the English and Spanish Fleets the Sea flight of the Spanish and miserable disasters in their returne Their lyes The Queenes religious triumph pag. 1895. Squadron of the Galeons of Portugall p. 1898. Don Alonso Peres de Gusman the good Duke of Medina Sidonia Countie of Nebla Marquesse of Casheshe in Africa Lord of the Citie of Saint Lucar Captaine Generall of the Occian Sea of the Coast of Andaluzia and of this Armie of his Maiestie and Knight of the honorable Order of the golden Fleece pag. 1902. The true relation of the successe of the Catholike Armie against their Enemies by the Letters of the Post-master of Logrono of the fourth of September and by Letters from Roan of the 31. of August and by Letters from Paris of the Kings Embassadour there wherein hee declareth the imprisonment of Francis Drake and other great Nobles of England and how the Queene is in the field with an Armie and of a certaine mutinie which was amongst the Queenes Armie with the successe of the said Catholike Armie since they entred in the Groyne till they came on the Coast of England with two Ballets compounded by Christouer Brauo a blinde man of Cordowa printed with licence by Gabriel Ramos Beiarano printer pag. 1913. CHAP. XII A discourse of the Portugall voyage Anno 1589. Sir Iohn Norris and Sir Francis Drake Generalls written as is thought by Colonell Antonie Wingfield imployed in the same voyage formerly published by his friend to whom it was written and here abbreuiated pag. 1914. CHAP. XIII A briefe and true report of the Honourable voyage vnto Cadiz 1596. of the ouerthrow of the Kings Fleet and of the winning of the Citie with other accidents gathered out of Meteranus Master Hackluyt and others pag. 1927. CHAP. XIIII The voyage to the Iles of Azores vnder the conduct of the Right Honorable Earle of Essex 1597. pag. 1935. § 1. The relation thereof by the said Earle and other Commissioners ibid. § 2. A larger relation of the said Iland voyage written by Sir Arthur Gorges Knight collected in the Queenes ship called the Wast Spite wherein he was then Captaine with Marine and Martiall discourses added according to the occurrences pag. 1938. The Conclusion of the Worke with some later aduertisements touching his Maiesties care for Virginia pag. 19â—0 Maps and Peeces cut in Brasse or VVood in the last ten Bookes AMerica p. 857 America Meridionalis p. 882 America Septentrionalis p. 853 Map of the Arctike Pole p. 625 Borussia or Prussia p. 626 Hondius his Map of China p. 361 Purchas his Map of China p. 402 Denmarke p. 622 England p. 1980 Florida p. 689 Great Britaine and Ireland p. 1981 Greenland p. 468 Vlphilas Gottick letters p. 658 Hispaniola p. 861 Island p. 644 Lithuania p. 629 Liuonia p. 627 Magellan Streight p. 900 Mexican hieroglyphic histor cut in 65. peeces p. 1067 c. to 1117. Moscouia p. 778 Norwegia p. 620 Polonia p. 630 Russia p. 220 Noua Scotia p. 1874 New Spaine p. 871 Tartaria p. 234 Taurica Chersonesus p. 632 Virginia p. 1692 PEREGRINATIONS AND DISCOVERIES IN THE REMOTEST NORTH AND EAST PARTS OF ASIA CALLED TARTARIA AND CHINA THE FIRST BOOKE CHAP. I. The Iournall of Frier WILLIAM DE RVBRVQVIS a French-man of the Order of the Minorite Friers vnto the East parts of the World Anno Dom. 1253. TO the most Excellent and most Christian Lord Lewis by Gods grace the Renowmed King of France Frier William de Rubruk the meanest of the Minorites Order wisheth health and continuall Triumph in Christ. It is written in the Booke of Ecclesiasticus concerning the Wiseman He shall trauell into forreine Countries and good and euill shall hee try in all things The very same Action my Lord and King haue I atchieued howbeit I wish that I haue done it like a wise man and not like a Foole. For many there bee that performe the same Action which a wise man doth not wisely but more vndiscreetly of which number I feare my selfe to bee one Notwithstanding howsoeuer I haue done it because you commanded mee when I departed from your Highnesse to write all things vnto you which I should see among the Tartars and you wished me also that I should not feare to write long Letters I haue done as your Maiestie enioyned me yet with feare and reuerence because I want words and Eloquence sufficient to write vnto so great a Maiestie Bee it knowne therefore vnto your Sacred Maiestie that in the yeare of our Lord 1253. about the Nones of May wee entred into the Sea of Pontus which the Bulgarians call the great Sea It contayneth in length as I learned of certayne Merchants one thousand and eight miles and is in a manner diuided into two parts About the midst thereof are two Prouinces one towards the North and another towards the South The South Prouince is called Synopolis and it is the Castle and Port of the Soldan of Turkie but the North Prouince is called of the Latines Gasaria of the Greekes which inhabit vpon the Sea shoare thereof it is called Cassaria that is to say Caesaria And there are certayne head-lands stretching forth into the Sea towards Synopolis Also there are three hundred miles of distance betweene Synopolis and Cassaria Insomuch that the distance from those points or places to Constantinople in length and breadth is about seuen hundred miles and seuen hundred miles also from thence to the East namely to the Countrey of Hiberia which is a Prouince of Georgia At the Prouince of Gasaria or Cassaria wee arriued which Prouince is in a manner three square hauing a Citie on the West part thereof called Kersoua wherein Saint Clement suffered Martyrdome And sayling before the said Citie wee saw an Iland in which a Church is said to be built by the hands of Angels But about the midst of the said Prouince toward the South as it were vpon a sharpe Angle or Point standeth a Citie called Soldaia directly against Synopolis And there doe all the Turkie Merchants which Traffique into the North Countries in their Iourney outward arriue and as they returne home-ward also from Russia and the said Northerne Regions into Turkie The foresaid Merchants transport thither Ermines and gray Furres with other rich and costly Skinnes Others carrie Clothes made of Cotton or Bombast and Silke and diuers kinds of Spices But vpon the East part of the said Prouince standeth a Citie called Matriga where the Riuer Tanais dischargeth his streames into the Sea of Pontus the mouth whereof is twelue miles in breadth For this Riuer before it entreth into the Sea of Pontus maketh a little Sea which hath in breadth and length seuen hundred miles and it it is in no place thereof aboue sixe paces deepe whereupon great Vessels cannot saile ouer it Howbeit the Merchants of Constantinople arriuing at the foresaid Citie of Materta send their Barkes vnto the Riuer of Tanais to buy dryed fishes Sturgeons Thosses Barbils
Inhabitants haue a peculiar Language and are Merchants and Artificers who are so couetous that they eate that which is bad and drinke worse Some Nestorian Christians are found there who also haue their Churches The Countrey inlargeth it selfe fiue dayes Iourney Samarchan is a great and famous Citie in that Countrey where are goodly Gardens and a fertile Plaine It is subiect to the Nephew of the Great Cham. In it the Christians dwell with the Saracens whence little agreement is betwixt them It is reported that in this manner a Miracle hapned the brother of Great Cham named Zagatai gouerned that Countrey about one hundred yeares agoe being perswaded to become a Christian the Christians through his fauour built a Church in honour of Saint Iohn Baptist with such cunning that the whole Roofe thereof was supported by one Pillar in the midst vnder which was set a square stone which by fauour of their Lord was taken from a building of the Saracens Zagathais Sonne succeeded after his death in the Kingdome but not in the faith from whom the Saracens obtayned that the Christians should be compelled to restore that stone And when they offered a sufficient valuable price the Saracens refused to receiue any other composition then the stone But the Pillar lifted vp it selfe that the Saracens might take away their stone and so continueth Departing againe from this Citie you come into the Prouince Charchan about fiue dayes Iourney in length This Prouince hath plentie of all victuals beeing subiect to the Dominion of the Nephew of Great Cham. The Inhabitants worship Mahumet yet among them certaine Nestorian Christians dwell They are great Artificers and haue most of them great legges and a great Wenne or Bunch in the throat by reason of the waters which they drinke The Prouince Cotam followeth betweene the East and the North-east It is subiect to the Dominion of the Nephew of Great Cham and hath many Cities and Townes The chiefe Citie thereof is called Cotam The Prouince is extended eight dayes Iourney in length There is no want therein of any thing appertayning to the maintenance of life It hath plentie of Cotton Flaxe Hempe Corne and Wine But the people are not warlike yet good Artificers and Merchants They acknowledge Mahumet Proceeding further through the same Countrey you meet with the Prouince Peim extended fiue dayes Iourney in length It is subiect to Great Can and hath many Cities and Castles The chiefe Citie thereof is called Peim neere which runneth a Riuer wherein precious stones are found to wit Iasper stones and Chalcedonie The Inhabitants of the Countrey worship Mahumet and are Artificers and Merchants There is a custome in this Prouince that when any marryed man goeth into another place and returneth not home within twentie dayes it shall be lawfull for the Wife to marrie another Husband and the men also wheresoeuer they goe doe the like All those Prouinces aforesaid to wit Caschar Cotam Peim to the Citie of Lop are in the bounds of Great Turkie Ciarcian is subiect to the Tartars the name of the Prouince and chiefe Citie it hath many Cities and Castles Many precious stones are found there in the Riuers especially Iaspers and Chalcedonies which Merchants carrie euen to Ouchach to sel and make great gain From Peim to this Prouince and quite thorow it also it is al Sand with many bad waters and few good When any Armie passeth through this Prouince all the Inhabitants thereof with their Wiues Children Cattel and all their houshold stuffe flie two dayes Iourny into the sands where they know good waters are and stay there and carrie their Corne thither also to hide it in the sands after Haruest for like feares The wind doth so deface their steps in the sand that their Enemies cannot find out their way Departing from this Prouince you are to trauell fiue dayes Iourney thorow the sand where no other water almost then that which is bitter is to be found vntill you come vnto the Citie named Lop. Lop is a great Citie from whence is the entrance of a great Desart called also Lop seated betweene the East and the North-east The Inhabitants are Mahumetans subiect to the Great Can. In it Merchants who desire to passe ouer the Desart cause all necessaries to be prouided for them And when victuals beginne to faile in the Desart they kill the Asses and Camels and eate them They most willingly vse Camels because they are sustayned with little meate and beare great burthens They must prouide victuals for a moneth to crosse it ouer-thwart for to goe thorow the length would aske a yeares time They goe thorow the sands and barren Mountaines and daily find water yet is it sometimes so little that it can scarsly suffice fiftie or one hundred men with their beasts and in three or foure places the water is salt and bitter the rest which are eight and twentie good In it are neither beasts nor birds They say that there dwell many spirits which cause great and meruailous Illusions to Trauellers to make them perish For if any stay behind that he cannot see his company he shall be called by name and so going out of the way is lost In the night they heare the noyse as it were of a company which taking to bee theirs they perish likewise Other apparances as of their companions or of enemies haue caused some to miscarrie Consorts of Musicall Instruments are sometimes heard in the Ayre likewise Drummes and noyses of Armes They goe therefore neere together hang Bels on their beasts neckes and set markes if any stay Hauing passed ouer the Desart you come vnto the Citie Sachion betwixt the East and North-east subiect to the Great Can in the Prouince of Tanguth where among the Worshippers of Mahumet a few Nestorian Christians are found Many Idolaters are also there who haue their proper Language The Inhabitants of this Citie liue not of Merchandize but the fruits of the Earth This Citie hath many Monasteries consecrated to diuers Idols in the which many Sacrifices are offered and great reuerence And when a Sonne is borne vnto a man hee presently commendeth him to some Idoll and in honour thereof nourisheth a sheepe that yeere in his house which he presenteth before it together with his Sonne the next Festiuall Day of that Idoll with many Ceremonies and great reuerence Afterward the flesh of the sheepe is boyled and left so long before the Idoll while their Prayers are finished which they make for the conseruation of their Sonne and the Idoll hath sucked out the sauour of the meate after which their fancie all his kindred being gathered together eate that flesh at home with great deuotion and ioy but orderly keepe the bones in certayne vessels The Priests haue the feete head inwards skinne and some part of the flesh for their share In celebrating the Funerals of such as were of esteeme the dead bodies are burned
