which are worthy of illustrious persons P. Doth it cost his Highness of Wirtemberg much to maintain the Professors and Masters of exercises which you now mentioned G. More then you think but that expense is not considerable in comparison of the glory which redounds from thence This Colledge and this University are the Pearls which do wonderfully set off the Crown of this Duke For although he be exceedingly at his ease though he have whatsoever he can wish though the delight of Hunting never fail him though every day present him some new delicacies made or growing upon his own Territories yet he would be much less spoken of in Forain Countreys if Eberhard the Wise had not founded that University if Christopher the Prudent had not projected this Colledge if Lewis the Pious had not built it if Frederick the Magnanimous had not endowed it if John Frederick the Peaceable had not preserved it and if Eberhard the Constant had not raised it to a higher point for the good of the Princes Lords and Gentlemen of the Empire P. Are none admitted into this Colledge but persons of quality G. This Colledge would not be illustrious if all sorts might be promiscuously received into it And these Princes having erected it for the education of persons of noble extraction they have thought it convenient to exclude those that are not Gentlemen born to the end that whilest there is none there but such as are obliged to aspire unto an eminent vertue and that have worthy Predecessors to imitate there may be nothing seen but such examples as may give furtherance to young Lords in the purfâ—â— of that mark they aim at Nevertheless it is sufficient qualification for the Masters and Governors of Great men to be modest knowing and pious P. I would gladly know in what manner they live in this Colledge G. Order being the essential principle of all Societies Laws have been made that appoint every one what he is to do and what he is to avoid These Rules are read unto such as enter into the Colledge to remain there and they all promise and engage before the President of the Colledge to observe them except great Lords who are not bound to those Laws but so far forth as decency and the command of their Parents enjoyns them to obey their Governors who are responsible for them and are themselves subject to the Laws which are extreme easie and require nothing of any man but what he cannot well omit without running counter to honour and honesty P. This Institution is worthy of such Princes But is the Dutchy of Wirtemberg so great that it can maintain this Colledge and the University of Tubing without incommodating the Prince G. This Countrey is not so considerable for the extent as for the goodness of the Soil and number of Lordships in which they reckon 63. Cities 158. great Towns 645. Villages 537. Water-mills and 14. Abbeys of large Revenue Before the War this Duke could have brought together 24000. men in 24. hours and at this time he hath a fair Militia afwell of Horse as Foot and many Fortresses whereof Schocenderf Habsperg Anach and Neïf are indifferent good and Hoheuvilz one of the best in Germany P. Do me the favour to acquaint me further with the Priviledges and Alliances of this Prince G. There is no Prince in Germany that hath more noble priviledges then this Duke Not one of his subjects can appeal from his Justice And for that purpose he hath a Presidial Court at Tubing composed of five Gentlemen four Doctors and as many Burgers who give definitive judgement upon all controversies that happen between his Highness Subjects both in Civil and Criminal causes also a Consistory formed of certain Divines and other grave persons who are skilful in matters Ecclesiastical and such as have any relation to the Spiritual as Marriages and Adulteries He hath other Councels also for affairs of State and of the Exchequor As to your demand touching the Alliances of this House I find that anciently the Males married Marchionesses of Brigan Dutchesses of Lernigen daughters of Kings of Poland and of Emperors Dutchesses of Bavaria Milan Savâ—y and Cleve Since they were Dukes Eberhard I. married Barbarâ— of Gonzage Eberhard II. Elizabeth Marchioness of Brandenbourg Vlrick Sabius daughter to Albert the Wise Duke of Bavaria Christopher Anne Mary Marchioness of Brasdenbourg Lewis Dorothy Vrsula Marchioness of Baden and Vrsula Princess Palstine Frederick had Sibyll Princess of Anhalt for the conservatress of his House John Frederick took Barbara Sophia Princess Electoral of Brandenbourg for an assistant and admirer of his Magnificence and Eberhard III. had Anne Catherine Rhingravess for the comfortress of his displeasures in the time of the War and Mary Dorothy Sophia Countess of Ottinguen for a partner of his felicity in the time of peace with whom he lived in such perfect union and harmony that it seemed as it were a taste upon earth of the life hereafter in Heaven P. Hath this Prince no children G. He had 14. by his first wife and hath still nine of them very sweet lovely persons The five Princesses speak French and dance as if they had been bred at Paris The eldest son John Frederick is excellent for horsemanship and at his Weapon William Lewis Frederick Charles and Charles Maximilian are but young but they carry in their countenances such characters of generosity as easily perswade me they will one day make the vertues of their bravest Ancestors live again P. Methinks you are very much addicted to this House and yet you do not tell me that one of the younger sons of Frederick the Magnanimous had Weiltingen and Brents and the youngest of all Monbeliard Ericourt Granges Horbourg Richeville and their appurtenances which give him a voice in the Diets of the Empire and almost all the Nobility in the Franche-County and Burgundy hold of him in Fee Also that this Princes Lands depending upon the Empire enjoy the same right that the Dutchy of Wirtemberg doth and that the eldest Son had the Dutchy entire and left it undivided to his eldest Son G. I have elsewhere said that the right of Primogenitute takes place in this House And since you are not satisfied with what I have told you hitherto you ought to know that the four daughters of Frederick the Magnanimous were married to John George I. Elector of Saxony John George Marquis of Zeguerendorf Frederick Marquis of Baden and Francis Julius Duke of Lower Saxony which are high Alliances The sons of Lewis Frederick Prince of Monbeliard are married the eldest to Sibyll Dutchess of Wirtemberg and the younger to Anne of Coligny Dutchess of Chastillon The younger son of Julius Frederick married a Countess of Aldembourg and the eldest a Dutchess of Mansterberg who brought him is dowry the Principality of Ols in Silesia Vlrick a younger son of the present Duke was General of the Forain Horse for the Spaniard in Flanders where he took to Wife Isabell
you may be sure not to repent your self forasmuch as the people of Sienna are highly courteous and friendly to strangers and Rome being the Epitome of the world there is more to be seen there then in any City of Europe P. Tell me likewise if you please which are the Provinces and Cities of France where they speak French the best G. There is no Province in France where men of knowledge do not express themselves passably well both in speech and writing but in many parts of France the Natives are forced to learn the words and rules of their language as well as strangers Therefore if you desire to know where I think they speak French purely I shall tell you it is in the Parliament of Paris where the Judges and Advocates study to utter nothing in publick but what may distinguish them from the vulgar and at Court where every one speaks excellently well except some who being willing to please forain Ladies bring in a new way of pronunciation when those Ladies are troubled to pronounce some word right P. I make no doubt but the Presidents of Paris who are members of the most illustrious Parliament in the world express their sentiments in perfection and no less that Courtiers endeavour to excel in all things But is it of absolute necessity for one to continue in Paris or at Court if he would learn the French language well G. If it were necessary to follow the Court or abide in Paris to learn to speak French very few would speak it perfectly because expenses at Paris are so great and most strangers having been pinched by the late Wars are forced to be good husbands and be content with a little P. I am more sensible then I would be of the incommodities of the last War and doubt not but the greatest Lords are forced to retrench their expenses but seeing it is not possible for me to be long at Court what City in France is the most convenient for my purpose and in what Province may I spend some time at the easiest rate G. Before the War every thing was cheap throughout all the Kingdom but now I conceive that as the Provinces lying in the heart of the Countrey feel less incommodity from the Souldiers then those upon the frontiers so they have greater plenty of provisions and may afford them better cheap Thus the Cities that are situate upon the river Loire may give you the satisfaction you desire because the language there is pure the people civil and all things at reasonable rates P. The Maps place this River almost in the middle of France