Geography Anatomiz'd Or The Compleat Geographical Grammar Being a Short and Exact ANALYSIS Of the whole Body of Modern Geography after a New and Curious Method COMPREHENDING I. A General View of the Terraqueous Globe Being a Compendious System of the true Fundamentals of Geography Digested into various Definitions Problems Theorems and Paradoxes With a Transient Survey of the whole Surface of the Earthly Ball as it consists of Land and Water II. A Particular View of the Terraqueous Globe Being a clear and pleasant Prospect of all remarkable Countries upon the Face of the whole Earth Shewing their Situation Extent Division Subdivision Cities Chief Towns Name Air Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms Religion Collected from the best Authors and Illustrated with divers Maps The Second Edition much Improv'd and Enlarg'd By PAT GORDON M. A. And Fellow of the Royal Society Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci. Hor. LONDON Printed for Robert Morden and Thomas Cockerill at the Atlas in Cornhill and in Amen-Corner 1699. THE Geographical Grammar IMPRIMATUR Liber cui Titulus Geography Anatomiz'd c. John Hoskyns V. P. R. S. TO The Right Honourable THOMAS Lord Viscount Deerhurst Eldest Son and Heir Apparent of The Right Honourable THOMAS Earl of COVENTRY THIS New Edition of the following Tract of MODERN GEOGRAPHY is with the profoundest Respect Dedicated by Your Lordship's Most Humbly Devoted Servant PAT GORDON THE PREFACE MY principal Design in publishing the following Treatise is to present the younger Sort of our Nobility and Gentry with a Compendious Pleasant and Methodical Tract of MODERN GEOGRAPHY that most useful Science which highly deserves their Regard in a peculiar manner If it be alledg'd That the World is already overstockt with Composures of this Nature I freely grant the Charge but withal I 'll be bold to say That there 's none as yet publisht which is not palpably faulty in one or more of these three respects Either they are too Voluminous and thereby fright the Young Student from so much as ever attempting that Study Or Secondly too Compendious and thereby give him only a bare Superficial Knowledge of Things Or finally Confus'd being writ without any due Order or Method and so confound him before he is aware But all these are carefully avoided in the following Treatise for in framing of it I 've industriously endeavour'd to make it observe a just Mean between the two Extreams of a large Volume and a narrow Compend And as to the Method in which it now appears the same is I presume so Plain and Natural that I may safely refer the tryal thereof to the Impartial Judgment of the Severest Critick To descend to Particulars The whole consists now of Two Parts whereof the first gives a General and the second a Particular View of the Terraqueous Globe Part I. In giving a General View of the said Globe I 've perform'd these five Things viz. 1. I 've illustrated by way either of a Definition Description or Derivation all those Terms that are any ways necessary for the right understanding of the aforesaid Globle as also the Analytical Tables of the following Treatise 2. I 've set down all those pleasant Problems performable by the Terrestrial Globe together with the manner of their performance 3. I 've subjoin'd divers plain Geographical Theorems or self-evident Truths clearly deducible from the foregoing Problems 4. I 've advanc'd some Paradoxical Positions in Matters of Geography which mainly depend on a thorough Knowledge of the Globe and are equally certain with the aforesaid Theorems though many of them may possibly appear to some as the greatest of Fables Lastly I 've taken a Transient Survey of the whole Surface of the Terraqueous Globe as it consists of Land and Water as its sole constituent Parts This is the Substance of the first Part and before I proceed to the Second I must here desire the Reader may be pleas'd to observe these two Things viz. 1. That in defining the various Geographical Terms mention'd Sect. I. I have not strictly ty'd my self to the Logical Rules of a Definition for if the Term propos'd be only explain'd that is all required here 2. In advancing those Geographical Paradoxes mention'd Sect. iv which will probably so startle the Reader at first being a meer Novelty in Tracts of this kind as that he can't readily comprehend either their Meaning or Design let him therefore be pleas'd to know that the main Drift of such an uncommon Essay is in short To whet the Appetite of our Geographical Student for a compleat Understanding of the Globe upon a thorough Knowledge of which these seeming Mysteries do mainly depend or more briefly 't is to set our young Student a thinking Although the Soul of Man is a cogitating Being and its Thoughts so nimble as to surround the Universe it self in a trice yet so unthoughtful and strangely immur'd in Sense is the generality of Persons that they need some startling Noise like a sudden Clap of Thunder to rouse and awake them Now as a strange and unheard-off Phenomenon suddenly appearing in the Natural World doth attract the Eyes of all Men and raiseth a Curiosity in some to enquire into the Reason of it even so is the Proposal of a Paradoxical Truth to the Intellectual for it immediately summons all the Powers of the Soul together and sets the Understanding a-work to search into and Scan the Matter To awaken the Mind of Man to its Natural Act of Thought and Consideration may be justly reckon'd no trivial Business if we consider that 't is to the want thereof or a stupid Inconsideration that we may chiefly impute all the Enormities of Mankind whether in Judgment or Practice If therefore those Paradoxes above-mention'd shall obtain the End propos'd the rousing of the Mind to think it matters the less if some of them upon strict enquiry should be found to consist of Equivocal Terms or perhaps prove little more than a Quibble at the Bottom Proceed we now to Part II. Giving a Particular View of the Terraqueous Globe By such a View I understand a clear and exact Prospect of all remarkable Countries and their Inhabitants on the Face of the whole Earth and that in these following Particulars viz. Their Situation Extent Division Subdivision Chief Towns Name Air Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms Religion What is said upon each of those Heads will best appear by the following Table Concerning Situation are briefly declar'd The Degr. of Long. between which any Country lies Latit Extent Its due Dimentions from E. to W. in English Miles S. to N. Division 2 Things viz. The general Parts or Classes to which any Country is reducible How those Parts or Classes are most readily found Subdivision 2 Things viz. The particular Provinces which any Country contains How those Provinces are most readily found Chief Towns 2 Things viz. The Modern Names
improve those choice Opportunities now in our hands for the singular Glory of our Great God and of Jesus Christ our Blessed Redeemer And let our Planters duly consider That to extirpate Natives is rather a supplanting than planting a new Colony and that it 's far more honourable to overcome Paganism in one than to destroy a thousand Pagans Each Convert is a Conquest FINIS CORRIGENDA PAge 50. line 15. for Lancashire read Westmorland p. 70. l. 1. r. Escutcheon p. 74. l. 2. dele § 2. p. 77. l. 7. r. Dominions p. 111. l. 31. r. Religion p. 112. l. 7. r. Buc. p. 116. l. 36. r. Mount p. 120. l. 21. r. Salizburg p. 127. l. 13. r. Cujavia p. 143. l. 16. r. strip him p. 153. l. 37. r. Agrippina p. 176. l. 11. r. He proceedeth p. 192. l. 34. r. Kinross p. 206. l. 15 22. r. Villages p. 235. l. 32. r. very p. 265. l. 40. r. Tapestry p. 292. l. 7. r. Thirteen p. 330. l. 24. r. Archbishoprick Wheresoever the word its importing the Verb Est is found read it either at length it is or contractedly thus it 's or 't is as p. 3. l. 37. f. it s term'd r. it 's or 't is or it is term'd and so in other places To the BOOK-BINDER Place the Maps in Order following The Map of The World Page 1 Europe 59 Scandinavia or Sweden and Norway 61 Moscovia 73 France 79 Germany 95 Poland 125 Spain 133 Italy 145 Turky in Europe 165 Scotland 187 England 197 Ireland 211 Asia 237 Africa 293 America 333 BOOKS Printed for Thomas Cockerill in Amen Corner THE Works of Mr. Charnock In Two Volumes Folio Re-printing Geography Rectified Or a Description of the World in all its Kingdoms Countries Islands Cities Towns Seas Rivers Bays Capes Ports Their Ancient and Present Names Inhabitants Situations Histories Customs and Governments c. As also their Commodities Coins Weights and Measures compared with those of London Illustrated with Seventy eight Maps The whole Work performed to the more accurate Observations and Discoveries of Modern Authors By Robert Morden Quarto Sermons preached on Several Occasions The Third Volume By John Conant D. D. Published by John Lord Bishop of Chichester A Funeral Sermon occasioned by the Death of the Lady Lane late Wife of the Right Worshipful Sir Thomas Lane Kt. and Alderman of the City of London who died November 29. 1698. And of John Lane late Father of the said Sir Thomas Lane who died the 8th of December following Published at the Request of the Relations By Nathanael Taylor Quarto Familiaria Colloquia Opera Christopheri Helvici D. c. Professoris Giessensis Olim Ex. Erasmo Roterodamo Ludovici Vive c. Scottano Hasso Selecta Editio Decima quarta ad pristiva Exemplaria Denuo Recognita English Exercises for School-Boys to Translate into Latin Comprizing all the Rules of Grammar and other necessary Observations ascending gradually from the meanest to higher Capacities By J. Garretson School-Master The Seventh Edition Twelves The School of Manners or Rules for Childrens Behaviour By the Author of the English Exercises The Second Edition A Practical Grammar or the easiest and shortest way to initiate Young Children in the Latin Tongue By the help whereof a Child of Seven Years old may learn more of the Grounds of that Language in three Months than is ordinarily learnt in a Years space by those of greater Age in common Grammar-Schools Published for the Use of such as love not to be tedious To which is added Tables of Mr. Walker's Particles By the Assistance whereof young Scholars may be the better enabled to peruse that most Excellent and Useful Treatise By J. Philamoth Master of a Free-School The Second Edition Memoirs of the Countess Dunois Author of the Lady's Travels into Spain Written by her self before her Retirement By way of Answer to Monsieur St. Evremont Containing withal a Modest Vindication of the Female Sex more frequently injured by Imprudence and Misconstruction than defect of Virtue Made English from the Original a Prob. 2. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. a Prob. 3. a Prob. 3. a Prob. 3. b Prob. 2. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. a Prob. 2. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. a Prob. 6. a Prob. 2. a Prob. 6. b Prob. 7. a Prob. 23. a Prob. 24. a Prob. 25. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 31. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. c Prob. 29 31. a Prob 6. b Prob. 37. a Prob. 38. b Prob. 2. a Prob. 2. b Prob. 6. a Prob. 6. b Prob. 38. c Prob. 9. Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Artns. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities A. Bishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities A. Bishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Languages Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Scil. Commodities 〈◊〉 Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks c. Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil 〈…〉 Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks c. Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks c. Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishoprick Manners Language Government Arms. Religion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks c. Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Riligion Name Air. Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms. Religion
of those Towns How such Towns are most readily found Name 3 Things viz. How term'd by the Ancients The various Modern Appellations The Etymology of the English Name Air 2 Things viz. It s Nature as to Heat and Cold c. The Antipodes of that part of the Globe Soil 3 Things viz. The proper Climate thereof It s natural Product The Extent of Days and Nights Commodities Those in particular which the Country produceth Rarities 2 Things viz. Those of Nature where certain Those of Art especially Monuments of Antiquity Archbishopricks 2 Things viz. their Number Bishopricks 2 Things Universities 2 Things Names Manners 2 Things viz. The Natural Temper of the People The most noted Customs Language 2 Things viz. It s Composition and Propriety Pater-Noster as a Specimen thereof Government 2 Things viz. It s Nature or Real Constitution The Publick Courts of Judicatory Arms. 2 Things viz. The true Coat quartered The proper Motto Religion 2 Things viz. The chief Tenets thereof When and by whom Christianity was planted if ever The Reader can't here exspect a very large Account of all these several Heads it being impossible in so little room as the narrow Compass of a Compend allows to say the half of what might be said upon many of them however he may here find all those things that are most essential These few Sheets being an Abstract of what is more largely express'd in the greatest Volums Several of those Heads abovemention'd being Subjects that don't much admit of new Relations I reckon my self no Plagiary to grant that I 've taken th' assistance of others esteeming it needless sometimes to alter the Character either of a People or Country when I found it succinctly worded by a credible Pen. Here the Reader may be pleas'd to know That in treating of all Countries I 've made their Situation my only Rule beginning still with those towards the North excepting North America where I thought good to end at the Pole But as touching the Analytical Tables of this Treatise the main Business of the Book their Design and Use in short is To present to the Eye at one view a compleat Prospect of a Country in all its remarkable Divisions Subdivisions and Chief Towns with the manner how all these are most readily found The Letters of N. S. W. E. signifying the four Cardinal and N. W. N. E. S W. S. E. the four Intermediate Points of the Compass being affixt to the outside of the various Braces in the aforesaid Tables do express the Situation of the Parts of any Country there mention'd as page 44. where the Divisions of Africa are said to be found from N. to S. If only Cities and Towns and no Divisions of a Country are set down then these Letters have the same Relation to them shewing their Situation in respect of one another If a little Brace fall within a greater as page 44. where Egypt and Barbary have their peculiar Brace this is to show that those two Countries are taken together and consider'd as one Division when reckon'd with the following Countries in respect of their Situation express'd on the backside of the outmost Brace the same is to be said of Cities and Towns if only such are set down But finally if neither Divisions nor Towns can be so ordered as to have their Situation express'd in a conjunct manner then the respective Distance of such Towns from some remarkable City is particularly declar'd in English Miles as page 144. where those in the Circle of Suabia are so set down If it be objected that not all but only the Chief Towns of every Country are mention'd in these Tables To this I answer That to mention all were needless for I presume that he who knows the true Situation of the fifty two Counties of England and can readily point at the Chief Town in each of 'em may easily find any other in the same County if express'd in the Map Besides the business of a Geographical Tract is not so much to heap up a vast multitude of Names as to shew the Divisions and Subdivisions of every Country with the Principal Town in each of 'em and how all such are most readily found If it be farther objected that neither the Analytical Tables of this Treatise nor the various Descriptions of Countries annext to them are any thing of a new Discovery in the Science of Geography but only the bare Crambe recocta of those who have gone before us To this I answer That the Tables are indeed materially the same with others and otherways it cannot be unless we of this Age were so extremely fortunate as to make a compleat Discovery of all the Countries and Towns as yet unknown or so absurdly ridiculous as to Coin new Names for those we know already yet notwithstanding of this they are highly preferable to all others whatsoever For such Tables hitherto publish'd whether English French or Dutch being only a bare Catalogue of Names confus'dly set down without any due Order and Method are of so little use to the Reader that his Pains are still the same as before to find out those Names in the Map Whereas the Tables of the following Treatise are so contriv'd by particular Directions on the out-side of their respective Braces that he may point at those various Countries and Towns in the Map almost as fast as he can read their Names in the Table And as touching the Descriptions of those Countries and their Inhabitants 't were indeed most unreasonable to exspect a Narrative of them compleately new unless it be in those Countries which have undergone such wonderful Changes that the very face of Things is compleatly New or some remote Parts of the World where latter Intelligence hath rectifi'd former Mistakes Besides 't is not so much my present Design in the following Tract to present the Reader with perfectly new Relations except in such Cases abovemention'd as to Abridge and Methodize those already known And this sufficiently answers the proposed End of the Treatise being calculated as I already binted for those who are mere Strangers to Geography or at least but young Proficients in that excellent Science I mean the generality of them who either attend our Publick Schools or Study under the Care and Conduct of private Tutors And so much for the Second Part. To these Two Parts is annext an Appendix comprehending the European Plantations whether Countries Towns or Factories in Asia Africa and America As also some Proposals I hope very reasonable and I wish acceptable concerning the Propagation of the Blessed Gospel in all Pagan Countries This in short is the Sum and Method of the following Geographical Treatise which as I said is principally design'd for the use and benefit of the younger Sort of our Nobility and Gentry And did such Persons apply their Minds in their younger Years to this most useful and diverting Science 't is more than probable that they might thereby avoid these many and gross
doth far more prevail The chief Tenets of the Mahometan Religion may be seen § 4. of this Section to which I remit the Reader As for Christianity 't is profess'd in this Country according to the Doctrine of the Greek Church the Principal Points of which as it differs from the Western Christian Churches whether Protestant or Roman are these following viz 1. The Greeks deny the Procession of the Holy Ghost from the Son asserting that it proceedeth only from the Father through the Son 2. They also deny the Doctrine of Purgatory yet usually pray for the Dead 3. They believe that the Souls of the Faithful departed this Life are not admitted unto the Beatifick Vision till after the Resurrection 4. They celebrate the Blessed Sacrament of the Eucharist in both Kinds but make the Communicant take three Morsels of Leaven'd Bread and three Sips of Wine in Honour of the Three Persons of the Adorable Trinity 5. They admit Children to participate of the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper when only seven Years of Age because then it is say they that they begin to Sin 6. They allow not of Extream Unction and Confirmation and disapprove of fourth Marriages 7 They admit none into Holy Orders but such as are married and inhibit all second Marriages being once in Orders 8. They reject all Carved Images but admit of Pictures wherewith they adorn their Churches Lastly They observe four Lents in the Year and esteem it unlawful to Fast upon Saturdays In their Publick Worship they use four Liturgies viz. That commonly call'd St. James's St. Chrysostom's St. Basil's and St. Gregory the Great 's together with Lessons out of the Lives of their Saints which makes their Service to be of such a tedious and indiscreet length that it commonly lasts five or six Hours together The Fasts and Festivals that are yearly observ'd in the Greek Church are very numerous and were it not for them 't is probable that Christianity had been quite extirpated out of this Country ere now For by means of these Solemnities which yet are celebrated with a multitude of Ridiculous and Superstitious Ceremonies they still preserve a Face of Religion under a Patriarch who resides at Constantinople and several Archbishops and Bishops particularly those abovemention'd But did we view those Ecclesiasticks in their Intellectuals as also the lamentable State of all Persons committed to their Charge we should find both Priest and People labouring under such gross and woful Ignorance that we could not refrain from wishing that the Western Churches of Christendom by their Divisions Impieties and Abuse of Knowledge may not provoke the Almighty at last to plague them likeways with the same Darkness and Desolation This Country was watered with the Blessed Gospel in the very Infancy of Christianity and that by the powerful Preaching of St. Paul the Apostle of the Gentiles §. 3. Little Tartary THIS Country anciently Taurica Chersonesus or Tartaria Procopensis being the Lesser Scythia and a Part of old Sarmatia is term'd by the Italians Tartaria Minor by the Spaniards Tartaria Menor by the French La Petite Tartarie by the Germans Kleine Tartarey and by the English Little Tartary so call'd to distinguish it from Great Tartary in Asia as also Crim-Tartary from Crim the principal City of the Country The Air of this Country is generally granted to be of a very temperate Nature but yet unhealthful to breath in The opposite Place of the Globe to Little Tartary is that part of Terra Australis incognita between 240 and 250 Degrees of Longitude with 48 and 52 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 8th North Climate is very different in different Parts some Places abounding with Grain and Fruits and others pestered with undrainable Marshes and barren Mountains The Length of the Days and Nights here is the same as in the Northern Parts of France The Commodities of this Country are reckon'd Slaves Leather Chalcal-Skins and several sorts of Furs which they exchange with the Adjacent Turks for other Commodities they want Some Travellers relate of this wild and barbarous Part of the World that few or no ravenous Beasts are found therein And others tell us That many of its Fens and Marshes abound mightily with Salt which is naturally there produc'd in prodigious Quantities Archbishopricks in this Country None Bishopricks in this Country are those of Caffa Gothia Universities in this Country None The Crim-Tartars are generally Men of vigorous and robust Bodies able to endure all the Hardships of a Military Life and many of them being endu'd with Courage and Vigour of Mind conform to their Strength of Body prove the best of Soldiers They are reputed to be very just in their Dealings with one another but far otherways with Strangers Many of 'em are much addicted to Pillage and they usually feed upon Horse flesh The Language of the Crim-Tartars is the Scythian or pure Tartaresque which hath such a resemblance to the Turkish as the Spanish to the Italian these Tartars and Turks understanding one another as those of Italy and Spain The Arabick is here learn'd at School as in most Parts of Turky Pater-Noster in the Tartaresque runs thus Atscha wyzom Chy hokta sen algusch ludor senug adougkel suom chauluchong bel sun senung arkchneg aleigier da vkarhtaver visum gundoluch ot mak chu musen vougou kai visum jasuchen den bisdacha hajelberin bisum jasoch namasin datcha koima visu sumanacha illa garâ—a visenu gemandam Amen This Country is govern'd by its own Prince commonly term'd the Cham of Tartary who is under the Protection of the Great Turk whose Sovereignty he acknowledgeth by the usual Ceremony of receiving a Standard The Grana Signior actually possesseth some Part of this Country and maintains one Beglierbeg and two Sangiacks in the Places of greatest Importance As also he detains as Hostage the apparent Successor of the Cham who is ordinarly either his Son or Brother To all which the Tartars readily yield upon the Account of an Ancient Compact whereby the Turkish Empire is said to descend to them whenever the Heirs Male of the Ottoman Line shall fail The Cham of Tartary bears for his Ensigns Armorial Or three Griffins Sable arm'd Gules The Crim Tartars for the most part are zealous Professors of the Mahometan Doctrine except some who continue still Pagan and intermixt with them are many Christians especially Greeks and Armenians besides a considerable number of Roman Catholicks When this Country was first watered with the Blessed Gospel is not very certain §. 4. Danubian Provinces THE remaining Part of Turky here considered under the Title of Danubian Provinces is so call'd from the Situation of these Provinces they being near unto or upon the Banks of the Danuube But since each of 'em requires a peculiar Etymology take the same as followeth 1 Transilvania the