China and that he will set at libertie in due time the Prisoners which he held in the Galleyes albeit he thought to vse them as he did in the voyage of Maluco which he put in execution with speed And all this he precisely performed CHAP. IIII. The report of a Mahometan Merchant which had beene in Cambalu and the troublesome trauell of BENEDICTVS GOES a Portugall Iesuite from Lahor to China by land thorow the Tartars Countreyes IErome Xauere a Iesuite in a Letter from Lahor in India subiect to the Mogoll dated August 1598. relateth that an old man there knowne to haue distributed 100000. Peeces of Gold at Mecca affirmed to the Prince that he had liued in Xatai thirteene yeeres in Xambalu the chiefe Citie that the King thereof was mighty and had in his Empire one thousand and fiftie Cities some very populous that he had often seene the King with whom no man speakes but by a Supplication nor is answered but by an Eunuch And asked how hee had accesse thither he said he being a Merchant sustayned also the person of the Embassadour of the King of Caygar and being detained in the first Citie by the Magistrate he shewed his Commission and Poste was presently sent to the King who returned in a moneth riding ninety or an hundred courses a day with change of Horses bringing him Letters of admission Hee said that they punish theeues seuerely that these Xaitaians are white long bearded personable and comely therein to be preferred before the Rumes or Turkes in Religion Isauites Christians so called of Iesus some Musauites or Iewes and many Mahumetans insomuch that they hoped to bring the Christian King to that Sect. They had he said to the Iesuite in another conference many Temples and Images painted and grauen and Crucifixes which they with great deuotion worshipped many Priests much reuerenced each hauing his owne Church to whom they offer their gifts they liued single and kept Schooles one supereminent at the Kings charge were the Churches built and repaired they ware blacke clothes and on holidayes red with Caps like the Iesuites but greater many Monasteries of both Sexes and some in their owne houses obseruing a single life the Countrey rich hauing many siluer Mines and that the King had foure hundred Elephants which they said were brought from Malaca and that Merchants resorted thither the Voyage sixe moneths Xauerius addeth that in Caximir he heard of many Christians in Rebat a Kingdome adioyning to Catai with Churches Priests and Bishops These reports sayth Trigantius the Saracens made either of purpose to deceiue after their wont or were deceiued by like shew of Holies in Images Lamps Altars Priests vestments Processions Singings and the like which the Deuill hath imitated among the Chinois like to our Romish Rites These reports caused the Iesuites in India to thinke of sending one of their Society into those parts Pimenta the Father Visitour sent notice thereof to the Pope and to the King of Spaine who tooke Order with the Vice-roy to be aduised herein by Pimenta Benedictus Goez a brother of that Society and Coadjutor to Xauerius was thought fit for that designe hauing the Persian tongue And hauing come from Echebar father of the present Mogol who had lately taken Brampor with his Legat to Goa hee was sent backe to Lahor to accompanie the Merchants which euery fifth yeere as that Saracen related with title of Legats of the King of Persia and other Easterne Kings not otherwise admitted went thither In the yeere therefore 1602. he went to Agra where Echebar applauded his purpose and gaue him foure hundred Crownes for his iourney besides a thousand Rupias hee had already spent He changed his habite and disguised himselfe like an Armenian Merchant and so went to Lahor calling himselfe Branda Abedula whither he came on the eight of December He went to the house of Iohn Galisco a Venetian and there prouided himselfe of necessaries wearing his haire and beard long and Leo Grimone a Greeke well skilled in Turkish and Persian vndertaking to be his companion with Demetrius another Greeke and Isaac an Armenian Furnished with diuers writings and a Catalogue of moueable Feasts till An. 1610. he set forth An. 1603. the sixth of Ianuarie from his Superiour and in Lent after from Lahor with the companie of Merchants which goe from the Mogols to Cascar almost fiue hundred men with many Camels and carriages In a moneths iourney they came to a Citie called Athec in the Prouince of Lahor and after fifteene dayes passed a Riuer a flight shot broad where they stayed fiue dayes being told of theeues in great number at hand Two moneths after they came to another Citie called Passaur where they rested twentie dayes Thence they going to another small Towne met with a certaine Anchorite a stranger by whom they vnderstood that thirtie dayes off was a Citie named Capherstam into which the Saracens are not permitted entrance and if they enter are put to death But Ethnike Merchants are admitted their Citie yet not their Temples Hee said that the Inhabitants of that Region goe to Church all of them in blacke their Countrey fertile and plentifull of Grapes Hereby Goes supposed that they were Christians In the place where they found this stranger they stayed other twentie dayes And because the way was infested with Theeues they receiued of the Lord of the place a Conuoy of foure hundred Souldiers In fiue and twentie dayes they came from hence to a place called Ghideli all which way their carriages went at the foot of a Hill The Merchants with Armes on the tops of the Hill made search for Theeues which vse to throw stones from thence on the Passengers except thus preuented In this place the Merchants pay Tribute Being assaulted by Theeues many were wounded and they had much adoe to saue their liues and goods Benedict escaped by flight into the Woods At night they came againe together and auoyded the Theeues After other twentie dayes iourney they came to Cabul a Citie and Mart frequent not yet hauing passed the Mogols Dominions Here they stayed eight dayes for some of the Merchants would goe no further and others durst not being so few In this Mart the Sister of the King of Cascar by whose Dominion they were to passe to Catay happened on the Carauan The Kings name was Maffamet Can this his Sister was Mother to the King of Cotan and called Agehanem Age is a title giuen by the Saracens to those which haue beene on Pilgrimage at Mecca whence she now returned Being destitute of prouision for her iourney shee demanded aide of the Merchants promising to restore all faithfully with encrease when they were comne to her Kingdome Goes thought it a fit occasion to procure the friendship of another King his Mogoll Patents now wearing out Hee lent her therefore on sale of some goods sixe hundred Crownes refusing any contract of interest which
account that are naturall and proper to that Countrey as the fish tooth which they call Ribazuba which is vsed both among themselues and the Persians and Bougharians that fetcht it from thence for Beads Kniues and Sword-hafts of Noblemen and Gentlemen and for diuers other vses Some vse the powder of it against poyson as the Vnicornes Horne The fish that weareth it is called a Morse and is caught about Pechora These fish teeth some of them are almost two foot of length and weigh eleuen or twelue pound a-piece In the Prouince of Corelia and about the Riuer Duyna towards the North Sea there groweth a soft Rocke which they call Slude This they cut into pieces and so teare it into thin flakes which naturall it is apt for and so vse it for Glasse-lanthornes and such like It giueth both inwards and outwards a cleerer light then Glasse and for this respect is better then eyther Glasse or Horne for that it neyther breaketh like Glasse nor yet will burne like the Lanthorne Salt-peeter they make in many places as at Ouglites Yaruslaue and Vstug and some small store of Brimstone vpon the Riuer Volgha but want skill to refine it Their Iron is somewhat brittle but a great weight of it is made in Corelia Cargapolâ—â— and Vstug Thelesna Other Myne they haue none growing within the Realme Their beasts of strange kinds are the Losh the Ollen the wilde Horse the Beare the Woluering or wood Dogge the Lyserne the Beauer the Sable the Matron the blacke and dunne Foxe the white Beare towards the Sea coast of Pechora the Gurnstale the Laset or Mineuer They haue a kind of Squirrell that hath growing on the pinion of the shoulder bone a long tuft of haire much like vnto feathers with a far broader tayle then haue any other Squirrels which they moue and shake as they leape from tree to tree much like vnto a wing They skise a large space and seeme for to flie withall and therefore they call them Letach Vechshe that is the flying Squirrels Their Hares and Squirrels in Summer are of the same colour with ours in Winter the Hare changeth her coate into milke white the Squirrell into gray whereof commeth the Calabar They haue fallow Deere the Roe Bucke and Goats very great store Their Horses are but small but very swift and hard they trauell them vnshod both Winter and Summer without all regard of pace Their Sheepe are but small and beare course and harsh wooll Of Fowle they haue diuers of the principall kinds First great store of Hawkes the Eagle the Gerfaulcon the Slightfaulcon the Gos-hawke the Tassell the Sparhawke c. But the principall Hawke that breedeth in the Countrey is counted the Gerfaulcon Of other Fowles their principall kinds are the Swanne tame and wilde whereof they haue great store the Storke the Crane the Tedder of the colour of a Feasant but farre bigger and liueth in the Firre woods Of Feasant and Partridge they haue very great plenty An Owle there is of a very great bignesse more vgly to behold then the Owles of this Countrey with a broad face and eares much like vnto a man For fresh water Fish besides the common sorts as Carpe Pike Pearch Tench Roach c. they haue diuers kinds very good and delicate as the Bellouga or Bellougina of foure or fiue elnes long the Ositrina or Sturgeon the Seueriga and Sterledy somewhat in fashion and taste like to the Sturgeon but not so thicke or long These foure kinds of fish breed in the Volgha and are catched in great plenty and serued thence into the whole Realme for a great food Of the Roes of these foure kinds they make very great store of Icary or Caueary as was said before They haue besides these that breed in the Volgha a fish called the Ribabela or white Salmon which they account more delicate then they doe the red Salmon whereof also they haue exceeding great plenty in the Riuers Northward as in Duyna the Riuer of Cola c. In the Ozera or Lake neere a Towne called Perislaue not farre from the Mosko they haue a small fish which they call the fresh Herring of the fashion and somewhat of the taste of a Sea-herring Their chiefe Townes for fish are Yaruslaue Bealozera Nouogrod Astracan and Cazan which all yeeld a large Custome to the Emperour euery yeere for their trades of fishing which they practise in Summer but send it frozen in the Winter time into all parts of the Realme THe chiefe Cities of Russia are Mosko Nouograd Rostoue Volodomer Plesco Smolensko Iaruslaue Perislaue Nisnouograd Vologda Vstiuck Golmigroe Cazan Astracan Cargapolia Columna The Citie of Mosko is supposed to bee of great antiquitie though the first Founder bee vnknowne to the Russe It seemeth to haue taken the name from the Riuer that runneth on the one side of the Towne Berosus the Chaldean in his fifth Booke telleth that Nimrod whom other profane Stories call Saturne sent Assyrius Medus Moscus and Magog into Asia to plant Colonies there and that Moscus planted both in Asia and Europe Which may make some probality that the Citie or rather the Riuer whereon it is built tooke the denomination from this Moscus the rather because of the climate or situation which is in the very farthest part and list of Europe bordering vpon Asia The Citie was much enlarged by one Euan or Iohn sonne to Daniel that first changed his title of Duke into King though that honour continued not to his posteritie the rather because he was inuested into it by the Popes Legate who at that time was Innocentius the fourth about the yeere 1246. which was very much misliked by the Russe people being then a part of the Eastern or Greeke Church Since that time the name of this Citie hath growne more famous and better knowne to the World insomuch that not only the Prouince but the whole Countrey of Russia is termed by some by the name of Moscouia the Metropolite Citie The forme of this Citie is in a manner round with three strong walls circuling the one within the other and streets lying betweene whereof the inmost wall and the buildings closed within it lying safest as the heart within the bodie fenced and watred with the Riuer Moskua that runneth close by it is all accounted the Emperours Castle The number of houses as I haue heard through the whole Citie being reckoned by the Emperour a little before it was fired by the Chrim was 41500. in all Since the Tartar besieged and fired the Towne which was in the yeere 1571. there lieth waste of it a great bredth of ground which before was well set and planted with buildings specially that part on the South side of Moskua built not long before by Basilius the Emperour for his Garrison of Souldiers to whom he gaâ—â— priuiledge to drinke Mede and Beere at the drie or prohibited times when other Russes