and the head thereof rising in the mountains of Auvergne it washes the walls of many fair Cities from Roane down to the Ocean Sea and by a course of above 150. leagues passes by Marsilly Nevers Desise Sully Orleans Blois Amboise Tours Saumur Pont-de-Cé and Nantes so that if you do not specifie the City or Cities which are most proper for my design I shall believe they are all so and be in perplexity how to make choice of the most convenient G. Considering your humour I judge that Saumur and Anger 's will suit best with you because there are Lords and Gentlemen near those Cities who will take pleasure to show you that of hunting and will also furnish you with Greyhounds Setting-Dogs and Water-Spaniels to course the Hare take Partridge Quail and wild-Duck P. Do they not fly at the Heron too and the Mag-pye G. Yes but it is not ordinary to meet with Gentlemen in France that keep Hawks and there are few that have not some excellent Dogs both for their pleasure and their profit I say for their profit because you shall see some of them that provide their Kitchin with the game they take themselves P. Do you think a young Lord that desires to learn sciences and exercises can spend any time at hunting G. Hunting hath always been the most gentile and the most useful recreation of Princes nor was it ever disesteemed but by those that know not the benefit of it It withdraws great men either from idleness which is the mother of vices or from gaming which is unsuitable to their condition such as Dice and those games whereby much money is lost as Prime and Hoc it makes them strong active and bold and teaches them even to fight and to beat their enemies P. Almost all Princes love hunting and apply themselves to it with great industry because it is a representation of War G. War and hunting have great resemblance and the good huntsman is or may easily become a good Souldier To surprize the Wolf and the Fox you must use a certain subtlety which teaches us to lay ambushes for your enemies to take the wild Boar you should know how to present the Boar-spear to the best advantage just as you do a Pike or a Halbert when two Bodies of Foot come to push a pike and to shoot a Deer and a Hare running or a Partridge and a Quail flying you ought to be as good a marks-man as the best Fuzillier in an army Besides these advantages hunting inures you to endure hunger thirst heat cold rain snow and all the incommodities of the air without which it is impossible to be a good Souldier P. I confess that hunting hardens us to labour and teaches us many things necessary for War but I think I have heard you say that Louis de Camoes the Prince of Portuguez Poets calls hunting furia loca insana and doth exceedingly vilifie huntsmen G. Louis de Camoes is reproved by his Commentator for having spoken very impertinently of the pleasure of Kings and they that would excuse him say that he speaks of none but those that make it their only profession and prefer the pleasure of hunting a Stag or flying at the Heron before the safety of their Subjects and their own Honour However it be Camoes was neither your Master nor your Law-giver and that which he said ought not to hinder you from laying ambushes to take wild beasts of all sorts nor from going a hunting when your mind stands in need of relaxation P. You mean then that after I have spent some hours at my study I should bestow some others upon sports because as a Bow standing too long bent grows weak so the mind when it is too long taken up with contemplation begins to disrellish study if it be not refreshed with some Gentleman-like recreation in the number of which you place Hunting as one of the most agreable to Princes G. It is true but because youth runs so easily down the hill towards pleasures and that our Nature disaffects and loaths the occupation of the mind I would have you hunt as little as possibly you can and that to keep yourself in appetite you would prefer Tennis and Fencing before Hunting for that exercise hath such catching baits and the Princes of your House are so vehemently inclined to that kind of pleasure that we see
it translating all the books that they count worthy of their pains P. There are some that undervalue Translations and endeavour to cast an imputation upon them as pernicious to the Common-wealth being causes of lazyness and negligence G. I know there be some learned men are sorry that an entrance is opened into the Temple of wisdom through an easier door then Greek and Latin But notwithstanding their opinion it is certain that Great men should not be debarred of the knowledge necessary for them under the specious pretenses that the Latin and Greek Tongues will be lost in Germany if men may find Learning in their native Language P. If Prince Lewis hath been fortunate in this commendable enterprize his Countrey is greatly obliged to him For these translations do not forbid any man to look into the Originals being only for such as have not time to learn the Languages which furnish us with books But of what Religion are the Princes of these two Houses G. Duke Francis Herman and Iulius Henry his Father who are at this time the eldest and ruling Princes of Saxon-Lawembourg are turned Catholiques the brethren of the forenamed Iulius Henry are Protestants as also the Prince of Anhalt residing at Zerbst All the rest are of the Reformed Religion and very zealous in it The first sort of these Princes take the title of Dukes of Saxony Hungary and Westphalia the other Princes of Anhalt assume that of Counts of Ascania Lords of Berembourg and Zerbst Lawembourg is a fine place upon the Elbe but the Castle is ruined and the Duke lives at Ratzebourg though he have nothing there but the Castle the City belonging to the Duke of Meklebourg The River of Sala crosses the Principality of Anhalt which makes it no less beautiful then fruitful But the Countrey is very little and the Princes stand in need of a greater estate to exercise the liberality to which they have so strong an inclination P. Liberality is the proper vertue of Princes and I think it were better for a great Lord to be profuse then avaritious G. Every man should take a true measure of his ability and give no more then he can well bear Prodigality hath a semblance of something more noble then avarice hath and really it is less odious nay they that gain by it make it pass for a vertue but perchance it is more prejudicial to posterity and no less dangerous then the other extreme Though a King should give away his whole Kingdom he would not satisfie all that ask no nor all that think they deserve much of him It is then more convenient to give with reason never to draw so near the bottom but that Great men may alwayes have wherewithal to gratifie persons of merit and above all they should take special care that their liberality be exercised without the oppression of the People to avoid murmuring which may produce Rebellion P. There is no need of making Laws against giving too much Princes are not so free and there are not many of them that want a Tutor or Overseer in that kind Let us go forward if you please to that which remains concerning the Princes of the Empire G. Seeing we reserve the Dukes of Savoy and Lorraine and the Princes of Orange for another place we have no more to speak of but the Princes of Montbeliard Henneberg Zolleren Aremberg and East-Frizeland P. Did you not say enough of the Princes of Montbeliard when you were discoursing of the Duke of Wirtemberg G. It is true indeed that the Principality of Montbeliard belongs to the House of Wirtemberg ever since the year 1397. at which time Eberhard the younger married Henrietta heiress of that fair Territory Yet it is good for you to know that the present Prince is son to Lewis Frederick grandchild to Frederick Duke of Wirtemberg who having had many sons gave to his youngest the Counties of Montheliard and Horbourg the Soverainty of Ericourt the Lordships of Blamont Clairval Passevant and Richeville with the Barony of Grangeâ— This Prince hath Salt-pits and Iron-works that yield him great profit and a voice in the Assemblies but hath never a child His younger brother keeps his residence at Horbourg and is married to Anne of Coligny by whom he hath children P. It is said that the Prince of Montbeliard had heretofore a hundred thousand Rix-dollars yearly Rent Pass we on to those of Henneberg G. These Lords have not long had the quality of Prince Their Family was utterly extinguished in the year 1583. and their Principality past into the power of the Dukes of Saxony by vertue of a Confraternity The seat of the old Race was at Eslesunguen where their Sepulchres are yet to be seen and many â—pitaphs that evidence the grandeur of that illustrious House which was in great credit in the time of Charlemagne P. There are few Genealogies to be seen wherein the Counts of Henneberg have not a place But since they are all gone I had rather you should give me an account of those of Hohenzolleren G. The House of Hohenzolleren is a Branch of that of Brandenbourg and so this Prince is Vicar to the great Chamberlain of the Empire and gives the Emperor water to wash when he eats in Ceremony if the Elector of Brandenbourg be not present Ertel Frederick Count of Hohenzolleren was made Prince at the Diet of Ratisbon in the year 