thereof went too neer the hole Philosophers give the reason and cause of such wonderful and continual burnings to be this viz. That the Earth is hollow in many places within it selfe as shall be further declared in the fourth chapter and is full of Brimstone Bitumen and other kind of substances which can feed the fire As also unslakt Lime and Water by which the subterraneous fire is easiest and oftnest kindled Now the fire cannot burn except it have Air or as we may say a breathing place And therefore it is thought that Therma or those hot Baths that are found in several Countreys must be certain Spiracula or breathing holes by which the subterraneous fire doth in some kind get air unto it and when the air by what means soever it be gets into the hollow places in the earth where the fire is Then that fire increaseth into a flame and maketh burning coals or living Embers as it were even in the innermost parts of the earth Therefore it cannot be doubted but there must needs be great and wonderful yet natural Meatus ways or passages in and under the earth through which the heat and flame of the oft named subterraneous fire hath in several places its passage until it gets an open Spiraculum or breathing hole through such flaming mountains Here it is to be noted that those flaming mountains do not burn always alike outwardly but sometimes more and sometimes lesse for such reasons as this When the Hiatus or hole which is above in the mountain is stopt with any kind of stuff so that the fire is smother'd and cannot have its free air or breathing-place then it goes out though not quite but burns notwithstanding below in the earth and only sends forth some few sparkles or small flame and sometimes nothing but only smoak and a stinking burnt damp smell above the earth which sheweth that the fire below in the earth is not dead or wholly quenched but burns and works faintly under the earth as long as till either the former hole opens again or it cannot break through and make another Hiatus or breathing hole and then breaks out afresh again with so much the greater power and vehemence not without doing great mischief and dammage to the adjacent places as is afore declared Now from hence may any man sufficiently understand and observe that by the power operation and force of such fire in and under the earth there must needs be a boyling working distilling and changing of several Minerals and Metals especially considering that the Sun with the rest of the Planets have also their influence and do work effectually under the earth and this must needs be no small cause of great and terrible Earthquakes How Minerals and Metals are wrought decocted and prepared by nature under the Earth shall be handled in the following chapter CHAP. III. Concerning several Minerals Metals and substances in and under the earth and how they are wrought and changed TOuching Minerals which are wrought by nature below in the earth it is according to Physical judgement thus When any dry substance in and under the earth mixeth it selfe with any wet or moist substance by what means soever it hapneth whether by the Airs Fires or Waters passage under the earth and the same mixture either by the powerful influence of the Planets or by the heat of the oft named subterraneous Fire and warm waters is decocted and well boiled together then there is produced a Mineral according to the nature of the substances which are mixt together Also when the subterraneous waters in their several passages or courses under the earth do happen to cover over soak or steep any kind of mettal so long that they do contract gather a thickness to themselves from it and become like unto troubled waters above the earth and the same waters afterwards comes where the fire is or the heat of the subterraneous fire doth penetrate and force it selfe through to the same waters then there is boiled of that water a certain moist substance or matter which in time comes to be a hard and solid Mineral according to the nature of that mettal which the waters did so cover soak or steep and from which it had gathered its quality or thickness under the earth Moreover when such thick troubled and changed subterraneous waters continue long in a place without motion then that quality with which it is so thickned mixt or changed settles it self to the bottom as any thick and troubled water naturally doth where it remains and when the water gets any kind of passage out it runs away and that which is left behind in the bottom is dryed and hardned by the power and influence of the Sun and Planets and also by the subterraneous air or heat wrought into a Mineral suitable to the nature and quality of that from whence the subterraneous waters that are run away had gathered and received its thickness And this may now be more easily apprehended and understood by the following examples When the waters have their courses and passage through that earth which is full of Copper and such like Ore and covers soaks or steeps it so long and often that it becomes thick and muddy and its nature throughly altered and changed or infected by the quality thereof And the same waters afterward by the heat of the fire or the power and influence of the Planets is boyled and distilled in the earth then it becomes a Succus or natural green moist substance whereof being dryed comes the Mineral called Chrysocolla that is Mountaingreen and Virdigrease In like manner when the subterraneous waters covers over soaks or steeps pyriten aerosum friabilem that is a rusty Firrstone