amend that fault c. And this is a matter of forme with them vttered in as many words and no more in a manner then I haue heere set downe Yet the matter is done with that Grace and Solemnitie in a Pulpit of purpose set vp for this one Act as if hee were to discourse at large of the whole substance of Diuinitie At the Mosko the Emperour himselfe is euer present at this Solemne Exhortation As themselues are void of all manner of Learning so are they wary to keepe out all meanes that might bring any in as fearing to haue their ignorance and vngodlinesse discouered To that purpose they haue perswaded the Emperors that it would breed Innouation and sow danger to their State to haue any nouelty of Learning come within the Realme Wherein they say but truth for that a man of spirit and vnderstanding helped by Learning and liberall Education can hardly indure a tyrannicall Gouernment Some yeeres past in the other Emperours time there came a Presse and Letters out of Polonia to the Citie of Mosko where a Printing House was set vp with great liking and allowance of the Emperour himselfe But not long after the house was set on fire in the night time and the Presse and Letters quite burnt vp as was thought by the procurement of the Clergie-men Their Priests whom they call Papaes are made by the Bishops without any great tryall for worthinesse of gifts before they admit them or Ceremonies in their admission saue that their heads are shorne not shauen for that they like not about an hand breadth or more in the crowne and that place anointed with Oyle by the Bishop who in his admission putteth vpon the Priest first his Surplesse and then setteth a white Crosse on his brest of Silke or some other matter which he is to weare eight dayes and no more and so giueth him authoritie to say and sing in the Church and to administer the Sacraments They are men vtterly vnlearned which is no maruell for as much as their Makers the Bishops themselues as before was said are cleere of that qualitie and make no farther vse at all of any kind of Learning no not of the Scriptures themselues saue to reade and to sing them Their ordinary charge and function is to say the Lyturgie to administer the Sacraments after their manner to keepe and decke their Idols and to doe the other Ceremonies vsuall in their Churches Their number is great because their Townes are parted into many small Parishes without any discretion for diuiding them into competent numbers of Housholds and people for a just Congregation as the manner in all places where the meanes is neglected for increasing of knowledge and instruction towards God Which cannot well be had where by meanes of an vnequall partition of the people and Parishes there followeth a want and vnequalitie of stipend for a sufficient Ministery For their Priests it is lawfull to marry for the first time But if the first Wife dye a second he cannot take but he must lose his Priest-hood and his liuing withall The reason they make out of that place of Saint Paul to Timothy 1.3.2 not well vnderstood thinking that to bee spoken of diuers Wiues successiuely that the Apostle speaketh of at one and the same time If hee will needs marrie againe after his first wife is dead he is no longer called Papa but Rospapa or Priest quondam This maketh the Priests to make much of their Wiues who are accounted as the Matrones and of best reputation among the women of the Parish For the stipend of the Priest their manner is not to pay him any tenths of Corne or ought else but he must stand at the deuotion of the people of his Parish and make vp the Incommes towards his maintenance so well as hee can by Offerings Shrifts Mariages Burials Dirges and Prayers for the dead and the liuing which they call Molitua For besides their publike Seruice within their Churches their manner is for euery priuate man to haue a Prayer said for him by the Priest vpon any occasion of businesse whatsoeuer whether he ride goe saile plough or whatsoeuer else he doth Which is not framed according to the occasion of his businesse but at randome being some of their ordinary and vsuall Church-prayers And this is thought to bee more holy and effectuall if it be repeated by the Priests mouth rather then by his owne They haue a custome besides to solemnize the Saints day that is Patrone to their Church once euery yeere What time all their Neighbours of their Countrey and Parishes about come in to haue Prayers said to that Saint for themselues and their friends and so make an Offering to the Priest for his paines This Offering may yeeld them some ten pounds a yeere more or lesse as the Patrone or Saint of that Church is of credit and estimation among them The manner is on this day which they keepe Anniuersary for the Priest to hire diuers of his Neighbour Priests to helpe him as hauing more Dishes to dresse for the Saint then he can well turne his hand vnto They vse besides to visit their Parishioners houses with Holy Water and Perfume commonly once a quarter and so hauing sprinkled and becensed the goodman and his Wife with the rest of their houshold and houshold-stuffe they receiue some Deuotion or lesse as the man is of abilitie This and the rest layd altogether may make vp for the Priest towards his mayntenance about thirty or forty Rubbels a yeere whereof he payeth the tenth part to the Bishop of the Diocesse The Papa or Priest is knowne by his long Tufts of haire hanging downe by his Eares his Gowne with a broad Cape and a walking staffe in his hand For the rest of his Habit hee is apparelled like the common sort When he sayth the Lyturgie or Seruice within the Church hee hath on him his Surplesse and sometimes his Coape if the day bee more Solemne They haue besides their Papaes or Priests their Churnapapaes as they call them that is Black Priests that may keepe their Benefices though they be admitted Friers withall within some Monasterie They seeme to be the very same that were called Regular Priests in the Popish Church Vnder the Priest is a Deacon in euery Church that doth nothing but the Office of a Parish Clerke As for their Protopapaes or Arch-priests and their Arch-deacons that are next in election to be their Protopopas they serue onely in the Cathedrall Churches Of Friers they haue an infinite rabble farre greater then in any other Countrey where Popery is professed Euery Citie and good part of the Countrey swarmeth full of them For they haue wrought as the Popish Friers did by their Superstition and Hypocrisie that if any part of the Realme be better and sweeter then other there standeth a Friery or a Monastery dedicated to some Saint The number of them is so much the greater
Affinitie in a different Sirname hinders not Matrimonie in China 394 10 Age so the Saracens stile the Mecca Pilgrims 311 Age much honoured in China 393.1 369.20 Olde Age begins at fiftie 394.1 Age of three hundred yeres attained to in the West Indies 875.20 Ages of the world the Mexicans represent by so many Sunnes 1136.40 Their odde opinions thereabout ibid. Agilitie of the Mexicans excellent 1065.10 Ague a Soueraignâ— Ayre for the Cure of it 73.60 Aijax or Giazzo the Hauen whereabouts 51.40 Aingharan the Region 312.10 Aini the Citie in Armenia 50.50 Aâ—tan what in Chinese 319.50 320.40 Alani a people of Tartari called Acias or Akas they are Christians of the Greeke Church They vse Greeke Bookes They pray for the Dead A simple people 10.10.20 Albania the Countrey where 16.20 Albcase or Albcas one of the Kingdomes of Georgia Albis a Riuer of Island 656.1 Alboris or Albsor the Mountaine 110.30 Alcatraz an Indian Cormorant described 979 Alchimâ—e much studyed in China 369.30 And doted vpon 396.50 Ale of Rie 616.50 Alehouses in Russia pay tribute 429.30 The wicked abuses thereupon 431.40 Aleppo wonne by the Tartars 117.1 Alhacen his Storie of Tamerlane 140.40 Allaying of Siluer the curiositie 951.40 Allen the Fowle in Greenland the nature of it 713.40 Almanaches in China 346.10 Almes for the Dead in China 274.1.20.30 Almes the Chinois will giue none 175.20 Almonds of Coco Nuts March-paâ—e made of them 958.50 Allome in Turkie forestalled by the Italians 51.30 Allome seperates Gold from Drasse 943 Alphabet of Gotish Letters 658 Alphabet the Chinois haue none 384.40 nor Syllables ibid. Altai the Mountaine where all the Tartar Princes are buryed 78.20 Altars in the Russian Church 450.20 452 Altars and Altar Cloathes in China 296.30 Altars in China reuerenced 263.1 Altar in a Fort the Nestorians had 37.40 Altar of Leather ibid. Alteenâ— Russian Coyne woorth fiue pence 416.1 See also page 552.20 Altine Kingdome 797.50 Called the golden King ibid. His Letters to the Russe and his demands ibid. His Countrey 〈◊〉 by China ibid. 799 Amacao in China what 319.30 The Portugals build a Citie there it is made a Bishops Sea ibid. How situated ibid. Aman a Citie in Syria taken for the Christians 123.60 Amathists a Mine of them where 901.50 Amazones where antiently 55.1 Amber store of it in Brasill how gotten 903.40 Amber great store and great peeces where 625.60 A Frogge inclosed in a peece of it 626 1 Amber eaten by the King of China to sustaine life 186.50 Amber liquid where 878.40 Ambergreece taken in the Whale place where it lyes and the colour 710.30 471.50 Ambassadours how entertained by the Crim Tartars 639.40.50 Ambassadours diuers resident in the Tartarian Court 45.40 Ambassadours counterfeit punisht with Death by the Tartars 8.10 Their libertie of speech in Tartarie 43.20 Ambassadours how honoured and priuiledged in China 189.10 Ambassadours how entertained in Russia 747 Ambassadour when first sent hither from Russia 222 Ambassages counterfeit to China 315.30 America Discouered in 61 62 63. Degrees the Coast and Seasons there described 811. In 64. Degrees 823.20 Frost there in Iuly 811.60 An Iland there in 55. Degrees 30. Minutes 812.60 America first discouered by the English before Columbus 808.20 America described by Herrara how much of it vnder the Spaniards 856. How farre discouered by the Spaniards and by the English 857.1 and in margent The Seas of 〈◊〉 the Spanish Nauigations Course and Customes in them 858. Named by a wrong Father 866.1 America vndiscouered within land 938.60 Amidâ— the Iaponians God 326.40 Amu the Prouince much Gold there 94.20 Anchors of Wood for a shift 241.50 Lost in the Sea found againe ibid. Anchorites in China 337.40 Ancon an Iland dispeopled 308.10 Andabaylas the Prouince in Peru the Temple of the Sunne in it 893.60 Andanico and Azzaio Mineralls where 71.1 Andes the Mountaines of India the diuersitie of their temperature length Beasts Soyle c. 881.50.887.20.30 Couered with Snow where their March 898 Angaman where Men haue Dogges heads 104.10 Angle lines of Whale finnes Angle hookes of Fish bones in Groenland 836.1 Anian Streights some fabulous reports of them 848.60 853.20 A note of them by Master Loâ—ke 849.50 Discouered by a Greeke Pilot for the Spaniards hopes of the North-west Passage that way the â—escription and widenesse of them 850 Anian Iland by China the many Forts and Pearle-fishings there 905.20 Anill or Indico how it growes 957.40 Annoynting the King of Norway annoyted at his Coronation 623.30 Annointing of the Mexican Kings 1009.30 Answere a strange one of a Mahumetan 253 Antarticke Starre the Indians sayle by and not by the Compasse 139.30 Antereda the Ile 123.30 Anthonie March his diligence for the Discouering to the Riuer Ob 804.805 S. Anthonies the West of Cuba 858. The best way thence to the Port of Saint Iohn de Vlua 858.60 Antigur Ilands 260.40 Antients or Ensignes of Silke in China 296 Antioch wâ—nne from the Christians the occasion 118. â—0 Antiquities the Chinois studious of 395.1 Antiquities of the Indians foolishly burnt by the Spaniards 1052.20 Antiquities some of Norway 656.40 Of Gothland Finland and Kuenland 659.660 Ants of India their admirable fortifying themselues against the Beares 978 Ants of West India their sorts some are poyson 996.10 The hurt they doe ibid. 997 The Spaniards choose a Saint-Patron against them 998 Apes in Peru on the Mountaines 936.60 Apes perfâ—â—â—ed in Boxes and sâ—â—ld for Pigmeyes 103.40 Where as bigge as men 106.10 Apostles Pictures imitated in China 303.1 Apparell of the Chinois like long Gownes 366 Apparell of Tartars 6.20 Apparell of the Russians Men and Women 12.10 Apparell the vniformitie of it in Peru 1058.10 Apparell of Fish skinnes 652.30 Appeales onely to the Emperour in Russia 422 Apples of India poysonous Arrowes poysoned with them infects those that sleepe vnder the Tree 985 Apram or a drinke of Churnâ—milke in Tartarie 9.10 Aqua-vitae is Russe Wine 459.1 Arabacha the Tartarian his Confession of Christ 39.60 Arabian Letters vsed in Chaldea 110.50 Arabicke Letters in Turquestan 109.20 Aracci the Plaine 48.40 Ararat is not all Armenia 55.10 Ararat Mountaines alwayes couered with Snow 110.2 Araxis the Riuer 49.10 Meetes with Cuâ— 49.20 The head of it 49.30 Arbor Secco where 68.30 70.50 72.20 Archbishop of Nidrosia in Norway 651 Archbishops of Russia 4. Inferiour to the two Metropolitans as they to the Patriarch 446.30 Their reuenewes ibid. Arch-Deacons in the Russian Church 147.10 Arches in building the manner in China 199.40 Arches triumphall common in China Streets 200. 370.300.1 In one Street 409.20 Archmandrites of Russia 766.40 Architect rewarded with losse of Eyes 439.10 Ardoc a Riuer 236.20 237.40 Arequa or Arequiera shee Tree in China 381.30 Arequipa Citie in Peru the Lantade distance from other places Inhabitants natiue Commodities subiect to Earthquakes c. 895.10 Arethmeticke in China an odde way for it 335.1 Europaean Arethmeticke first â—aught them ibid. Arethmeticke of the