some Paradoxical Positions in Matters of Geography or a few infallible Truths in Masquerade which mainly depend upon a thorough Knowledge of the Globe and are equally certain with the aforesaid Theorems though many of them may possibly appear to some as the greatest of Fables Lastly We shall take a Transient Survey of the whole Surface of the Terraqueous Globe as it consists of Land and Water as its sole constituent Parts Of these five General Heads separately and in their order Therefore SECT I. Containing some necessary Geographical Definitions Def. 1. GEography a Science both pleasant and profitable doth mainly consist in giving a true Description of the exterior Part or Surface of the Earthly Globe as 't is compos'd of Land and Water especially the former That Geography doth merit the Title of Science in several Respects and that the knowledge thereof is attended both with Pleasure and Profit is so universally granted by all who make any considerable Progress therein that to enter upon a Probation of it would be every whit as superfluous as if one should go about to evince that the Sun is risen at Noon-day It derives its compound Name from the two Greek Primitives of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Terra and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 scribo vel describo and differeth from Cosmography quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vel 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Mundi Descriptio as a part doth from the whole as also from Chorography and Topography quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Regionis ac Loci Descriptio as the Whole from its Parts By a true Description of the Exterior Part of the Globe of the Earth we understand purely an Account of the Situation Extent Divisions and Subdivisions of all remarkable Countries on the Surface of the said Globe together with the Names of their Cities and Chief Towns and that accordingly as those Countries are already projected to our Hands upon particular Geographical Maps and not an actual Survey or Mensuration of them which the Science of Geography presupposeth and which properly belongs to Geodaesia or the Art of Surveying Land In giving such a Description of Countries as aforesaid doth the Science of Geography properly consist as for other Narratives relating either to Countries themselves or their Inhabitants and which commonly swell up Geographical Tracts we reckon them though the more pleasant part of this Study rather the Fringes of Geography than its real or essential Parts In the foregoing Definition we intirely restrict the Science of Geography to the exterior Part or Surface of the Earthly Globe and that as it 's compos'd of Land and Water as its sole constituent Parts designing thereby to distinguish it from Natural Philosophy which in its curious and pleasant Enquiries reacheth not only the said Surface in all its constituent Parts but also the whole Globe of the Earth with the whole Body of the Atmosphere surrounding the same yea and even the outmost imaginable Expanse of the Firmament it self We again restrict that Science mainly to one Part of the aforesaid Surface viz. the Dry Land thereby to distinguish it from Hydrography which particularly treateth of the other namely Water The Object therefore of Geography in a large Sense is the whole Surface of the Ball of the Earth consisting of Land and Water as its sole constituent Parts or in a strict and more proper Sense only One of those Parts to wit the Firm Land For the more distinctly viewing of which Parts and the better comprehending of the Science of Modern Geography in the true Fundamentals thereof we shall begin with that Artificial Representation of the Earthly Ball commonly call'd the Terraqueous Globe Def. 2. The Terraqueous Globe is an Artificial Spherical Body on whose Convex Part is truly represented the whole Surface of the Ball of the Earth as it consists of Land and Water That this Globe is term'd Terraqueous from Terra and Aqua the two constituent Parts of its Surface or Terrestrial to distinguish it from the Coelestial or finally the Artificial Globe as a differencing Mark from the Natural or Real Globe of the Earth are all so notoriously known that the least Illustration were wholly superfluous We reckon it also superfluous to show that there is a true Resemblance in Figure between the Artificial and Natural Globe or that the Body of the Earth is truly Spherical This being now beyond all dispute and never at least very rarely call'd in question except it be only by Women and Children But here note That in the following Treatise we intirely restrict our selves to this Globe so that wheresoever the Name of Globe is indefinitely mention'd we are never to understand the Coelestial Note also that wheresoever we are upon the Surface of the Natural Globe that the Point in the Heavens exactly Vertical to us is term'd our Zenith and that Point diametrically opposite thereto is stil'd our Nadir which are two corrupted Arabian Terms in Astronomy importing what is here asserted of them The first observables that present themselves to our view in treating of the Globe are its Axis and Poles Def. 3. The Axis is an imaginary Line passing through the Center of the real Globe of the Earth upon which the whole Frame thereof is supposed to turn round It s term'd Axis from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod circa illam agatur Terra As this Axis in the Natural Globe is an imaginary Line so in Artificial Globes its a real one it being a streight piece of Iron or solid Wood passing through the middle of the Globe as the Axle-tree of a Wheel Def. 4. The Poles are the two Extremities of the Axis one whereof is term'd the North or Arctick and the other the South or Antarctick They are call'd Poles from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 verto because upon them the whole Frame of the Globe turneth round The North is term'd Arctick from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying a Bear because the real North Pole in the Heavens is commonly taken for a certain noted Star in that Constellation which bears the Name of the Little Bear And the South is stil'd Antarctick from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 contra and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ursa because of its Diametrical Opposition to the other The Terraqueous Globe being a Spherical Body as aforesaid turning round upon its own Axis For the better understanding of that Globe in all its exterior Parts and the various Operations perform'd by the same we are to conceive it not only as a bare Spherical Body but also as such a Body surrounded with many imaginary Circles the chief of which are Eight divided into Five Parallel viz. The Equator The two Tropicks The two Polar Circles Three not Parallel viz. The Horizon The Meridian The Zodiack Otherwise divided into Four Greater viz. The Horizon The Meridian The Equator The Zodiack Four Lesser viz. The two Tropicks The two Polar Circles Def. 5. The Horizon is that great Circle which
Persian Arabick Africa Oriental Ocean Africa on the East Ethiepick South Atlantick West Amer. Vast Eastern Ocean America on the East The Pacifick West §. 8. Of SEAS Europe Baltick Sea Enclosed with Swedeland on the W. Poland in part E. Germany in part S. German Sea with Scandinavia on the E. Britain W. Irish Sea with Britain on the E. Ireland W. Mediterranean Sea with Europe on the N. Barbary S. Euxine Sea with part of Europe on the N. W. part of Asia S. and E. The Seas in the other three Parts of the world are different Parts of the Ocean except Mare Caspium in Asia variously nam'd according as they lie adjacent to different Countries §. 9. Of GULFS Europe Sinus Botnicas Bending up Northward into Swedeland Sinus Finnicus Eastward Sinus Adriaticus N. W. between Italy Turky in Europe Gulf of Lions N. into the S. of France Gulf of Tarentum N. W. into the S. of Italy Gulf of Lepanto E. N. E between Greece Morca Asia Persian Gulf N. W. between Persia Arabia Gulf of Bengal N. bet Penins Indiae intra Gangem Penins Indiae extra In Africa is the Arabian Gulf. N. W. between Asia Africa America Gulf of Mexico W. Between Florida Terra Firma Button's Bay S. W. between Terra Canadensis Terra Arcticá Baffiu's Bay N. W. into Terra Arctica §. 10. Of STRAITS Europe Straits of Dover Joyning The Germ. Ocean to the Engl. Channel Straits of the Sound The Danish to the Baltick Sea Straits of Gibralter The Medit to the Western Ocean Straits of Caffa Palus Meotis to Pontus Euxinus Thracian Bosphorus Pontus Euxinus to the Propontis The Hellâ—spont Propontis to the Archipelagus Veer of Messina One part of Mediter to another Boke of Corsica One part of Mediter to another Asia Straits of the Sund The Indian and East Ocean Straits of Ormus The Persian Gulf to the S. Ocean In Africa is Babelmandel The Red Sea to the E. Ocean America Hudson's Straits Button's Bay to the E Ocean Fretum Davis Baffin's Bay to the E. Ocean Magellanick Straits The vast E. and W. Ocean §. 11. Of LAKES Most remarkable Lakes in Europe are Ladoga Found towards the Eastern part of Swedeland Jend Ula Peipus Wener Western part of Swedeland Veter Meler Onega Western part of Moscovia Ilment Constance Geneva Southern part of Germany Lucern Winander-mere North of England viz. Lancashire Wittles-mere Middle of England viz. Huntingtonshire Lough Ness Northern part of Scotland Lomond Southern Foyl Northern part of Ireland Neagh Northern Earn Northern Derge Middle Asia Corus North part of Tartary Kithack North Kithay Middle Piex Eastern part of China Tai Chiamy Northern part of India Astamar Northern part of Persia Babaconbar Northern Burgian Middle Asphaltis South part of Palestine Africa Elbuciara Western part of Egypt Lybia Middle part of Zaara Guard Middle part of Negroeland Borno Eastern Niger North of Ethiopia Interior Aquiliâ—â—ia Middle Sachaf South Zaire South parts of Ethiopia Exterior Zambre Zaflan America Nicaragua South of New Spain Mexico Middle Parime East part of Terra Firma Titicaca South part of Peru. §. 12. Of RIVERS Those of Europe Scandinavia Swedeland are Dalcarle Anciently Unknown Running Eastward Kimi Unknown Southw Torno Unknown Elfe Unknown Denmark None remarkable  Norway  Moscovi Volga Rha E. turning S Don Tanais E. turn W. Dwina Unknown N. W. France Sein Sequana N. W. Loir Ligeris W. Rhone Rhodanus S. Garonne Garumna N. W. Germany Danube Danubius or Ister E. Scheld Scaldis N. turn W Maes Mosa Rhine Rhenus N. W. Elm Amasius Weser Visurgis Elbe Albus Oder Odera or Viadrus N. Poland Nieper Boristhenes S. E. Niester Tyras Bogg Hypanis Vistule Unknown N. W. Niemen Unknown Duna Unknown Spain Ebre Anciently Iberus Running S. E. Xucar Suero Guadalquivir Batis S. W. Gualiana Anas Tago Tagus Douro Durius W. in its main Body Italy Po Eridanus or Padus E. Adige Athesis Arno Arnus S. W. Tiber Tibris Volturno Uulturnus W. In European Turkey is the Danube Danubius or Ister E. Scotland Tay Taus E. Clyde Glotta N. W. Spey Speia N. d ee Dea Diva Ocasa E. Don Dona England Thames Tamesis E. Severn Sabrina S. W. Humber Ouse Abus Ure E. S. E. Trent Triginta N. in main Body Tine Tina E. Twede Tuesis E. Medway Vaga N. turning E. Cam Camus N. Ireland Shannon Sinus S. W. Lee Sauranus E. Blackwater Avenmoore E. turning S Barrow Birgus S. Lift Libnius N. E. Boyne Buvinda Boina A New Map of HISFANIA and PORTUGALLIA By Rob t. Morden Those of Asia Tartary Oby Anciently Margus Running W. turningN Ochardus Unkonwn N. Tartar Unknown Palisanga Unknown E. Chesel Laxartus W. China Croceus Unknown E. various turnings Kiang Unknown E. India Ganges Idem S. Guenga Not remarkable E. Indus Idem S. W. Persia Abiamus Oxus W. Palimalon Not remarkable E. Ilment Arabs S. Bendimur Bagradas Agradatus S. W. Tiriti Euletis Choaspes Hidaspes Syri Araxes Arases Asiatick Turky Tegil Tygris S. E. Prat Euphrates Those of Africa In Egypt is the Nile Anciently Nilus Running N. Barbary Guadilbarbara Bagradas Macra N. Major Rubricatus Bildulgerid Origin of Guadilbarbara Not remarkable N. W Major Not remarkable Branches of Gir Giras S. E. In Zaara is the Body of Gir Giras S. E. In Negroeland is the 〈◊〉 Idem W. Gulma Guinea Sweria de Costa Not remarkable S. Rivere de Volta Not remarkable In Nubia is the River Nuba Not remarkable N. E.  Exterior Zaire Unknown W. Coanza Unknown W. Ethiopia R. de Infanto Unknown S. E. Zambre Unknown S. E. R. de Spiritu S. Unknown S. E. Interior is Nile its main Body Nilus N. Those of America In New Spain none remarkable Anciently  Running  In N. Granada is Rio del Nort. Unknown S. W. Florida is R. del Spiritu S. Unknown S. Terra Canadensis The great River Canada Unknown E. Branch of the Canada The Connecticut Unknown S. Hudson's River Unknown Rivere de la Ware Unknown The Sesquahana Unknown The Patomeck Unknown In Terra Arctica none Terra Firma R. de Paria or Orinoque Unknown N. R. de Madeline Unknown S. Martha Unknown Brafil Miary Unknown N. E. Siope Unknown N. S. Francis Unknown E. Parama Unknown S. W. In Amazonia is the Amazone with its Branches Unknown N. E. In Peru none remarkable Unknown Paraguay is Rio de la Plata S. E. Chili none considerable Terra Magellanica none Terra Antarctica These are the most Remarkable Rivers in the World as also their old Names and how they run which Rivers will be found very necessary for the better understanding of the Second Part of this Treatise wherein we design to view all Remarkable Countries in their Situation Extent Division and Subdivisions and more especially those of Europe But since most of those Rivers above-mention'd belonging to the Continent of Europe do consist of several considerable Branches very necessary to be known we shall rehearse such Rivers and annex to each of them their Principal Branches all which may be
readily found by travelling from the Mouth of the Rivers towards their Heads Therefore Remarkable Branches of the Dwina are Wayma Running S. W. Juga W. Volga are Sosowoia S. Occareca N. E. Seine are L'Oyse S. W. Marn Yonne N. W. Loir are Mayenne S. Le Sarte S. W. Le Loir Vienne N. W. Indre le Chere Allier Rhone are Durance S. W. Isere Saene S. Garrone are Dardonne W. Lot Tarne Danube are Pruth S. Misone S. E. Alouta S. Morawa N. Teyssa S. Drave E. Save Inn N. E. Iser Lech N. Iler Scheld are Ruppel running W. augmented by Senne N. Dyle Demer W. Dender N. Lis N. E. Scarpe Haisne W. Elme are Sost W. Haise Rhine are Lippe W Roer Moselle N. E. Lahn S. W. Maine W Neckar Maese are Dommel N. Niers N. W. Roer Ourt Sambre N. E. Semoy W Chiers Wiser are Aller W. augmented by Leine N. Ocker Fuld Elbe are Ilmenow N. W. Havel Saaldre N. Muldaw Oder are Warta W. Bober N. Westritz N. E. Nieper are Dizna S. W. Przypiecz or Pereptus N. E. Vistul is the Bugg N. turn W Niemen is the Vilna W. Ebro are Segre S. W. Cinca S. E. Gallega S. W. Xalo N. E. Guadalquivir Xenil W. Guardamena S. W. Guadiana are none remarkable Tago are Zatas W. Zezer S. Guadarran Xaruma Douro are Tonroes N. W. Tormes Arlanza S. W. Po are Oglio S E. Adda Tesine Tanero running E. turning N. augmented by Bormida  Stura N E. Sesia S. E. Dora Baltea Adige is Bachiglione S. Arno are Elsa N. W. Sieve E. turning S. Tiber are Quartitio W. Nera S. W. Chiane S. E. Volturno its chief Branch is Sabate W. These are all the Remarkable Branches of the Chief Rivers on the Continent of Europe And thus we are come to a Period not only of this Section but also of the First Part of this Treatise having now perform'd those five Things at first propos'd which was to entertain the Reader with some Geographical Definitions Problems Theorems and Paradoxes as also a Transient Survey of the whole Surface of the Terraqueous Globe as it consists of Land and Water And so much for a General View thereof Now followeth Modern Geography PART II. Comprehending a PARTICULAR VIEW OF THE Terraqueous GLOBE BY a Particular View of the Terraqueous Globe we understand a clear and exact Prospect of all remarkable Countries on the Face of the whole Earth according as they are represented by particular Geographical Maps as also a true and compendious Narrative of the chief Observables relating either to them or their Inhabitants All which may be briefly reduc'd to these following Heads viz. their Situation Extent Division Subdivision Chief Towns Name Air Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms Religion In taking such a Prospect of all remarkable Countries we shall begin with Europe and travel through the various Divisions thereof in the same order as they are set down page 43. Therefore CHAP. I. Of EUROPE The Continent of Europe being divided Pag. 43. into VIII great Parts Viz Scandinavia Swedeland Capital City Stockholm Denmark Copenhagen Norway Bergen Moscovia or Russia Moscow France Paris Germany Vienna Poland Cracow Spain Madrid Italy Rome Turky in Europe Constantinople To these add the European Islands The Chief of which are Great Britain Cap. C. Those of London Edinburgh Ireland That of Dublin Of all these in their proper Places SWEDEN NORWAY SECT I. Concerning Scandinavia  d. m.  Miles Situated between 26 20 of Long. It s greatest Length is about 1030. 53 10 between 54 10 of Lat. Breadth is about 840. 71 06 Divided into the Kingdoms of Swedeland Ch. T. Stockholm Denmark Copenhagen Norway Bergen Swedeland comprehends Scania Chief Town Lunden from S. to N. Gothland Calmar Swedeland prop. Stockholm Lapland Tornia Finland Abo from N. to S. Ingria Notteborg or Oresca 〈◊〉 Riga Denmark â—â—â—tland Sleswick from W. to E. 〈◊〉 Islands Copenhagen Norway comprehends five Governments Of which hereafter More Particularly §. 1. SWEDELAND Scania contains the Provinces of Halland Ch. Town Helmstat W. to E. Bleking Christianstat Schonen Lunden Southward Gothland contains the Provinces of Vermelandia Chief Town Carolstadt N. to S. in the West part Dallia Daleburge Westrogoth Gottenburge Ostrogothia Norkoping N. to S. in th E. part Swedeland Smalandia Calmar Swedeland properly so call'd contains the Provinces of Sudermania Nikoping from S. to N. Nericia Orebro Westmania Arosen Uplandia those of Opsal and Stockolm Gestricia Geval Dalcarlia Hedemore Helsingia Hadswickwalt Medelpandia Selanger Jemptia Ressundt Angermannia Hernosand Lapland contains the Provinces of Uma Lapmark Uma from S. to N. Pitha-Lapmark Pitha Lula-Lapmark Lula Tornia-Lapmark Tornia Kimi-Lapmark Kimi Finland contains the Provinces of Cajania Cajaneburgh upon the Ula N. Finland Biorneberge W. to E. Tavastia Tavastus Savolaxia Nyslot Kexholmia Kexholm Carelia Wiborg E. to W. Nylandia Borgo S. Finland Abo Ingria contains the Provinces of Ingria propria Orcsca or Notteborg N. to S. W. Ingermania Caporio Solouski Juanagorod Livonia contains the Provinces of Lettenland Riga S. to N. Estland Narva §. 2. DENMARK Being divided into The Peninsula of Juitland The Danish Islands The Peninsula of Juitland comprehends North Juitland Ch. Town Wiborg South Juitland Sleswick D. of Holstein of which in Lower Saxony Juitland divided into North comprehends the Diocesses of Aalborg Chief Town Idem from N. to S. Wiborg Idem Arhusen Aarhus Ripen Idem South comprehends the Praefectures of Hedersleve Idem from N. to S. upon the Baltick Sea Appenrade Idem Flemborge Idem Gottorpe Sleswick Tonderen Idem N. to S. upon the Germany Sea Husum Idem Eyderstede Tonningen The chief of the Danish Islands are Zeland Funen c. Of which hereafter when we come to treat of Islands §. 3. NORWAY Divided into the Governments of Bahus Chief Town Idem S. to N. E. Aggerus Agger Bergenus Bergen Dronthemus Dronthem Wardus Idem This vast Continent of Scandinavia comprehending as aforesaid three distinct Kingdoms viz. those of Swedeland Denmark and Norway Of each of these seperately and in their Order Therefore §. I. SWEDELAND THIS Country formerly Succia a Part of Ancient Scandinavia is term'd by the Italians Suezia by the Spaniards Suedia by the French Suede by the Germans Schweden and by the English Sueden or Swethland so call'd from its Ancient Inhabitants the Sueones Suevi or Suethidi with the Addition of Land for Termination The Air of this Country is generally very Cold but if not too nigh some Lake or Marish very pure and wholesome yea so healthful to breath in that many of its Inhabitants do frequently live to an hundred years especially they who abstain from excessive drinking a thing too much practis'd by many of them The Antipodes to this People or the opposite Place of the Globe to Swedeland is that Part of the vast Pacifick Ocean comprehended between the 220th and 230th Degree of Longitude with 50 and 70 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this
Country especially Juitland formerly Cimbrica Chersonesus a part of Ancient Scandinavia is term'd by the Italians Dania by the Spaniards Dinmarca by the French Danemarc by the High Germans Dennemark and by the English Denmark so called from the Bounds and Marâ—es of its Inhabitants the Danes whose Country bordering on the Ancient Batavi and Saxons was thereupon call'd Dane-march which Name in process of time did turn into that of Denmark The Air of this Country is much the same with that in the Southern Part of Swedeland it being extreamly Cold but in most places very wholesome The opposite place of the Globe to Denmark is that part of the Pacifick Ocean lying between 210 and 220 Degrees of Longitude with 50 and 60 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 10th and 11th North Climates is very good for Grain and Pasturage Here is abundance of Fish especially Herrings as also many wild Fowls and most kinds of wild Beasts The longest Day in the Northmost part is 17 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost is 8 Hours ¼ and the Nights proportionably The Chief Commodities of this Country are Fish Tallow Furniture for Ships Armour Ox-hides Buck-skins Fir-wood and Wainscot c. Near to Sleswick Southward are yet to be seen the Remains of that famous Wall and Trench made above 880 Years ago by Gotricius then King of Denmark to hinder the Incursions of the Saxons resembling somewhat the Pict's Wall in Great Britain 2. Between Flensburg and Sleswick is a small Village which goes by the Name of Anglen remarkable in so far that from the said Village and Country adjacent came our Ancestors the Ancient Angles into Great Britain 3. In Gottorp is an admirable Globe of Copper 10 Foot ½ in Diameter so contriv'd by one of the Dukes of Holstein that by certain Wheels turn'd about by Water it represents exactly the Motions of the Coelestial Bodies As also another in the Arsenal at Copenhagen of 6 Foot Diameter fram'd by Tycho Brahe that famous Danish Astronomer 4. In the Island Ween are the Ruins of the Tower of Uraniburge renowned for the Observations made thereon by the aforesaid Tycho Braye As also the Dungeon call'd Stelliburg beset with Looking-Glasses where he was wont to sit and observe the Stars in all Seasons 5. The Island Ween is likewise remarkable in that it will harbour no Dormice none such being able to live when imported thither as also a Spring whose Waters never freez even in the extreamest Cold of Winter To these we may add as a singular Curiosity of this Country That magnificent Throne fram'd of prodigious long Horns of a certain Sea Animal which the Vulgar are willing to take for the Unicorn Vid. Dr. Brown 's Travels As for Archbishopricks in this Kingdom there 's only one viz. that of Copenhagen Bishopricks in this Kingdom are those of Sleswick Arhusen Alburg Ripen Wiburg Universities in this Kingdom are those at Copenhagen Kiel The Danes a very warlike People of old having constrain'd many of the Northern Nations to submit to the force of their Arms at some time or other are now almost of the same Temper with their Neighbours the Swedes and Germans but that they are generally esteem'd a People more given to Pride and Cunning than either of the former They are Industrious and Frugal enough as also considerable Lovers of Learning but generally greater Lovers of Excess whether in Drinking or Eating especially the former and that ever since the Juice of the Grape was recommended to them by the High Germans whom they now equal if not exceed in all manner of Carousing The Modern Language of Denmark is originally a Dialect of the Teutonit The Court Gentry and Chief Burgers commonly use the High German in ordinary Discourse and French when they talk with Strangers How the Danish Tongue differs from the High German and the Modern Language in Swedeland will best appear from their Pater-Noster which runs thus Fader vor du som est himmelen helligt vorde die naffu tilkomme dit rige vorde din vilie sâ—â— paâ— jorden som hander i himmelen Gift osz â— dagh vort daglige brod oc forlad osz vor skyld som wi forlade vare skyldener ock lead osz ickudi fristelse Men frele osz fra ont Amen This Kingdom was formerly Elective although they usually advanc'd the next Heir to the Crown until the Year 1659. that Frederick the Ill having bravely repuls'd the Swedes besieging the Capital City Copenhagen it was then rendred Hereditary to his Family The Nobility here had hitherto a considerable Stroke until these our own Days that this Kingdom is so strangely Frenchifi'd in Point of Government that the Danish and French Monarchy's are now almost of the same Mould The King assumes to himself the Power of disposing of all Heirs and Heiresses of any Note as 't is practis'd in France The Danish Law is highly to be priz'd in that it 's short and perspicuous surpassing the like of all other Nations in that respect It 's wholly founded upon Equity and Compris'd in one Quarto Volume in the Danish Tongue and that so plain that any Man may understand and plead his own Cause without the Aid of either Counsel or Attorney and no Suit is to hang in suspence beyond one Year and a Month. This is indeed a mighty Advantage and a singular Property of the Danish Law upon one hand but the same is attended with a vast Inconvenience on the other for the first and principal Article thereof runs thus That the King hath the Priviledge reserv'd to himself to explain nay to alter and change the same as he shall think good Chief Courts for Administration of Justice both in Civil and Criminal Affairs are four viz. Byfoght's Heredsfought's Lanstag and High-Right The first is peculiar for deciding Matters which happen in Cities and Towns The second for those of the Country The third is the High-Court of the Province to which Appeals are made from the two former And the fourth is the Supream of all the rest held commonly at Copenhagen and consisting of the Principal Nobility in which Court the King himself sometimes sits in Person Beside these there is the Court of Admiralty for Maritime Affairs as also a Rent Chamber resembling our Court of Exchequer for managing all Matters relating to the Publick Revenue The King of Denmark bears Party of three and Coupè of two which makes twelve Quarters In the first Or Semè of Hearts Gules three Lyons passant guardant Azure crown'd Langu'd and Arm'd of the first for Denmark 2 Gules a Lyon Rampant Or Crown'd and Arm'd of the first in his Paws a Battle-Ax Argent hilted of the second for Norway 3. Gules a Lion Passant-guardant Or on Nine Hearts of the same in Fesse for Gothland 4. Gules a Dragon crown'd Or for Schonen 5. Azure three Crowns Or for Sweden 6. Gules a