1623. and all the eldest brethren of his House bear the same quality The present Prince married the daughter and heiress of the Count Henry of Berg his youngest brother is Gentleman of the Chamber to the Emperor and the middlemost Canon of Collen These Lords have estate enough and might be rich yet they are in bad condition for want of order and good husbandry P. The Princes of Hohenzolleren are of very high extraction and have a very noble habitation at Echingnen where the Castle is magnificent and Hohenzolleren is seated upon the brow of a high hill I would willingly know how those of Aremberg were made Princes of the Empire G. These Princes having performed great services to the House of Austria and specially to the King of Spain were advanced to the highest Commands in the Low Countreys where they were often honoured with the Collar of the Golden Fleece and at last obtained a place among the Princes of the Empire by the favour of the Emperor Maximilian II. Duke Albert son to Robert Duke of Aremberg and Claudina Countess of the Rhine married Mary daughter and heiress to Everard Prince of Barbanson by whom he hath left Octavius who at this day bears the quality of Prince of Aremberg and Isabel married to Vlrick Duke of Wirtemberg This Princess is of incomparable beauty and prudence and the Prince her brother extremely courteous P. Being this House hath its lands and habitations upon the King of Spains Territories you may discourse of it more at large in another place Let us now see that of East-Friseland
sacred Empire The Bishops of Mets Toul and Verdun do also bear the title of Princes of the Empire though they neither send any more to the Diets nor have the same power which formerly they had P. There being so many Lutheran Bishopricks converted into a Secular State I do not think the Protestants have many in their possession G. They have none but Lubeck which belongs to the House of Holstein ever since the year 1547. when Balthasar of Rantzau died When I was in that Countrey John Duke of Schleswick and Holstein was Bishop thereof and laid out the Revenue of his Benefice in doing good to the poor and maintaining Gentlemen that had not means to raise themselves at their own charge That Prince dyed A.D. 1650. and had one of his brothers sons for his Successor young in years but very hopeful This Prelate makes his residence at Eutin a fair seat upon a Lake four leagues distant from Lubeck P. Since you have done with the Benefices in Germany which have suffered some alteration you will be so kind as to speak of the others and to begin with Saltzbourg so much famed for its abundance of Salt which makes that Prelate extraordinary rich and for the situation of the City which puts it into the rank of the fairest and strongest in Europe G. Dignities are not only considerable for the strength riches and beauty of a place but also and more especially for the rank they give unto the persons that possess them The Archbishop of Saltzbourg is Legate born of the Apostolick See he alternates with the Archdukes in the Diets of the Empire and gives place to none but the Electors Paris Count of Ladron was long in possession of this Benefice with great honour and when he dyed made room for Gardobaldi Count of Thurin who comes not behind him either in vertue or magnificence P. There is enough said of the Archbishopricks let us see the Bishopricks G. The Catholick Bishops that still enjoy a seat and suffrage in the Assemblies of the Empire are Bamberg Wirsbourg Wormes Spire Eichstedt Augsbourg Constance Hildesheim Paderborne Munster Osnabrug Passau Strasbourg Frisinguen Liege Trent Brix and Basile of which nevertheless Osnabrug belongs to the Catholicks only by turns and after the death of Francis Count of Wirtemberg a most venerable Prelate who was plenipotentiary of the Ecclesiastical Electors at Munster and gave great proof of his prudence dexterity and magnificence to the satisfaction and with the admiration of all the Assembly I say after his death Ernest Augustus Duke of Lunebourg shall be Bishop of Osnabrug though he be a Lutheran All the rest that I mentioned do absolutely belong to the Catholiques greatly fortifying the Popes authority in Germany and bringing a large Revenue to Rome by the obligation the Prelates have to send thither for their Bulls P. I think I have heard that Prague and Olmuts were Suffragans to the Archbishoprick of Mentz and yet you make no mention of them G. These two Bishopricks were Suffragans to Mentz but afterwards united to make up the Archbishoprick of Prague which sends no Deputy to the general Assemblies of the Empire nor hath any place or voice there no more then the Kingdom of Bohemia And that is the reason why I speak not of them here P. Tell me something in particular of every one of the Bishopricks G. That of Bamberg is the first of the Empire it acknowledges no Metropolitan but depends immediately upon the Pope and its Subjects cannot appeal from the Justice thereof This Bishoprick is of Imperial foundation and the Bishop hath right to receive the Oath which the Electors are to take to the Emperor for their Offices of Great Cup-bearer Great Steward Great Marshal and Great Chamberlain And which is to be admired these Electors were anciently hereditary great Cup-bearers great Stewards great Marshals and great Chamberlains to this Bishop who in that had the same honour the Emperor hath though every one thought it strange to see the greatest Princes of the Empire in the service of a Gentleman He that is Bishop at present succeeded Melchior Otho Voite of Salsbourg and is of the same House that he was of This Prelate is exceedingly well lodged at Bamberg where he hath pleasant gardens and excellent walks of Orange-trees but the City is weak which enforces the Bishop to betake himself unto some other place in the time of Wars P. If I be not mistaken Francis Count of Hasfeld brother to him that was General of the Imperial Forces had this Bishoprick and that of Wirsbourg both together and after his death they were given the one to Melchior Otho Voite and the other to John Philip Schemborne Gentlemen of Franconia G. That is true and Anselm Casimir Elector of Mentz departing this life soon after John Philip Schemborne was put into his place with the general applause of all that know him This Prince is fortifying Wirsbourg Castle which is marvellously well situated upon a lofty rising-ground at the foot whereof runs the river Meyn The City is large and fair entirely Catholique as Bamberg is This Bishop bears the title of Duke of Franconia and it is denyed him by none but the Marquisses of Brandenbourg His Countrey is pleasant and well peopled his Subjects are free from all other Jurisdiction and his Fortress of Konigshoiffen is excellent So that this Prelate is able to assist his friends with great forces if he will make use of his men and his money P. He cannot be poor being both Archbishop of Mentz and Bishop of Wirsbourg But Churchmen do oftentimes think more of enriching their kindred then succouring their friends Let us look upon the rest if you please G. Wormes is the Head and Director of the Circle of the Rhine joyntly with the Prince Palatine of Simeren The City is vast as well as Spire and both of them being fit for nothing but to exhaust the Treasure and employ the Army of him that holds them in time of War the Great Gustavus upon that consideration judged it necessary to dismantle them Spire belonged heretofore to Philip Christopher of Sotteren Elector of Tryer who having fortified Vdenheim a Village upon the Rhine where he had a Castle called it Philipsbourg At present the French have a garrison there which costs the Bishop nothing but may in time of war annoy both him and the rest of his neighbours P. Is not this Elector he whom Ferdinand II. caused to be secured and who after he got out of prison engaged himself to France in a perpetual bond of amity and interest G. The very same who to the great grief of his enemies lived till he was 80. years old and dyed A. D. 1652. He was succeeded in his Electorship by Charles Gaspar de Legen and in his Bishoprick of Spire by a Gentleman called Lotharius Frederick of Meternik P. I think it very reasonable that every great Benefice should have its own Prelate G. And I am of the
