Selected quad for the lemma: country_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
country_n	church_n	city_n	parish_n	1,800	5	9.9044	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A28143	A voyage of the late King of Sweden and another of mathematicians sent by him : in which are discover'd the refraction of the sun which sets not in the northern parts at the time of the solstice, varition [sic] of the needle, latitudes of places, seasons &c. of those countries : by command of the most serene and most mighty Prince, Charles XI, King of Swedes, Goths and Vandals / faithfully render'd into English.; Midnats solens rätta och synlige rum uti Norrlanded effter. English	Bilberg, John, 1646-1717.	1698 (1698)	Wing B2889; ESTC R30235	33,096	118

Maritine Places for besides that the Horizon seen upon the Waters is even being hinder'd by no Inequalities which at Land the Mountains or Trees use to make I also think that Reflection comes nearest to Refraction which being joined in a double manner represents the Species of the Solar Body no otherwise than happens in Looking-Glasses where the first Reflection without Refraction is made in the polished Superficies of the Glass but the other in the bottom of it in its filed bottom but with Refraction which Composition except you take heed shows to you one thing sometimes falsly under a double Image or somewhat greater than it shou'd be and further many things may be Objected about the Maritine Observations of Peasants and we very often want the Confirmation of Fishermens Sayings who being accustomed to spread Probabilities for Certainties sometimes both egregiously deceive and are deceived yet we will admire it the less because Mathematicians as well in their Coelestial as Terrestrial Observations have something that is Human in them In the Frigid Zone and its Neighbourhood the stay of the Sun above the Horizon brings this Advantage to the Inhabitants that the Corn in those Places ripens in a short time for as we have heard from the Husbandmen in fertile and fruitful Years not above six or seven Weeks are required amongst them from the time of Sowing their Corn until Harvest we made no difficulty to suffer our selves to be perswaded of it when the first Sower as we went was in the City Torneo and the Barley sown in the beginning of June or the 16th Day of the same Month was grown beyond Expectation and the Grass which as we passed by some places of Western Bothnia in the beginning of June had scarcely come out of its Stalk at our return after four Weeks was Mowed But this Advantage is followed by another Disadvantage for the Corn is liable to much danger from the Cold in this so short a space of time for if it do but happen about the time when it ripens or when they hope it shou'd ripen that the Dew or Frost falls upon it in the Morning it hurts the Grain and wholly destroys it which Mischief they cannot otherwise prevent than by cutting the Corn unripe before it so suffer Even then they did conjecture that they shou'd experience this Year the same Damage not without the greatest prejudice to them and the event showed that they were not False Prophets for altho' they saw the Cold to be near yet the Corn was not then come to that Maturity as it cou'd be exposed to any inconvenience by the violence of the Cold Weather But here is one thing which I wou'd have my Courteous Reader to observe that the Nature of these Northern Countries is not altogether to be estimated from the Intemperateness of this Year for the present Year exceeds all others that are past in the Memory of Man for the severity of the Season and there are very long lived Men in those Places who sometimes live to an Hundred and more Years but not one to be found amongst them who cou'd testifie that Thunder is so much as once heard in the Year and especially in the middle of April which now happened and seemed to presage something unusual And it is very remarkable that when our most Serene King went to see these Places the Year before the Inhabitants never saw a more pleasant Time as if the Countenance of Heaven was composed for Mirth the Lord of the Country being present As for what concerns the Islands of the Bothnick Sea they underwent a different Fortune for as we went from Torneo to the Parish Calix in our Voyage on the 19th of June at our Arrival at some little Islands we there perceived that the Soil was not yet freed from Cold nor did the Birch-Trees which are very many in that place show any sing of Greenness when yet in other Places beyond Sea they abounded with their ripe and full grown Leaves and we know that this is not also unusual in other Countries since in Japan whilst the sharpest Winter continues and the Snows and Rains continually fall other Countries of Asia and Europe situated under the same Climate are not sensible of the same hardness of Winter And Nova Albion being situated about Forty Two Degrees North Latitude when Drake the English-Man first Arrived there he found the Mountains covered with Snow and the English were so troubled with Cold in the Month of June that they were forced to go from it Other Islands also lying in the Ocean are