Paschal Lamb Argent supporting a Flag of the same mark'd with a Cross Gules for Juitland 7. Or two Lions Passant-guardant Azure for Sleswick 8. Gules a Fish crown'd Argent for Ice land Over these eight Quartors a great Cross Argent which is the ancient Devise of the Kingdom on the Center of which are plac'd the Arms of Dithmarsh viz. Gules a Cavalier Arm'd Argent 9. Gules a Nettle-leaf open and charg'd in the middle with a little Escucheon the whole Argent for Holstein 10. Gules a Cygnet Argent gorg'd with a Crown Or for Stormarsh 11. Gules two Fesses Or for Delmenhorst 12. Gules a Cross Pattree-fitchree Argent for Oldenburgh The Shield surrounded with the Collar of the Order of the Elephant The Crest is a Crown Or flowr'd rais'd with eight Diadems terminating in a Mond of the same For the Motto are these words Pietas Justitia coronant The Errors and Practices of the Roman Church being grown at length so intollerable that an Universal Reformation became expedient this Kingdom among the other Northern Crowns threw off that insupportable Yoak and cordially embrac'd the Doctrine of Luther which being allow'd off by Frederick the First about the middle of the last Century was so firmly and universally establish'd in Denmark that in all the Danish Dominions there is no other Religion but Lutheranism profess'd except some French Refugees who are allow'd a Church at Copenhagen and a few Popish Families who were lately permitted to perform their Worship in a Chappel at Gluckstat The Danish Clergy do still retain the Practice of Confession which all Persons are oblig'd unto before they participate of the Blessed Sacrament of the Lord's Supper they likewise retain Crucifixes and several Ceremonies of the Roman Church Christianity was fully Establisht in this Country about the middle of the XII Century and that by the means of Pope Adrian the IV. an Englishman who before his Assumption of the Popedom was term'd Nicholaus Breakspear §. 3. NORWAY THis Country formerly Norvegia a Part of Ancient Scandinavia is term'd by the Italians Neruegia by the Spaniards Noruega by the French Norwegue by the Germans Norwegen and by the English Norway so call'd from its Northern Situation Nort being for North and weg way seeing it is the way to and from the North in respect of the rest of Europe The Air of this Country is so extreamly Cold especially towards the North parts of the Kingdom that 't is but thinly inhabited and that by the meanest of People The opposite Place of the Globe to Norway is part of the Pacifick Ocean between 200 and 230 Degrees of Longitude with 60 and 70 Degrees of South Latitude By reason of the excessive Coldness of the Country it lying in the 11th 12th and 13th North Climate the Soil is very barren not having force enough to produce the very necessaries of Life the Common People being forced to use dry Fish instead of Bread In short this Country is overspread either with vast Forrests barren Mountains or formidable Rocks In the Northmost parts of it the longest Day is above two Months the Sun not setting for that time the shortest in the Southmost about 6 Hours ¼ and the Nights proportionably The Chief Commodities of this Country are Stock-fish Rich Furs Train-Oyl Pitch and Tackling for Ships as Masts Cables Deal-boards and the like which the Inhabitants exchange for Corn Wine Fruits Beer and other Necessaries of Life What chiefly deserves the Name of Rarity in this Country is that remarkable Lake near Drontheim whose Waters never freeze even in the dead of Winter notwithstanding of the excessive Cold at that Season Near to the Isle of Hiteren is that wonderful and dangerous Whirly-pool commonly call'd Maelstroom and by Navigators The Navel of the Sea which swallows up Ships with their whole Cargo if they unhappily approach too nigh Archbishopricks in this Kingdom only one viz. that of Drontheim Bishopricks in this Kingdom are those of Anslo Bergen Staffanger Universities in this Kingdom None The Norvegians being notorious Pyrates of old became very formidable to several of the Northern Nations are now lookt upon as a very mean simple and ignorant sort of People a People however that 's very hardy much given to Toiling and Labour very Just in their Dealings and abundantly Civil after their own Manner to the few Strangers who come among them In the Northmost Parts of the Kingdom they have no Towns but generally live in Tents and Travel in great Companies from one place to another in Hunting The Language now spoken in this Country especicially in all the civilized Parts thereof is little different from that us'd in the Kingdom of Denmark a Specimen of which is already given in the foregoing Paragraph This Kingdom was formerly a distinct Body by it self and independent of any other but being incorporated with Denmark Anno 1387. is now subject to his Danish Majesty who besides particular Governors in the five Castles of Bahus Aggerus c. abovemention'd doth ordinarily keep a Vice-Roy there for the better Administration of the Publick Affairs of that Kingdom his Place of Residence is commonly at Bergen and his Power is extraordinary great See Denmark The establisht Religion in Norway is the same as in Denmark only that in the Northmost Parts of the Kingdom the knowledge of Christiany which was at first planted in this Country much about the same time with the two other Northern Crowns is so decay'd that on the Borders of Lapland they differ but little from mere Heathens MOSCO VIE or RVSSIE SECT II. Concerning Moscovia  d. m.  Miles Situated between 46 00 of Long. It s greatest Length is about 1630. 105 00 between 45 10 of Lat. Breadth is about 1500. 71 00 Divided into North Chief Town St. Michael Arch-Angel South Moscow Capital City More Particularly North contains many Provinces but chiefly these of Trines Chief Town W. to E. Kargapolia Kargapol Dwina St. Michael Arch-Angel Condora Wirgatouria Sibiria Tobol Obdora Berezow Vologda Idem upon the upper part of the Dwina South containing many Provinces but chiefly these of Casan Chief Town Idem from E. to W. upon the Volga Mordowitz None remarkable Nisi Novogrod Idem Volodimir Idem Moscow Idem Astracan Idem at the Mouth of the Volga Novogrod Weleki Idem Between the Lake Ilmins and Peipus Pleskow Idem Severia Novogrod-Sewarski S. W. of Moscow §. 2. MOSCOVIA THIS Country containing much of Sarmatia Europaea and part of Sarmatia Asiatica being also nam'd Russia from the Ancient People of that Country call'd Rossi or Russi is term'd by the Italians Moscouia by the Spaniards Moscovia by the French Moscovie or Russie Blanche by the Germans Moscau and by the English Moscovia or Moscovy so call'd from its chief Province of that Name whose Denomination is deriv'd from Moschi or Mosci an Ancient People first inhabiting that Part of
the Country The Air of this Country is very Cold particularly towards the North where Snow and Ice are usual for three Quarters of the Year but in the Southmost Provinces they have very scorching Heats in the Summer for the Space of six Weeks The opposite Place of the Globe to Moscovia is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean between 220 and 290 Degrees of Longitude with 45 and 71 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 8 9 10 11 12 c. Northern Climate is very different according to the different Situation of its Parts Here are many Plains but generally full of Marishes Towards the North are vast Forests and even where the Ground is clear'd of Wood 't is for the most part very Barren and so extremely Cold that what they sow doth seldom come to due Perfection In the Southwest parts towards Poland the Soil is tolerably good the Ground there producing several sorts of Grain in great abundance and 't is reported by many that their Corn is ready for reaping about two Months after it is sown The longest Day in the Northmost Part of this Country is above two Months the Sun not setting for that time when near the Summer Solstice the shortest in the Southmost is about 9 Hours ¼ and the Nights proportionably The Chief Commodities of this Country are Furs Sables Martins Wax Honey Tallow Train-Oyl Caviere Hemp Flax Slad Iron c. As one of the Chief Rarities of this Country we may reckon that strange sort of Melon found in or near to Astracan Casan and Samara Some of the Natives term it Boranetz i. e. The Little Lamb others Zoophyton which signifies the Animal Plant. The first Title would seem most proper because in Figure it resembles a Lamb and such is its vegetable Heat that according to the vulgar manner of expression it Consumes and Eats up all the Grass or other Herbs within its reach As the Fruit doth ripen the Stalk decays and is covered with a downy Substance which being carefully taken off and dress'd is us'd by some instead of Furs for Lining of Vests To this we may add that Church in Moscow call'd Hierusalem which seem'd to John Basilides 1. then Czar such a stately Pile of Building that he caus'd put out the Eyes of the Architect that he might never contrive at least behold its fellow Ecclesiasticks in Moscovia are One Patriach Four Metropolitans Seven Archbishops and several Bishops The Patriarch is he of Moscow residing in the same City Metropolitans are those of Novogorodskoi and Welikoluskoi Rostoufskoi and Harostauskoi Casanskoi and Sunatskoi Sarskoi and Pondoskoi Archbishopricks are those of Wolodgskoi and Weliko Premskoi Resanskoi and Moromskoi Susdalskoi and Turruskoi Twerskoi and Cassinskoi Sibirskoi and Tobolskoi Astrachansckoi and Terskoi Pleskouskoi and Sborskoi As to the exact Number and Names of Bishopricks in this Country the same is but uncertain at best Here we can hardly expect the Seats of the Muses where the Liberal Arts and Sciences have been so long banisht and the Studying of them inhibited by Publick Authority The Moscovites Men of a vigorous and healthful Constitution are generally reckon'd a rude deceitful and ignorant sort of People much addicted to excessive Drinking as also unlawful and beastly Pleasures And so fond of Ignorance have they hitherto been that 't was lookt upon as almost a piacular Crime for any of them to apply himself to a search after Knowledge But things are now mightily alter'd in this Point and that by the Encouragement of his present Czarish Majesty who gives leave to his Nobility to acquire the Liberal Arts and Sciences particularly the Mathematicks and to acquaint themselves with Foreign Countries and Languages And that the Learned Languages Greek and Latin may be no longer strangers in this Country he hath already erected Publick Schools in Moscow for the teaching of them By which means it is to be hop'd That the Brutish Temper and Stupidity of this People may be much reform'd in some time And whereas the present Emperor hath already visited some of the best Nations of Europe purposely to improve himself in Warlike Affairs both by Sea and Land especially the former and since this Undertaking is so uncommon that the Mascovitish Story can't afford a Parallel 't is also to be hop'd that the Effects thereof will be equally astonishing and that in humbling if not crushing both Turks and Tertars his disturbing Neighbours and professed Enemies to the Cross of Christ The Language us'd in this Country is a Dialect of the Sclavonian but so corrupted and blended with other Languages that 't is hardly understood by those who speak the pure Sclavonian which nevertheless is still us'd by the Russians in their Divine Service Pater Noster which I find only in a corrupt Dialect of their Tongue runs thus Aisameidhen joke oleah tainahissa Pyhetta olkon siun wakakuta si olkohon siun tharosi kwinâ— tainahissa ayn man palla Meidhen jokopai wen leipa anna mâ—hâ—llen tanapaiwâ—na ja anna meidem syndia Kwin moe annama meidin vostachan rickoillen ja âle sata meita kin sauxen mutta paasta 〈◊〉 paasta This great Body is under its own Prince who assumeth the Title of Cear which in the Russian Language signifies Emperor yet more commonly he 's term'd the Great Duke He 's an Hereditary Monarch and his Government truly Desuotical The Lives and Fortunes of his Subjects are wholly at his disposal and the greatest Knez or Lord within his Dominions doth acknowledge himself his Galop or Slave Yea be not only exerciseth an uncontroulable Power over his slavish Subjects but also pretends to a kind of Omniscience among them and hath so succeeded in this bold Pretence that the main Body of the People doth really believe that their Great Duke knoweth all things To support which Opinion The Moscovitish Emperors have industriously endeavour'd to keep their People in gross Ignorance and for that end have hitherto banish'd out of their Domions the Liberal Arts and Sciences and forbid the studying of them under the severest Penalties But the present Czar by his proceedings already hinted at would seem to rectify that gross Abuse He suffers none of his Nobles to retire from Court without his Special Permission and seldom or never to visit Foreign Countries till these our own Days no nor so much as to talk with Foreigners at home The Publick Affairs are chiefly manag'd by his Great Council call'd Dumnoy Boyaren consisting of the Principal Noblemen of the Empire Here also are divers other Councils or rather Chambers and Courts of Judicatory to which belong their respective Business and each of these hath its peculiar President they 're in number Six whereof the first is appointed for Ambassadors and Foreign Negotiations The second for managing of Military Affairs The third for the Publick Revenues of the Empire The fourth for encouraging of
Apt Forcalquier Sisteron Middle part whose chief Towns are Arles W. to E. on the S. of the Durance Salon Aix Riez Senez Glandeves Lower whose chief Towns are Marseilles W. to E. nigh unto or upon the Sea-Coast Toulon Hyeres Frejuls Grace Vence Antiâ—e After these Twelve Governments we may here subjoin two other Countries adjacent to the East part of France Namely Loraine French County LORAINE Divided into Loraine properly so called Ch. Town Nancy Dutchy of Barr Westward Bar le Duc. More particularly Loraine properly so called Chief Town Nancy towards the middle D. of Bar Bar le Duc Westward Principality of Phaltzbourge Idem Eastward The Territor of Toule Idem S. to N. Metz Idem Verdun Idem Also those of Clermont Idem 15 Miles W. of Verdun Bitch Idem N. to S. upon the E. part of Loraine Sarward Idem Sarbruck Idem Salme Idem Vaudemont Idem 18 Miles S. E. of Toul FRENCH COUNTY Divided into Higher Northward Chief Town Montbeliart Middle part Besanson Lower Southward Salins More particularly Higher its chief Towns are Montbeliart E. to W. Vesoul Middle its chief Towns are Besancon or Besanson E. to W. upon the Doux Dole Lower its chief Towns are Salins N. to S. S. Claude THis Country formerly Gallia from its Ancient Inhabitants the Gauls otherwise the Celta is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards Francia by its Natives la France by the Germans Franckreich and by the English France so call'd as most Authors agree from the Franks a German Nation inhabiting that Part of Germany still call'd Franconia who invading Gaul and by degrees subduing a great Part of it gave it a New Name from its New Masters who in the Opinion of some Judicious Writers had theirs from certain Franchises granted them by the Roman Emperors beyond what the Neighbouring Nations enjoy'd or according to others from the German words Fraâ—n and Ausen the former signifying Free and the other an Heroe The Air of this Country is very Temperate Pleasant and Healthful being in a good Medium between the great Excess of Heat and Cold which ordinarily attend those Countries of a more Northern and Southern Situation yea so healthful is it that this Kingdom is generally observ'd to be less subject to Plagues and Sickness than most other Nations of Europe and the Air about Mompelier in particular is universally esteem'd Medicinal for Consumptions The opposite Place of the Globe to France is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean between 190 and 207 Degrees of Longitude with 42 and 51 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 6 7 and 8. North Climate is extraordinary fruitful particularly in Corn Wine Fruits Hemp c. The Fields being here both large and open are generally intermingl'd with Vines and Corn as also bordered and interlin'd with variety of Fruits Here are many and vasts Forests and these well-stor'd with most sorts of wild Beasts fit for Hunting several Mountains and these cover'd over with numerous Flocks and some of them lin'd with rich and valuable Mines Here also are divers excellent Pits of Coals and Quarries of Stones The longest Day in the Northmost Part of this Country is about 16 Hours ¼ The shortest in the Southmost is 9 Hours ¼ and the Nights proportionably The Chief Commodities of this Country are Salt Fish Corn Wine Almonds Coral Canvas Oade Linnen Paper Wood Skins Alamodes Lusting and rich flower'd Silks Verdigris Cremor Tartaris c. Among the chief Rarities of France we may reckon some remarkable Remains of the Roman Antiquities as yet to be seen in that Country And they are reducible to these following Heads viz. 1. Triumphal Arches particularly that in the City of Rheims as yet entire compos'd of Three Arches and adorn'd with many Figures and Trophies but uncertain for whom erected There are also the Ruins of several others near Autun in Burgundy one at Saintes in Guienne another almost entire at the City of Orange erected by Caius Marius and Luctatius Catulus upon their Victory obtain'd over the Cimbres and Teutones where are likewise the Ruins of a Roman Circus To these we may add that stately Bridge twelve Miles off Nismes consisting of three Stories of Arches one above another the last of which was an Aqueduct 2. Amphitheaters as the Ruins of a stately one at Chalons in Burgundy another at Perigueux in Guienne another at Tholouse in Langaedoc another at Arles in Provence another at Vienne in Dauphine but the chief of all is that at Nismes of an extraordinary bigness and as yet adorn'd with several Pillars and divers Roman Eagles as also the Fable of Romulus and Romus sucking the She-wolf 3. The Remains of some Heathen Temples particularly those of Templum Jani now call'd the Jenetoye at Autun in Burgundy those of the Goddess Venus at Perigueux in Guienne and that of Diana near Nismes in Languedoc 4. The Ruins of some Ancient Aqueducts as those near Coutance in Burgundy those at Dole in Britaign some at Autun in Burgundy and those at Tholouse in Languedoc 5. Remarkable Pillars particularly those Ancient Columes and Pyramids near Autun in Burgundy but more especially is that famous Roman Obelisk of Oriental Granat at Arles in Provence which is much admired by the Curious being fifty two Foot high seven Foot Diameter at the Base and yet all but one Stone Among the Monuments of Antiquity we may mention that large Passage cut through the middle of a Rock about two Leagues from Brianson in Dauphine which being a stupendious piece of Work gives occasion to various Conjectures some Persons imputing it to J. Caesar and others rather to Hannjbal To these we may add that large and round Buckler of Massy Silver fish'd out of the Rhone near Avignion 1665. being twenty Inches in Diamiter and weighing twenty one pounds 't is 1900 Years old and is charg'd with Scipio Africanus half Mantled grasping his Pike and Roman Officers attending with the Spaniards supplicating for a fair Virgin the same being consecrated to that Virtuous General upon his restoring a beautiful Captive to Allucius Prince of Celtiberia who had espous'd her These being the principal Remains of Reverend Antiquity observable in this Country next to such Curiosities we may subjoin some Rarities of Nature the most noted of which are these following 1 Waters of remarkable Qualities particularly Those nigh to Dax or D'Acque in Gascoign so reputed of old for Bathing that from them the whole Province of Aquitaine did derive its Name As also the Mineral Waters of Bourbon much resorted unto even in time of the Romans together with that famous Fountain near to Grenoble which appeareth as if covered with Flames and boileth up in great Bubbles and yet is never hot Likewise another boiling Fountain about a League from Montpellier much observ'd by Travellers and finally that Oily-spring near Gabian in the Road from Montpellier to Beziers Add to these a Spring near Loches in
pure French will best appear by their Pater Noster which runs thus Nos peer qui êt au Cieux sanctifie soi te Nom Adveen ton Rejam ta Volonté se fait en terre comme es Cieux Donne noy ajord ' huy no pain quotidien pardonne no det comme no pardonnon a nos detteux ne no indu en tentation mais delivre nos des maux Ansi soit il This Countrey viz. all those Provinces belonging to the Spaniard before the late War and now restor'd doth acknowledge his Catholick Majesty as Supream Lord who Rules the same by his Substitute styl'd Governour-General of the Netherlands Which Post is at present enjoy'd by his Electoral Highness Duke of Bavaria and now made Hereditary to him since Anno 1692. For his Assistance he is allow'd three Councils viz. 1. The Council of State in which are transacted the weightiest Affairs such as relate to Peace and War Leagues and Alliances c. 2. The Privy-Council which determineth the Limits of Provinces publisheth Edicts and decideth Matters brought thither by Appeal from other Courts of Judicature 3. The Council of Finances to whom belongeth the Care and Management of the Royal Revenue and Taxes supervising the Accounts of Receivers and proportioning the Expence or Charge of the War To Levy Money and to Enact new Laws is the Business of the Convention of the Estates consisting of the Nobility principal Persons of the Clergy and Deputies of the chief Cities who ordinarily Assemble at Bruxels when call'd by the Governour-General For the better maintaining the Peace through all the Provinces and taking due Care of the Standing Forces each Province hath a particular Governour appointed in Subordination to the Governour-General And for an Universal Administration of Justice every Province hath its peculiar Provost and over all is appointed one Grand Provost whose Power in Criminal Matters is reckon'd very great See Spain The Religion predominant in all the Provinces of the Netherlands before the dawning of that happy day of our Reformation was intirely the Doctrine of the Roman Church But the Errors and Absurdities of that Doctrine being openly expos'd to the World by our wise Reformers the King of Spain to hinder a farther Progress in that matter set up the most severe and barbarous Court of Inquisition which occasion'd no small Disturbance and at last a bloody War that ended in a total Alienation of the Seven United Provinces the other Ten still remaining in the Profession of the Romish Religion as at this day and that in its grossest Errors Christianity was planted in this Country about the same time with the United Provinces §. 3. UPPER GERMANY THis Country containing only a part of Ancient Germany as also a little of Gaul Illyricum with some of Old Italy is term'd by the Italians Alta Allemagna by the Spaniards Aleâ—â—nia alâ—a by the French Haute Allemagne by the Germans Overteutschland and by the English Germany Why so call'd is much Controverted by our Modern Criticks some German Authors being willing to derive its Etymology from words in their own Language as â—â—or-mannen i. e. very much Men. Others from Geren signifying to Gather because the Germans seem'd to be an 〈◊〉 of many Nations others from Gar and Man to denote that they were a Warlike People Some tho' with little ground would fain allow it an Hebrew Derivation But the most probable Opinion of all is that the Inhabitants of this Country were called Germani by the Romans either because they were a sincere and honest sort of People or thereby to denote that they were Brothers to their Neighbours the Gaules The Air of this Country differeth considerably according to the Situation of the various Parts of this large Continent Towards the North it 's generally very Cold but in the Southmost Provinces it 's of the same Temper as in those places of France which lie under the same Parallels The opposite Place of the Globe to Germany is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean between 215 and 225 Degrees of Longitude with 45 and 55 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 8th 9th 10th and 11th North Climate is very different according to the Situation of its different Parts In the Southern Circles as also those in the middle part of the Continent particularly the Upper and Lower Rhine there is hardly any Country in the World can excel them for plenty of Fruits Corn and Wine but towards the North namely the two Saxonies and Westphalia the Soil is not near so fertile especially in Wine Grapes never coming to full perfection there however as for Corn and Pasturage they are abundantly furnisht with them and the whole Country in the main is tollerably pleasant healthful and profitable abounding not only with all things necessary but also with many of the Comforts of human Life The longest Day in the North-most Part is about 17 Hours ¼ The shortest in the South-most 8 Hours ½ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Corn Metals Allom Salt Wine Flesh Linnen Quicksilver Armours and Iron Works c. What Things do mostly merit the Epithet of Rare and Curious in this vast Country are reducible to these following Heads viz. 1. Some very observable Springs as That near Geesbach in Alsace whose Top is covered with a foul fat Oily substance ordinarily us'd by the Peasants thereabouts as common Wheel Grease Another near Paterborn in Westphalia call'd Methorn which hath three Streams very different from one another both in Colour Tast and Qualities and a Third in the Diocess of Paterborn observable in that it loseth it self twice every 24 Hours returning always back at the Interval of 6 Hours and that with such Violence as to drive three Mills not far from its Source Here also are many Salt Springs particularly That near Lunenburg in the D. of Lunenburg another at Hall in Upper Saxony and a third at Saltzwedel in the Marquisate of Brandenburg To these we may add a vast multitude of Springs whose Waters are highly priz'd both for Purging and Bathing especially the latter as particularly Those at Stugart in Wirtenburg Those at Aix le Chapelle in Westphalia and those in the Marquisate of Baden from whence the whole Country derives its Name 2. Some strange kind of Lakes particularly that in Carniola call'd the Zirchnitzer-Sea in length about two German miles and one broad Observable for its many subterraneous Caves and Passages into which both the Water and Fishes of the Lake do yearly retire in the month of June and return again about September As also another in Suabia the Nature of whose Waters is such that they actually singe Fishing-Nets when sunk to the bottom 3. Remarkable Caves particularly that near Blackenburg in Lower Saxony commonly call'd Buman's Hole of which none hath yet found the End tho' many have travell'd a vast way into it