those above mentioned but in the form and colour of their Cross and was approved by Pope Celestin III. Afterwards when Ierusalem was taken by Saladin those Knights betook themselves to Ptolemais from whence the Emperor Frederick II. sent them back into Germany and employed them against the Prussians and Livonians who at that time were still Pagans but by the valour and piety of those Knights their souls were brought into subjection to Christ and their bodies to the Order which began that War in the year 1220. A little while after those Knights found themselves Masters of a Countrey of very large extent which obeyed the Order till the year 1525. at which time Sigismond King of Poland gave the Investiture of Prussia unto Albert Marquiss of Brandenbourg In the year 1563. the Great Master became Secular again and took a part of the lands subject to the Order with the name of Duke of Curland And Livonia having been the subject and Theatre of many Wars between the Polanders Muscovites and Swedes these last did at length become Masters of it and have it in possession still So there is no more remaining of the Teutonick Order but some Commanderies scattered here and there in Germany and the Great Master hath the seat of his residence at Manenchal or Morkenthal He is at present the Archduke Leopold William only brother to the Emperor Ferdinand III. P. All things here below being subject to change I do not wonder that the zeal of those first Knights should grow cold and that they like the Templers abused their riches Tell me something of the Abbot of Fulda and the Grand Prior of Germany G. This Abbey is one of the richest and most celebrious in Europe It was founded upon the river of Fulda between the Countreys of Hesse Franconia and Wetteravia by Charlemagne and Pepin Kings of France in the year 744. This Abbot is first of the Empire he is Arch-Chancellor to the Empress calls himself Primate of Gallia and disputes precedence with the greatest Lords They say that heretofore he could raise 60000. men and though there were a Cypher too much in the account he would be yet be too potent for an Abbot who should have no other care but to direct the Monks in the path of vertue by his doctrine and example The Grand Prior of the Order of Malta in Germany is at this time Frederick Landgrave of Hesse brother to him of Darmstadt who was created Cardinal within these few years and when from being a Lutheran he turned Catholick in the year 1636. he was made one of the Great Crosses of Malta by Vrban VIII and a little after being General of the Galleys of that Order for an Essay of his prowess he entred with five Galleys into the Port of Carthage at Goletta and came out again in spite of the Turkish Canon which continued playing upon him as thick as hail each of his Galleys towing one of Caragoges the great Pirates Ships at her Stern the biggest whereof carried forty pieces of Ordinance and as many Murderers That action got this young Prince a great deal of honour amongst the Knights of his Order two hundred whereof were partners in his fortune and admirers of his resolution P. The Landgraves never do any dishonourable thing and if this Prince had pursued his point and continued in the warlike profession he had cut out work for the common Enemy of Christians Let us see the rest if you please G. The Abbey of Murbach whereunto that of Luders is united because they have both suffered the injury of the times was once so potent that it could maintain 1260. Horse It was founded in the mountains of Alsatia by Eberhard Duke of Almaine now called Swaben to the honour of St. Landegat one of his Ancestors These two Abbeys are at this time in the possession of the Archduke Leopold William The Provost of Elvang is usually chosen out of the body of the Chapter of the Provostship the Canons whereof are Gentlemen He is rich and well lodged in a Castle situate upon a high ground near the City of Elvang Corbay is an Abbey in Saxony so called because St. Adelar Cousin to Charlemagne Abbot of Corbie in Picardy was the Founder thereof in the year 822. and since that time it hath produced great personages Prum had the honour within its own walls to see Lotharius son to the Emperor Lewis the Debonaire change a Crown for a Monks Cowl And Stabel is an Abbey in the Bishoprick of Liege All these Prelates go before the Secular Princes P. I think there are some Prelates that come behind the Secular Princes and though they sit in the Assemblies have no voice there but in Body as the Counts have G. Those Prelates are three and twenty in number and fourteen Abbesses to wit of Quedlimbourg Essen Hermord Nidez and Obermunster at Ratisbon of Lindau Herenroda Buchau upon the Lake Federsic Rotemmunster near Rottevil Hagbaen Guttenzel Beind Dandelan and Gunderthem These Ladies have right to sit in the Assemblies but for the decorum of their Sex they are excused from coming thither in person and yet are obliged to send their Deputies The Prelates do all bear the quality of Abbot Provost or Bailiff and are so rich and powerful that if their Revenue were well employed they might justly strike a terror into all those that would meddle with them P. I know the power of the Churchmen in Germany is too too boundless and it may be their riches gave occasion to the Princes to make themselves Masters of a part of the good things which they abused G. Although the errors which were crept into the Church and the depraved conversations of Churchmen were the first motive of those changes that hapned in the last age nevertheless it is certain that if that had not been some other cause would have been found out to abate the Revenues of Priests which were every day encreased by ways unjust and violent P. How did the Churchmen come to be so prodigiously wealthy G. The piety of the ancient Christians began that which the avarice of the Priests hath accomplished and to speak more clearly Christians of every condition seeing men of the Church afflicted beaten and martyred for the Gospels sake gave them both in their life-time and left them after their deaths a part of their Estates either upon money lent out for their use or upon lands set at a perpetual rent or upon other goods After which Priests went on even to excess and by Legacies in Wills and Testaments got Dutchies Counties Baronies Fiefs Castles Rent-charges as well as Services and Fee-farm-rents and Houses both in City and Countrey by which means Successions fell to them on every side and so they purchased exchanged negotiated with the Revenue of their Benefices employing the profits thereof to compass other estates which being in their hands became exempt and free of all charge It was that vast enriching of Church-men which made
appearance there then his fellow it hapned at the three and twentieth Turnament which was held at Darmstadt in the year 1403. that the Gentlemen of Franconia and those of Hesse drew so much blood upon one another that there remained dead upon the place seventeen of the former and nine of the latter And yet some have been celebrated since but either that jealousie or the wars which suffer not men to think on such pastimes or other causes to me unknown have absolutely banisht those Exercises by means whereof the Nobility was powerfully attracted to vertue and obliged to accomplish and perfect themselves in all kind of Chivalry P. I believe that as none but Illustrious or Noble persons entred into those Turnaments the number also of the Knights and Squires was limited G. They confined the number of parties allowed to appear for fear it might otherwise grow too great and to avoid the confusion which would arise from too many Masters and Servants For that cause and in regard every mans charges were born there besides that they would admit no new Nobility no Bastard no Usurer none guilty of High Treason no Oppressor of Widows and Orphans none born of Parents whereof one was of base extraction and ignoble no Heretique Murderer Traytor no Coward that had run away from the Battel nor indiscreet person that had given offence to Ladies by word or deed they did also refuse to admit more then one of the same Family at a time Princes came into the Lists with four Squires apiece Counts and Barons with three a Knight with two and a Gentleman with one P. It may be those Exercises will be set up again in their pristine honour and in case that should come to pass I would gladly know what a man should do to be admitted thereunto and how he ought to behave himself being come into the Lists G. The place and hour for the Turnament being resolved they that had a desire to break a Lance there came thither at the time appointed and went to the Presidents Lodging to have their names written down which was done in the presence of three Heralds to whom the Champion delivered his Helmet and Sword and after he had been at Confession he presented himself in the Lists with one two three or four Squires according to the quality of the persons The horses of the Combatants were to be without fault or exception the Caparisons and furniture such as to give no offence their Saddles without any extraordinary raising before or behind and all equal After which they performed all kind of exercises on horseback and when the Jousts were ended every man repaired to the President of his Nation to wait for the sentence of the Judges And he that had best deserved the Prize received it either from the hand of some Lady or from the Prince that gave it P. If the Emperor should ever have a desire to see the skill and sufficiency of his Nobility in that way I would endeavour to make one there and though that should never come to pass I will howsoever take pains to make my self a good Horseman Now since we have discoursed enough concerning Turnaments tell me what you know of the Cities of the Empire G. All the Cities of Germany are either free or subject or partly free and partly subject Those of the first sort acknowledge none but the Emperor are Estates of the Empire and participate in the right of Soverainty the second depend upon Princes Lords and Gentlemen give respect to their Orders and obedience to their Justice the last are those which having been subject have obtained some priviledges from the Emperor from their Princes or by their swords And though they be almost Free yet have they neither voice nor