reported to be liable to these Inconveniencies At Night between the Nineteenth and Twentieth Day we saw the Sun setting in Calix at Eleven a Clock and Twelve Minutes tho' the Horizontal Plane by reason of that unequal part in which it looks to the North scarcely permitted us to determine its true setting We tryed the next Day to take the heighth of the Sun but this hope vanish'd amongst the Clouds As much as we can judge from our Journey and the Sun 's setting the Latitude of that place can differ but little from Torneo since the Church in Calix where the Observation was taken seems to be situate directly to the Westward of it CHAP. VI. The Latitudes of Places observed in our Return ON the 21st we observed in the Old Town Luhlea the Meridian Altitude of the Sun and thence gathered the Latitude of the Place to be 65 Degrees and 25 Minutes And the Declination of the Magnet from the North to the West to be about Six Degrees That City was founded in the Year M DC XX II. where there is still an Old Church yielding to none in that Country for Structure and Largeness but for a more convenient Situation New Luhlea was Built nearer to the Sea in the Year M DC XL II. but by the Carelesness of the Laplanders kindling a Fire in the Neighbouring Wood was Five Years after together with the Wood destroyed by Fire nor was it Rebuilt more Fortunately after for in the Year MDCLIII it was again ruin'd by an accidental Fire and from those Ruines became such an one as we now see it On the 24th in the Old City Bithea we in vain hunted after the Meridian Altitude of the Sun the Sky being thick set with Clouds wholly hindering our Design and therefore we went the next Day into the Neighbourhood to search for it This Old City was Built in the Year M DC XX I. but after it was casually by Fire reduced into Ashes in the Year M DC LX VI. for some time the Rebuilding of it was deferred until some fresh Privileges and Immunities being granted by His Most Serene Royal Majesty they might undertake the Business But the New City then beginning to be Built is distant half a Mile from the Old being situated nearer to the Sea for a more convenient Port and convenience of exporting Merchandizes The next Day in the Parish of Schelefta near to the Church

we observed from the Meridian Altitude of the Sun the Latitude of that place to be 64° 37′ and the variation of the Needle to be equal to the former On the 26th and 27th Days we did nothing the Air being Cloudy nor was there any thing which deserved the noting except only that the Church of the Parish Bygde seems to be the most ancient of all the Churches of the Norlands provided the Inscription which appears in the Front of the Church be genuine and sets down the Year of Christ 1169. Yet the Chronicle of those Times takes away the doubt which clearly show that it was Founded under the Reign of St. Erice at which Time Religious Worship altho' Infected with Old Popery made extraordinary Progress And besides there was the Picture of a certain Religious Person which was placed in a Wood half a Mile and more from thence where formerly those who were Remote from Church are said to have met together to Prayers on Holy-Days but after the most happy Times of Religion being purged from the Heresies of Papists as that sort of Worship ceased in our Country so the Picture was laid up in a certain place of the Temple in detestation of the Memory of that Matter On the 28th in Uhma near the Old Temple we observed the Meridian Altitude of the Sun to be 48° 38′ And thence we computed the Latitude of the place to be 63° 48′ but the variation of the Needle not different from the former That City is situated in a more convenient place towards the Sea and is the first and chiefest of Western Bothnia in which also is the Seat of the Governour of that Province On the 29th leaving that Place and going thro' the Borders of Western Bothnia which altho' it be more Northerly yet is happy in a more convenient Soil than the Countries next to the South which abound in Mountains and give place to it in Fruitfulness but the Mountain Scula in Angermannia is Famous before all others very craggy and broken threatning Ruine as it were to all who pass by it for it is very near to the Highway Many Stories are vulgarly reported about it which relish only of Gentilism Their only chief City is Hernosand being furnished with a most convenient Haven and is situated in the Island where the Seat of the Super-Intendant is and the Royal-School the Seminary of the Youth of Norland We stayed there three Days hoping to find the Elevation of the Pole but this stay was to no purpose as in several other Places by reason of the Rains and the Sky being covered with perpetual Clouds On the 7th of July in the Town Medelpadia Sundswald we endeavoured to find the Latitude of the Place but Heaven also oppos'd it When therefore all things seemed to thwart our Labours which we cou'd not stick long to in one Place for our other Affairs yet we still continued two days not far from this City in an Inn near the Church Niurunda a Place fit for Observations expecting but with lost labour the Light of the Sun and this is the reason why