Contains the Palatinate of Kamienieck Chief Town Idem W. to E. Braclaw Idem §. 4. Curland a Dukedom Contains D. of Curland Chief Town Goldingen W. to E. Seinegâ—llen Mittaw §. 5. Samogitia a Dukedom Contains the Territ of Rosâ—enne Chief Town Idem S. to N. Midnick Idem Schwnden Idem §. 6. Poloquia a Province Contains the Palatinate of Bressiti Chief Town Bresste S. to N. Beilskien Bielsk §. 7. Little Russia a Province Contains the Palatinate of Chelm Ch. T. Idem N. to S. Belz Idem Lemberg Idem or Lwow or Leopolis §. 8. Prussia a Dukedom Divided into Royal Westward Chief Town Dantzick W. to E. Ducal Eastward Koningsberg §. 9. Warsovia a Dukedom not divided It s Chief Town is Warsaw upon the Weisel §. 10. Polonia properly so called Divided into Lower Northward Upper Southward  Palat. of Posua Chief Town Idem W. to N. E. Kaliskic Gnesna Debrizin Idem Lower conttains the Plokskein Ploczko Siradia Idem W. to E. Lancicia Idem Rava Idem Provin of Cujava Uladislaw N. of Lancicia Upper contains the Palatinate of Lublin Idem N. to S. on the Weissel Sandomiria Sandomirz Cracovia Cracow THIS Country being a considerable Part of the Ancient Sarmatia Europaea is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards Polonia by the French Pologne by the Germans Polen and by the English Poland so call'd according to the best conjectures from Polu or Pole which in the Sclavonic Language signify a Plain or Champagne Country fit for Hunting there being none of old more esteemed for that than it was The Air of this Country is of a different Nature according to the Nature and Situation of the different Parts of that Kingdom for in the Provinces towards the North-West it 's very Cold yet withal very pure and wholesome but towards the North-East particularly Lithuania it 's not only cold but also very gross and unwholesome which chiefly ariseth from the vast number of Lakes in that part of the Country whose standing Waters send up Infectious Vapours which intermixing with the Air do easily corrupt the whole Mass thereof The opposite Place of the Globe to Poland is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean lying between 215 and 234 Degrees of Longitude with 48 and 58 Degrees of South Latitude The Nature of the Air having still a great Influence on the Soil The North-West Provinces of this Kingdom it lying in the 9th 10 and 11th North Climate are abundantly fertil affording many sorts of Grain and Fruits not only enough for the Inhabitants but also to supply the wants of their Neighbours In the middle part of this Kingdom are some Mountains and those well stor'd with several Mines of Silver Copper Iron and Lead The Provinces towards the North and North-East are very barren iâ— Fruits and Corn being full of Woods Lakes and Rivers The longest Day in the North most Parts of this Kingdom is 17 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost is 8 Hours ¼ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Wax Linnen Boards Masts for Ships Pitch rich Furs Salt Amber Potashes Soap Corn Butter Cheese Rozin Flax Cordage Brimstone c. In the Cathedral of Gnesna is kept an inestimable Treasure of Gold Silver and enamelled Vessels given by divers Kings of Poland and Prelates of that See Under the Mountains adjacent to Kiow are divers Grotto's wherein are preserv'd a great number of Humane Bodies still entire although buried many Years ago â—â—â—ing neither so black nor hard as the Egyptian Mummies among these are two Princes array'd in the same Habit they usually wore when alive who are shown to Travellers by the Russian Monks The place where those Bodies are preserv'd is a dry sandy Ground much of the same Nature with the Catacombs at Rome In the Southern parts of Poland are divers Mountains out of which is dug Salt in large Masses as Stones out of a Quarry and out of others they dig natural Earthen Cups which being expos'd for some time in th' open Air become as hard as a Stone In the Deserts of Podolia is a Lake whose Waters do condense into solid Salt and that purely by the Heat of the Sun Near to Cracovia are the Mines of Sal-Gemme which being two hundred Fathoms deep do constantly imploy above a thousand Men and yield a vast Revenue to the King Near to Culm in D. of Prussia is a Fountain which constantly sends forth a mighty Sulphureous Steem and yet its Waters are never hot Archbishopricks in this Kingdom are two viz. those of Gnesna Leopol Bishopricks in this Kingdom are these following Cracow Colmensee Camieniec Kranostaw Posna Vilna Window Mednick Ploczkow Culm Lutzko Faussemberg Premislaw Kiow Universities in this Kingdom are those of Cracow Koninsberg Posna Vilna The Polanders are generally Men of handsome tall and well-proportion'd Bodies Men of a good and durable Complexion and of so strong and vigorous Constitutions that many of them prove the best of Soldiers being able to endure all the Fatigues of a Military Life The Nobility and Gentry do mightily affect the greatest Pomp and Grandeur they can whether in Diet Apparel or Equipage They are generally reckon'd very Affable and Courteous to Strangers extreamly Jealous of their Liberties and Priviledges but most Tyrannical towards the meaner sort of their own People treating the Peasants no better than mere Slaves and in some Places they exercise a Power of Life and Death upon their Domestick Servants Which absolute Power and severe Usage of the Nobles towards the Commonality together with the many Feuds between one another have produc'd not only many lamentable Disorders in this Kingdom but also occasion'd the final Revolt of the Cossacks One remarkable Quality of this People is their singular Care in Instructing of Youth in the Latin Tongue which Persons of most Ranks do usually speak very fluently yea and even many of the Female Sex are also good Proficients therein The Poles being Originally descended from the Sclavi do still speak a Dialect of the Sclavonian Tongue but the Poverty and Barrenness of their Language has oblig'd them to borrow many Words from the Germans especially Terms of Art It is hard for Strangers to learn the same to perfection the Pronounciation being extreamly harsh by reason of the vast multitude of Consonants they use The Lithuanians have a particular Language of their own which mightily abounds with corrupted Latin words In Livonia they have a Language peculiar to themselves which is a Dialect of the Lithuanian however the German Tongue doth mostly prevail in several Cities and the Russian in others Pater-Noster in the Polish Tongue runs thus Oyeza nasz ktory testes w niebissich swieczszie imie twoie Przydz krolistwo twoie badz wola twa jake w nibie tak y waziemi Chleba naszego pows reduie day nam dzisziay Vodpusc nam nasze winy jackoymy odpuszezamy naszym winowayzem Ynie wwodz nas na pokuszenie a le
Jaen Chief Town Idem E. to S. W. upon the Guadalquivir or nigh to it Cordova Idem Archbishoprick of Sevilla Idem Bishoprick of Cadiz Idem D. of Medina Sidonia Idem Southward §. 6. Granada a Kingdom Cont. the Bishoprick of Almeria Ch. Town Idem Southward upon the Sea-Coast Guadix Idem E. to S. W. Archbishoprick of Granada Idem Bishoprick of Malaga Idem §. 7. Murcia a Kingdom Contain Murcia properly so call'd Ch. T. Murcia E. to W. Territory of Lorca Idem Cartagena Idem Southward upon the Sea-Coast §. 8. Valencia a Kingdom Contains the Provinces of Millares Chief Town Villa Hermosa N. to S. Xucar Valencia Segura 〈◊〉 §. 9. Catalonia a Principality Contains the Territ of Puigcerda Chief Town Idem N. E. to S. W. upon the Ebro La seu d' Urgel Idem Balaguer Idem Lerida Idem Tortosa Idem Girona Idem E. to W. nigh unto or upon the Sea-coast Barcelona Idem Villa Franca de Panades Idem Terragona Idem To these add the Country of Rousillon Chief Town Perpignan S. of Narbone in Lower Languedoc §. 10. Arragon a Kingdom Contains the Bishopricks of Jaca Chief Town Idem N. W. to S. E. Huesca Idem Balbastro Idem Archbishopr of Saragosa or Caragoca Idem upon the Ebro Bishopricks of Taracona Idem N. to S. Alborazin Idem Tervel Idem §. 11. Navarr a Kingdom Contains the Majorships of Pampelona Chief Town Idem N. to S. Olita Idem Tudela Idem Estella Idem W. to E. Sanguesa Idem §. 12. Old Castile a Province Contains the Territories of â—â—rgos Chief Town Idem W. to S. E. Rioja Logronno Calahorra Idem Soria Idem E. to W. on the Douro Osma Idem Valladolid Idem Segovia Idem 56 m. S. E. of Valladolid Avila Idem 63 m. S. §. 13. New Castile comprehending Extrema Dura Being divided into North the Tago Middle between the Tago and Guadiana South of Guadiana North contains the Towns of Coria W. to E. Placentia Toledo Madrid All 3 N. E. of Toledo Alcala de Henares Guadalaxara Middle contains the Towns of Alcantara upon the Tago Merida upon the Guadiana Truxille 36 miles N. E. of Merida Cuensa upon the Xucar South contains the Towns of Badajos From W. to E. Ellenera Cividad Rea Alcaraz §. 14. Leon a Kingdom Being divided into North the Douro C. T. in N. are Palencia E. to S. W. on the Douro Toro Zamora Leon N. to S. W. Astorga South C. T. in S. are Salamanca N. to S. E. S. W. of Alva Cividad Rodrigo S. W. of Salamanca THIS large Continent being now Subject to two distinct Sovereigns viz His Catholick Majesty and the King of Portugal I shall separately consider these two Sovereignities Therefore SPAIN THIS Country formerly Iberia Hesperia and by some Spania is term'd by the Italians Spagna by its Natives EspaÌ„na by the French Espagne by the Germans Spamen and by the English Spain so call'd as some fancy from a certain King nam'd Hispanus others from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 raritas vel penuria because of its scarcity of Inhabitants But the most receiv'd Opinion is That it came from Hispalis now Seville the chief City of the whole Country in former times The Air of this Country is generally very pure and calm being seldom infested with Mists and Vapours but in the Summer so extreamly hot especially in the Southmost Provinces that 't is both dangerous ' and inconvenient for the Inhabitants to stir abroad about Noon from the middle of May to the last of August The opposite Place of the Globe to Spain is that part of Zelandia nova or some of the ill known Continent lying between 190 and 202 Degrees of Longitude with 36 and 44 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 6th and 7th North Climate is in many places very Dry and Barren several of the Inland Provinces being either overgrown with Woods or cumbered with Sandy and Rocky Mountains and others whose Soil is naturally fertil are for the most part wholly neglected lying waste and uncultivated for many Years and that by reason of the fewness or rather the detestable Laziness of its Inhabitants But this defect of Corn and other Grain which ariseth partly from the Nature of the Country but more from the Temper of the People is sufficiently supplied by various sorts of excellent Fruits and Wines which with little Art and Labour are here produc'd in great plenty The longest Day in the Northmost part of this Country is about 15 Hours ¼ the shortest in the South is 9 Hours ¼ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Wines Oyls Sugar Metals Rice Silk Liquorish Honey Flax Saffrom Annifeed Raisins Almonds Oranges Lemons Cork Soap Anchovies Sumack Wooll Lamb-Skins and Tobacco c. Nigh to the City of Cadiz is an old ruinous Building now converted into a Watch-Tower which some would fain perswade themselves to be the Remains of Hercules his Pillars so much talkt off by the Ancients In the City Granada is the large Sumptuous Palace of the Moorish Kings whose inside is beautifi'd with Jasper and Porphery and adorn'd with divers Arabick and Mosaick Inscriptions At Terragona in Catalonia are to be seen the Ruins of an Ancient Circus in the Street call'd la Placa de la Fuente and at Segovia in Old Castile are the Remains of a Noble Aqueduct built by the Emperor Trajan and supported by an Hundred and Seventy seven Arches in double Rows reaching from one Hill to another Without the Walls of Toledo was an ancient large Theatre some part whereof is yet standing Here also is an admirable Modern Aqueduct contriv'd by Joanniltus Turrianus a Frenchman according to the Order of Philip II. At Orense in Gallicia are several Springs of Medicinal hot Waters wonderfully esteem'd off by the ablest Physicians At the City of Toledo is a Fountain whose Waters near the Bottom are of an Acid Taste but towards the Surface extreamly Sweet Near Guadalaxara in New Castile is a Lake which never fails to send forth dreadful Howlings before a Storm The Cathedral Church of Murcia containing above four hundred Chappels is remarkable for its curious Steeple which is so built that a Chariot may easily ascend to the Top thereof Many talk of a Ship of Stone with Masts Sails and Tackling to be seen in the Port of Mongia in Gallicia As to the River Guadiana its diving under Ground from whence 't was formerly call'd Anas the same iâ— so notorious that we need say nothing of it Archbishopricks in this Kingdom are those of Compostella Granada Tarragona Burgos Sevil Valentia Saragossa Toledo Bishopricks in this Kingdom are those of Oviedo Malaga Jacca Segovia Lugo Cartagena Balbatro Cuenza Mondonedo Segorve Terver Cividad Reale Corunna Origuella Albarazin Siguenza Tuy Barcelona Pamplona Leon Orense Tortosa Valladolid Salamanca Cordova Lerida Calahorra Toro Cadiz Solsona Placentia Astorga Jaen Vich Coria Palencia Guadix Tarazona Avila Zamora Almeria
whose Court being of an Oval Form doth still retain the Name of Arena 9. Many stately Tombs of famous Men particularly That of Antenor's in Padua St. Peter's in Rome St. Augustin's and Severinus Boetius both in Pavia with that of St. Ambrose in Milan and many others together with vast multitudes of Statues both of Brass and Marble in most parts of Italy These are the most remarkable Remains of the Roman Antiquities that are now extant throughout all this Country As for Modern Curiosities and other sorts of Rarities which are obvious to the Eye of every ordinary Traveller a bare Catalogue of 'em would swell up to a considerable Volume It were endless to Discourse of magnificent Buildings particularly Churches Ancient Inscriptions rare Waterworks and many bold Pieces of Painting and Statuary to be seen almost in every Corner of Italy Every one is apt to talk of the bending Tower of Pisa the Whispering Chamber of Caprarola the renowned House of Loretto with the rich Treasury of S. Mark in Venice not to mention the famous Vatican Palace and Library with the glorious and splendid Furniture of the Roman Churches To these I may add the several Magazines or large Collections of all sorts of Rarities kept in several Parts of Italy particularly those in Villa Ludovisia belonging to Prince Ludovisio As also those in the famous Gallery of Canonico Setali in Milan but above all are divers Rooms and Cabinets of exotick Curiosities and precious Stones among which is the famous Diamond that weigheth 138 Carats all belonging to the Great Duke of Tuscany and much admired and talkt off in all Parts of the Civiliz'd World Ecclesiasticks of the higest Order in this Country are his Holiness the Pope and the Patriarchs of Venice Aquileia Next to these are the Archbishops of Milan Fermo Benevento Frani Turin Ravenna Thieti Tarento Tarentaise Naples Lanciano Brindisi Bologne Capua Manfredonia Otranto Genoa Salerno Bari Rossano Florence Amalfi Cirenza Consenza Pisa Sorento Nazareth or Barletta Sanseverino Urbin Conza Reggio The respective Suffragans of these Ecclesiasticks are as followeth § 1. Immediately subject to the Pope are the Bishops of Ostia Alatro Perusa Foligni Porto Ferentino Citta di Castello Assisi Sabius Velitri Citta di Sieve Ancona Palestrina Sutri Castro Humana Frascati Nepi Arezzo Loretto Albano Citta Castellana Spoleto Recanali Tivoli Horta Norcia Ascoli Anagni Viterbi Ferni Jesi Veroli Tuscanella Narni Osmo Terracina Civita-Vecchia Amelia Camerin Sezza Bagnarea Todi Cometo Segni Orvieto Rieti Monte Fiascone As also these following being exempt from the Jurisdiction of their respective Metropolitans Mantua Cortona Atella Rapolla Trent Sarzana Cava Monte-Pelozo Pavia Fano Scala and Ravello Trivento Salusses Ferrara Aquila Mon-Pulician Aversa Melfi Marsico Faramo Cassano San-Marco Montellone Bisiguano § 2. Suffragans to the Patriarch of Venice are only those of Torzello Chioza § 3. To the Patriarch of Aquileia are those of Terviso Trieste Petin Vicenza Feltri Cabo d' Istria Citta Nuova Verona Belluno Pola Padua Como Concorde Parenzo § 4. To the Archbishop of Milan are those of Cremona Tortona VerITEMes Acqui Novara Vighenano Alba Savona Lodi Bergamo Ast Vintemiglia Alexandria Brescia Casal § 5. To the Archbishop of Turin are those of Yorée Mondovi Fossano § 6. To the Archbishop of Tarentaise are those of Aoste Sion § 7. To the Archbishop of Bologne are those of Parma Rheggio Carpi Borgo Placenza Modena Crema S. Domino § 8. To the Archbishop of Genoa are those of Albegna Brugnato Mariana Nebio Noli Bobio Accia § 9. To the Archbishop of Florence are those of Pistoya Colle Borgo san Sepulchro Fiesoli Volterra Citta di Sole § 10. To the Archbishop of Pisa are those of Soana Piombino Mont-Alcino Aiazzo Chiusi Massa Livorno Sagona Grossete Pienza Luca Alerta § 11. To the Archbishop of Urbine are those of Senigaglia Engubio Pesaro Fossombrona Cagli S. Leon. § 12. To the Archbishop of Fermo are those of San-Severino Macerati Montalt Tolentin Ripa Transona § 13. To the Archbishop of Ravenna are those of Rovigo Britinoro Sarsina Cervia Comachio Forli Rimini â—â—nestria Faenza Cosena Imola § 14. To the Archbishop of Naples are those of Nola Pozzuolo Cerra Ischia § 15. To the Archbishop of Capua are those of Tiano Caiazzo Sessa Mont-cassin Calvi Carniola Venafro Fondi Caserta Isernia Aquin Gaieta § 16. To the Archbishop of Salerno are those of Campagna Policastro Sarno Nocera di pagni Capaccio Nusco Marsico nuovo Acerno § 17. To the Archbishop of Amalfi are those of Letteri Capri Minori § 18. To the Archbishop of Sorento are those of Vico Massa Castel à Mare di Stabbia § 19. To the Archbishop of Conza are those of Muro Satriano Cedogna Cangiano Bisaccia § 20. To the Archbishop of Benevento are those of Ascol Monte Marano Bovino Tremoli Fiorenzuola Avellino Toribolenza Lesnia Telezi Fricenti Dragonara Guardia S. Agatha di Gothi Ariano Volturata D'alsieres Boiano Larina § 21. To the Archbishop of Thieti are those of Ortona di Mare Civita di Penna Sermona Campti Cali. § 22. To the Archbishop of Lanciano are none § 23. To the Archbishop of Manfredonia are those of Troia Vieste San-Severa § 24. To the Archbishop of Bari are those of Canosa Conversano Bitteta Giovenazzo Poligano Labiello Bitonto Monervino Ravo Molfetta § 25. To the Archbishop of Cirenza are those of Malerano Turfi Gravina Venosa Potenza Tricarico § 26. To the Archbishop of Nazareth none § 27. To the Archbishop of Frani are those of Salpi Andria Biseglia § 28. To the Archbishop of Tarento are those of Montula Castellanetta § 29. To the Archbishop of Brindisi are those of Ostuni Oria. § 30. To the Archbishop of Otranto are those of Gallipoli Castro Alessano Leeche Nardo S. Maria di Leuca Ugento § 31. To the Archbishop of Rossano none § 32. To the Archbishop of Consenza are those of Montallo Mortorano § 33. To the Archbishop of Sanseverino are those of Belcastro Strongoli Cariati Umbriatico Isola Cerenza § 34. To the Archbishop of Reggio are those of Amantea Cortona Squillace Bova Nicastro Oppido Nicotera Taverna Tropea Gieraci Universities in this Country are those establish'd at the Cities following Rome Florence Mantua Venice Bononia Pisa Pavia Padua Ferrara Sienna Naples Verona Perusia Milan Salerno Parma The Natives of this Country once the Triumphant Lords and Conquerors of the World are now less given to the Art of War and Military Exploits than most other Nations of Europe However the Modern Italians are generally reputed a Grave Respectful and Ingenious sort of People especially in those things to which they chiefly apply themselves now-a-days viz. Statuary Works Architecture and the Art of Painting They 're also reckon'd Obedient to their Superiors Courteous to Inferiors Civil to Equals and very Affable to Strangers They 're likewaies in Apparel very modest in Furniture of Houses sumptuous and at their Tables extraordinary neat and decent But these good Qualities of this
Goddess Ceres at Eleusis about four Hours from Athens a part of whose Statue is yet to be seen And at Salonichi are several stately Christian Churches particularly those of S. Sophia Gabriel and the Virgin Mary now converted into Mahometan Mosques the last of which is a Noble Structure environ'd on each side with Twelve Pillars of Jasper Stone and as many Crosses upon their Chapiters remaining as yet undefac'd by the Turks But the Chief Rarities of Greece may be reckon'd those various Monuments of Antiquity to be seen at Athens The Chief of which are these following 1. The Acropolis or Citadel the most Ancient and Eminent Part of the City 2. The Foundations of the Walls round the City suppos'd to be those erected by Theseus who enlarg'd the same 3. The Temple of Minerva now a Turkish Mosque as intire as yet as the Rotonda at Rome and is one of the most beautiful Pieces of Antiquity that 's extent this Day in the World 4 The Panagia Spiliotissa or Church of our Lady of the Grotto 5. Some magnificent Pillars particularly those commonly reckon'd the Remains of Adrian's Palace of which there were formerly six Rows and twenty in each Row but now only seventeen stand upright and are fifty two Foot high and seventeen in Circumference at the Base Here likeways is a Gate and an Aqueduct of the said Emperor 6. The Stadium or Place where the Citizens us'd to run Races encounter Wild Beasts and celebrated the famous Games term'd 〈◊〉 7. The Hill Musaeum now call'd To Seggio by the Inhabitants so 〈◊〉 from the Poet Musaevs the Disciple of Orphens who was wont there to recite his Verses 8. Some Remains conjectured to be those of the Arâ—opagus and Odâ—um or Theater of Musick 9 The Ruins of many Temples especially that of Augustus whose Front is still intire consisting of four Dorick Pillars as also those of Theseus Hercules Jupiter Olympius Castor and Pollux c. 10. The Tower of Andronicus Cyrrhastes or Temple of the Eight Winds still intire 11. The Phanari or Lanthorn of Demosthenes being a little Edifice of White Marble in Form of a Lanthorn which is also intire For a particular Description of all these Rarities both at Athens and other Parts of Greece with many remarkable Inscriptions both in Greek and Latin Vid. Wheeler's Travels Archbishopricks in this Country are chiefly those of Amphipoli Malvasia Saloniki Larissa Patras Adrianople Tarsa Napoli di Romania Janna Athens Corinth Bishopricks in this Country are chiefly those of Scotusa Misitra Glykaeon Granitza Modon Argiro Castro Salona Thalanta Caminitza Delvino Livadia Amphissa Arges Butrinto No Universities in this Country though once the Seat of the Muses but in lieu of them are Twenty four Monastries of Caloyers or Greek Monks of the Order of St. Basil who live in a Collegiate manner on the famous M. Athos now term'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Holy Mountain where the younger Sort are instructed in the Holy Scriptures and the various Rites of the Greek Church and out of these Colleges are usually chosen those Bishops who are subject to the Patriarch of Constantinople The Greeks most famous of old both for Arms and Arts and every thing else that 's truly valuable are so wonderfully degenerated from their Forefathers that instead of those excellent Qualities which did shine in them particularly Knowledge Prudence and Valour There 's nothing now to be seen among them but the very Reverse or Contrary of these and that in the highest degree Such is the Pressure of the Ottoman Yoak under which they groan at present that their Spirits are quite sunk within 'em and their very Aspect doth plainly declare a disconsolate and dejected Mind However the unthinking Part of them do so little consider their present Slavish Subjection that there 's no People more Jovial and merrily dispos'd being so much given to Singing and Dancing that 't is now become a Proverbial Saying As merry as a Greek The Trading Part of them are generally very Cunning and so enclin'd to over-reach if they can in their Dealings that Strangers do not only meet with much more Candour among the Turks but if one Turk seem in the least to discredit anothers Word or Promise his Reply is still at hand I hope you don't take me for a Christian Such is that Blot which these Imprudent Professors of Christianity have cast upon our most Holy Religion in the Eyes of its Numerous and Implacable Adversaries The Languages here in use are the Turkish and Vulgar Greek the first being peculiar to the Turks and the other to the Christians a Specimen of the former shall be given in the last Paragraph of this Section As for the other I can't omit to mention the mighty difference there is betwixt it and the Ancient Greek not only in respect of the many Turkish Words now intermixt but also in the very Pronounciation of those which yet remain unalter'd as I particularly observ'd by conversing with several of the Greek Clergy and being present at some of their Publick Prayers Yea the knowledge of the Ancient Greek in its former Purity is not only lost among the Vulgar Sort of People but also almost extinguisht even among those of the highest Rank few or none of their Ecclesiasticks themselves pretending to be Masters of it Pater-Noster in the best Dialect of the modern Greek runs thus Pater hemas opios I se ces tos Ouranous hagiasthito to Onoma sou na erti he basilia sou to thelema sou na ginetez itzon en te Ge os is ton Ouranon To psomi hemas dose hemas simeron Kae-sichorase hemos ta crimata hemon itzon kae hemas sichorasomen ekinous opou mas adikounkae men ternes hemas is to pirasmo alla soson hemas apo to kako Amen So many brave and valiant Generals did Greece formerly breed that Strangers usually resorted thither to learn the Art of War and such were the Military Atchievements of this People both at home and abroad and so far did the force of their Arms extend that under their Great Alexander was erected the third Potent Monarchy of the World But alas such hath been the sad Catastrophe of Affairs in this Country and so low and lamentable is its Condition at present that nothing of its former Glory and Grandeur is now to be seen For its poor and miserable Natives are now strangely cow'd and dispirited its once numerous and flourishing Cities are now depopulated and meer heaps of Ruins its large and fertil Provinces are now laid waste and lie uncultivated And lately the whole and still a great Part of the Country doth now groan under the heavy Burden of the Turkish Yoke and its various Divisions are rul'd by their respective Sangiacs in Subordination to the Grand Signier See the last Paragraph of this Section The establisht Religion in this Country is that of Mahometanism but Christianity for its number of Professors