place in the Assemblies nor do they quietly enjoy their pretended priviledges These Cities being rich and potent make bad use of their power endeavouring to shake off the yoke of obedience which they owe to their Masters to whom they give very little respect but try their uttermost to make themselves Imperial Cities Such are Brunswick Erfort and Embden which have evermore some matter or other of dispute the first with the Duke of Brunswick the second with the Elector of Mentz and Embden with the Princes of East-Friseland P. I imagine that the Cities belonging to Princes are neither so wealthy nor so fair as the Imperial G. That rule doth not alwayes hold There are some Imperial Cities to he found of no great consequence as Fridberg Aalen Weiler Gueminde Biberac Dunkelspiel and several others on the the contrary there are divers Cities subject to Princes surpassing in beauty magnificent in buildings and considerable for riches as Munchen Ingolstadt Dresden Wirsbourg Mentz Magdebourg Bamberg Stutgards and Lunebourg but they have not the same right which those lesser places we last mentioned enjoy P. I have often heard say that the Cities of Germany are neither so ancient nor of so fair structure as in other Countreys G. Many good Antiquaries assure us that the Cities on the East-side of the Rhine were built about the time of the Emperor Henry I. but those very Authors say that the City of Trier is one of the Ancientest in Europe and that Strasbourg Wormes and Spire flourished before the time of Julius Caesar As for the beauty and number of Cities our Germany yields to no Province in Europe The Italians who for the most part undervalue all that is on the other side of the Alpes from them cannot deny us that prerogative anst John Botero confesses that for that matter we may give them fifteen and a bisque using these words to that purpose I Thedeschi avanzano di gran lungai Romani And I am sure that the Constable of Castille who to disgrace the greatness and magnificence of Paris told Mareschal d'Ornano that he had left behind him the fairest Cities in Christendom would have changed his opinion if he had seen Germany and been forced to acknowledge in his heart though according to the Spanish vapours he would not have exprest it with his mouth that there is nothing in Spain equal to Antwerp Amsterdam Hambourg Collen Nuremberg Strasbourg Erfort and Augsbourg P. If the Cities of Germany excell all others in beauty then they are inferior to them in nothing for Bocalini esteems them without comparison richer then those in other places when he saith that Laurence de Medicis going about to weigh them the balance wherein he had already weighed all the Estates of Christendom broke not being able to bear so great a burthen But I suppose the houses of Great men are not so embellished in Germany as in Forain Countreys G. I pray be of another mind for when you have seen all Europe you will confess that the Cities and Castles where the Princes and Prelates of Germany make their residence are so stately in buildings so delicious in gardens so artificial in Grots so abounding in Fountains flowers fruits and
1607. at which time the Burgers endeavouring to hinder the Catholiques from burying a Corps with the ceremonies of the Church of Rome it incurred the Imperial Ban or Proscription which was executed by the Duke of Bavaria who brought it into subjection and holds it still under his Laws Dunkelspiel hath been so often taken and re-taken in the last Wars that it will carry the marks thereof a great while Eslinguen is a pretty Town upon the Neckar within the Dutchy and under the protection of the Duke of Wirtemberg to whom it sends every first day of the year a hundred Florins of gold in a green velvet purse for the honour he doth them in being their Protector P. If I be not mistaken this City hath been honoured with the celebration of some Turnament G Not with a Turnament only but also with an Imperial Diet And produces great store of excellent Wine Francfort which was anciently called Tentoburgum and Hellenopolis signifies the passage or Ford of the Franks and was so termed because it served them for a retreat when they went into and came back from Gaule This City is renowned for its Fairs for the Article of the Golden Bull which ordains that the King of the Romans should be chosen there for its Fortress and for the river of Mein which parts it into two Towns whereof one retains the old name and the other is called Saxenhausen P. You have told me elsewhere that that clause of the Golden Bull is not observed and that many Kings of the Romans have been elected in other places G. That is true but yet the Town is very considerable for all that The Religion professed there is of two sorts and the Jews drive a great Trade amongst them Fridberg a very small City in Wetteravia had not above 60. Burgers when I passed that way but it hath great priviledges There is a Castle near it the Lords whereof are called Burgraves Guemunde which seems to signifie Gaudia Mundi the joys of the world in regard of the Turnaments or other pastimes which the Lords of Swaben have heretofore given their friends there is entirely Catholique and an Imperial City since the death of Conradine who was beheaded at Naples Gostar a City of Hircynia was fortified in the year 1207. The Castle is called the Imperial Palace and the Town the Royal City because the Kings of Germany were wont to make their aboad there and some Emperors have honoured it with their residence Guelnehausen after the same manner as Fridberg hath City and Castle and place in the Assemblies though the Electors Palatine use their utter most endeavour to bring it under their subjection P. I wonder how these petty places are able to maintain their liberty G. They are supported by others and the Emperor would not willingly see Princes make themselves Masters of them Haguenau a City of Alsatiâ— is Head of a Bailywick that comprehends the Imperial Cities of Colmar Selestad Weissembourg Landau Oberhenheim Rosherim Munster in the valley of St. Gregory Keichersberg and Turgkeim This Bailywick was given to the most Christian King with its appurtenances and the right which the House of Austria had to it heretofore This City was very much a favourite to the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa who caused it to be walled about after he had built a house there for himself and six for the principal Gentlemen belonging to his Hunting which the Lords of Flekenstein Durcheim and some others do still hold in Fee of the Empire P. I think the Lords of Durcheim are your kinsmen G. Margaret of Rottembourg a Gentlewoman of a very ancient family in Lower Alsatia was married to John Albert of Anweil of which marriage came Anne Margaret of Anweil my wife by whose means I find my self allied to the Houses of Anweil Rottembourg Scheling Welward Spest Durcheim Stursel Dalbourg Bernehausen Flekenstein Stein and many others But this is besides our purpose Hambourg situate upon the Elbe where the reflux of the Sea makes a good Port is one of the richest Cities in Germany the greatest in Vandalia and the best fortified in Europe It doth ordinarily maintain a thousand Souldiers and for a time of necessity it hath 15000. Burgers listed in fifty Companies Trade is exceeding quick there by reason of the river which joyns it to the Sea and a multitude of Portuguese Jews who have liberty of conscience there This City hath been subject to several Lords but at last it is become free notwithstanding all that the Duke of Holstein could do or the King of Denmark who hath built Glugstadt and a Fort in the river to annoy and incommodate the City of Hambourg P. The neighbourhood of the Swedes may entrench much upon their liberty G. The Crown of Sweden hath the possession of Stade near the river of Elbe and the King of Denmark hath Glugstadt on the other side of the same river So that if those two Kings should conspire to ruine Hambourg it would be in great danger but it is sheltered under the jealousie that is between those two Crowns Although this City be indeed so prodigiously rich that if the Kings should agree together it is probable the Senat would be able to guard themselves and preserve their liberty by the expense of their Treasure And questionless if Hambourg make good use of its own strength and the friendship of those that are concerned for its preservation it hath no cause to fear For the King of Denmark and the Duke of Holstein apprehending the Swedes will be always glad to fortifie themselves by the good affection and forces of Hambourg and Lubeck which are as so many Bulwarks to their States P. Is Lubeck also in the entrance of the Cimbrique Chersonese G. These Cities are not far distant from one another They have the same interest and are powerful Hambourg upon the Ocean and Lubeck upon the Balthique Sea in the entrance of the Cimbrique Chersonese which contains the Dutchies of Holstein Schleswick Stormar and Dithmarsh with the Countrey of Jutland The City of Lubeck was built by Adolph Count of Holstein in the time of the Emperor Conrade III. and a little after it was taken by Henry Leo Duke of Bavaria and Saxony who founded a Bishoprick there as I have read over the Gates of the Castle of Eutin the place where the Bishop resides After the death of that Henry it returned to its first Master and passed from him into the power of Canute King of Denmark but the Danes being overcome in the time of the Emperor Frederick II. it became an Imperial City and enjoys that priviledge to this day When it began it was of no great consequence but now it is large fair and potent by land and by water too the river Drave encreasing its Trade and giving it opportunity to put great store of shipping to Sea P. If the King of Denmark had the command of these two Cities it would enable him to attempt upon his neighbours