house ministring there things necessary vnto him vntill his businesse be dispatched For if any stranger should trauell through that Countrey the Catttell would flie away at the very sent of him and so would become wilde Beyond Muc is great Cataya the Inhabitants whereof as I suppose were of old time called Seres For from them are brought most excellent stuffes of silke And this people is called Seres of a certaine Towne in the same Countrey I was credibly informed that in the said Countrey there is one Towne hauing Walls of siluer and Bulwarkes or Towers of gold There bee many Prouinces in that Land the greater part whereof are not as yet subdued vnto the Tartars And the Sea lyeth betweene them and India These Catayans are men of a little stature speaking much through the nose And this is generall that all they of the East haue small eyes They are excellent workemen in euery Art and their Physicians are well skilled in the Vertues of Herbs and iudge exactly of the Pulse But vse no Vrinals nor know any thing concerning Vrine This I saw for there are many of them at Caracarum And they are alwaies wont to bring vp all their children in the same trade whereof the father is And therefore they pay so much tribute for they giue the Moaellians euery day one thousand and fiue hundred Cessines or Iascots Iascot is a piece of siluer weighing ten Markes that is to say euery day fifteene thousand Markes beside silkes and certaine victuals which they receiue from thence and other seruices which they doe them All these Nations are betweene the Mountaynes of Caucasus on the North side of those Mountaines to the East Sea on the South part of Scythia which the Shepheards of Moal doe inhabit All which are tributarie vnto them and all giuen to Idolatry and report many fables of a multitude of gods and certaine Deified men and make a pedigree of the gods as our Poets doe The Nestorians are mingled among them as Strangers so are the Saracens as farre as Cathay The Nestorians inhabit fifteene Cities of Cathay and haue a Bishopricke there in a Citie called Segin But further they are meere Idolaters The Priests of the Idols of the said Nations haue all broad yellow hoods There are also among them as I vnderstood certaine Hermits liuing in the Woods and Mountaines of an austere and strange life The Nestorians there know nothing for they say their Seruice and haue holy Bookes in the Syrian tongue which they know not So that they sing as our Monkes doe who are ignorant of Grammar and hence it commeth that they are wholly corrupted They are great Vsurers and Drunkards and some of them also who liue among the Tartars haue many Wiues as the Tartars haue When they enter into the Church they wash their lower parts as the Saracens doe They eate flesh on Friday of the weeke and hold their Feasts that day after the manner of the Saracens The Bishop comes seldome into those Countries perchance scarse once in fiftie yeares Then they cause all their little Children which are Males to be made Priests euen in the Cradell so that all their men almost are Priests and after this they marrie Wiues which is directly against the decrees of the Fathers they are also Bigami for the Priests themselues their first Wife being dead marrie another They are all Simonists for they giue no holy thing freely They are very carefull for their Wiues and Children whereby they apply themselues to gaine and not to the spreading of the Faith Whence it commeth to passe while some of them bring vp some of the Nobilities children of Moal although they teach them the Gospell and the Articles of the Faith yet by their euill life and couetousnesse they driue them further from Christianitie Because the life of the Moallians and Tuinians who are Idolaters is more harmelesse then theirs WE departed from the foresaid Citie of Cailac on Saint Andrewes day And there wee found almost within three leagues a whole Castle or Village of Nestorians Entring into their Church we sang Salue Regina c. with ioy as loud as we could because it was long since we had seene a Church Departing thence in three daies we came to the entrance of that Prouince in the head of the foresaid Sea which seemed to vs as tempestuous as the Ocean and we saw a great Iland therein My Companions drew neere the shoare and wet a Linnen cloath therein to taste the Water which was somewhat salt but might bee drunke There went a certaine Valley ouer against it from betweene the great Mountaines betweene South and East and betweene the hils was another certaine great Sea and there ranne a Riuer through that Valley from the other Sea into this Where came such a continuall winde through the Valley that men passe with great danger least the wind carrie them into the Sea Therefore wee left the Valley and went towards the North to the great hilly Countries couered with deepe Snow which then lay vpon the Earth so that vpon Saint Nicholas day we beganne now to hasten our iourny much and because we found no people but the Iani themselues to wit men appointed from daies iourney to daies iourney together the Messengers together Because in many places in the hilly Countries the way is narrow and there are but few fields so that betweene day and night we met with two Iani whereupon of two daies iourneys we made one and trauelled more by night then by day It was extreame cold there so that they lent vs their Goats skins turning the haire outward The second Sunday of Aduent in the euening we passed by a certaine place betweene very terrible Rockes and our Guide sent vnto me intreating me to speake some good words wherewith the Deuils might be driuen away because in that passage the Deuils themselues were wont suddenly to carrie men away so that it was not knowne what became of them Sometimes they violently snatched a Horse and left the man sometimes they drew out a mans bowels and left the emptie carkasse vpon the Horse And many such things did often fall out there Then we sang with a loud voyce Credo in Deum c. And by the Grace of God wee passed through with all our company vnhurt After that they beganne to intreat me that I would write them Papers to carrie on their heads and I told them I would teach them a word which they should carrie in their hearts whereby their soules and bodies should be saued euerlastingly But alwaies when I would teach them I wanted an Interpreter Yet I wrote them the Creede and the Lords Prayer saying Heere it is written whatsoeuer a man ought to beleeue concerning God Here also is that prayer wherein we begge of God whatsoeuer is needfull for a man Whereupon beleeue firmely that which is written here although you cannot vnderstand
to the dangerous Passage of twentie there were two which had Habergions And I demanded whence they had them They said they had gotten them of the Alani aforesaid who are good Worke-men for such things and excellent Smiths Whereupon I thinke they haue small store of Armour but Quiuers and Bowes and Leather Iackes I saw them presented with Iron Plates and Iron Sculls capillos out of Persia. And saw two also who presented themselues to Mangu armed with Coats made of Hogs skins bent inward of rough Leather which were very vnfit and vnwildy Before we came to Porta ferrea we found one Castle of the Alani which was Mangu Chans for hee had subdued that Countrey There we first found Vineyards and drunke Wine The day following wee came to Porta ferrea which Alexander the Macedonian King made And it is a Citie whose East end is vpon the Sea shoare and there is a little Plaine betweene the Sea and the Mountaines through which the Citie is stretched forth in length vnto the top of the Mountaine which bordereth vpon it on the West so that there is no way aboue for the roughnesse of the Mountaines nor below for the Sea but forth-right through the middest of the Citie ouerthwart where there is an Iron gate from whence the Citie hath the name And the Citie is more then a mile long and in the top of the Hill a strong Castle and it is as much in bredth as a great stones cast it hath very strong walls without Trenches and Turrets of great polished stones But the Tartars haue destroyed the tops of the Turrets and the Bulwarkes of the Walls laying the Turrets euen with the Wall Beneath that Citie the Countrey was wont to bee like a Paradise Two dayes iourney hence we found another Citie called Samaron wherein there were many Iewes And when we past it we saw walles descending from the Mountaines to the Sea And leauing the way by the Sea by those walles because it bent towards the East wee went vp into the high Countries towards the South On the morrow wee passed through a certaine Valley wherein the foundations of walles appeared from one mountaine to another and there was no way through the tops of the Mountaines These were sometimes the Inclosures or walles of Alexander restraining the fierce Nations to wit the Shepheards of the Wildernes that they could not inuade the inhabited Countries and Cities There are other walles or Inclosures where Iewes are The next day we came vnto a certaine great Citie called Samag And after this we entred into a great Plaine called Moan through which the Riuer Cur floweth of the which the Curgi haue their name whom we call Georgians And it runneth through the middle of Tiflis which is the Metropolis of the Curgines and in comes directly from the West running to the East to the foresaid Caspian Sea and it hath excellent Salmons In that plaine wee â—ound Tartars againe Also by that plaine comes the Riuer Araxes which commeth from the greater Armenia from betwixt the South and West of which it is called the Land Araxat which is Armenia it selfe Whereupon in the booke of the Kings it is said of the Sonnes of Sennacherib that hauing slaine their Father they fled into the Land of the Armenians And in Esay it is said that they fled into the Land of Ararat To the West then of that most beautifull Plaine is Curgia In that Plaine the Crosmini were wont to be And there is a great Citie in the entrance of the Mountaines called Ganges which was their Metropolis stopping the Georgians that they could not come downe into the Plaine Then wee came to the Bridge of Ships which were fastened together with a great Yron chaine stretched forth crosse the Riuer where Cur and Araxes meet together But Cur loseth his name there AFter that wee went alwayes vpward by Araxes whereof it is said Pontem dedignatur Araxis Araxes disdaines a Bridge Leauing Persia and the Caspian mountaines on the left hand towards the South on the right hand Curgia and the great Sea toward the West going Southwest betweene the South and the West We passed through the meadows of Bacchu who is Generall of that Armie which is there within Araxis And hee hath made the Curgi and Turkes and Persians subiect to him There is another Gouernour in Persia at Taurinum ouer the Tribute called Argon Both which Mangu Chan hath called home to giue place to his Brother comming into those Countries That Countrey which I haue described to you is not properly Persia but was sometimes called Hyrcania I was in Bacchues house and hee gaue vs Wine to drinke and he himselfe dranke Cosmos which I would willingly haue drunke if he had giuen it me yet it was the best new Wine but Cosmos is more wholsome for an hunger-staruen man Wee went vp therefore by the Riuer Araxes from the Feast of Saint Clement vnto the second Sunday in Lent till we came to the head of the Riuer And beyond that Mountaine where it riseth there is a goodly Citie called Arserum which belongeth to the Soldan of Turkie And neare thereabout Euphrates ariseth towards the North at the foot of the Mountaines of Curgia to whose Spring I had gone but the Snow was so great that no man could goe out of the trodden path on the other side of the Mountaines of Caucasus towards the South ariseth Tigris When we departed from Bacchu my Guide went to Taurinum to speake with Argon carrying my Interpreter with him But Bacchu caused me to bee brought to a certaine Citie called Naxnan which sometimes was the head of a certaine great Kingdome and the greatest and fairest Citie but the Tartars haue made it a Wildernes And there were sometimes Eight hundred Churches of the Armenians there now there are but two little ones for the Saracens haue destroyed them In one of the which I held the feast of Christmas as I could with our Clerke And the next day following the Priest of that Church dyed to whose buriall came a certaine Bishop with twelue Monkes of the high Countries For all the Bishops of the Armenians are Monkes and of the Greekes likewise for the greater part That Bishop told me that there was a Church neere that where Saint Bartholmew and likewise Saint Iudas Thaddaeus were martyred but there was no way open for Snow He told me also that they haue two Prophets The first or chiefe is Methodius the Martyr who was of their Country and plainely Prophesied of the Ismaelites Which Prophesie is fulfilled in the Saracens The other Prophet is called Acacron who when hee dyed Prophesied of a Nation of Archers that should come from the North saying That they should Conquer all the Countries of the East and should spare the Kingdome of the East that he might giue them the Kingdome of the West But he saith our Friers the Frankes being Catholikes beleeue them not