at no Place in Angermannia or Medelpadia we made Observations On the 10th of July coming to Helsingland first we sought for the Sun's heighth in Hudwikswald a neat City of that Country conveniently situated near the mouth of the Sea but without any Success by reason of the imminent Tempest After that on the 11th day we at length found the Elevation of the Pole to be 61° 12′ in another City of that Country called Soderhamn in a famous Armoury built there Thence by a crooked way going to the Copper and Iron Mines in our Passage we first observed the Elevation of the Pole of the City Gefle being in the County of Gestrefland 11 miles from Upsal and is famous for being the Seat of the Governor of that Country and having a Royal School the Altitude was 60° 31′ On the 13th at our coming into Dalecarle or the mountainous Country the Elevation of the Pole was found at our Inn Lomsheden to be a little greater than before by reason of our Journey 's bending to the Northward viz. 60° 41′ going thence through the Parish of Dalicarton Swerdsio whose Church was first beautified with a Monument of a gilded Crown by King Gustavus of most Glorious Memory Some Antiquities were produc'd here by the Inhabitants let those who please believe them in a Matter so dubious and not confirmed by any ancient Monuments On the 14th we came to the City Fahlun very famous and eminent for being the Seat of the Governour of that Country and especially being the richest in Copper Mines of so great Antiquity that the Original of it is very uncertain and doubtful From this City which we arrived at with so many Windings and Turnings we did not think it convenient to depart without an Observation therefore staying there six days before the Sky was as agreeable as we wish'd at last the grateful Light shone forth on the 20th of July by help of which we found the Meridian Altitude of the Sun and by it the Places Latitude to be 60° 32′ and therefore perceived this City to lye almost in the same Latitude as Gefle After that designing to bring our Journey to an end without any Observation because of Showers and Storms we passed the several Cities of Westmanland and Hedenore so well known for its Merchandize Agriculture and Fairs and then Afwestafors famous for Copper Mines of several sorts and coining of Moneys and then to Soleburg a very noble Place and celebrated for one of the most precious and ancient Mines of Silver Happily returning to Upsal on the 24th of July the Situation and Antiquities of which City being described by others are well known to all People but the Elevation of that Place's Pole is 59° 54′ for ten Years and more at several times observed by me and the Variation of the Compass about eight degrees Because we were sensible at our return that our most Serene King was at Kongsor to Review his Army to whom we were to give an Account of our Expedition we thought fit to wait on His Most Serene Royal Majesty there and therefore setting our Affairs in Order in two Days on the 27th we passed thro' the City Enecopia in Upland and the Cities of Arosia Koping and Westmanland On the 28th we came to Kongsor in that most pleasant place of Sudermanland to the Latitude of 59° 34′ situated by a most pleasant River where it empties it self into the Lake Galtem and Malaren His Most Serene Royal Majesty received us at our Coming with a singular Clemency and as we gave him that Account of the demanded Expedition hearkned to us with a Countenance full of Grace and Majesty and the Most Serene Hereditary Prince and some of the King's Council and great Ministers of State being present He enquired much about our Demonstrations and would have the Reasons of the most minute Matters laid before him but

being as yet not well beaten wherein being tossed by divers Fortunes at length we happily arrived at Torneo on the 6th of June having made a most hazardous Voyage in sixteen Days in Charriots Boats or on Horses and a-foot by turns The City Torneo is situated by the River Torneo rising in Lapland a very pleasant Place which the River makes by parting it self into two Arms and joining again where it discharges it self into the Sea from which Island the Citizens assert the City to have received its Name at the time of its Building But it was founded in this Island in the Year of our Lord M DC XX. when before it was the Seat of Inhabitants who dwelt some Furlongs from it to the South where there is still an old stone-Stone-Church for they have a wooden one in that City and that curiously built as generally is usual in other Cities of that Country not long rebuilded This City trades chiefly with the Finns and Laplanders whose Language the Citizens understand well In the Winter they likewise give them a Visit with their Ram Deer and for the Merchandize which they carry with them receive others from the Laplanders of equal Value They have also no inconsiderable Commerce with the Moscovites who yearly sell their Goods to them and part with them at a very reasonable Price since those which are brought out of the City Archangel lie them in less when the Concourse of the Hollanders is the greatest The same Evening that we came to Torneo we