For I have heard say that Hambourg hath a vast Revenue and that these two Cities can set out above 200. Ships G. No man hath every thing that he desires and few Countreys have all that they stand in need of one wants Corn another Wine a third Salt or something else But now we speak of Salt Hall in Swaben hath three Salt-pits where they make a great quantity Haïlbrun is an Imperial City and yet pays the Tenth of its Wine and Grain to the Duke of Wirtemberg Kaufbegeren was so called because it bought its liberty for 15000. Livres of the Emperor Conrade II. Landau seated near the mountain Vogesus on the French side of the Rhine was mortgaged by the Emperor Lewis of Bavaria and afterwards redeemed and enfranchised by Maximilian I. Lindau was heretofore a Convent then a Village and at last a City subject at first to the Lady Abbesse afterwards to the Duke of Swaben and finally to the Emperor who hath given it the priviledge of coyning money This City stands upon an Island in the Lake of Constance and is joyned to the firm-land by a bridge 290. paces long P. This place is exceeding strong being so remote from land G. I believe it is and indeed the Swedes hovered thereabout in vain watching to have surprised it Meminguen is very ancient and at this time well known for the Almanacks of Schoret Mulhausen is abundant in Gardinage and Mills become famous also for the folly of Thomas Muncerus who preached there exciting the Countrey people to rebellion which occasioned the ruine of many For that Impostor holding forth that all things ought to be common had drawn an infinite number of people from their labour and husbandry P. I have observed in Sleidan that many false Prophets arose about the time that Doctor Luther undertook the Reformation of the Church and that this Muncerus was one of the most seditious G. His folly cost him his head with the lives of Pfeifer his companion and a great many poor wretches more But let us continue to reckon up the Cities amongst which you may take notice that Nuremberg is one of the fairest most priviledged richest and best governed in Europe The Patricians are the chiefest men there and of 42. persons of whom the Senate is composed there are but eight taken out of the Plebeians The new chosen Emperor ought to hold his first Diet there This City keeps many of the ornaments used at the Coronation of the Emperors and there is to be seen the Royal Crown about which there is a Mitre enriched with numberless Diamonds Rubies Emeralds and Pearls and on the forepart thereof a Cross of Diamonds of very great value the Dalmatique Gown of Charlemagne embroidered with huge Pearls the Imperial Cloak set all over with Eagles embroidered the border whereof is full of great Emeralds Diamonds Sapphires and Chrysolites the Buskins covered with plates of gold the Gloves embroidered with precious stones the Ball golden Sceptre and Sword which the Electors bear in Ceremony But there is evermore some jealousie between the Marquisses of Brandenbourg and this City the Burgers whereof have the power to imprison their children and to cast them alive into the river P. That is a strange priviledge indeed and which ought to keep children in the respect they owe their parents G. Nortlinguen is neither so big nor so wealthy but it is peopled with inhabitants perfectly martial and its name is known every where because of the Battel which the Swedes lost there September 6. 1634. Northausen hath often had Imperial Assemblies held in it and Henry Landgrave of Thuringia kept a Turnament there Ratisbon which the Latines anciently called Augusta Tiberia is famous for having as many Churches as there are days in a year and five Estates of the Empire within her walls but more because Diets are often held there and because while the Empire was assembled there General Bannier went thither to make a Bravado in the year 1632. P. It was an act of great confidence but he got very little by it G. Generals do some actions now and then that show more gallantry then judgement and sometimes they meet with a bound and check to their victories before a weak place In the year 1643. the French lost before Rotwil Mareschal Guebriant whose person was more worth to France then the taking of twenty such Towns It is the seat of a Presidial Court and served for a retreat to the Cimbri after they had been beaten by the Romans Reutlinguen is not great but exceedingly priviledged It received Luthers Resormation from the time he began to preach and as Eslinguen it is under the protection of the Duke of Wirtemberg Rottembourg upon the Tauber was put into the number of Imperial Cities after the Reign of Frederick I. Selestadt is one of the Cities within the Bailywick of Haguenau Schweinfort is a fair and strong City and was in the hands of the Swedes when the Peace was made in the year 1648. P. Methinks you forget Spire G. I do not forget it but leave it out in this place because we shall speak of it when we come to treat of the Justice of the Empire Vberlinguen was honoured with the residence of the Dukes of Swaben and is situate upon the Lake of Constance Vlme belonged formerly to the Abbey of Reichenau of which it bought its liberty It is a strong and rich City Vauguis is a small Town of Swaben where there grown excellent red Wine Veissembourg received great priviledges from Dagobert King of France Vecler is a little hole rather then a City the inbitants whereof are good Souldiers and the only Catholiques in the Dutchy of Wirtemberg Veinshein was founded by Vindegast General to Pharamond King of France A.D. 425. Wormes was destroyed by Attila and re-edified by Clovis King of France And Winfelan signifying as much the German word Weibspria because there the Huns committed unheard of cruelties upon that Sex stands within the Dutchy of Wirtemberg upon the Neckar where April 17. 1622. fortune triumphed over valour and Magnus Duke of Wirtemberg died in the Battel wherein also George Frederick Marquiss of Dourlach taught us by his defeat that forces and resolution are not sufficient to gain the victory if God do not give a blessing to them P. Will you not tell me whether there be any difference between the Cities you now mentioned and the Hanse-towns G. Bodin writes that the Hanseatique Cities are Imperial but the greatest part of them are not so Those Cities are 64.80 or 83. which for the good of Trade entred into a Consederation in the time of the Emperor Frederick II. and setled one Staple at London in the year 1250. another at Bruges which a little afterwards was transferred to Antwerp A.D. 1262. The third was established at Novograd a rich City in Russia then at Revel in Livonia and lastly at Nerva and the fourth at Berg in Norway Heretofore the Confederates met once a year
for the money they disbursed in that War and besides such a considerable summe Pomerania which is more worth then Alsatia is left in their hands G. They have not only received that summe and Pomerania but Wismar also a Port of the Baltique Sea the Fortress of Walfisch the Bailiwick of Poel and Neucloster which heretofore belonged to the House of Meklebourg and which is yet more the Archbishoprick of Bremen and Bishoprick of Verden converted into Dutchies together with the City and Bailywick of Wilshausen In all which lands and Principalities the Swedes have Soverain Justice right to erect an University and to set Imposts upon all commodities that enter into go out of or grow within the Countrey by them conquered and possessed So by that Peace the King of Sweden hath gotten the names and titles of Duke of Bremen Verden and Pomerania Prince of Rugia and Lord of Wismar P. You told me before that during the last War the Swedes had more Forces in Germany then the French and I see now they have reaped much more profit make me understand what satisfaction the Heroical Lady of Hesse received G. That Princess which reigned in the hearts of all those that have had the honour to speak with her had too well served the victorious Party to remain without satisfaction It was therefore accorded unto her for her self her son William and their Successors for ever that besides the general clause of the Article Tandent omnes they should enjoy the Abbey of Hirchfeld with all its appurtenances as well Ecclesiastical as Secular as well without as within the Territory of the said Abbey and the right Lordships and demesnes of the Cities and Bailywicks of Schaumbourg Bukembourg Saxenhaguen and Stathaguen which heretofore belonged to the Bishoprick of Minden and 600000. Crowns in money payable at Cassel within nine moneths after the publication of the Peace And for an accomplishment and full measure of satisfaction the Assembly of Munster ratified the transaction between the two Branches of Cassel and Darmstadt made by the mediation of Ernest Duke of Saxon-Gotta April 14. 