the City of Jerusalem but that more out of Curiosity than Devotion They have also a great Veneration for the Valley of Jehosaphat believing it shall be the particular Place of the General Judgment Lastly Abstinence from Wine is likewise a Precept of the Alcoran But of this they are less observant than of any of the former for many of the richest sort of Turks are great Admirers of the Juice of the Grape and will liberally taste of the same in their private Cabals These various Provinces were at first instructed in the Christian Faith at different Times and upon different Occasions SECT IX Concerning the European Islands HAving hitherto Travell'd through the various Countries on the Continent of Europe let us now leave the Continent and set Sail for its Islands And whereas the Chief of such Islands are those term'd the Britannick let us first take a Particular Survey of them and then a more General View of all the rest Therefore I. Of the Britannick Islands THESE Islands being always consider'd as divided into Greater viz. those of Great Britain and Ireland and Lesser namely those many little ones surrounding Britain I shall begin with the former comprehending in them Three distinct Kingdoms and One Principality And since our manner of Travelling through the various Countries on the Continent of Europe hath been still to proceed from North to South I shall therefore continue the afore said Method in Surveying the Isle of Great Britain having no other Regard to the Two Grand Sovereignties therein than the bare Situation of them Begin we therefore with the Northern Part of the Island viz. SCOTIAE Nova Descriptiorer Robert Morden SCOTLAND  d. m. Situated between 10 00 of Long. its greatest Length from N. to S. is about 240 Miles 17 30 between 55 00 of Latit Breadth from E to W. is about 180 Miles 59 00 Being divided into two Classes viz. South the Frith C T. Edinburgh North the Frith Aberdeen South Class comprehends Gatloway Chief Town Kirkudbright W. to E. Nithisdale Dumfreis Anandale Annand Eshdale with Eusdale Lidisdale Hermitage Tiviotdale Jedburgh The Mers Duns E. to W. Lawderdale Lauder Tweedale Peeblis Clydisdale Glascow Kyle Air Garrick Bargenny Lothian Edenburgh E. to W. Sterling Idem Renfrew Idem Cunningham Irvin Isles of Boot Rothesay Arren Peninsula of Cantyre Kilkeran North Class comprehends Fife St. Andrews E. to W. Menteith Dumblain Lennox 〈◊〉 Argile Innerara Perth Idem E. to W. Strathâ—â—◠〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Lorn 〈◊〉 Merns Bervey E. to W. Angus Dundee Gaury Athol Blair Marr Aberdeen E. to W. Badenech Riven Iâ—chabar Innerlochy Buchan Peterhead E. to W. 〈◊〉 Idem 〈◊〉 Elgin 〈◊〉 Taine S. to N. Sâ—thâ—rland Dâ—rnock Strathnaver Strathy Catchness Wick lying N. E. of Strathnaver These are the various Divisions of Scotland according to the best Maps and the manner how they are found But since that Kingdom is ordinarly divided into Sheriffdoms Stewarties Balliaries and one Constabulary we shall also consider it in that respect and seeing each of those Sheriffdoms and Stewarties c. comprehend either a part or one or more of the aforesaid Divisions we shall here subjoin all the Sheriffdoms and Stewarties c. of the whole Kingdom and annex to each of them their whole Content whether more or less Therefore Sheriffdoms of Scotland are those of Edenburgh Containing Middle Lothian Barwick The Mers and Bailliary of Lauderdale Peeblis Twâ—edale Shelkirk The Forest of Etterick Wigâ—on The N. and W. Parts of Galloway Renfrew The Barony of Renfrew Lanerick Clidisdale Dumbritton Lenox Bute Isles of Bute Arren Striveling Striveling on both sides the River Forth Linlithgow West Lothian Glackmannan A little of the E. parts of Strivelingshire Kinross A little of the W. parts of Fife Couper The rest of Fife Forfar Anguis with its Pertinents Kinkardin Mernis Elgin The Eastern parts of Murray Nairn The Western parts Weik Caithness Orkney Isles of Orkney Schetland Sheriffdoms of Scotland are those of Aberdcen containing Marr with its Pertinents Buchan comprehending Forumartâ—n Strathbogie Perth containing Perth as also Gleushee Athol Strathandel Gawry Ramach Broad-Albin Balhider Menteith Glenurghay Strathyern Strormont Innerara containing Argile Lorn Kantire Isles W. of Lorn Kantire Bamfe containing Bamfe Strathdovern Beyn Enzy Strathawin Balveny Inverness containing Badâ—noch Lochabyr The South Part of Ross A Part of Murray beyond Nairn Westw Tayne containing Southerland Strathnaver Roxburgh containing Tiviotdale Lidisdale Eshdale with Eusâ—ale Aire containing Kyle Carrick Cunningham Dumfreis containing all Nithisdale Cromarty a little of Ross S. of Cormarty Besides these Sheriffdoms there are Stewarties Bayliaries one Constabulary Stewarties are Strathern contain Strathern Menteith Menteith Annandale Annandale Kirkudbright E. and S. parts of Galloway As also S Andrews in Fife Killemure Anguis Abernethy Perth Bayliaries are Kyle contain Kyle Carrick Carrick Cunningham Cunningham Lauderdale Lauderdale The One Constabulaty is that of Haddington containing East-Lothian THIS Country the famous Ancient Caledonia is term'd by the Italians Scotia by the Spaniards Escocia by the French Escosse by the Germans Schotland by the English and its own Natives Scotland so call'd as some fondly imagine from Scota Daughter to an Egyptian Pharaoh but more probably from Scoti Schytti or Scythi a People of Germany over the Northern Parts of which the Name of Scythia did once prevail who seized on a Part of Spain next on Ireland and from thence came into the Western Parts of this Country The Air of this Country is generally very pure and so extraordinary wholesome to breath in that several Persons in the Northmost Parts of that Kingdom do frequently arrive to greater Ages than is usual in other Nations of Europe The opposite Place of the Globe to Scotland is that Part of the vast Pacifick Ocean between 190 and 196 Degrees of Longitude with 56 and 60 Degrees of South Latitude Notwithstanding this Country is of a Situation considerably Northern it lying in the 11th 12th and beginning of the 13th North Climate yet it produceth all Necessaries and many of the Comforts of Humane Life Its Seas are wonderfully stor'd with most kinds of excellent Fish Its Rivers do mightily abound with the choicest of Salmons Its Plains do sufficiently produce most kinds of Grain Herbs and Fruits and many of its Mountains are not only lin'd with valuable Mines and the best of Coals but also several of them are so cover'd over with numerous Flocks that great Droves of Cattle do yearly pass into the North of England The longest Day in the Northmost Part of this Country is about 18 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost 6 Hours ½ and the Nights proportionably The Chief Commodities of this Country are most sorts of Fish in great abundance much Linnen-Cloath and Tallow vast numbers of Cattle and Hides as also excellent Honey Lead-Oar Iron Train-Oyl Course Cloaths Frizes c. In Clydsdale are yet to be seen for several Miles the Remains of a large Roman Cawsway or Military-way which
Vultures Their manner of Living is commonly in Tents in the open Fields which they remove from place to place according to the time of the Year and conveniency of Grazing Many of 'em make excellent Soldiers being not only willing and able to endure great Fatigues but also very dexterous and daring in time of Engagement When they seem many times to fly before their Enemies they 'll unexpectedly send back a dreadful Shower of Arrows in the Faces of their Pursuers and frequently turning about do give them a violent Charge and all without the least disorder When their great Cham dies 't is reportd That many of his chief Officers are immediately kill'd and interred with him that they may also attend him as they imagine in the other World according to their respective Posts here The Language us'd by the Asiatick Tartars is not much different from the Tartaresque spoken by those of Crim Tartary a Specimen of which is already given in Europe and both have a great Affinity with the Turkish The vast Body of Tartary is said to be subject to several Princes who are wholly accountable in their Government to one Sovereign who is commonly term'd the Great Cham whose Government is most Tyrannical and Crown hereditary The Lives and Goods of his People are altogether in his Power His Subjects stile him the Sun and Shadow of the Immortal God and render him a kind of Adoration never speaking unto him Face to Face but falling down upon their Knees with their Faces towards the Ground He looks upon himself as the Monarch of the whole World and from that vain Opinion is reported to cause his Trumpets to sound every Day after Dinner pretending thereby to give leave to all other Kings and Princes of the Earth to Dine For the better management of Publick Affairs he 's said to appoint two Councils each consisting of twelve Persons the wisest and best experienced of any that he can pitch upon of which one doth constantly attend the Affairs of State and the other those which relate to the War Yet after all this mighty Cham is lookt upon by some Judicious Persons as a meer Chimera and those strange Relations concerning him though hitherto current are thought to have a near Affinity unto the Legenda Aurea of the Roman Church The most receiv'd Opinion about the Arms of the Great Cham is that as Emperor of Tartary he bears Or an Owl Sable But what as King of China see the following Section The Inhabitants of this Country are partly Pagan partly Mahometan and partly Christian Paganism doth chiefly prevail in the Northmost Parts the People being generally gross Idolaters in those places In the Southern Provinces they 're for the most part followers of Mahomet's Doctrine especially since the Year 1246. And towards the Caspian Sea are found a considerable number of Jews thought by some to be the Off-spring of the ten Tribes led away Captive by Salmanasser Those of the Christian Religion overgrown of late by Nestorianism are scatter'd up and down in several Parts of this vast Country but most numerous in Cathay and the City of Cambalu The Christian Faith was first planted in this Country as is generally believ'd by the Labours of St. Andrew and St. Philip two of the Apostles SECT II. Concerning China  d. m. Situated between 118 00 of Long. It s greatest Length from N. E. to S. W is about 1380 Miles 141 00 between 20 30 of Latit Breadth from N. to S. is about 1260 Miles 41 10 China contains Sixteen Provinces Viz. 6 North Leaotung Chief Town Leaoyang E. to W. Xantung Chinan Peking Idem aliter Xuntien Xansi Taiyven Honau Kaijung Xensi Sigan 10 South Nanking Id. alit Kiangnan E. to W Chekiang Haugchew Kiangsi Nanchang Fokien Focheu Huquang Unchang Quantung Quancheu Suchuen Chingtu Queicheu Queiyang Quansi Quilin Junnan Idem THIS Country thought by most Geographers to be the Ancient Sinae mention'd by Ptolomy is term'd by the French la Chine and by the Italians Spaniards Germans and English China so call'd according to the best Conjecture from one of its Ancient Monarchs nam'd Cina who is said to have liv'd about fifty Years before the Nativity of our Blessed Saviour Many other Names it hath had since that time for when the Government falls from one Family to another the first Prince of that Name is said to give a new Name to the whole Country the latest of which Modern Names are Tamin signifying the Kingdom of Brightness and Chuinque i. e. The Kingdom of the Middle the Chineses imagining that the Earth is Square and that their Country is situated exactly in the middle of it The Air of this Country is generally very Temperate save only towards the North where 't is sometimes intollerably Cold and that because of several Mountains of a prodigious height whose Tops are ordinarily cover'd with Snow The opposite Place to China is the South part of Brasil together with the East of Paraguay This Country it lying in the 4th 5th 6th North Climate is for the most part of a very rich and fertil Soil insomuch that its Inhabitants in several places are said to have two and sometimes three Harvests in a Year It abounds with Corn Wine and all kinds of Fruits Its Lakes and Rivers are very well furnisht with Fish and some afford various kinds of Pearls and Bezoar of great value Its Mountains are richly lin'd with several Mines of Gold and Silver Its Plains are extraordinary fit for Pasturage And its pleasant Forests are every where stor'd with all sorts of Venison In a word the whole Country in general is esteem'd one of the best in the World The longest Day in the Northmost Parts is about 14 Hours ¾ the shortest in the Southmost is about 10 Hours ¾ and the Nights proportionable The Commodities of this Country are Gold Silver Precious Stone Quicksilver Porcelline Dishes Silks Cottons Rhubarb Sugar Camphire Musk Ginger China-Wood c. Peculiar to this Country is a short Tree with a round Head and very thick which in respect of its Fruit may bear the Name of the Tallow Tree for at a certain Season of the Year 't is full of Fruit containing divers Kernels about the bigness of a small Nut which Kernels have all the Qualities of Tallow being the very same both as to Colour Smell and Consistency and by mixing a little Oyl with them do make as good burning Candles as Europeans usually make of pure Tallow it self 2 Here is a large Mountain full of terrible Caverns in one of which is a Lake of such a nature that if a Stone be thrown into it presently there 's heard a hideous noise as of a frightful Clip of Thunder and sometimes there ariseth a gross Mist which immediately dissolves into Water 3. In the City of Peking is a prodigious big Bell weighing 120000 Pounds surpassing the noted Bell of Erfurd in Upper
Saxony by 94600 Pounds In Dimension 't is eleven foot Diameter forty in Circuit and twelve High 4 In Nanking is another of eleven foot High and seven in Diamiter and weighing 50000 Pounds which also surpasseth the Bell of Erfurd weighing only 25400 Pounds yet hitherto suppos'd the greatest in the World by almost double its weight 5. In China are several Vulcano's particularly that Mountain call'd Lincsung which vomits out Fire and Ashes so furiously as frequently to raise some hideous Tempests in the Air. 6. Here are some Rivers whose Waters are cold at the top but warm beneath as also several remarkable Fountains which send forth so hot a Steam that People usually boil Meat over them 7. In this Country are several Lakes remarkable for changing Copper into Iron or making it just of the like resemblance as also for causing Storms when any thing is thrown into them 8. In the Island Haman there is said to be Water uncertain whether in Lake River or Fountain of such a strange quality that it petrifies some sort of Fishes when they unfortunately chance to enter into it 9. Many are those Triumphal Arches to be seen in most of the noted Cities of this Empire erected in Honour of such Persons as have either done some signal pieces of Service to the State or have been conspicuous in their times for their singular Knowledge 10. In this Country are several remarkable Bridges particularly that over a a River call'd Sâ—ffruny which reaches from one Mountain to another being Four hundred Cubits long and Five hundred high and all but one Arch whence 't is call'd by Travellers Pons volans Here likewise is another of Six hundred and sixty Perches in length and one and a half broad standing upon Three hundred Pillars without any Arches Lastly In China are many very observable Plants Animals and Fossils especially the last among which is the Asbestos But for a particular Account of ' em Vid. Kircherus's China Illustrata Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities are hardly to be expected her however this Country according to the Testimony of Popish Missionaries is furnisht with some of these Pekin Nanquin and Macao having each of 'em a particular Bishop nominated by the King of Portugal and the other Provinces are under the Jurisdiction of three Apostolical Vicars Under which Ecclesiastical Superiors there are by their Relations above Two hundred Churches or Private Chappels dedicated to the True God The Chinois Persons for the most part of a fair Complexion short Nosed black Eyed and of very thin Beards are great Lovers of Sciences and generally esteem'd a very ingenious sort of People They 're said to have had the use of Printing and Guns long before either of 'em was known in Europe Many of 'em are great Proficients in several Parts of the Mathematicks especially Arithmetick Geometry and Astronomy and so conceited are they of their own Knowledge in these things and so mean are their Thoughts of others that 't is generally reported of 'em that speaking of themselves they commonly say That they have two Eyes the Europeans one and the rest of the World none at all They who wholly apply themselves to the study of Sciences and make such proficiency in them as to become Doctors to others are distinguish'd by their long Nails suffering 'em sometimes to grow as long as their Fingers that being esteem'd a singular Characteristick of a profound Scholar and a differencing mark between them and Mechanicks The Language of the Chinois is extremely difficult to be acquir'd by Strangers and differeth from all others both as to its Nature Pronunciation and way of Writing 1. It s Nature They use no Alphabet as Europeans do and are astonish'd to hear that by Twenty four Letters we can express our Thoughts and fill Libraries with Books In lieu of an Alphabet they formerly us'd Hieroglyphicks setting down the Images of things for the things themselves but this being extreamly tedious and likeways defective there being no such Resemblances of pure Abstracts they then made Characters to signify Words numbring them according to the number of Words they needed to express their Idea's which Characters arise to such a prodigious multitude that not only Strangers but even the Natives themselves sind it a very difficult matter to acquire an intimate acquaintance with them all 2. It s Pronounciation Although all the Original Terms of this Tongue are Three hundred and thirty three yet such is their peculiar way of pronouncing them that the same Term admits of various and even contrary Significations according to the various Accent in pronouncing of it And of these Accenrs there are five applicable to every Term which extremely augments the difficulty of either speaking or understanding this Tongue to perfection besides the Pronunciation thereof is accompanied with such variety of Motions of the Hand that a mute Person can speak almost intelligibly by his Fingers And as to the Manner of Writing they differ from all other Nations for whereas Christians write from the Left hand to the Right and the Jews from the Right to the Left they usually make their Lines from the top of the Page down to the bottom This Great Kingdom was formerly under its own particular King or Emperor but of late over-run and conquer'd by the Tartars to whom it 's at present subject acknowledging due Allegiance to the Great Cham whose Government is as Despotical as any of the Oriental Monarchs for he hath full Power over the Lives of his Subjects the Princes of the Blood not excepted His bare Word is the Law and his Commands admit of no delay nor neglect He is seldom seen and never spoke with but upon the Knees Upon his Death-bed he may choose his Successor out of what Family he pleaseth For the better managing the great Affairs of this mighty Empire he 's assisted by two Sovereign Councils one Extraordinary compos'd of Princes of the Blood only and the other Ordinary which besides the Princes doth consist of several Ministers of State call'd Colaos But over and above these two Councils there are at Pekin six Sovereign Courts whose Authority extend over all the Empire and to each of 'em belong different Matters viz. 1. Is that Court call'd Lupou which presides over all the Mandarins and confers upon or takes from them their Offices 2. Hoâ—pou which looks after the Publick Treasury and takes care of raising the Taxes 3. Lipou which inspects into Ancient Customs and to it is committed the care of Religion Sciences and Foreign Affairs 4. Pimpou which hath charge of the Soldiery and other Officers 5. Himpou which enquires and passes Sentence in all Criminal Matters Lastly Compou which looks after all Publick Buildings as the Emperor's Palaces and such like In each of these Courts the Emperor hath one who may be term'd a Private Censor it being his business to observe all that passeth and to acquaint him faithfully therewith which makes all Persons