And they shall possesse the Countries from North to South and shall come vnto Constantinople and shall take the Port of Constantinople And one of them who shall be called a Wise man shall enter the Citie and seeing the Churches and rites of the Frankes shall cause himselfe to be Baptized and shall counsell the Frankes how they may kill the Emperour of the Tartars and there they shall be confounded Hearing this the Frankes which shall be in the middle of the Land to wit Hierusalem shall set vpon the Tartars who shall border vpon them and with the helpe of our Nation that is the Armenians shall pursue them so that the French King shall place his Royâ—ll Throne at Taurinum in Persia. And then all East Countries and all the vnbeleeuing Nations shall be conuerted to the Faith of Christ. And there shall be so great Peace in the world that the Liuing shall say to the Dead Woe be vnto you wretches that liued not vntill these times I read this Prophesie brought to Constantinople by the Armenians which remaine there but I made light of it Yet when I spake with the said Bishop calling it to minde I regarded it the more And throughout all that Armenia they as firmely beleeue this Prophesie as the Gospell Hee said vnto vs also Euen as the Soules in Limbo expected the comming of Christ for their deliuery so doe we looke for your comming that we might be freed from this slauery wherein wee haue so long liued Neere the City Vaxnan aforesaid there are Mountaines on the which they say the Arke of Noah rested And there are two one greater then the other and Araxes runneth at the foote of them And there is a little Towne there called Cemainum which is by Interpretation Eight for they say it was so called of the Eight persons which came foorth of the Arke and built it Many haue assayed to climbe the greater Hill and could not And that Bishop told me that a certaine Monke was very much troubled and an Angell appeared vnto him and brought him a piece of the wood of the Arke willing him to trouble himselfe no more That piece of Wood they had in their Church as he told me Neither is the Hill so high in appearance but that men might well get vp vnto it A certaine Old man shewed me a sufficient reason why none should climbe it They call that Mountaine Massis and it is of the Feminine gender in their Tongue No man saith he must climbe vp Massis because it is the Mother of the world In that Citie of Vaxnan Frier Bernard Cathalane of the Order of the Preaching Friers found me who abode in Georgie with a certaine Prior of the Sepulcher who possesseth great lands there And he had learned somewhat of the Tartars language Who went with a certaine Hungarian Frier to Taurinum to desire Argons Passe to Sartach When they came there they could not haue accesse and the Hungarian Frier returned by me to Tephelis with one Seruant but Frier Bernard remained at Taurinum with a certaine Lay-Frier whose language he vnderstood not We went out of the Citie of Vaxnan in octauis of the Epiphanie for we had stayd long there by reason of the Snow We came therefore in foure dayes to the Countrey of Sahensa a certain Curgine sometimes mighty but now tributary to the Tartars who destroyed all his Munition whose Father Zacharias got that Countrey of the Armenians hauing deliuered them from the hands of the Saracens And there are many faire Villages of true Christians hauing Churches right like the Frankes And euery Armenian hath in his house in an honourable place a wooden hand holding a Crosse and he sets a burning Lampe before it And that which we doe with holy Water sprinkling it to driue away wicked Spirits they doe the same with Frankinsence For euery euening they burn Frankinsence carrying it through all the corners of the house to rid them of all kinde of Enemies I ate with the foresaid Sahensa and he did me great reuerence both he and his Wife and his sonne Zachary was a very faire and wise young man Who demanded of me that if he should come vnto you whether yee would entertaine him for he so hardly brooketh the Dominion of the Tartars that though he haue plenty of all things he had rather trauaile into a strange Country then indure their Lord-like Dominion They said further that they were sonnes of the Church of Rome and if the Lord Pope would send them any ayde they would bring all the bordering Nations vnto the subiection of the Church From that Towne of his in fifteene dayes we entred the Countrey of the Soldan of Turkie vpon the first Sunday in Lent And the first Castle we found is called Marsengen All in the Castle were Christians Armenians Curgines and Greekes The Saracens onely haue the Dominion There the Captaine of the Castle said he had receiued commandement that no victuals should be giuen to any Franke or to the Ambassadours of the King of Armenia or of Vastacius So that from the place where wee were the first Sunday in Lent vnto Cyprus whether I came eight dayes before the Feast of Saint Iohn Baptist we must buy our prouision He who was my guide procured me Horses and tooke money for the victuals and put it in his purse When he came into the Fields seeing a flocke any where hee violently tooke one Sheepe and gaue it to his family to eate and maruailed I would not eate of his robbery In the Purification I was in a certaine Citie called Aini which was Sahensas whose situation is most strong and there are there a thousand Armenian Churches and two Synagogues of the Saracens The Tartars place a Baily there There fiue Preaching Friers met me whereof foure came from Prouince in France and the fift ioyned himselfe to them in Syria and they had but one sicke Boy who could speake Turkish and a little French And they had the Popes letters to Sartach and to Mangu Chan and to Buri such as your Highnes gaue me Letters of request that they would suffer them to continue in their Countrey and Preach the Word of God c. But when I told them what I had seene and how they sent me backe againe they directed their iourney to Tephelis where there are Friers of their Order to consult what they should doe I said vnto them they might well passe by those Letters if they would but they should bee well assured to indure much labour and render an account of their comming for seeing they had no other message but the office of Preaching they would care but a little for them and chiefly because they had no Interpreter What they did after I know not THe second Sunday in Lent we came to the head of Araxis and passing beyond the top of the Mountaine we came to Euphrates by the which wee descended eight dayes
alwayes going to the West vnto a certaine Castle called Camath There Euphrates bendeth to the South towards Halapia But we passing the Riuer went through very high hilly Countries and through the deepe Snow to the West There was so great an Earthquake there that yeare that in one Citie called Arsengan tenne thousand persons noted by name perished beside poore men of whom there was no notice taken Riding three dayes together we saw the gaping of the Earth as it was cleft by the Earthquake and the heapes of Earth which came from the Mountaines and filled the valleyes so that if but a little more of the Earth had beene moued that which Esay speaketh had beene literally fulfilled Euery valley shall be filled and euery Mountaine and little hill shall be humbled We passed through the Valley where the Soldan of Turkie was vanquished of the Tartars It were too long to write how he was ouercome But a certaine seruant of my guides who was with the Tartars said That the Tartars were not aboue tenne thousand in the whole and a certaine Curgine a seruant of the Soldans said That there were two hundred thousand with the Soldan all Horsemen In that plaine where the Battaile was nay that flight there brake out a great Lake at the time of the Earthquake And my heart told me that all the Earth opened her mouth to receiue yet more blood of the Saracens We were in Sebaste of the lesser Armenia in Easter weeke There we visited the Tombes of forty Martyrs There the Church of Saint Blase standeth but I could not goe thither because it was aboue in the Castle On Low-Sunday we came to Cesaria of Cappadocia where there is a Church of Saint Basill the great About fifteene dayes after we came to Iconium making small iournies and resting in many places because we could not so readily procure Horses And my guide did this of purpose taking vpon him to sollicite his owne busines three dayes in euery Towne whereupon I was much grieued but durst not speake because he might haue sold or slaine me and our seruants and there was none to gaine-say it I found many Frankes at Iconium and a certaine Ianuensian Marchant called Nicholas de Sancto Syrio Who with a certaine companion of his a Venetian called Boniface de Molendino carried all the Allum out of Turkie so that the Soldan could not sell any but to those two and they made it so deare that what was wont to be sold for fifteene Bizantians is now sold for fifty My guide presented me to the Soldan The Soldan said he would willingly cause me to be conuayed to the Sea to Armenia or Cilicia Then the foresaid Marchant knowing that the Saracens made little accompt of me and that I was much burthened with the company of my guide who troubled me euery day to giue him gifts caused me to be conueyed to Curcum a Hauen of the King of Armenia I came thither the day before the Ascension and stayed till the day after Penticost Then I heard that Ambassadours came from the King to his Father Then I went speedily to the Kings father to demand whether hee had heard any newes of his Sonne And I found him set with all his Sonnes one excepted called Barum Vsin Who made a certaine Castle And he receiued newes from his Sonne that hee was returned And that Mangu Chan had much eased his Tribute and had giuen him a Priuiledge that no Ambassadour should come into his Countrey Whereupon the old man himselfe with all his Sonnes made a great Banquet And he caused me to be conueyed to the Sea to the Hauen called Aijax and thence I passed ouer into Cyprus And at Nicosia I found our Prouinciall who the same day carried me with him to Antiochia which is in very weake state Wee were there on the Feast of Saint Peter and Paul From thence we came to Tripolis where our Chapter was in the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin ANd our Prouinciall determined that I should leaue Acon not suffering me to come vnto you commanding to write vnto you what I would by the bearer of these Presents And not daring to resist contrarie to my obedience I did according to my power and vnderstanding crauing pardon of your inuincible Clemencie for my superfluities or wants or for any thing that shall be vndiscreetly nay foolishly spoken as from a man of little vnderstanding not accustomed to indite long Histories The Peace of God which passeth all vnder standing preserue your heart and vnderstanding I would willingly see your Highnesse and certayne spirituall friends which I haue in your Kingdome Wherefore if it should not bee contrarie to your Maiesties liking I would beseech you to write to our Prouinciall that he would let me come vnto you and returne shortly againe into the Holy Land Concerning Turkie your Maiestie shall vnderstand that the tenth man there is not a Saracen nay they are all Armenians and Greekes and Children rule ouer them For the Soldan who was conquered of the Tartars had a lawfull Wife of Hiberia by whom he had one feeble Sonne concerning whom he charged that he should be the Soldan He had another of a Greeke Concubine whom he gaue to a certayne great Admirall The third hee had of a Turke To whom many Turks and Turcomans being gathered together they purposed to haue slaine the Sonnes of the Christians They ordayned also as I vnderstood that after they had gotten the Victorie they would destroy all the Churches and kill as many as would not become Saracens But hee was ouercome and many of his men slaine Hee renued his Armie the second time and then was taken and is yet in Prison Pacaster the Sonne of the Greeke Concubine procured of Filiaster that he might be Soldan because the other was weake whom they sent to the Tartars Whereupon his Kindred on the Mothers side to wit the Hiberi and the Curgi were angry So that a child ruleth in Turkie hauing no Treasure few Warriours and many Enemies The Son of Vastacius is weake and hath warre with the Sonne of Assau who likewise is a child and worne out with the seruitude of the Tartars Wherefore if an Armie of the Church should come to the Holy Land it were a very easie thing to subdue all these Countries or to passe through them The King of Hungarie hath not aboue thirtie thousand Souldiers From Cullin to Constantinople are not aboue threescore dayes iourney by Waggons From Constantinople are not so many dayes iourney to the Countrey of the King of Armenia In old time valiant men passed through these Countries and prospered yet they had most valiant Resisters whom God hath now destroyed out of the Earth And wee need not be in danger of the Sea nor in the mercie of Saylers And the price which wee should giue for fraight were sufficient for expenses by Land I speake it confidently if your