1649. and the right of Primogeniture in those two Branches P. Those satisfactions were without question of very hard digestion to the contrary party but a good Peace cannot be bought too dear G. The Emperor lost nothing for by giving up his right in Alsatia he made the Kingdom of Bohemia Hereditary to his House But the Spaniards will not easily be able to comfort themselves for that loss because if Alsatia and Lorraine remain in the hands of the French it will be impossible for them to joyn their Forces of Italy with those of the Low Countreys unless they transport them by Sea with great expense and greater danger or through the Territories of others which cannot be done without buying the friendship of those that are not willing to see the formidable forces of Spain united And from hence grows a great advantage to the French by that Treaty P. Methinks I am now sufficiently instructed in that which concerns our Germany But having heard nothing hitherto of the Golden Bull except some words which you have scattered here and there I would gladly hear you discourse more amply of it G. That Bull is the Diamond Nail which holds together these remainders of the Empire and keeps them from dissolution by the wholesome Ordinances which it contains touching the time the place and the persons which ought to concur to the Election of the Emperor the number immunities and preheminences of the Electors the integrity candor and probity which they ought to use in choosing the first Prince of Christendom the order they ought to keep in their Assemblies as well while they accompany the Emperor as in their seats and places and to cut off all occasion of dispute between the Princes of the Electoral Houses the Emperor by that Edict sets down and prescribes the order they are to observe in their successions who ought to be Tutor and Guardian of their sons during their Minority and at what age they are to come out of Wardship Now because Elective Estates have no symptom more dangerous then while they lie under an Interregnum the Bull provides a remedy for that inconvenience ordaining that the Electors Palatine and of Saxony shall be his Majesties perpetual Vicars and shall have the same power after his death or in his absence that the Emperor had while he was living and present Lastly that Bull contains the office of every Elector at the Coronations Processions and publick Feasts of the Emperor P. Methinks in that Bull the Emperor Charles IV. hath had more care of the Electors then of all the Empire besides G. The Electors are the principal Pillars of our State and the Emperor thinking the destruction of the Empire might follow upon their dissension his special aim was to keep them united together by his Ordinance and to provide for the time to come that there should be no disorder in the Election of the Emperors nor in the Succession of the Princes Electors that the septenary number should continue for ever as most proper for an action of so great importance P. Is that Bull of any bigness G. It is a little book the Original whereof bing written in parchment containes 24. leaves and 30. Chapters of which the 23. first were published at Nuremberg the 10. of Ianuary 1356. and the other seven at Mets on Christmas day in the same year by the full power of his Majesty in the presence and with the consent of the most part of the Princes Lords and other Estates of the Empire the Emperor wearing the Imperial Cloak and having the Crown upon his head the Scepter in one hand and the Ball of the Empire in the other P. Why is that little book called The Golden Bull G. The Letters Patents of Emperors Popes and some other great Princes are called Bulls by reason of the seal which gives them their strength and validity Those Bulls or Seals are not alwayes of the same matter nor of the same bigness but according to the importance of the Letters the Seal is greater or less and of different wax or metal The ordinary Letters are sealed with an impression made upon wax the colour and bigness whereof encreaseth either the respect to or the honour of those persons to whom they are directed and those that contain Edicts are sealed with lead silver or gold according to the importance of the Laws which the Prince publishes From hence it was that this perpetual and irrevocable Edict containing the fundamental Laws of the Empire ought to be sealed with his Majesties great seal and not upon wax lead or silver but upon gold to show that as that metal is incorruptible the most excellent of all so the matters contained in that Bull being the principal Laws of the Empire should be preserved there without alteration P. Tell me more particularly of what fashion that Bull is G. The
the vacancie ibid. What every Electors Office is when the Emperor eats in Ceremony and who are their Deputies if they be absent 59. How the Electors lit in the Assemblies 304. What Electors and Bishops are usually chosen out of the Body of the Nobility 256. 257. Younger sons of Electoral Houses precede other Princes in the Assemblies 305. Where the Election of an Emperor or King of the Romans ought to be made 49. whether it be better that Kingdoms be Elective or Successive 53.54 The Emperor is a Monarch 31. Confers no Ecclesiastical Benefices 33. No Emperor crowned at Rome since Charles V. 34. How the Emperors lost the right of choosing Popes 35. The Emperor onely can create Kings 38. The Emperor ought to be of a German Family 52. Of what age a Prince should be when chosen Emperor 57. The difference between the Emperor and King of the Romans ibid. What Emperors have been excommunicated by Popes 288. Whether the Emperor can determine matters where the Estates of the Empire do not agree 310. When the Empire was successive 40. When it became Elective and why ibid. The Estates of the Empire and their priviledges 64. 65. At first all the Estates of the Empire chose the Emperor 41. The House of Este in Italy a branch of that of Brunswick 108. F. Faith to be kept with Heretiques 184. seq Ferdinand III. his several Elections and death 314. Fourteen bloody Fights in Germany from the time of the Swedes entrance till the Peace 322. The Fight of Furts 326 of Lignitz in Silesia ibid. of Rheimfeld ibid. of Wittenvayer in Brisgou ibid. of Kemnitz in Misnia 328. of Wolfenbottel ibid of St. Anthony ibid. of Schweinitz in Silesia ibid. of Dutlinguen in the Dutchy of Wirtemberg 329. of Fribourg in Brisgou ibid. of Merkendal in Franconia ibid. The twelfth thirteenth Fights 330. The Fight of Grawembrouck in the Countrey of Juliers 331. Other Fights lefs bloody 332. Barons of Flekenstein 239. Francfort why so called and wherein considerable 271. What Forces France had in Germany when the Peace was made 336. What recompence the French had by that peace 333. French Commanders in the war of Germany 335. Fridberg 272. Frisinguen a Bishoprick 190. The Fructifying Company its end and progress and by whom established 164. Barons of Fuggers 239. The Abbey of Fulda and its priviledges 193. Counts of Furstemberg their origin c. 231. seq G. Difference between a Gentleman and a Knight 242. Immediate Gentlemen of Germany who 251. Why the Emperor supports them Ibid. The order and government amongst those Gentlemen 252. Their priviledges and advantages 256. seq Causes of the War of Germany 315. seq Gluckstad and the King of Denmarks Fort there 274. Gostar called the Imperial Palace and Royal City 272. Descent of the Dukes of Gotta 88. Death of Mareshal de Guebriant 329. Guelnehausen 272. House of the Guelphes their antiquity and Territories 108. seq The voices branches and Fortresses of that House 111 H. Counts of Habspourg a Branch of the Dukes of Zeringuen 70. When and how Rodolph of Habspourg became Emperor ibid. Haguenau Bailliage in Alsatia given to the French 273. Salt-pits of Hal in Swaben 276. Hambourg its strength and Trade 273. seq Counts of Hanau 234. Hanse-towns and their Commerce 280. 