the Ganges THIS large Country comprehending several Kingdoms abovemention'd was term'd Peninsula Indiae intra Gangem by the Ancients particularly the Romans and that upon the account of its Situation being within or on this side the River Ganges in respect of the Empire of Persia or Western Parts of Asia The Air of this Country is generally very hot yet in most of the Maritime Places 't is frequently qualifi'd by cold Breezes from the Sea The opposite Place of the Globe to this Peninsula is that part of the Pacifick Ocean between 230 and 245 Degrees of Longitude with 17 and 25 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Peninsula is for the most part extraordinary Fertil producing all desirable Fruits Roots and Grain besides vast quantities of Medicinal Herbs The longest Day in the Northmost Parts of this Country is about 13 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost is 11 Hours ½ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Metals Silks Cottons Pearls Drugs Dates Coco's Rice Ginger Cinnamon Pepper Cassia c. In several places of the Kingdom of Decan is a noted Tree call'd by Travellers the Nure-Tree whose Nature is such that every Morning 't is full of stringy Red Flowers which in the heat of the Day fall down in Showers to the Ground and blossoming again in the Night it daily appears in a new Livery 2. In the Island Salsete adjacent to Goa are vast Receptâ—â—les cut out of the main Rock one above another some of â—em being equal in bigness to a Village of Four hundred 〈◊〉 and adorn'd throughout with strange frightful Statues of 〈◊〉 representing Elephants Tygers Lyons Amazons c. 3 In the Island Conorein near Bombay belonging to the 〈◊〉 is a City of the same Name having divers large Heathen Temples and many other Appartments all cut out of the firm Rock Which stupendious Work is attributed by some to Alexander the Great but that without any shew of probability 4. In another adjacent Island belonging also to the Portuguese and call'd Elephanco from a huge Artisicial Elephant of Stone bearing a young one upon its Back is another Idolatrous Temple of a prodigious bigness cut out of the firm Rock 'T is supported by sorty two Pillars and open on all sides except the East where stands an Image with three Heads adorn'd with strange Hieroglyphicks and the Walls are set round with monstrous Giants whereof some have no less than eight Heads 5. At a City in the Kingdom of Decan known to Travellers by the Name of Dungeness is another Heathen Temple much the same with that above-mention'd Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universittes None The Natives of the various Provinces of this Peninsula are much the same in Manners with those in the Southern Parts of the Mogul's Dominions already mention'd The chief of the Indian Tongues in this Peninsula are Two viz. the Carabine mostly in use about Goa and the Gazarate which is spoken in Bisnagar and the Coasts of Coromandel In this Peninsula are a great many Princes who assume to themselves the Title of Kings the chief of them being those of Calicut Cochin Cananor Crangâ—ner Travancor and Taner besides which are several sorts of People in various parts of this Country who acknowledge Subjection to none of these nor to any other nor can they accord among themselves being commonly divided into various Parties who pitisully harass one another and those on the Coast of Malabar are much addicted to Pyracy What are the true Ensigns Armotial of these Indian Princes or if any is mostly conjectural all we find of 'em is that some in Decan and Cambaia bear Verte enâ—ompass'd with a Coilar of large precious Stones The Inhabitants of this Peninsula are generally Mahometans especially those who live near the Sea-Coasts but People residing in the Inland Parts are gross Idolaters worshipping not only the Sun and Moon but also many Idols of most ugly and horrible Aspects and in some Parts of Decan they look upon the first Creature they meet with in the Morning as the proper Object of their Worship for that Day except it be a Crow the very sight of which will consine them to their Houses the whole Day In most of the Sea-Port Towns and Places of Trade are Jews in considerable numbers and many European Christians especially those of our English Factories Christianity was first planted in this Country much about the same time with the Mogul's Empire Of which already §. 3. The Peninsula of India beyond the Ganges THIS last Division of India is term'd the Peninsula beyond the Ganges because of its Situation it lying beyond that famous River in respect of the other Peninsula or the Western Parts of Asia in general The Air of this Peninsula is somewhat different according to the Situation and Nature of the various Parts of that Country yet generally esteem'd indifferent healthful and temperate enough considering the Latitude of those places The opposite Place of the Globe to this Peninsula is that part of Nova Zelandia between 210 and 230 Degrees of Longitude with 1 to 24 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying under the 1st 2d and 3d North Climate is extraodinary Fertil producing in great plenty all sorts of desirable Fruits and Grain besides 't is well stockt with invaluable Mines and great quantity of precious Stones yea so vastly Rich is this Country that the Southmost part thereof viz. Chersonese d'or is esteem'd by many to be the Land of Ophir to which King Solomon sent his Ships for Gold The longest Day in the Northmost parts is about 13 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost near about 12 Hours and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Gold Silver precious Stones Silks Porcelline Earth Aloes Musk Rhubarb Alabaster c. Among the Rarities of this Country we may reckon the Golden House in the City of Arracan being a large Hall in the King's Palace whose inside is intirely overlaid with Gold having a stately Canopy of Massy Gold from the Edges of which hang above an hundred Combalenghe or large Wedges of Gold in form of Sugar-Loaves Here also are seven Idols of Massy Gold of the height of an ordinary Man whose Foreheads Breasts and Arms are adorn'd with variety of precious Stones as Rubies Emeralds Saphires and Diamonds In this Hall are also kept the two famous Caneques i. e. two Rubies of prodigious Value about which the Neighbouring Princes frequently contending have drawn Seas of Blood from each others Subjects and all from a vain Opinion That the Possession of those Jewels carry along with them a just Claim of Dominion over the Neighbouring Princes Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None What was said of the Natives of the other Peninsula in point of Manners the same may be affirm'd of those inhabiting this The various Europeans here residing are much
Gate by our English Travellers who have pass'd that way 5. At Genoe about twelve or fourteen Miles North of Gombroon are some excellent Baths esteem'd very good against most Chronical Distempers and much frequented for all inveterate Ulcers Aches and such like 6. Within five Leagues of Daâ—â—an is a prodigious high Pike of the same Name from whose top cover'd all over with Sulphure which Sparkles in the Night-time like Fire one may clearly see the Caspian Sea though an hundred and eighty Miles distant and nigh to this Sulphurous Pike are some famous Baths where there 's a great resort of People at certain times of the Year Lastly In several Parts of Persia are Mountains of curious black Marble and Springs of the famous Naphtha with variety of other Minerals Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The Persians are a People both of old and as yet much given to Astrology many of them making it their chief Business to search after future Events by Astrological Calculations They are naturally great Dissemblers Flatterers and Swearers as also very Proud Passionate and Revengful excessive in their Luxury Pastimes and Expences much addicted to Tobacco Opium and Coffee yet with all they are said to be for the most part very respective to their Superiors Just and Honest in their Dealings and abundantly Civil to Strangers And most of those who betake themselves to Trades prove very Ingenious in making curious Silks Cloath of Gold and such like The Persian Language having a great Tincture of the Arabick is reckon'd not only much more polite than the Turkish but is also esteem'd the modish Language of Asia It 's divided into many particular Dialects and the Characters they use are mostly Arabick As for pure Arabick that 's the School-Language of the Persians in which not only the Mysteries of the Alcoran but also all their Sciences are written and is learn'd by Grammar as Europeans do Latin This large Country is wholly subjected to one Sovereign namely it s own Emperor commonly stil'd The Great Sophi of Persia whose Government is truly Despotical and Crown Hereditary the Will of the King being a Law to the People and he Master of all their Lives and Estates his numerous Subjects render him a kind of Adoration and never speak of him but with the greatest Respect As most of the Asiatick Princes affect very vain and exorbitant Titles so does the Persian Monarch in particular he being generally stil'd King of Persia Pâ—â—thia Media Bactria Chorazon Condahor and Herl of the 〈◊〉 Tartar of the Kingdoms of Hyrcania Draconia Evergeta Paâ—â—â—nia Hydaspia and Sogdiana of Aria Paropaniza Draâ—gâ—â—ta Arachosia Mergiana and Carmania as far as stately Indus Sultan of Ormus Larr Arabia Susiana Chaldea Mesopotamia Georgia Armenia Sarcashia and Uan. Lord of the Imperial Mountains of Ararat Taurus Cancasus and Periardo Commander of all Creatures from the Sea of Chorazan to the Gulf of Persia Of true Descent from Mortis-Ally Prince of the four Rivers Euphrates Tygris Araxis and Indus Governor of all the Sultans Emperor of Mussulmen Bud of Honour Mirror of Virtue And Rose of Delight Many and various are the Opinions concerning the King of Persia's Arms It being affirm'd by some that he beareth the Sun Or in a Field Azure By others a Crescent as the Turkish Emperors with this difference that it hath a Hand added to it By others Or with a Dragon Gules By others Or with a Buffalo's Head Sable But the most receiv'd Opinion is that he beareth the Rising Sun on the Back of a Lion with a Crescent The Inhabitants of this Country are for the most part exact observers of Mahomet's Doctrine according to the Explication and Commentaries made by Mortis Hali. They differ in many considerable Points from the Turks and both Parties are subdivided into various Sects between whom are tossed many Controversies with flaming Zeal on either side The main Point in debate between them is concerning the immediate Successors of Mahomet The Turks reckoning them thus Mahomet Aboubekir Omar Osman and Mortis Hali. But the Persians will have their Hali to be the immediate Successor and some esteem him equally with Mahomet himself and call the People to Prayers with these words Llala-y-lala Mortis Aly vellilula for which the Turks abhor them calling them Rafadi and Cassars i. e. Schismaticks and themselves Sonni and Musselmen which is true Believers They differ also in their Explication of the Alcoran besides the Persians have contracted it into a lesser Volumn than the Arabians after Gunet's Reformation preferring the Immaman Sect before the Melchian Anesian Benefian or Xefagans broached by Aboubekir Omar and Osman from which four are sprung above seventy several sorts of Religious Orders as Morabites Abdals Dervises Papasi Rafadi c. Here are many Nestorian Christians as also several Jesuits and many Jews The Christian Religion was first planted in this Country by the Apostle St. Thomas SECT V. Concerning Turky in Asia  d. m. Situated between 48 00 of Long. its greatest Length from S. E. to N. W. is about 2100 Miles 82 00 between 13 30 of Latit Breadth from N. to S. is about 1740 Miles 45 30 Comprehending six great parts viz. Natolia Chief Town Bursa lying Westward Arabia Medina found from S. to N. Syria Aleppo Diarbeck Bagdat Turkomania Arzerum Georgia Teflis Each of the foregoing Parts comprehends several Provinces as Natolia Natolia propria Chief Town Bursa Northward W. to E. Amasia Idem Caramania Cogni Southward W. to E. Aladuli Maraz Arabia Bâ—riaâ—a or Arabia Deserta Anna N. to S. Barraab or Arabia Petrea Herat Ayman or Arabia Faelix Medina Syria Syria propria Aleppo N. to S. Phoenicia Demask Palestinc Jerusalem Diarbeck Diarbeck Diarbekir N. to S. Arzerum Mosul Yerack Bagdat Turcomania Turcomania propria Arzerum W. to E. Curdes Van Georgia Mengralia Fasso W. to E. Gurgestan Teflis THIS vastly extended Body being divided as aforesaid into six great Parts viz. Natolia Arabia Syria Diabereck Turcomania and Georgia we shall particularly Treat of the first three and that separately they being most remarkable and then take a General View of all the rest conjunctly and that under the Title of the Euphratian Provinces Therefore §. 1. NATOLIA THIS Country formerly Asia Minor in contradistinction from Asia the Greater is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards Natolia by the French Natolie by the Germans Natolien and by the English Natolia or Anatolia so call'd at first by the Grecians because of its Eastern Situation in respect of Greece 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Air of this Country is very different being in some Provinces very pure and healthful in others extremely gross and pestilentious The opposite Place of the Globe to Anatolia is that part of the Pacisick Ocean between 235 and 250 Degrees of Longitude with 34 and 38 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 5th and 6th North Climate is extraordinary
fertil abounding with Oyl and Wine and most sorts of Grain and Fruits But much of the Inland Provinces lie uncultivated a thing too common in most Countries subject to the Mahometan Yoke The length of the Days and Nights is the same here as in Greece they both lying-under the same Parallels of Latitude The chief Commodities of this Country are Raw Silks Goats-Hair Twisted Cotten Cordovants of several Colours Calicuts white and blew Wooll for Matrisses Tapistries Quilted Coverlets Soap Rhubarb Galls Valleneed Scommony Opium c. Not far from Smyrna by the Turks Ismyr is a certain kind of Earth commonly call'd by the Franks Soap-Earth which boileth up out of the Ground and is always gathered before Sun-rising and that in such prodigious Quantity that many Camels are daily imploy'd in carrying Loads of it to divers Soap-Houses at some distance where being mix'd with Oyl and both boil'd together for several Days it becomes at last an excellent sort of Soap 2. Nigh to Smyrna are the Vestigia of a Roman Circus and Theatre and thereabouts is frequently found variety of Roman Medals 3. About two easy days Journey East from Smyrna are some Remains of the Ancient Thyatira as appears from ten or twelve remarkable Inscriptions still to be seen for which Vid. Wheeler 's Travels from Page 230 to 236. and therefore Tyreth a small Village twenty Miles South-East of Ephesus is falsely taken for it by the Ignorant Greeks 4. At Mylasa formerly Melasso in Caria are noble Remains of Antiquity particularly a magnificent Temple of Maible built in Honour of Augustus Caesar and the Goddess of Rome as appears from an Inscription upon the Front which is still intire Here also is a stately Column call'd the Pillar of Menander with a little curious Temple but uncertain for what or by whom erected 5. At Ephesus now call'd Ajâ— Salove by the Turks are yet to be seen some Ancient Christian Churches particularly that of St. John the intirest of 'em all and now converted into a Mahometan Mosque as also the Vestigia of a Roman Amphitheatre Circus and Aqueduct together with a large heap of stately Ruins generally reckon'd those of the once magnificent Temple of Diana the great Goddess of the Ephesians 6 At Laodicea by the Turks Eske-hissar which is utterly forsaken of Men and now the Habitation of wild Beasts are still extant three Theatres of white Marble and a stately Circus all so intire as yet that they would seem to be only of a Modern date 7. At Sardis by the Turks Sart or Sards now a little nasty beggarly Village though once the Royal Seat of rich King Craesus are the Remains of some stately Ancient Architecture with several imperfect Inscriptions 8. At Pergamos which still retains the Name of Pargamo and is observable for being the place where Parchment was first invented are the Ruins of the Palace of the Atalick Kings Here is also the Ancient Christian Church of Sancta Sophia now converted into a Mahometan Mosque As for Philadelphia the last of the famous Seven Churches of Asia now call'd by the Turks Allach Scheyr i. e. The City of God 't is remarkable at present for nothing so much as the considerable number of Christians dwelling in it they amounting to two thousand and upwards The State of Christianity being very deplorable through most Parts of the Ottoman Dominions and not only the chief Ecclesiasticks of the Christian Churches viz. Patriarchs Archbishops and Bishops but also their very Sees being frequently alter'd according as their Tyrannical Master the Turk proposeth advantage by such Alterations and whereas a great many Titular Bishops yea Archbishops and some Patriarchs are often created it is equally vain to expect as impossible to give an exact List of all the Ecclesiastical Dignities in those Parts whether Real or Nominal Let it therefore suffice once for all to subjoin in this place the most remarkable of the Christian Ecclesiasticks through all Parts of the Asiatick and African Turky still referring the Reader to the same as he travelleth through the various Parts of this vast Empire These Ecclesiasticks being Patriarchs Archbishops and Bishops The chief Patriarchs besides him of Constantinople already mention'd in Europe are those of Jerusalem Alexandria and Antioch as also two Armerian one of which resideth at Ecmeasin a Monastry in Georgia and the other at Sis in Aladuha and lastly one Nestorian whose place of Residence is commonly at Mosul in Diarbeck The chief Archbishopricks together with the European are those of Heraclea Adrianople Patras Saloniki Corinth Proconesus Athens Nicosia Amasia Malvasia Janna Scutari Amphipoli Monembasia Tyana Napoli di Romania Methynna Tyre Larissa Phanarion Berytus The chief of the many Bishopricks besides the European are those of Ephesus Trebisonde Amasia Ancyra Drama Nova Caesarea Cyzicus Smyrna Cogni Nicomedia Metylene Rhodes Nice Serra Chio Calcedon Christianepeli S. John D'Acre As for Universities in this Country the Turks are such Enemies to Letters in general that they not only despise all Humane Literature or acquired Knowledge but the very Art of Printing the most effectual means of communicating Knowledge is expresly inhibited by their Law so that the Reader must not expect to find the Seats of the Muses among them It 's true the Jesuits and some other Orders of the Roman Church where establisht in these Countries do usually instruct the Children of Christian Parents in some publick Halls erected for that purpose but these small Nurseries of Learning are so inconsiderable that they deserve not the Name of Colleges much less the Title of Universities The Inhabitants of this large Country being chiefly Turks and Greeks a particular Character of 'em both is already given in Europe when treating of Greece and the Danubian Provinces to which I refer the Reader The prevailing Languages in this Country are the Turkish and Vulgar Greek a Specimen of which is already given when treating of Turky in Europe This large Country being intirely subject to the heavy burden of the Ottoman Yoke is govern'd by four Beglerbegs in Subordination to the Grand Signior the first of 'em resideth at Cotyaeum about thirty Leagues from Byrsa the second at Cogni formerly Iconium the third at Amasia in the Province of the same Name and the last at Marat the principal City of Aladulia See Turky in Europe page 182. The establisht Religion of this Country is that of Mahometanism but Persons of all Professions being tollerated in these Parts as elsewhere through the Turkish Dominions here are great multitudes of Christians particularly Greeks and those of all sorts as Armenians Jacobites Maronites Nestorians Melchites c. and intermixt with these is a considerable number of Jews Christianity was planted betimes in this Part of the World and that by the Preaching and Writings of the Inspir'd Apostles especially St. John the Divine here being the Seven famous Churches to which he wrote viz. those of Ephesus
same in the Apostolick Age. §. 3. Syria by the Turks Suristan MOdern Syria comprehends Syria properly so call'd 2 Phoenicia or Phoenice 3. Palestine or Judaea These Divisions of Syria especially the first and last being remarkable Countries somewhat of each of 'em distinctly and in their order Therefore Syria properly so call'd THIS Country known formerly by the same Name of Syria but different in Bounds is term'd by the Italians Siria by the Spaniards Syria by the French Sourie by the Germans Syrien and by the English Syria but why so call'd is much controverted among our Modern Criticks with little shew of probability for the truth of their various Opinions on either hand The Air of this Country is pure and serene the Sky being seldom overcast with Clouds and in most parts very healthful to breath in only in the Months of June July and August 't is extraordinary hot if it prove either Calm or a gentle Wind from the Desert but as a repeated Miracle of Providence these Months are generally attended with cool Westerly Breezes from the Mediterranean The opposite Place of the Globe to Syria is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean between 250 and 254 Degrees of Longitude with 33 and 38 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in part of the 5th and 6th North Climate is extraordinary fertil where duly manur'd producing most sorts of Grain and Fruits in great abundance Here are indeed several rocky and barren Mountains yet no Country in the World can boast of more pleasant large and fertil Plains than this Plains of such a fâ—t and tender Soil that the Peasants in many places do Till 'em up with Wooden Culters and that commonly by the assistance of one Horse or two Bullocks to draw the Plough But the Beauty and Excellency of this Country is mightily eclips'd by various sad and melancholy Objects that present themselves to the Eye of the Traveller viz. many Cities Towns and Villages which were formerly well-stockt with Inhabitants and compactly Built but now quite depopulated and laid in Ruins as also many Ancient Christian Churches once very splendid and magnificent Structures but now mere heaps of Rubbish and the ordinary Residence of Wild Beasts Quaeque ipse miserrima vidi The longest Day in the Northmost Part of this Country is about 14 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost is 9 Hours ¾ and the Nights proportionably Here it may not be improper to rectify a gross mistake of our Modern Geographers who treating of Syria make the River of Aleppo as they call it to fall into the Euphrates and assert it to be Navigable up to the City whereas it hath no Communication with Euphrates at all but is almost of a quite contrary Course to that in the Maps and so far from being a Navigable River that 't is little better than a mere Brook or at best but a small inconsiderable Rivulet having its rise a little way South-East from Aleppo and gliding gently along by the City loseth it self under Ground at a few Miles distance on the other side The chief Commodities of this Country especially those of Aleppo which is the second City of the Turkish Empire and one of the greatest Trade of any in the Levant being the Center of Commerce between the Mediterranean and East-Indies as also the Seat of one of the most flourishing of all our English Factories abroad are Silks Chamlets Valaneed Galnuts Cotton Mohairs Soap Galls Jewels Spices and Drugs of all sorts c. About six days Journey S. S. E. from Aleppa is the famous Pabnyr a or Tadmor now wholly in Ruins yet such Remains of many Porphyry Pillars and remarkable Inscriptions are still extant as sufficiently evince its former State and Magnificence For a particular Draught and Description of it Vid. Phil. Transact N. 217 218. 2. About onâ— hours Riding from the aforesaid Tadmor is a large Valley of Salt which is more probably thought to be that mention'd 2 Sam. 8. 13. where King David smote the Syrians than the other about four hours from Aleppo though commonly taken for such 3. On the side of a Hill nigh to Aleppo is a Cave or Grotto remarkable among the Turks for being as they say the Residence of Mortis Ali for some Days where is also the rough Impression of a Hand in the hard Rock which they believe was made by him 4. Under one of the Gates of Aleppo is a place for which the Turks have a great Veneration keeping Lamps continually burning in it because according to a receiv'd Tradition among 'em the Prophet Elisha did live there for some time 5. In the Wall of a Mosque in the Suburbs of Aleppo is a Stone of two or three Foot square which is wonderfully regarded by the more superstitious sort of Christians because in it is a natural but obscure Resemblance of a Chalice environ'd as 't were with some faint Rays of Light Such strange Apprehensions do the Romanists in these Parts entertain concerning this Stone that for the purchase of it vast Sums of Money have been proferr'd by them to the Turks but as gross Superstition in the former did hatch the Proposal so the same in the latter produc'd the refusal the Turks being inexorable when requested to sell or give that which was once so Sacred as to become the constituent Part of a Mosque 6. Belonging to the Jacobite Patriarch in Aleppo are two fair M. S. of the Gospels written on large Parchment-sheets in Syrian Characters and these either Gold or Silver with variety of curious Miniature 7. Between Aleppo and Alexandretta or Scanderoon are the goodly Ruins of several stately Christian Churches with variety of Stone-Coffins lying above ground in divers places and many Repositories for the Dead hewen out of the firm Rock 8. In the large Plain of Antioch being fifteen Leagues long and three broad is a stately Cawsey crossing almost the breadth of the Plain and passing over several Arches under which some pleasant Rivulets do gently glide all which was begun and finish'd in six Months time by the Grand Visier in the Reign of Achmet and that for a speedy Passage of the Grand Signior's Forces to suppress the frequent Revolts in the Eastern Parts of his Empire 9 Nigh to the Factory Marine at Scanderoon is a large but unfinish'd Building commonly call'd Scanderbeg's Castle being vulgarly suppos'd to have been erected by that Valiant Prince of Albania in the carreer of his Fortune against the Turks but 't is more probably thought to be of an ancienter Date having thereon the Arms of Godfrey of Bulloign Lastly In the Eastmost part of Scanderoon-Bay is a ruinous old Building known commonly by the Name of Jonah's Pillar erected as the Modern Greeks alledge in that very place where the Whale did vomit him forth It 's indeed much and not undeservedly doubted whether that Monument was erected there upon such an Occasion but 't is