Corasine Isti quoque regno iungitur in Occidente versus partes nostras regnum Commanorum quod similiter longum est latum sed in paucis sui locis inhabitatum Nam in quibusdam est frigus nimium in alijs nimius calor in nonnullis nimia muscarum multitudo Sunt autem in Persia duae regiones vna altae Persiae quae à regno Turquescen descendens iungitur ad Occidentem sui fluuio Pyson In ista habentur renominatae ciuitates quarum meliores duae dicuntur Bocura Seonargant quam aliqui appellant Samarkand Et altera Regio Baslae Persiae descendens à flumine Pyson qui ad sui Occidentem iungitur regno Mediae terrae minoris Armeniae ad Aquilonem mari Caspio ad Austrum terrae minoris Indiae In hac bassa Persia tres principaliores ciuitates sunt Aessabor Saphaon Sarmasaule c. A finibus regni Bachariae supradicti vbi contiguatur Imperio Indiae eundo per multas diaetas intratur in regnum Pentoxyriae quod est magnae latitudinis abundantiae in multis bonis huius nominatior ciuitas dicitur Nyse in ea habet Imperator palatium Imperiale in quo residet dum sibi placet Imperator iste semper vocitatus est Presbyter Ioannes cuius nominis causam audieram quandoque non veram sed in iâ—lis partibus accepâ— rationem indubitatam quam breuiter hic enarro Circa annum ab Incarnatione Domini Octingentessimum Dux Ogerus de Danemarchia cum quindecim cognationis suae Baronibus armatis viginti milibus transiuit mare Greciae fauente sibi Deo conquisiuit Christianitati per multa prâ—lia penè omnes Terras Regiones Insulas quas esse de potestate Grand Can praedixi nec non omnes quae sunt de potestate Imperij huius Imperatoris Indiae Eratque inter Barones vnus denominatus Ioannes filius Goudebucf Regis Frisonum qui dictus Ioannes Deo deuotus fuit dum licuit Ecclesiarum limina iniuit vnde Barones ei dabant quasi per iocum Presbyter Ioannes vocabulum Dum ergo Ogerus dictas regiones expugnatas dâ—uideret in hus quindecim suis cognatis quemlibet eorum in suo loco constitueret Regem quatenus Christiana religio in illa Orbis superficie semper stabilis permaneret tradidit isti Presbytero Ioanni superiorem Indiam cum 4000. Insulis Regionibus ipsum praefecit Imperatorem super reliquos cognatos vt ei certa tributa impenderent in omnibus obedirent atque ex nunc omnes successores Indiae sunt vocati Presbyter Ioannes vsque in hodiernum tempus boni manserunt Christiani Religionis aemulatores c. CHAP. VII The Voyage of NICOLO di CONTI a Venetian to the Indies Mangi Cambalu and Quinsai with some Obseruations of those places NIcolo di Conti a Venetian hauing trauelled quite thorow India after fiue and twentie yeeres returned home and because to saue his life he had made denyall of his Faith hee went to the Pope then Eugenius the Fourth An. 1444. being at Florence to obtayne absolution who enioyned him in way of penance truly to make Narration of his Voyage and whole Peregrination to his Secretarie Poggius who writ it in the Latine tongue Ramusio sought for it in Venice and other Cities of Italie in vaine and at last heard that it was translated into Portugall by the care of King Emanuel An. 1500. a Copy whereof he procured from Lisbon but so corrupt that he doubted to publish it which yet for want of better he did and we out of him these Obseruations Nicolo di Conti a Venetian being a young man then at Damasco and hauing learned the Arabike Language went with his merchandise in a Carauan of six hundred Merchants with whom he trauelled into Arabia Petraea and thence into Chaldaea till he came to Eufrates In the Desarts of Arabia once about midnight they heard a great noyse which they thought were the wilde Arabs comming to rob them but saw a great multitude passe by neere their Tents without hurting them which some of the Merchants said were Deuils which hanted these Desarts From Baldac is eight dayes iourney to Balsera and thence foure dayes to the Persian Gulfe where the Sea ebbeth and floweth After fiue dayes sayling therein he came to Calcum and after to Ormuz thence to Calatia a Port of Persia of great traffick where he remayned to learne the Persian tongue Afterwards clothed in the habit of the Countrey which hee vsed to doe in all his iourney he went with certaine Moores and Persians hauing sworne to be faithfull to each other and sayled to Cambaia and after to Pacamuria and Dely where store of Ginger growes Thence they went farre into Sea and came to Bisinagar sixtie miles about at the foot of a high Mountayne in which are one hundred thousand men fit for armes they marry as many wiues as they will which are burned with them when they die The King is the mightiest King in India and hath twelue thousand Women foure thousand of which attend him on foot whither soeuer he goeth and are busied in the seruice of his Kitchin foure thousand others ride on Horses or are carried in Litters two thousand are to burne with him which is holden a great honor Pelagonga is subiect to him eight dayes iourney thence and ten miles in circuit from whence in twentie dayes by Land hee came to Pudifetania leauing in the way Odeschiria and Cenderghisia where red Sanders grow and thence went to Malepur where Saint Thomas is buried in a great and faire Church The Inhabitants are Nestorians which are Christians dispersed thorow all India as Iewes amongst vs. And all this Prouince is called Malabar At the end of that Country is Zeilam a famous Iland two thousand miles about where are Rubies Saphires Cats-eye stones and store of good Cinamon the Tree like a Willow but thicker the boughs growing more in breadth then height the leaues like those of the Bay Tree but greater the Barke of the boughs is best that of the Trunke is not good the fruit like Bay-berries of which they make good Oile to anoint them There is a Lake in which is a Citie of three miles circuit gouerned by Bramines which spend their liues in the studies of Philosophie and are much giuen to Astrologie After that is a great Iland called Sumatra which the Ancients called Taprobana where hee stayed a yeere There growes the best Pepper the Tree like to Iay. In a part of the Iland called Batech they eate mans flesh Thence he sayled to Ternassari and thence to the mouth of Ganges and vp the streame which is very great to Cernouem and to Maarazia whence crossing ouer Land he came to Racha and thence in seuenteene dayes to Aua fifteene miles about where they are much giuen to spend the Time in drinking and
They doe obserue the Law of the Greekes with such excesse of superstition as the like hath not beene heard of They haue no grauen Images in their Churches but all painted to the intent they will not breake the Commandement but to their painted Images they vse such Idolatrie that the like was neuer heard of in England They will neither worship nor honour any Image that is made foorth of their owne Countrey For their owne Images say they haue Pictures to declare what they bee and how they be of God and so be not ours They say looke how the Painter or Caruer hath made them so wee doe worship them and they worship none before they bee Christened They say wee be but halfe Christians because we obserue not part of the old Law with the Turkes Therefore they call themselues more holy then vs. They haue none other learning but their mother tongue nor will suffer no other in their Countrey among them All their seruice in Churches is in their mother tongue They haue the old and new Testament which are daily read among them and yet their superstition is no lesse For when the Priests doe reade they haue such trickes in their reading that no man can vnderstand them nor no man giueth eare to them For all the while the Priest readeth the people sit downe and one talke with another But when the Priest is at seruice no man sitteth but gaggle and ducke like so many Geese And as for their prayers they haue but little skill but vse to say As bodi pomele As much to say Lord haue mercie vpon me For the tenth man within the Land cannot say the Pater noster And as for the Creed no man may bee so bold as to meddle therewith but in the Church for they say it should not be spoken of but in the Churches Speake to them of the Commandements and they will say they were giuen to Moses in the Law which Christ hath now abrogated by his precious Death and Passion therefore say they wee obserue little or none thereof And I doe beleeue them For if they were examined of their Law and Commandements together they should agree but in few points They haue the Sacrament of the Lords Supper in both kindes and more ceremonies then we haue They present them in a dish in both kinds together and carrie them round about the Church vpon the Priests head and so doe minister at all such times as any shall require They bee great offerers of Candles and sometimes of money which wee call in England Soule pence with more ceremonies then I am able to declare They haue foure Lents in the yeere whereof our Lent is the greatest Looke as wee doe begin on the Wednesday so they doe on the Munday before And the weeke before that they call the Butter-weeke And in that weeke they eate nothing but Butter and Milke Howbeit I beleeue there bee in no other Countrey the like people for Drunkennesse The next Lent is called Saint Peters Lent and beginneth alwayes the Munday next after Trinitie Sunday and endeth on Saint Peters Eeuen If they should breake that Fast their beliefe is that they should not come in at Heauen gates And when any of them dye they haue a testimoniall with them in the Coffin that when the soule commeth to Heauen gates it may deliuer the same to Saint Peter which declareth that the partie is a true and holy Russian The third Lent beginneth fifteene dayes before the later Lady day and endeth on our Lady Eeuen The fourth Lent beginneth on Saint Martins day and endeth on Christmas Eeuen which Lent is fasted for Saint Philip Saint Peter Saint Nicholas and Saint Clement For they foure bee the principall and greatest Saints in that Countrey In these Lents they eate neither Butter Egges Milke nor Cheese but they are very straightly kept with Fish Cabbages and Rootes And out of their Lents they obserue truely the Wednesdayes and Fridayes throughout the yeere and on the Saturday they doe eate flesh Furthermore they haue a great number of Religious men which are blacke Monkes and they eate no Flesh throughout the yeere but Fish Milke and Butter By their order they should eate no fresh-Fish and in their Lents they eate nothing but Colâ—wâ—rts Cabbages salt Cucumbers with other rootes as Radish and such like Their drinke is like our peniâ— Alâ— and is called Quass They haue Seruice daily in their Churches and vse to goe to seruice two houres before day and that is ended by day light At nine of the clocke they goe to Masse that ended to Dinner and after that to seruice againe and then to Supper You shall vnderstand that at euerie dinner and supper they haue declared the exposition of the Gospell that day but how they wrest and twine the Scripture and that together by report it is wonderfull As for wheredome and Drunkennesse there bee none such liuing and for Extortion they bee the most abominable vnder the Sunne Now iudge of their holinesse They haue twise as much Land as the Duke himselfe hath but yet hee is reasonable euen with them as thus When they take bribes of any of the poore and simple hee hath it by an order When the Abbot of any of their Houses dyeth then the Duke hath all his goods mooueable and vnmooueable so that the Successour buyeth all at the Dukes hands and by this meane they bee the best Fermers the Duke hath Thus with their Religion I make an end trusting hereafter to know it better Some additions for better knowledge of this Voyage taken by CLEMENT ADAMS Schoole-master to the Queenes Henshmen from the mouth of Captaine CHANCELOR RIchard Chancelor with his Ship and companie being thus left alone and become very pensiue heauie and sorrowfull by this dispersion of the Fleet hee according to the order before taken shapeth his course for Ward-house in Norway there to expect and abide the arriuall of the rest of the Ships And being come thither and hauing stayed there the space of seauen dayes and looked in vaine for their comming hee determined at length to proceed alone in the purposed voyage And as hee was preparing himselfe to depart it happened that hee fell in companie and speech with certaine Scottish-men who hauing vnderstanding of his intention and wishing well to his actions began earnestly to disswade him from the further prosecution of the discouerie by amplifying the dangers which hee was to fall into and omitted no reason that might serue to that purpose But he holding nothing so ignominious and reproachfull as inconstancie and leuitie of minde and perswading himselfe that a man of valour could not commit a more dishonourable part then for feare of danger to auoyd and shun great attempts was nothing at all changed or discouraged with the speeches and words of the Scots remayning stedfast and immutable in his first resolution