observ'd the Sun above the Horizon noting the Time by the going of a most exact Clock which shew'd Minutes and Seconds which I had for that use by the Favour of the most excellent Count and Royal Senator Nicolas Gyldenstolp by this at 11 h. 15′ 45″ the Sun was hidden in a little Cloud passing over it and appeared that Night no more to us On the 7th of June we sound the Altitude of the Sun by two Brass Astrolabes exactly divided into Deg. and Min. One of which we wou'd have to be loose and the other fixed with the Perpendicular by which the Errors which arise by the Disposition might be the more easily detected and by this Means we took Care that the very least difference of them shou'd not escape us nor was any Calculation made by us except the Instruments agreed most exactly The same day in our first Observation we found the greatest Altitude of the Sun to be 47° 48′ On the 8th Day we found the Meridian Altitude to be 47° 49′ The 9th Day was Cloudy On the 10th it was 47° 50′ from which repeated Observations and another more made in the same place at our return on the 18th of June when the Suns Meridian heighth had decreased to 47° 45′ we gathered by an Astronomical Calculation the true Motion of the Sun being consider'd and the just Parallax added that the Elevation of the Pole in that City is not so much as is laid down in some Geographical Tables especially those of Foreigners being but 65° 43′ but no account ought to be had of the Refraction in these Observations the Body of the Sun being elevated beyond that degree where they cease we desired truly to confirm these Diurnal Observations by the fixed Stars because to those who observe by the Circumpolar Stars the Altitude of the Pole uses to come out less and the Winter and Summer Declinations of the Sun being otherwise equal the Hypothesis of the fixed Obliquity of the Ecliptick being granted but amongst the more Northerly at several Times are render'd inequal by reason of their Refractions but at that time the Light of the Sun and its continual Presence saved us that trouble The Latitude of Torneo being found we were solicitous to find out the true Longitude of it but seeing that cou'd not be Astronomically obtain'd by any direct Journey by reason of the Situation of Places we were forced to be satisfied with the Reports of the Land-Surveyers who have so exactly describ'd the Measures of the Ways and the Situation of all the Countries and Counties by the Command of His most Serene Royal Majesty and because amongst the several Ways of finding out the Longitude of Places especially at Sea for which the States of the United Provinces promised so great a Reward to the finder of it all Eyes being intent upon this Victory which is not as yet obtain'd I say amongst so many ways no Invention hath yet appeared more excellent than that which is performed by the help of a Pendulum of which that Noble Hollander Christianus Con-stantine Huygens was the Inventer and Author a Person as well for his other Famous Works as for the sake of this most worthy of Immortality And here it came into our Heads to admire the great Constancy of these Portable Clocks made after that Example two of which I brought with me from home accurately distinguished with an Horizontal Pendulum and divided into Minutes but the Third having also Seconds was added to them at Stockholm Before our departure I so dispos'd these Two for three Weeks together to the Motion and Measure of a most correct exact Pendulum of three Foot which was such a Rule for me that I cou'd scarce doubt of their Exactness since in the whole Journey they went so equally that they did not differ from one another so much as one Minute at the same time But it moved me more than I can express in the first Observation at Torneo when the Suns greatest Altitude and from thence the true place of the South was known to us all these Three Clocks wanted only 18 Minutes of this Point to wit the Automaton shewed the Hour of the Day of the Meridian from whence I came and to which I was joined when I departed at Twelve a Clock and yet cou'd not rightly show us the Meridian of Torneo or to agree with it because that City is judged to be some Degrees more Easterly than Stockholm For of the Mapps which I now have one of them which Aegidius Valkenier put forth in a lesser Form makes the Longitude of Stockholm 35 Degrees and 30 Minutes but of Torneo 40° 0′ this difference of the Meridians 4° 30′ gives the Intervals of Time 18′ Astronomically computed The other of Fred. de Witt makes the Longitude of Stockholm 36° 20′ but of Torneo 41° 10′ This difference of the Meridians 4° 50′ makes the measure of Time betwixt them 19′ 20″ A third of Scandinavia by the same De Witt makes the Longitude of Stockholm 39° 00. but that of Torneo precisely 44° 00. which is the greatest and produces the difference of the Meridians of five Degrees whence also in Time the difference of Meridians is given 20 Minutes But which of these two Tables is the latter and truer is not certain for in Maps and Clocks the Age of them is not expressed on purpose that so they may always seem to be New but howsoever it was these three Maps did not