highly probable that this individual Part of the Bay was the very place of the Whale's delivery it being the nearest to Nineveh of any in the Levant Which conjecture I humbly suppose is somewhat more reasonable than that of some dreaming Ancients who vainly imagin'd that the monstrous Fish did almost surround one fourth part of the World in seventy two hours and that when big with Child Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities See Natolia The Inhabitants of this Country are mostly Turks and Greeks whose respective Characters are already given in Turky of Europe pages 174 and 181. as also many Jews and Armenians with other sorts of Christians intermixt of whom the Reader may find some Account towards the latter part of this Section when we come to treat of Palestine and the Euphratian Provinces The chief Language of this Country is the Turkish for a Specimen of which Vid. page 181. the Ancient Syriac being lost among ' em The various Europeans here residing do commonly use the Lingua Franca This Country being subject unto and successively rul'd by the Seleucidae the Romans the Saracens the Christians and Sultans of Egypt was at last conquer'd by the Turks in the time of Selimus I. Anno 1517. under whose heavy Yoke it hath ever since groan'd and is at present govern'd by its particular Bassa appointed by the Grand Signior whose place of Residence is ordinarily at Aleppo the principal City of this Province and thought to be the Aram Sobah mention'd in Holy Scripture But the whole Country of Syria according to its Modern Extant is subject to three Bassa's the first commonly residing as aforesaid at Aleppo the second at Damascus in Phaenice and the third at Tripoli of Syria Subordinate to each of these Bassa's both here and in other Parts of the Ottoman Dominions are various Cadi's or Judges who hear and determine the several Causes whether Civil or Criminal which at any time happen between Man and Man And here I can't omit one particular which as 't is a mighty disparagment to this People so I wish 't were peculiar to them viz. their Mercenary Distribution of Justice for not always the Equity of the Cause but the Liberality of the Party does ordinarily determine the Matter As some of our English Factories in these Parts of the World have experienc'd more than once See the Ensigns Armorial of the Grand Signior page 182. The establisht Religion of this Country is that of Mahometanism the Essential Tenets of which are already set down page 182. to which I remit the Reader But since one thing enjoyn'd by that Religion is the most excellent and necessary Duty of Prayer I can't omit one laudable Practice of this People in that Point I mean not only their imitable frequency in performing this Duty but also their most commendable fervency and seriousness in the performance of it For whenever they set about the same they Address themselves to the Almighty with all profound Respect and Reverence imaginable and in the humblest Posture they can sometimes standing often kneeling and frequently prostrating themselves on the Ground and kissing the same and during the whole performance their very Countenance doth plainly declare the inward Fervour and Devotion of their Mind Yea so exact and punctual are they in observing the various Hours appointed for Prayer and so serious and devout in performing that Duty that the generality of us Christians have too good Reason in both these Respects to say with the Poet Pudet haec opprobria nobis c. The Muezans or Marabounds being those Persons who call the People to Prayers use commonly these words Allah ekber allah ekber allah ekber eschadou in la illah illallah hi allc salla hi alle salla allah ekber allah ekber allah ekber la illa illalah i. e. God is great God is great God is great give Testimony that there is but one God Come yield your selves up to his Mercy and pray him to forgive you your Sins God is great God is great God is great there is no other God but God Dispers'd over all this Country and intermixt with the Turks are many Jews and various sorts of Christians particularly Greeks Armenians Maronites c. but most lamentable is the State of those Christians at present not only in respect of that woful Ignorance under which they universally labour and the Turkish Slavery and Insolence to which they 're expos'd but also in point of those dismal Heats and Divisions those numerous Factions and Parties now among 'em For so bitterly inveterate are they against one another and to such a height do their Animosities frequently come as to give fresh Occasion to the Common Enemy to harass them more and more Christianity was planted very early in these parts of the World most of this Country being watered with the Blessed Gospel in the Apostolick Age. Phaenicia or Phaenice THIS Country very famous of old but now of a very sad and melancholy Aspect and groaning under the Turkish Yoke hath undergone such dismal Devastations by the destroying Arabs that there 's nothing now remarkable in it save a few Ancient Maritime Cities mostly in Ruines which yet maintain something of Trade with Strangers as particularly Damascus call'd by the Turks Scham St. John d'Acre formerly Ptolemais and lastly Sure and Said which were the Ancient Tyre and Sydon Leaving therefore this desolate Country we pass on to Palestine or Judaea THIS Country most memorable in Holy Scripture and sometimes stil'd Canaan from Canaan the Son of Cham sometimes the Land of Promise because promis'd to Abraham and his Seed and sometimes Judaea from the Nation of the Jews or People of the Tribe of Juda is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards Palestina by the French Palestine by the Germans Palestinen or das Gelobte-land by the English Palestine or The Holy Land It 's call'd Palestine quasi Philistim from the Philistins once a mighty Nation therein and Holy Land because 't was the Scene of the Life and Sufferings of the ever Blessed and most Holy Jesus the glorious Redeemer of Men. The Air of this Country excepting those Parts adjacent to the Lake of Sodom of which afterwards is so extraordinary pleasant serene and healthful to breath in that many of its present Inhabitants do frequently arrive to a considerable Age. The opposite Place of the Globe to Palestine is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean between 245 and 250 Degrees of Longitude with 29 and 32 Degrees of South Latitude This Country situated partly in the 4th and 5th North Climate and not exceeding seventy Leagues in length from North to South and thirty in breadth from East to West was blessed with an extraordinary rich and fertil Soil producing all things in such abundance that the Scripture terms it a Land flowing with Milk and Honey yea so wonderful was the fertility thereof and such vast multitudes of People did it maintain that King
David numbred in his time no less than 1300000 fighting Men besides the Tribes of Levi and Benjamin But alas such were the crying Sins of its Inhabitants that it not only spew'd them out as it had done those who dwelt before them But the Almighty being highly provok'd by their many and repeated Abominations hath turn'd that fruitful Land into barrenness for the wickedness of them who dwelt therein For such is the dismal State of this Country at present that besides the Turkish Yoke under which it groans the greatest part thereof is not only laid waste but even where duly manur'd 't is generally observ'd that the Soil is not near so fertil as formerly The longest Day in the Northmost part of this Country is about 14 Hours ¼ the shortest in the Southmost is about 10 Hours and the Nights proportionably Such is the mean and depauperated State of this Country at present that we may now reckon it destitute of all Commodities for the Merchant its Inhabitants now-a-days being mere Strangers to all manner of Commerce In its flourishing Condition under the Kings of Judah and Israel the People thereof did indeed manage a very considerable Trade abroad and that chiefly by the two famous Emporiums of Tyre and Sydon abovemention'd besides the Ships of Tarshish which Solomon sent yearly to the Land of Ophir and so noted were these two Maritime Cities of old for Merchandizing that the Evangelical Prophet Isaiah 23. 8. denouncing the overthrow of Tyre calls it The Crowning City whose Merchants are Princes and whose Traffickers are the Honourable of the Earth And Verse 3. he termeth Sydon a Mart of Nations But so fully accomplisht is the Prophetical Denounciation against 'em both and so low and despicable is their Condition at present that I heartily wish all flourishing Cities of Christendom might be so wise as seriously to reflect on the same and to take timely warning by them especially considering that most of our Populous and Trading Cities are now such Dens of Iniquity that their Inhabitants may justly dread That 't will be more tollerable for Tyre and Sydon in the day of judgment than fâ—r them In the Southern Parts of Palestine is Asphaltis or Asphaltites so term'd from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Bitumen that noted Lake of Judaea where the abominable Cities of Sodom and Gomorrah formerly stood otherways call'd the Dead Sea and remarkable at present for abundance of Sulphurous Vapours which still ascend in so great a measure that no Bird is able to fly from one side of the Lake to the other 'T is also observable for good store of Apples growing near its Banks which appear very lovely to the Eye but being toucht and cut up prove mere naught being nothing else but a heap of nauseous Matter 2. Nigh to the place of the Ancient Sarepta are many Caves and Apartments hewen out of the firm Rock which some vainly imagine to have been the Habitation of Men in the Golden Age before Cities in these Parts of the World were well-known But others with greater shew of probability take 'em for the Caves of the Sidonians mention'd in the Book of Joshua under the Name of Mearah 3 Not far from the once noted City of Tyre are several large square Cisterns which still go by the Name of Solomon's among the Christians of that Country but why so call'd they can give no other reason than bare Tradition 4. At St John d' Acre the Ancient Ptolemais are yet to be seen the Ruins of a Palace which acknowledgeth Richard I. King of England for its Founder and the Lion pissant is still visible upon some of the Stones 5. On Mount Carmel are some Remains of a Monastry of Carmelite Fryers with a Temple dedicated to the Blessed Virgin and under it is a private Cell or Cave which Travellers alledge to be the ancient residing Place of the Prophet Elias On the same Mountain are found a great many Stones that have the lively Impression of Fishes Bones upon ' em As also abundance of petrifi'd Fruit particularly Plumbs or Stones of that resemblance 6. Not far from the Brook Cedron stands a part of the Pillar of Absalom which he erected in his life-time out of an ardent desire to Eternize his Name and nigh to it is a great heap of small Stones which daily encreaseth because either Jew or Mahometan passing by seldom fails to throw one at the same and that out of abhorrency of the Son's Rebellion against the Father 7. In the Mountains of Judah is a remarkable Spring where Philip is said to have baptiz'd the Ethiopian Eunuch whereupon 't is call'd by the Name of The Ethiopian Fountain and hath a Church adjacent erected 't is probable out of Devotion in Honour of the Place and Memory of that Fact Yet by the by 't would seem that this were not the place of the Ethiopian's Baptism because those rocky and declining Mountains are hardly passable on Horse-back much less in a Chariot 8. Nigh to the asoresaid Fountain is a considerable Cave where 't is reported St. John the Baptist did live from the seventh Year of his Age till he appear'd in the Wilderness of Judaea as the promis'd Elias 9. At Bethlehem is the goodly Temple of the Nativity erected by St. Helena Mother of Constantine the Great who call'd it St. Mary's of Bethlehem 'T is now possess'd by the Franciscans of Jerusalem and is still intire having many Chappels and Altars but those little frequented except it be upon extraordinary Occasions 10. In the Mountains of Juda are the Remains of an Ancient Church built by St. Helena and dedicated to St. John the Baptist and that in the place where Zachary the Prophet was born And nigh to it where the Blessed Virgin did Visit her Cousin Elizabeth is a Grotto in which 't is said that the Body of Elizabeth lies interr'd 11. Upon the left hand in going out of the City of Jerusalem by the Gate of Joppa is Mount Sion on whose top are still to be seen the Ruins of the Tower of David which was once a Building of wonderful Strength and admirable Beauty 12. Upon Mount Calvary is the stately Temple of the Holy Sepulchre built by the aforesaid Virtuous St. Helena and hitherto visited by Multitudes of Christians who slock to it from all Parts of the World either out of Devotion or Curiosity It 's divided into a vast multitude of Appartments containing many Chappels and Altars which for the most part receive their Names from some remarkable Circumstance of our Saviour's Passion besides those peculiar to Christians of different Nations at Jerusalem particularly the Abyssines Armenians Georgians Cophtes Jacobites Maronites c and at the entry of one of those Chappels is the Sepulchre of Godfrey of Boulogn on one hand and that of his Brother Baldwin's on the other But Lastly In and about Jerusalem besides the Observables abovemention'd are these following Particulars viz a Mosque erected in
and 235 Degrees of Longitude with 22 and 32 Degrees of Southern Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 3d and 4th North Climate is somewhat Barren the Ground for the most part being very Sandy yet in some low Valleys is found Corn and great Quantity of Dates The longest Day in the Northmost Parts is about 14 Hours the shortest in the Southmost 10 Hours ¾ and the Nights proportionably The Commodities of this Country are very few they chiefly consisting in Corn Cattle Dates and Indigo A certain River whose Origine is in Mount Atlas but watereth the Plains of Bildulgerid in its main Body passing by a Town call'd Teolacha hath a Current of Water extreamly warm and is known to European Travellers by no other Name than la Riviere Chaude or the Hot River 2. There 's another River issuing out of the Mountains of Numidia and passing by the four Forts of Ifran disgorgeth it self into the main Ocean between Bojadore and the Town of Nun which in the Winter-time when other Rivers do usually swell over their Banks grows commonly dry and goes thereupon by the Frank Name of la Riviere Seche 3. Nigh the aforesaid Teolacha is a little Village call'd Deusen which is of great Antiquity being built by the Romans as appears by the Remains of several Structures and some Roman Sepulchres besides variety of Medals found frequently after a Rain having commonly a Head upon one side of 'em with Latin Inscriptions and Trophies on the other Vid Dapper 's late Description of Africa Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The Inhabitants of this Country besides the Natives being chiefly Arabs are generally Ignorant Cruel Lecherous and much given to Robbing All we can learn of the Language commonly us'd by the Natives of this Country is that 't is as Rude and Barbarous as they themselves The Arabs here residing do still retain their own Tongue This great Body is subject unto several little Kings or Lords who for the most part are Tributary to the Great Turk and Emperor of Morocco Some places are govern'd in Form of Independent Commonwealths and others are without any kind of Government or Order among them The Religion profess'd by the Savage Inhabitants of this Country is that of Mahometanism but many of 'em are sunk into the grossest Stupidity as to Religious Matters either not knowing what they profess or professing as good as none at all Here are several Jews scatter'd up and down those places best inhabited The Christian Faith was first planted in this Country much about the same time with Barbary Of which already SECT IV. Concerning Zaara or the Desert  d. m. Situated between 02 00 of Long. Itsgreatest Length from W to E. is about 2340 Miles 50 00 between 21 00 of Latit Breadth from N. to S. is about 330 Miles 28 00 Zaara or the Desert comprehends the Provinces of Borno Chief Town Idem From W. to E. Gaogo Idem Bardoa Idem Lempta Idem Targa Idem Zuenziga Idem Zanhaga Tagassa THIS Country a Part of Ancient Lybia the Seat of the Getuli and Garamantes is term'd by the Italians Zaara by the Spaniards Zaara o Desierto by the French Zahara ou Desert by the Germans Zaara or Wijste and by the English Zaara or the Desert so call'd by the Arabians the Name signifying a Desert because 't is a Country very Barren and thinly inhabited The Air of this Country is much the same as in Bildulgerid only a little more hot yet very wholsome to breath in The opposite Place of the Globe to Zaara is that part of Mare del Zur and Mare Pacificum dying between 182 and 243 Degrees of Longitude with 21 and 28 Degrees of South Latitude This Country lying in the 3d and 4th North Climate being generally very Dry and Sandy is not fertil either for Corn or Fruits yea 't is generally so barren that its Inhabitants can hardly live Such are those vast Deserts and terrible Mountains of Sand in this Country that Travellers are frequently reduc'd to great Extremities being liable either to be overwhelm'd with Sand if a Tempest of Wind arise or to perish with Thirst if it chance not to Rain To prevent the last of these the first being unavoidable in case of Wind they commonly kill one of their Camels and drink the Water in his Stomach those Creatures taking in so large a quantity at one time as sufficeth Nature for fourteen or fifteen Days together The longest Day in the Northmost Part is about 13 Hours¼ the shortest in the Southmost is 10 Hours¾ and the Nights proportionably The Commodities of this Country are very inconsiderable they chiefly consisting in a few Camels Dates and Cattle Nigh to C. Bojadore on the West of Zahara are certain Banks of Sand stretching along that part of the Coast towards which so strong a Current sets in that the Water being in a mighty Agitation both Waves and Sand mixing together do not only resemble a boiling Salt-pan but also they frequently mount up to a prodigious height 2. In the Desert of Araoan are two Tombs with Inscriptions upon 'em importing that the Persons there interr'd were a rich Merchant and a poor Carrier who both di'd of Thirst and that the former had given ten thousand Ducats for one Cruise of Water 3. North of Gaogo are some Vesligia of the Ancient Cyrene the chief City of Lybia Cyrenaica and formerly one of the famous Pentapolis Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universitities None The Inhabitants of this Country being mostly Arabs are an Ignorant Brutish and Savage kind of People resembling rather Wild Beasts than Rational Creatures What was said of the Language spoken by the Natives of Bildulgerid the same may be affirm'd of that commonly us'd in this Country viz. that it 's as Rude and Barbarous as they who speak it This great Country is subject to several particular Lords whom they term Xeques but many of 'em wander up and down hunting in great Companies accounting themselves Independant This Country being stockt with Arabs the only Religion here profess'd is that of Mahomet's but so Barbarous and Brutish is the generality of this People that many of 'em live without the least sign of Religion among them The Christian Faith was once planted here but quite exterminated towards the beginning of the Eighth Century SECT V. Concerning the Land of the Negroes  d. m. Situated between 00 10 of Long. It s greatest Length from W. to E. is about 2280 Miles 46 20 between 10 00 of Latit Breadth from N. to S. is about 600 Miles 23 10 The Land of the Negroes comprehends the Provinces of Genohoa Chief Town Idem From W. to E. upon the North of the Niger Galata Idem Tombut Idem Agades Idem Cano Idem Cassena Idem Guangara Idem Melli Idem From W. to E. upon the South of the Niger Mandinga Idem
at other times on all four and so near is their resemblance to Human Shape that many of the Negroes either take them for Real Men imagining that by long continuance in the Woods they 're become Demi-Brutes or look upon them as the spurious Issue of unnatural Commixtures Some of our Modern Travellers would fain perswade the World that such Creatures are the Genuin Off-spring either of the Ancient Satyrs or Pygmies so famous among the Poets and so frequently mention'd by Pliny who spoke much of them by hear-say But others with more shew of probability do reckon them specifically the same with the Apes of Borneo already mention'd page 289. For a full and satisfactory Account of this remarkable Creature with a nice Examination of the various Conjectures about it I must refer the Reader to a particular Treatise on that Subiect now preparing for the Press by the Learned Dr. Teyson Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The Natives of this Country are great Idolaters very Superstitious and much given to Stealing In Complexion they 're of the blakest sort and most of 'em walk quite Naked without the least shame Some of 'em on the Sea-Coast are given to Trading and understand Commerce tollerably well but generally they 're a cheating proud lazy and sluttish kind of People Remarkable is one fundamental Law or rather an Ancient Custom among some People upon the Quaqua-Coast viz. That every Person is oblig'd to betake himself to the same Trade or Imployment which his Fore-fathers have follow'd Upon the Death of a Husband in the Kingdom of Benin the Widow becomes wholly subject to her own Son if any and may be reckon'd among his number of Slaves only with this difference that she can't be sold without leave obtain'd from the immediate Prince of the Country where they live To kill a considerable number of Slaves at the Funeral of any great Person was a Custom almost universal through all Pagan Countries and particularly here but much worn out in these latter Ages The chief Language in this Country is that call'd Sungai which is also understood and spoken in several Adjacent Countries particularly Tombut and Melli. Of the several Tongues in use upon the Golden Coast That of the Acanistes is most universal being current almost all Guinea over except Anten Acara Ningo and Sinco which have each their particular Dialects The Trading Part of 'em understand and speak Portugueze This Country owneth Subjection to several Sovereigns the chief of whom is ordinarily stil'd the Emperor of Guinea to whom divers other Kings and Princes are subject Next to him is the King of Benin who is esteem'd a powerful Prince having several States Subject and Tributary unto him Paganism is the Religion of this Country the Profession whereof is attended with many ridiculous Superstitions and in some places on the Golden Coast that Diabolical Custom of offering up Human Sacrifices is still in use but not so current as formerly The Pythagorcan Opinion embrac'd by a great part of the Heathen World prevails mightily here Those of the Kingdom of Benin do own a Supreme Being whom they call by the Name of Orifa acknowledging him as the Creator of Heaven and Earth but think it needless to serve him because say they he being Infinitely Good will be sure not to hurt them On the very contrary Account they 're very careful in paying their Devotions and offering Sacrifices to the Devil or some bad Spirit who they think is the cause of all their Calamities They likeways offer up a yearly Sacrifice to the Sea reckoning thereby to appease the Waves and procure calm and peaceable Weather In several other parts of this Country are neither Idol nor Temple and many of the People seem to entertain but very slender hopes of a future State and wholly deny the Resurrection of the Body except those who are kill'd in the Wars Which Exception hath been undoubtedly inculcated upon 'em by some of their Princes and that probably out of a Political Design SECT VII Concerning Nubia  d. m. Situated between 42 00 of Long. It s greatest Length from N. E. to S. W. is about 840 Miles 57 00 between 09 30 of Latit Breadth from E. to W. is about 570 Miles 23 00 Nubia North the River Nuba chief Towns are Samna South Nubia THIS Country known formerly under the same Name is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards Nubia by the French Nubie by the Germans Nubien and by the English Nubia so call'd from its Ancient Inhabitants the Nubi or Nubii or according to others the Nobadoe and Nobades and finally some would derive its Name from Nuabia once the Capital City of the whole Country The Air of this Country is every where extreamly hot it being seldom qualifi'd with Showers of Rain The opposite Place of the Globe to Nubia is part of Mare de'l Zur lying between 220 and 240 Degrees of Longitude with 9 and 23 Degrees of Southern Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 2d and 3d North Climate is said to be very fertil in those Parts adjacent to the River Nile but elsewhere 't is generally very barren being cumbered with many formidable Mountains of Sand. Here is good store of Elephants some Sugar-Canes and as several report a few Mines of Gold The longest Day in the Northmost Parts is about 13 Hours ½ the shortest in the South-most 11 Hours ½ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Gold Civet Sugar Ivory Arms c. In divers Parts of Nubia are still extant the Ruins of many Christian Churches being reckon'd one hundred and fifty in all with several Pictures of our Blessed Saviour the Virgin Mary and many Saints Most observable is that strange subtile Poyson produc'd in this Country one Grain thereof being able to kill ten Men in a quarter of an Hour It 's commonly sold at an hundred Ducats an Ounce but never to Strangers unless they promise by Oath not to use it in these Parts of the World Remarkable is this Country for being the Birth-place of the famous Nubian Geographer Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The Nubians of a Colour extraordinary Black are said to be a strong couragious and cunning sort of People much given to War very Laborious and many of 'em exceeding Wealthy there being establisht a considerable Traffick between them and the Merchants of Grand Caire in Egypt The Nubians have a particular Language of their own which hath some Affinity with the Arabick and Chaldean as also some agreement with the old Egyptian Tongue This Country is govern'd by its own Independent King who is said to be a very Powerful Prince One of his Predecessors call'd Cyriacus upon Information of the Christians being oppress'd in Egypt is reported to have rais'd one hundred thousand Horse for their relief This spacious Country was once Christian but the Ministry