another Their leader or directer in euery Companie is their Papa or Priest On the North side of Russia next to Corelia lyeth the Countrey of Lappia which reacheth in length from the furthest point Northward towards the North cape to the furthest part South-east which the Russe calleth Sweetnesse or Holy nose the English men Cape-grace about three hundred and fortie fiue verst or miles From Sweetnesse to Candlelox by the way of Versega which measureth the breadth of that Countrey is ninetie miles or thereabouts The whole Countrey in a manner is either Lakes or Mountaines which towards the Sea side are called Tondro because they are all of hard and craggie Rocke but the inland parts are well furnished with Woods that grow on the hills sides the lakes lying betweene Their dyet is very bare and simple Bread they haue none but feed onely vpon Fish and Fowle They are subject to the Emperour of Russia and the two Kings of Sweden and Denmarke which all exact Tribute and Custome of them as was sayd before but the Emperour of Russia beareth the greatest hand ouer them and exact of them farre more then the rest The opinion is that they were first tearmed Lappes of their briefe and short speach The Russe diuideth the whole Nation of the Lappes into two sorts The one they call Nowrâ—manskoy Lapary that is the Noruegian Lappes because they bee of the Danish Religion For the Danes and Noruegians they account for one people The other that haue no Religion at all but liue as bruite and Heathenish people without God in the world they call Dikoy Lopary or the wilde Lappes The whole Nation is vtterly vnlearned hauing not so much as the vse of any Alphabet or Letter among them For practice of Witch-craft and Sorcerie they passe all Nations in the the World Though for the inchanting of ships that sayle along their Coast as I haue heard it reported and their giuing of winds good to their friends and contrary to other whom they meane to hurt by tying of certayne knots vpon a Rope somewhat like to the Tale of Aeolus his wind-bag is a very Fable deuised as may seeme by themselues to terrifie Saylers for comming neere their Coast. Their Weapons are the Long-bow and Hand-gunne wherein they excell as well for quicknesse to charge and discharge as for neernesse at the Marke by reason of their continuall practice whereto they are forced of shooting at wild-fowle Their manner is in Summer time to come downe in great companies to the Sea-side to Wardhuyse Cola Kegor and the Bay of Vedagoba and there to fish for Cod Salmon and But-fish which they sell to the Russes Danes and Noruegians and now of late to the English-men that trade thither with Cloth which they exchange with the Lappes and Corelians for their Fish Oyle and Furres whereof also they haue some store They hold their Mart at Cola on Saint Peters day what time the Captayne of Wardhuyse that is Resiant there for the King of Denmarke must be present or at least send his Deputie to set prices vpon their Stock-fish Trane-oyle Furres and other Commodities as also the Russe Emperours Customer or Tribute taker to receiue his Custome which is euer payed before any thing can be bought or sold. When their fishing is done their manner is to draw their Carbasses or Boats on shoare and there to leaue them with the Keele turned vpwards till the next Spring-tyde Their trauell too and fro is vpon Sleds drawne by the Olen Deere which they vse to turne a grazing all the Summer time in an Iland called Kilden of a very good Soyle compared with other parts of that Countrey and towards the Winter time when the Snow beginneth to fall they fetch them home againe for the vse of their Sled COncerning the Gouernment of their Church it is framed altogether after the manner of the Greeke as being a part of that Church and neuer acknowledging the Iurisdicton of the Latine Church vsurped by the Pope That I may keepe a better measure in describing their Ceremonies then they in the vsing them wherein they are infinite I will note briefly First what Ecclesiasticall Degrees or Offices they haue with the Iurisdiction and practice of them Secondly what Doctrine they hold in matter of Religion Thirdly what Lyturgie or forme of Seruice they vse in their Churches with the manner of their administring the Sacraments Fourthly what other strange Ceremonies and Superstitious Deuotions are vsed among them Their Offices or Degrees of Church-men are as many in number and the same in a manner both in name and degree that were in the Westerne Churches First they haue their Patriarch then their Metropolites their Archbishops their Vladikey or Bishops their Protopapes or Archpriests their Deacons Friers Monkes Nunnes and Eremites Their Patriarch or chiefe Directer in matter of Religion vntill this last yeere was of the Citie of Constantinople whom they called the Patriarch of Sio because being driuen by the Turke out of Constantinople the Seate of his Empire he remoued to the I le Sio sometimes called Chio and there placed his Patriarchiall Sea So that the Emperours and Clergie of Russia were wont yeerely to send Gifts thither and to acknowledge a Spirituall kind of homage and subjection due to him and to that Church Which custome they haue held as it seemeth euer since they professed the Christian Religion Which how long it hath bn I could not wel learne for that they haue no Story or Monument of Antiquitie that I could heare of to shew what hath beene done in times past within their Countrey concerning either Church or Common-wealth matters Onely I heare a report among them that about three hundred yeeres since there was a Mariage betwixt the Emperour of Constantinople and the Kings Daughter of that Countrey who at the first denyed to joyne his Daughter in Mariage with the Greeke Emperour because he was of the Christian Religion Which agreeth well with that I find in the Story of Laonicus Chalcacondylas concerning Turkish Affaires in his fourth Booke where hee speaketh of such a Mariage betwixt Iohn the Greeke Emperour and the Kings Daughter of Sarmatia And this argueth out of their owne report that at that time they had not receiued the Christian Religion as also that they were conuerted to the Faith and withall peruerted at the very same time receiuing the Doctrine of the Gospell corrupted with Superstitions euen at the first when they tooke it from the Greeke Church which it selfe then was degenerate and corrupted with many Superstitions and foule Errours both in Doctrine and Discipline as may appeare by the Story of Nicephorus Gregoras in his eighth and ninth Bookes But as touching the time of their Conuersion to the Christian Faith I sppose rather that it is mistaken by the Russe for that which I find in the Polonian Story the second Booke the third Chapter where is said that
about the yeere 990. Vlodomirus Duke of Russia married one Anne Sister to Basilius and Constantinus Brothers and Emperours of Constantinople Whereupon the Russe receiued the Faith and Profession of Christ. Which though it be somewhat more ancient then the time noted before out of the Russe Report yet it falleth out all to one reckoning touching this point viz. in what truth and sinceritie of Doctrine the Russe receiued the first stampe of Religion for asmuch as the Greeke Church at that time also was many wayes infected with errour and superstition At my being there the yeere 1588. came vnto the Mosko the Patriarch of Constantinople or Sio called Hieronimo being banished as some sayd by the Turke as some other reported by the Greeke Clergie depriued The Emperour being giuen altogether to superstitious deuotions gaue him great entertaynment Before his comming to Mosko hee had beene in Italy with the Pope as was reported there by some of his company His arrand was to consult with the Emperour concerning these points First about a League to passe betwixt him and the King of Spaine as the meetest Prince to joyne with him in opposition against the Turke To which purpose also Ambassages had passed betwixt the Russe and the Persian Likewise from the Georgians to the Emperour of Russia to joyne league together for the inuading of the Turke on all sides of his Dominion taking the aduantage of the simple qualitie of the Turke that now is This treatie was helped forward by the Emperours Ambassadour of Almayne sent at the same time to solicite an inuasion vpon the parts of Polonia that lye towards Rusland and to borrow money of the Russe Emperour to pursue the warre for his Brother Maximilian against the Swedens sonne now King of Poland But this consultation concerning a league betwixt the Russe and the Spaniard which was in some forwardnesse at my comming to Mosko and already one appointed for Ambassage into Spaine was marred by meanes of the ouerthrow giuen to the Spanish King by her Majestie the Queene of England this last yeere Which made the Russe Emperour and his Councell to giue a sadder countenance to the English Ambassadour at that time for that they were disappointed of so good a policie as was this conjunction supposed to bee betwixt them and the Spanish His second purpose whereto the first serued as an introduction was in reuenge of the Turke and the Greeke Clergie that had thrust him from his seate to treate with them about the reducing of the Russe Church vnder the Pope of Rome Wherein it may seeme that comming lately from Rome hee was set on by the Pope who hath attempted the same many times before though all in vaine and namely the time of the late Emperour Iuan Vasilowich by one Anthony his Legate But thought this belike a farre better meane to obtayne his purpose by treatie and mediation of their owne Patriarch But this not succeeding the Patriarch fell to a third point of treatie concerning the resignation of his Patriarchship and translation of the Sea from Constantinople or Scio to the Citie of Mosko Which was so well liked and entertayned by the Emperour as a matter of high Religion and policie that no other treatie specially of forraigne Ambassages could bee heard or regarded till that matter was concluded The reason wherewith the Patriarch perswaded the translating of his Sea to the Citie of Mosko were these in effect First for that the Sea of the Patriarch was vnder the Turke that is enemie to the Faith And therefore to bee remooued into some other Countrey of Christian profession Secondly because the Russe Church was the onely naturall daughter of the Greeke at this time and holdeth the same Doctrine and Ceremonies with it the rest being all subject to the Turke and fallen away from the right profession Wherein the subtill Greeke to make the better market of his broken ware aduanced the honour that would grow to the Emperour and his Countrey to haue the Patriarchs Seat translated into the chiefe Citie and seate of his Empire As for the right of translating the Sea and appointing his Successour hee made no doubt of it but that it pertayned wholly to himselfe So the Emperour and his Councell with the principall of his Clergie being assembled at the Mosko it was determined that the Metropolite of Mosko should become Patriarch of the whole Greeke Church and haue the same full Authoritie and Iurisdiction