281. Heilbrun 276. Helmestadt an University of the Dukes of Brunswick 113. Counts of Henneberg when they failed 92. How the House of Saxony inherited that of Henneberg ibid. Origin of the House of Hesse 129. Henry of Brabant first Landgrave of Hesse 131. Agreement between him and Henry Marquis of Misnia son the Principalities of Hesse and Thuringia ibid. Lewis Landgrave of Hesse refused the Empire ibid. The vertues and good qualities of the Landgraves of Hesse 132. The Religion and differences between Lewis and Maurce Heads of the two Branches of Hesse-Cassel and Darmstadt 133.139 Hesse-Cassel the elder the richer and hath the precedence 134. Alliances of both the Houses ibid. Frederick Landgrave of Hesse Grand Prior of Malta in Germany his Expedition at Carthage 193. The excellencies of Amelia Elizabeth Dowager of Hesse 134.136 Her Forces when the Peace was concluded 337. The advantages she and heâ— son had by that Peace 339. Hildesheim a Bishoprick of miraculous foundation 187. The Princes of Hochberg and Baden of the same House their agreement and reciprocal Testament 142. Lords of Hobenlohe 235. Counts of Hohenzolleren 169. Origin of the Houses of Holstein and Oldenbourg 148. Dutchy of Holstein its extent Revenues 155. Counts of Horne Subiects to the Dukes of Burgundy their origin 226. The benefits and advantages of Hunting 20.21 I. Assessors of the Imperial Chamber how many and by whom appointed 289. Functions of the Intendents and Superintendents over the Lutheran Pastors and Priests 205.206 Order of Justice in the time of Charlemagne 287. Jutland what quantity of Cattle and horses come yearly out of it 155. K. Kaufbegeren why so called 276. Kempten in Latine Campidunum 270. King of the Romans what authority he hath 49. The Arms and Titles of the King of the Romans 57. Kings should not make a Subject too great 159. Dangerous for Kings to execute their resolutions by halves 162. Difference between a Knight and a Gentleman 242.243 Knights Marianites why so called their progress and difference from the Templers 191.192 Example of Kings that have received Knighthood 243. The cause and Original of the Orders of Knighthood 245. seq How the Emperor makes Knights 246. L. Ladies not unfit to Govern 135. seq The taking of General Lamboy 420. Landau 276. Landgrave Judge of an Inland Province 210. How Landgraves became powerful 211. Landgraves Generals of Foot ibid. What Houses in Germany bear the title of Landgrave 213. Landgraveship no where but in Germany ibid. Usefulness of Foraine Languages 8. where the French Language in best spoken 18. What other Countries use it most 26. Where the Italian Language is the purest 17. Where it is most currant 26. Dukes of Lawembourg and Anhalt their origin and antiquity 157. Religion and titles of the Dukes of Lawembourg 166. Laws that oblige all Germany are made in the General Assemblies 62. League of the French Swedes Hollanders and Princes of Germany against the House of Austria 319. League of the Princes for and with the Emperor ibid. Whether a prince ought to be Learned 115. Counts of Leinneguen 234. The Tragical end of John of Leyden 188. Liege a Bishoprick ibid. Barons or Counts of Limbourg their titles and antiquity 235. Barons of Limbourg Deputies to the King of Bohemia as Great Cup-bearer of the Empire ibid. Lindau 276. Duke of Lorrain considerable for the situation of his Countrey 112. Lubeck its situation by whom built 275. Princes of Lunebourg and their Alliances 113. Who brought the Doctrine of Luther into Denmark 150. Lutheran Princes of Germany 208. Lutheran Cities ibid. Luther was born and died at Eiseliben 235. M. Counts of Mansfield
235. Margraves how they became potent 211. Margraves or Marquisses Generals of Horse ibid. Marquisates of Germany ancienter then in other Countries 212. What Houses still bear the quality of Marquis 213. Matriculation-Roll of the Empire in whose custody 36. Origin of the House of Meklebourg 117. Deprived of their Estates in the last War 118. Restored by the King of Sweden their kinsman 119. What they had in exchange for Wismar ibid. Children and alliances of the two branches of Meklebourg 119.120 Meminguen 277. Elector of Mentz Dean of the Electoral Colledge 46. His voice of greatest weight in the Electoral Classe 305. Two Barons de Mercy brethren both slain in battel by the Duke of Anguyen 330. Minden a Bishoprick secularized 188. Minks and Priests to whom subject 292. Princes of Montbeliard their alliances 127. When the Principality of Montbeliard came into the House of Wirtemberg 167. Counts of Montfort 235. Mulhausen in Thuringia 277. Thomas Muncerus a seditious falfe Prophet ibid. Munster a Bishoprick 188. Murbach Abbey by whom founded 194. N. Origin of the House of Nassau 227. Alliances of the House of Nassau 229. Neuchastel in Suisserland belongs to the Duke of Longueville 143. Nobility in Germany Mediate and Immediate 248. Government of the Immediate Nobility 252. Northausen 278. Nortlinguen famous for the Battel fought there ibid. Nuremberg its Senate and priviledges 277. O. How the word Obey is to be understood in a Monarchy 32. No man is bound to Observe what he cannot reasonably promise 185. The House of Oldenbourg 148. The Counts of Oldenbourg failing by the death of Antony Gunther who inherited his lands 234. Origin of the Princes of Orange 228. Cause and beginning of the Orders of Knighthood 245.246 Several Orders of Knighthood 247. Counts of Ottinguen their branches Religion and alliances 236. P. Paderborne a Bishoprick of miraculous foundation 187. Count Palatine the last secular Elector 46. Elector Palatine first Vicar of the Empire 58. Elector Palatine Judge of the Emperor in case of debt 79. The Palatine House descended from two Emperors now divided into two Branches of different Religion 75. Emperors and Kings sprung out of the Palatine House 77. The power voices and alliances of the Palatine House 80. Palsgrave Chief Justice of the Imperial Palace 210. The death of Count Papenheim 323. Pepin put Childeric the Lazy into a Monastery and made himself King 12. Pepin a German by extraction 14. Pharamond first King of France was Duke of Franconia 11. How Philip II. got the Kingdom of Portugal 72. When Philip the IV. lost it 73. Philipsbourg to whom it belongs 180. Places and provinces left to the Swedes by the peace of Munster 338. When Poland was made a Kingdom 38. How the House of Pomerania fell to Brandenbourg 98. How Popes have diminished the Imperial Majesty 34. When Popes took the title of Universal Bishop ibid. How Emperors lost their right of choosing Popes 85 Popes created or confirmed by Emperors 199 Prague an Archbishoprick hath no voice in the general Assemblies 178. Number of Scholars in the University of Prague 282. Precedence amongst the Princes of the House of Saxony determined 88. Some Prelates have voice in the Assemblies only in Body or by way of Representative 195. Prelates in Germany created by Election or Postulation 202. Why Priests were forbidden all kind of acquisitions 196. Authority of a Prince his greatest support 12. How a Prince may get the reputation of vertuous 13. What books are fit for a Prince to read 24.25 The Princes of the Empire own a dependence on the Emperor 32. What German Princes and Lords are not admitted into the Assemblies of the Empire 65. What Sciences are necessary for Princes 115. Principalities in Germany called Fanslehen and why 78. What the Protestant Princes lost by the Peace at Munster 175. The persons of Protestant Priests subject to the Consistory of their Princes 292. Prum Abbey 194. Q. The Quarters of the Circles of Swaben and their Directors 253. The Quarters of the Rhine and their Directors ibid. The maxime of Quaternions ridiculous 221. Eminent and renowned Queens 137. R Barons of Rapolstein or Ribaupierre 239. Ratisbon for what observeable 278. Recesse or Acts of the Empire how signed and sealed 311. Two Originals of the Recesse where laid up 312. Benefit of the Reformation in Germany and France 96. The Reformation of Luther and Calvin makes Church-men subject to their own Princes 205. Difference between Regalities and Soverainty 66. Great and lesser Regalities ibid. Three Religions allowed in Germany 207. Resolutions of the Diets how signed 311. Reutlinguen 279. The Rhinegraves 236. Rostoch an University of the Dukes of Meklebourg 120. Rottembourg 279. Rotweil where Mareshal Guebriant was slain ibid. S Counts of Salme made Princes 237. Saltzbourg its abundance of Salt 177. Archbishop of Saltzbourg his priviledges ibid. takes place in the Assemblies by turns with the House of Austria 305. Duke of Savoy considerable for the situation of his Countrey 112. Duke of Saxony the third Secular Elector 46. the second Vicar of the Empire 58. The merits of the House of Saxony 82 83. When Frederick the Warlike of Saxony got the Electorship 84. Why Eric V. of Saxon-Lawembourg lost it ibid. How Frederick the Magnanimous lost that Electorship 86. How Maurice of Saxony obtained it whose posterity enjoyes it at this day ibid. The principal Branches of the Electoral House of Saxony 85. Primogeniture not regarded in the House of Saxony 88. Alliances of the present Princes and Princesses of the House of Saxony 90. seq Princes of Saxony their voices in the Assemblies 91. Power of the House of Saxony 92. How the Dutchy of Saxony fell to the house of Lawembourg 110. Counts of Schwartzbourg and their Alliances 236. Schweinfort 279. Selestadt ibid. Counts of Solmes and their Alliances 237. Stabel an Abbey in the Bishoprick of Liege 194. Counts of Stolberg and their arms 237.238 Strasbourg why called Argentina 267. Government armory and other remarkables of Strasbourg 267.268 In what Kingdoms Succession takes place and why 54. The inconveniences of Succession 56. Counts of Sultz call themselves Landgraves of Klegeu 213. Directors of the Circle of Swaben 182 When and how the Kingdom of Sweden was separated from Denmark 249. Progress of the King of Sweden in Germany and his death 320. What money the Swedes had for their charges in the German War 333. What Troops the Swedes had in Germany at the end of the War 334. Swedish Commanders in the German War 335. T. Dukes of Teck descended from the Dukes of Zeringuen 70. Teutonique Order their possessions in Germany 192. The great Master precedes all Bishops 305 Leonard Torstenson a Swedish General his praises 325. Whether Translations of books be useful 165. The benefits of Travelling 6.7 Trent a Bishoprick 190. Tryer the second Ecclesiastical Elector 46. The Elector of Tryer his imprisonment and death 181. Tubing an University of the Dukes of Wirtemberg 122. seq None but