Ethiopid Exterior THIS Country unknown to the Ancients together with Abyssinia abovemention'd is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards Ethiopia by the French Ethiopie by the Germans Ethiopien and by the English Ethiopia so call'd from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Uro and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vultus upon the account of its excessive Heat the greatest part thereof being in the Torrid Zone This Ethiopia is stil'd Exterior because of its Situation in respect of the other This vast Body comprehending several Kingdoms Empires and Sovereignties and those mightily extended from South to North can't reasonably be suppos'd to enjoy the same Nature of Air in all its Parts In Biafara and Congo 't is extreamly hot and would be intollerable to the Inhabitants were it not qualified in the first of these Kingdoms by daily Showers of Rain and in the other by violent Winds which frequently blow from the Western Ocean In Monomotapa and Monoemungi as also the Coasts of Cafres the Air is much more temperate in Zanguebar very unwholesome and in Ajan and Abex extreamly hot The opposite Place of the Globe to Ethiopia Exterior is part of 〈◊〉 Zu◠lying between 210 and 250 Degrees of Longitude with 10 Degrees South and 25 Degrees North Latitude The various Divisions of this great Body being situated in different Climates particularly the 1st 2d 3d Northern and the 1st 2d 3d Southern the Soil must of necessity be very different Biafara is said to be less fertil than Congo The Empires of Monomotapa and Monoemungi do produce abundance of Grain and are generally esteem'd very fit for Pasturage The other Divisions on the East and South-East of the Abyssines are for the most part very Barren in all sorts of Grain yet productive enough of some Sugar-Canes several kinds of Fruit and Spices as also furnish'd with some considerable Gold and Silver Mines and every where abounding with Elephants and Lyons So rich were those Mines found by the Portugueses in Zanguebar and several Parts of the Cafres that the Country about Sofala hath been lookt upon by some Modern Geographers as the much controverted Land of Ophir The longest Day in the Northmost Parts is 13 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost 9 Hours ¾ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commoditities of this Country are Gold Silver Amber-Gris some Pearls and Musk Rice Mill Cattle Lemons Citrons Ivory and Oyl c. In the Kingdom of Angola is found the Quoja-Marrow that remarkable Creature of whom already in Guinea p. 311. 2 Most sorts of Creatures in Congo are to be seen also in Angola particularly a Serpent call'd Minià by the Inhabitants of Quoja and Embamma by the Angolois which is reported to be of such a prodigious bigness that he 's said to swallow a young Deer at one Morsel 3. In divers Lakes of Angola particularly those of Quihaite and Angolone are frequently seen some Water-Monsters term'd Ambisiangulo and Pesiengoni by the Natives but Europeans give them the Title of Syrenes because when taken they fetch heavy Sighs and cry with a dolorous Tone resembling very much the mournful yet charming Voice of a Woman 4 In the Island Levando is a remarkable Tree call'd by the Inhabitants Eusada and Arbor de Raiz i. e. Arbor Radicum by the Portugueze It derives this Name from the Nature of its Branches which spring forth on all sides from the Trunk where 't is generally three Fathoms in Diameter and many of 'em bowing so low as to touch the Ground take root and spring forth anew till by their weight they bow down again and take Root the second time and so on till they cover a thousand Paces in Circuit and able to lodge under its Branches three thousand armed Men who may find Defence not only from Heat but also Rain so thick and numerous are those Filaments and so well lin'd with Leaves 5 In several Parts upon and South of the River Coanza are considerable Mines of Rock-Salt For these and several other Remarkables of this Country Vid. Dapper of Africa Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The various Inhabitants of these many and vastly extended Countries are generally a Dull Savage and Swarthy kind of People among whom a great many remarkable Customs prevail To instance only in a few It 's reported of the Emperor of Monomotapa that when e're he Drinks in publick the whole Court doth jointly put up their Prayers in his behalf and that with a very loud Voice which being heard in the Neighbourhood all Persons there living are bound to do the same as likewise others hearing them and so on whereby the whole City or Country adjacent is always sensible when the Emperor takes his Glass In the Kingdom of Loango are many Canabals and in several places 't is as usual to sell Human Flesh publickly in Shambels as other Nations do commonly Beef and Mutton In the same Kingdom 't is establish'd by an Ancient Custom That when e're a Father deceaseth his Goods belong not to the Children but his own Brothers or Sisters who are bound to take care of such of the little Ones as they think are not able to care for themselves To add no more We read of another Custom yet more uncouth among a certain People inhabiting the Cafres which is That when e're a Father deceaseth the Children both Old and Young are oblig'd to lose the little Finger of their Left-hand and to bury it with him For deferring the performance of that painful Duty they 're commonly very tender of their Parents Health and take all care imaginable to prolong his Life which was probably the Original Cause of so strange a Practice But of all the Inhabitants of these various Countries there 's none more observable for their manner of living than a certain People near unto and upon the Cape and commonly call'd by the Name of Hottantots They 're so term'd from a frequent Repetition of that or such like word and may be reckon'd the most Nasty and Brutish of all reasonable Creatures having nothing save the Shape of Man that can lay claim to that noble Character Their Bodies are usually besmear'd with common Grease or some worse stinking Stuff which occasions a very loathsome smell Their ordinary Habit is a Sheep-Skin just as 't is pull'd off from the Carcase and they use as Ornaments the Guts cum puris Naturalibus wrapt about their Legs and Arms two or three Inches deep on which they frequently feed when scarce of fresh Provisions Notwithstanding of the unparallel'd nastiness of this People yet some Travellers talk of a certain Inland Canibal Nation term'd Cobonas who make frequent Incursions into their Neighbouring Countries and spare none they catch no not the Swinish Hottantots themselves who 't would seem should make but a very unsavory Repast There is a wonderful variety of Languages in those various and vastly extended Countries which go under the Name of Ethiopia Exterior The Inhabitants of Congo
call'd by the Portugucze at their first Discovery of it Anno 1429. because wholly over grown with Trees the word Madeira signifying a Wood. The Air of Maderas being very Temperate considering the Latitude of the Island is generally esteem'd very healthful to breath in That Place of the Globe opposite to Madera is part of the vast Occidental Ocean between 180 and 182 Degrees of Longitude with 32 and 33 Degrees of Southern Latitude The Soil of this Island is very fertil producing in great plenty most sorts of excellent Fruits and a kind of Wine that 's much esteem'd off being fit to keep for a long time both by Sea and Land The length of the Days and Nights in this Island is much the same as in Zaara on the main Continent they both lying under the same Parallels of Latitude The chief Commodities of this Island are excellent Wine and most sorts of desirable Fruits as also Honey and Wax c. What mostly deserves the Epithet of Rare on this Island is that excellent Quality either of its Air or Soil or both which like our Neighbouring Island Ireland proves mortal to all Venomous Animals none such being found here or able to live if brought thither from abroad In the side of a Hill nigh Fonzal is a remarkable Fountain whose Waters do sometimes issue forth in such abundance that the adjacent Parts of the Island are then subject to a terrible Inundation Archbishopricks None One Bishoprick viz. that of Fonzal or Funchale which is Suffragan to Lisbon The Inhabitants of this Island being Portugueze are much the same in Manners with those on the Continent but more vitiously enclin'd if that can be well suppos'd being mighty Proficients in their common Crimes of Theft and Murther The Portugueze here residing do still retain their own Language This Island belonging to the Crown of Portugal is rul'd by a particular Deputy whose place of Residence is commonly at Tonza The Inhabitants of this Island being Portugueze as aforesaid are of the same Religion with that publickly profess'd in the Kingdom of Portugal Having thus considered in particular the most remarkable of the African Islands proceed we now in pursuance of our propos'd Method to take a General View of all the rest or those that are less remarkable Now such Islands to be very brief being strangely scatter'd up and down the Ethiopick and Atlantick Oceans do mightily differ in their Air and Soil according to the various Climates they lie in and in none of 'em is any remarkable place except only the Isle of Zocotora in which is a Town of the same Name As for the chief Observables relating to their Inhabitants particularly their Manners Language and Religion we may sufficiently learn the same only by naming those several States or Sovereigns on the Continent to whom these Islands belong they being generally peopl'd and possess'd by some of them Their present Possessors then in short are as followeth Less remarkable Islands being Zocotora is possess'd by the Arabians Comore the Natives St. Thomas the Portuguexe The Princes Island the Portugueze Annobon the Portugueze St. Helena the English Ascension Island not inhabited And so much for Africa and the African Islands Now followeth CHAP. IV. Of AMERICA Divided page 44. into North comprehending Mexico or N. Spain Capital City Mexico N. Mex or Granada S. Fee Florida Coca Terra Canadensis Boston Terra Arctica South comprehending Terra Firma S. Feede Bagota Peru Lima. Land of the Amazons Brasil S. Salvador Chyli S. Jago Paraguay Assumption Terra Magellanica Terra Antarctica To these add the American Islands Of all which in Order Therefore SECT I. Concerning Mexico or New Spain  d. m. Situated between 259 00 of Long. its greatest Length from S. E to N. W. is about 2520 Miles 297 00 between 08 50 of Latit Breadth from E. to W. is about 840 Miles 30 00 Divided into Audience of Guadalajara C. T. Idem N. W. to S. E. Audience of Mexico Idem Audience of Guatimala S. Jago de Guat Guadalajara comprehends the Provinces of Cinalod Chief Town S. Juan In the Midland from N. to S. New Biscay Barbara Zacaticas Zacatecas Guadalajara Idem Chiameltan St. Sebastian On the Sea Coast from N. to S. Xalisco Compostella Mexico comprehends the Provinces of Panuco Idem On Sinus Mexicanus from N. W. to S. E. Mexico Idem Mechoacan Idem Los Angelos Idem Antequera Idem Tabasco Port Royal Jucutan Merida Guatimala comprehends the Provinces of Soco Nusco Guevetland from N. W. to S. E. on the South Sea Guatimald S. Jago de Guat Nicaragua Leon Cost a Rica Carthago Veragua Conception Honduras New Valladolid From S. E. on N. W. upon Sinus Mexic Vera Pax Idem Chiapa Cividad real THIS Country discovered at first by John Grijalve but more exactly view'd and at last conquered by the Valiant Ferdinando Cortez Anno 15 18. is term'd by the Italians Spagna Novella by the Spaniards Nueva Espana by the French Nouvelle Espagne by the Germans Neu Spanien and by the English Mexico or New Spain call'd Mexico from the chief City thereof and New Spain to distinguish it from the Kingdom of Spain in Europe Notwithstanding this Country for the most part lieth within the Torrid Zone yet the Air is very temperate and generally reckon'd extraordinary wholsome to breath in being qualifi'd with refreshing Showers in the hottest Months and cool Breezes from the Sea all the Year The opposite Place of the Globe to New Spain is part of the East-India Ocean lying between 80 and 117 Degrees of Longitude with 8 and 30 Degrees of South Latitude This Country lying in the 3d and 4th North Climate is bless'd with a very fertil Soil producing many sorts of Grain as Wheat Barley Pulse and Maize several kinds of Fruits as Pomegranats Oranges Lemons Citrons Malicatons Cherries Pears Apples Figs Cocoa-Nuts and great plenty of Herbs Plants and Roots Here also are some rich Mines of Gold and Silver and vast and spacious Plains affording the best of Pasturage The longest Day in the Northmost Part of this Country is about 13 Hours ¾ the shortest in the Southmost 12½ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Wooll Cotton Sugar Silk Cochencel Feathers Honey Balm Amber Salt Tallow Hides Tobacco Ginger and divers Medicinal Drugs About three Leagues from Guayaca is the Stump of a Hollow Tree call'd Tlaco-Chavoya which was of a prodigious bigness when intire being then reckon'd sixteen Fathoms in compass near the Root and somewhat higher twelve Before 't was Thunder struck which occasion'd the hollowness no fewer than a thousand Men 't is said could conveniently shelter themselves from Rain under its wide extended Boughs 2 In several Parts of this Country grows a certain Tree call'd Maguey which may be said to yield Water Oyl Wine Honey and Vinegar For the Body of the Tree being big and hollow
Nueva Inglaterra by the French Nouvelle Angleterre by the Germans Neu Engeland and by the English New England so call'd by the Discoverers after the Name of their own Country Notwithstanding this Country is of a Situation considerably more Southern than Old England yet the Air of both is much the same the Heat thereof being allay'd by cooling Breezes which frequently happen The opposite Place of the Globe to New England is that part of the vast Atlantick Ocean lying between 120 and 130 Degrees of Longitude with 41 and 45 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country is in most Parts very fertil producing in great plenty most sorts of English Grain Fruits and Roots besides Indian Corn. It 's very well stockt with Fish and Fowl as also variety of tame and wild Beasts In short 't is not only furnisht with the Necessaries but likeways many of the Comforts of Human Life and the Colony now upward of an hundred thousand doth flourish daily more and more The length of the Days and Nights in New England is much the same as in the Northern Provinces of Spain they both lying under the same Parallels of Latitude The chief Commodities of this Country are Fish Grain Masts for Ships Deal-boards Iron Tar Bever Mouse-Skins Furs c. And 't is observable of those in New England that they have Annually for some Years imported and exported to and from Old England as many Commodities in value as they carri'd out at first In several Parts of New England grows a certain Fruit term'd the Butter-Nut so call'd from the Nature of its Kernel which yields a kind of sweet Oyl that hath the exact taste of ordinary Butter 2 In Baker's Cave about fifty Leagues East from Boston is found the Scarlet Muscle whose purple Vein being prickt with a Needle yields a Juice of a pure Purple-colour which gives so deep a Dye that no Water is able to wash it our 3 About eighty Miles North-East of Scarbâ—row is a Ridge of Mountains in length about an hundred Leagues and known commonly by the Name of the White Mountains because their Tops are cover'd with Snow all the Year round Upon the highest of these Mountains is a large Plain and at the farthest end of it a natural Rocky Pyramide vulgarly call'd the Sugar-Loaf to the uppermost part of which one may easily ascend by a continued Set of 〈…〉 Steps winding about the Râ—â—ky Mount up to its very Top where is another Plain of about an Acre of Ground and in the middle of it a deep Pond of clear Water 4. Upon the Sea-side near Nâ—w-Haven is a large Bed of Sand of a perfect black Colour with many Grains of Red and White intermixt 5. Upon the Coast of New England is sometimes taken that remarkable Fish which the English Inhabitants call by the Name of the Monk-Fish because he hath as 't were a Hood much of the same fashion with a Fryer's Cowl 6. In divers Parts on the Coast of this Country is found the Stella Marina Arborescens or Branched Star-Fish A rare kind of which taken in the Bay of Mastachuset is to be seen in Gresham Colledge and describ'd in the Philos Trans N. 57. under the Name of Piscis Echionostellaris Visciformis 7. Of many rare Birds in New England the most remarkable are the Troculus and That call'd the Humming-Bird The former of these being about the bigness of a Swallow is observable for three things First Having very short Legs and hardly able to support himself Nature hath provided him with sharp pointed Feathers in his Wings by darting of which into the Wall of a House he sticks fast and rests securely Secondly The manner of his Nest which he useth to build as Swallows in the Tops of Chimneys but of such a fashion that it hangs down about a Yard long Lastly Such Birds are remarkable for their Ceremony at departing it being always observ'd That when they remove they never fail to leave one of their Young behind in the room where they have nested making thereby as 't were a grateful acknowledgment to the Landlord for their Summers Lodging As for the Humming-Bird he is observable for being the least of all Birds The manner of his Nest resembles a Bottom of soft Silk and the Egg in which he 's hatcht is not larger than a white Pease of an ordinary size But of him elsewhere For these and some other such Remarkables Vid. that small Treatise entituled New England's Rarities per J. Josselyn Gent. Archbishopricks and Bishopricks None As for Universities here are two Colledges erected at New Cambridge which in Conjuction with other such Nurseries of Learning hereafter establish'd may we hope deserve that Title in process of time The English here residing are much the same with those in Old England As to the Natives they are generally characterized thus viz. a People that 's Crafty Timerous as also barbarously Cruel and Revengeful when they find opportunity But some of 'em are of a much milder Temper being likeways very Ingenious and quick of Apprehension Their Number especially within the English Territories is mightily diminish'd the greatest part of 'em being swept away by the Small-Pox about the first Settlement of the English others by Tumults among themselves and most of the rest by the late treacherous Wars with the English The English Inhabitants of this Country use their own Language As to that of the Natives it 's divided into a great many Dialects and reckon'd very difficult to be learn'd by Strangers the generality of its Words being extreamly long and of an inarticulate Pronounciation The Natives of this Country are divided into many Bodies and are subject unto their Sachams and Sagamores who exercise an absolute Jurisdiction over them the Will of their respective Governors being all the Law they pretend to The English here residing are govern'd by their own Laws and have several Courts of Judicatory erected for hearing and determining of Causes both Civil and Criminal as also for making and repealing of Laws that concern the Plantation The Management of Publick Affairs is in the Hands of a certain number of Magistrates and Assistants determin'd by their Patent and out of these do the People annually chuse a Governor and Deputy Governor The English here residing are Professors of the Protestant Religion in general but greatly divided as too common elsewhere into different Parties The Natives continue Pagan except those few acquainted with the Principles of Christianity by a late Serious Divine Mr. John Eliot who by Translating the Holy Bible and several Books of Devotion into a certain Dialect of the Indian Tongue and by frequently preaching among them in their own Language laid some Foundation for a more general Conversion Did such a generous Spirit possess the Minds of Christian Benefactors as to extend their Charity that way than which none can be more extensive or to mortify some part of
in triming of Ships with good success and preferable to the ordinary Pitch in those hot Countries being able to resist the scorching Heat of the Sun-Beams Vid. Purchas his Pilgrims Part 4. Lib. 6. Here is one Spanish Archbishoprick viz. that of St. Fee de Bagota Bishopricks four viz. those of Popayan Carthagena Panama St. Martha None The Natives of this Country being Persons of a tawny Colour and for the most part of very robust and proper Bodies are a People that 's very healthful and generally live to great Ages notwithstanding the Air they breath in is none of the best They spend most of their time in Hunting and such like Diversions as the generality of other Americans do and commonly they walk naked above their Middles Here is a great Diversity of Languages among the Natives and each of these divided into several Dialects The Europeans here settl'd retain the several Languages peculiar to their respective Countries from whence they came This spacious Country is in a great part subject to the King of Spain and govern'd by the Vice-Roy of Mexico under whom are several Deputy-Governors in divers Parts for the better management of the whole and for an equal Distribution of Justice every where there are establisht many Courts of Judicatory in which all Causes whether Civil or Criminal are heard and determin'd Some of the Midland Provinces are as yet free from the Spanish Power being still maintain'd by the Natives who acknowledge Subjection unto and are govern'd by the Heads or Eldest of their Families The Natives of this Country especially in the Midland Provinces are gross Idolaters Nigh unto and upon the River Wiapoco is a certain Nation call'd Marashewaccas whose Object of Religious Worship is a monstrous Idol of Stone set up in a most frightful Posture For it is fashion'd like a very big Man sitting upon his Heels resting his Elbows upon his Knees and holding forwards the Palms of his Hands and looking upwards doth gape with his Mouth wide open The different Europeans here residing are of the same Religion with that establisht in the respective Countries from whence they came SECT VII Concerning Peru.  d. m. Situated between 290 30 of Long. Itsgreatest Length from N. to S. is about 1440 Miles 307 10 between 25 30 of S. Latit Breadth from W. to E. is about 480 Miles 01 00 of N. Lat. Peru comprehends the Province of Posto Chief Town Poston From N. to S. Los Quixos Baesa Pacamores Valladolid Quiâ—c Idem Peru Lima Los Careaâ— Potosi THIS Country discovered by the Spaniards Anno 1525. is term'd Peru by the Italians Spaniards French Germans and English so call'd according to the best of Criticks from a certain Rivulet which bore that Name among the Indians at the Spaniards first arrival The Air of this Country is of a very different Nature being in some places extremely hot and in others extraordinary sharp and piercing The Wind upon this Coast according to J. Acosta blows always from the South and South-West contrary to what 's usual between the Tropicks and is not violent tempestuous or unhealthful as elsewhere but very moderate and agreeable He further observes That all along the Coast call'd Lanos it never Rains Thunders Snows nor Hails yet very frequently a little out at Sea And that among the Andes it Rains in a manner continually The opposite Place of the Globe to Peru is that part of the Gulf of Bengale between 110 and 127 Degrees of Longitude with 1 and 25 Degrees of South Latitude This Country lying in the 1st 2d and 3d South Climate consisteth of many large and pleasant Vallies with divers high and lofty Mountains The Vallies in some places especially towards the Sea-Coasts are very Sandy and frequently subject to Earth Quakes in other places they are very rich and the Air extremely sultry The Mountains particularly the Andes are for the most part continually Cold in their Tops yet exceeding fertil and generally lin'd with most costly Mines beyond any Country in the World witness the famous lofty Hill of Potozi in the Province of Los Carcas It is universally esteem'd the richest of all the Foreign Plantations belonging to the Spaniard The longest Day in the Northmost Part of Peru is about 12 Hours ¼ the shortest in the Southmost is 10 Hours ½ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Gold and Silver in vast quantities costly Pearls and abundance of Cotton Tobacco Cocheneel Medicinal Drugs c. There 's a high Mountain in Peru call'd Periacaca to whose Top if any Person ascend he 's suddenly taken with a terrible sit of Vomiting And many Travellers endeavouring to pass over the Desert of Punas have been benumm'd on a sudden and faln down dead which makes that way wholly neglected of late 2. On the Tops of the highest Mountains in Peru as in other Parts of the World are frequently found some considerable Lakes several of which are very hot 3 In the Valley of Tarapaya near to Potozi is a very hot Lake of a Circular Form whose middle part for about twenty Foot square continually boils up and though the Water is so extreamly warm yet the Soil about the Lake is extraordinary cold 4 At the Baths of Ingua is a Stream of Water almost boiling hot and hard by it doth issue forth another Stream as cold as Ice 5. In the Province of Loc Carcas is another Spring of Water so very hot that one can't hold his Finger in it for the short space of one Ave-Maria And somewhere else in this County is a Fountain out of which there issueth a considerable Current of a Colour almost as red as Blood 6. Near to Cusco is a Spring whose Waters turn into pure white Salt wherewith the whole Country adjacent is supply'd 7 Among the Quick-Silver Mines in Guaniavilica is a Fountain of hot Water whose Current having run a considerable way turns at last into a soft kind of Rock which being easily cut and yet very lasting is usually imploi'd for building of Houses thereabouts 8 Nigh C. S. Helene and all along the Coast are many Fountains of Coppey a Substance resembling Pitch and frequently us'd as such or Gultran Rozen which flow in such abundance that Ships at Sea out of sight of Land can give a shrewd guess where they are by the very smell of such Fountains providing there be a gentle Breeze from the Shore 9. In divers Parts of Peru are still Extant the Ruins of many stately Indian Temples particularly that call'd the Pachamana about four Leagues from â—â—ma And another in the City of Dusco which might have been formerly accounted the American Pantheon for the Idols of all Nations conquer'd by the Inguas were always brought thither and there set up 10 Among the Curiosities of this Country we may also reckon the Cucujus Peruvianus or Lanthorn-Fly An Insect of a