that pertayned before to the Patriarch of Constantinople or Sio And that it might bee done with more order and solemnitie the fiue and twentieth or Ianuarie 1588. the Greeke Patriarch accompanied with the Russe Clergie went to the great Church of Precheste or our Ladie within the Emperours Castle hauing first wandred thorow the whole Citie in manner of a Procession and blessing the people with his two fingers where hee made an Oration and deliuered his resignation in an Instrument of writing and so layed downe his Patriarchicall staffe Which was presently receiued by the Metropolite of Mosko and diuers other ceremonies vsed about the Inauguration of this new Patriarch The day was holden very solemne by the people of the Citie who were commanded to forbeare their workes and to attend this solemnitie The great Patriarch that day was honoured with rich Presents sent him from the Emperour and Empresse of Plate cloath of Gold Furres c. carryed with great pompe thorow the streets of Mosko and at his departing receiued many gifts more both from the Emperour Nobilitie and Clergie Thus the Patriarchship of Constantinople or Sio which hath continued since the Councell of Nice is now translated to Mosko or they made beleeue that they haue a Patriarch with the same right and Authoritie that the other had Wherein the subtill Greeke hath made good aduantage of their Superstition and is now gone away with a rich bootie into Poland whither their Patriarchship be currant or not The matter is not vnlike to make some Schisme betwixt the Greeke and Russe Church if the Russe hold his Patriarchship that hee hath so well payed for and the Greekes Elect another withall as likely they will whether this man were banished by the Turke or depriued by order of his owne Clergie Which might happen to giue aduantage to the Pope and to bring ouer the Russe Church to the Sea of Rome to which end peraduenture hee deuised this Stratagem and cast in this matter of Schisme among them but that the Emperours of Russia know well enough by the example of other Christian Princes what inconuenience would grow to their State and Countrey by subjecting themselues to the Romish Sea To which end the late Emperour Iuan Vasilowich was very inquisitiue of the Popes authoritie ouer the Princes of Christendome and sent one of very purpose to Rome to behold the order and behauiour of his Court. With this Patriarch Hieronymo was driuen out at the same time by the great Turke one Demetrio
being ended the Bridegroome taketh the Bride by the hand and so they goe on together with their friends after them towards the Church porch Where meet them certaine with pots and cups in their hands with Mead and Russe Wine Whereof the Bridegroome taketh first a Charke or little cup full in his hand and drinketh to the Bride who opening her Hood or Vale below and putting the Cup to her mouth vnderneath it for being seene of the Bridegroome pledgeth him againe Thus returning all together from the Church the Bridegroome goeth not home to his owne but to his Fathers house and shee likewise to hers where either entertayne their friends apart At the entring into the House they vse to fling Corne out of the windowes vpon the Bridegroome and Bride in token of plentie and fruitfulnesse to bee with them euer after When the Euening is come the Bride is brought to the Bridegroomes Fathers house and there lodgeth that night with her Vayle or couer still ouer her head All that night she may not speake one word for that charge shee receiueth by tradition from her Mother and other Matrons her friends that the Bridegroome must neither heare nor see her till the day after the marriage Neither three dayes after may she bee heard to speake saue certaine few words at the Table in a set forme with great manners and reuerence to the Bridegroome If shee behaue herselfe otherwise it is a great prejudice to her credit and life euer after and will highly bee disliked of the Bridegroome himselfe After the third day they depart to their owne and make a Feast to both their friends together The marriage day and the whole time of their festiuall the Bridegroome hath the honour to be called Moloday Knez or young Duke and the Bride Moloday Knezay or young Dutchesse In liuing with their wiues they shew themselues to be but of a barbarous condition vsing them as seruants rather then wiues Except the Noble-women which are or seeme to bee of more estimation with their husbands then the rest of meaner sort They haue this foule abuse contrary to good order and the Word of God it selfe that vpon dislike of his wife or other cause whatsoeuer the man may goe into a Monasterie and shire himselfe a Frier by pretence of deuotion and so leaue his wife to shift for her selfe so well as shee can THe other Ceremonies of their Church are many in number especially the abuse about the signe of the Crosse which they set vp in their high wayes in the tops of their Churches and in euery doore of their houses signing themselues continually with it on their foreheads breasts with great deuotion as they will seeme by their outward gesture Which were lesse offence if they gaue not withall that religious reuerence and worship vnto it which is due to God onely and vsed the dumbe shew and signing of it instead of thanksgiuing and of all other duties which they owe vnto God When they rise in the morning they goe commonly in the sight of some steeple that hath a Crosse on the top and so bowing themselues towards the Crosse signe themselues withall on their foreheads and breasts And this is their thanksgiuing to God for their nights rest without any word speaking except peraduenture they say Aspody Pomeluy or Lord haue mercie vpon vs. When they sit downe to meat and rise againe from it the thanksgiuing to God is the crossing of their foreheads and brests Except it be some few that adde peraduenture a word or two of some ordinary prayer impertinent to that purpose When they are to giue an oath for the deciding of any controuersie at Law they doe it by swearing by the Crosse and kissing the feet of it making it as God whose name onely is to bee vsed in such triall of Iustice. When they enter into any house where euer there is an Idoll hanging on the wall they signe themselues with the Crosse and bow themselues to it When they begin any worke bee it little or much they arme themselues first with the signe of the Crosse. And this commonly is all their prayer to God for good speed of their businesse And thus they serue God with crosses after a crosse and vaine manner notwithstanding what the Crosse of Christ is nor the power of it And yet they thinke all strangers Christians to be no better then Turkes in comparison of themselues and so they will say because they bow not themselues when they meet with the Crosse nor signe themselues with it as the Russe manner is They haue Holy-water in like vse and estimation as the Popish Church hath But heerein they exceed them in that they doe not onely hollow their Holy-water stockes and tubs full of water but all the Riuers of the Countrey once euery yeere At Mosko it is done with great pompe and solemnitie the Emperour himselfe being present at it with all his Nobilitie marching through the streets towards the Riuer of Moskua in manner of Procession in this order as followeth First goe two Deacons with banners in their hands the one of Precheste or our Lady the other of Saint Michael fighting with his Dragon Then follow after the rest of the Deacons and the Priests of Mosko two and two in a ranke with Coaps on their backes and their Idols at their brests carried with girdles or slings made fast about their necks Next the Priests come their Bishops in their Pontificalibus then the Friers Monkes and Abbots and after the Patriarches in very rich attire with a Ball or Sphere on the top of his Myter to signifie his vniuersalitie ouer that Church Last commeth the Emperour with all his Nobilitie The whole traine is of a mile long or more When they are come to the Riuer a great hole is made in the Ice where the Market is kept of a road and a halfe broad with a stage round about it to keepe off the presse Then beginneth the Patriarch to say certaine prayers and coniureth the Deuill to come out of the water and so casting in Salt and censing it with Frankincense maketh the whole Riuer to become Holy-water The morning before all the people of Mosko vse to make crosses of chaulke ouer euery doore and window of their houses least the Deuill being coniured out of the water should flye into their houses When the Ceremonies are ended you shal see the black Guard of the Emperors house then the rest of the Towne with their pailes and buckets to take off the hallowed water for drinke and other vses You shall also see the women dip in their children ouer head and eares and many men and women leape into it some naked some with their clothes on when some man would thinke his finger would freeze off if he should but dip it into the water When the men haue done they bring their horse to the Riuer to drinke of the sanctified water and
and Bialogrodens also they who by the continuall couenants which they haue with the Turkish Emperour sometimes also the Dobruâ—en Tartars and Inhabitants of Danubius by the command of the Emperour of the Turkes follow him to warre All that Hoast collected out of those Tartars is wont to make the number of a hundred and twentie thousand sometimes also thirtie thousand more but not seldome to exceed that Summe I haue bin truly informed by many credible Christians which often follow the Chans warres and by some captiued Gentlemen of our Nation who haue many times seene his Armie All haue according to their vse Tartarian Horses neat excellent stomackfull swift and indifferent good and commodious to vndergoe great labours The Chan most of the Soltans and Tartar Nobles vse in warre Turkish Caramanian Arabian and other Asian Tartarian and the best Out-landish Horses The swiftest Horses are accounted among them at a great and almost inestimable price They alwayes feed them Summer and Winter in the Plaines of Taurica or the Peninsula but very often as farre as the Riuers Boristhenes and Tanais the Gentlemen nourish at home very few Horses only for their vrgent occasions not for any arrogancie or luxurie They seldome put their Iades and vnprofitable Horses for riding in the Waggon for they doe all their businesse with Camels and Oxen. The Tartars vse their ancient weapons a two-edged Sword or Tartarian Cymiter somewhat long and a Turkish Dart or a Persian shorter and broader of the best Iron and well wrought a peculiar Tartarian Bow along Arrow and swift a Quiuer sometimes a short Speare after the old guize of their people They goe with Brest-plates and Helmets and in Persian or Moscouian Armes wherewith they abound being enriched by the spoyle of Christians They haue ancient Saddles and Bridles after the custome of the Nation very fitting not for pride or superfluitie the Nobles haue them prepared very elegantly strongly and compendiously for their vse But most in the Tartar Armie are altogether vnarmed and cowards and they carrie with them to warre by reason of their great Hoast almost an infinite number of Horses For a Tartar euen of the basest condition will scarcely be content with one or two Horses but three foure and more which he may haue alwayes readie with him at his hand Therefore the Armie of the Tartars is made so numerous great and terrible which when it is seene afarre off is deemed by our men almost an infinite and innumerable Hoast Now when the Tartarian Armie is come into their enemies Country the Tartars ranke not themselues in bands or troupes but all set forward and proceed leisurely They dispose many Watchmen in all parts throughout their companies which they make greater or lesser for their supply but after that the foremost of them haue descryed their enemy they counterfeit a flight that they may more easily allure them into those troupes which they haue laid in ambushments and so ouer-charge him But when they espie a great Armie of enemies they make a retraite quickly and speedily to their Armie Rankes and Banners There is great celeritie in constituting and gouerning their troupes seeing that they are not ruled onely by the aduertizements of the Generals and Praefects of their Regiments but also by the shew of Whips as is the long continued practice of the Nation and they are subject so to a becke that they are very easily brought into their Ranges whensoeuer it is necessary The Chan is alwayes fortified in warre with a band of some thousands of noble and couragious Tartars in number some hundreds of Ianizaries Footmen and some small Ordnance In the Chans Regiment a very great white Mares tayle and a piece of Greene and Red Silke of the Turkish Emperour is carryed before on a great Pike for the Standard There appeare in the troupes of the other Tartars many Ancients and Ensignes of various colours The more famous Souldiers and they which are notable in reputation dexteritie and war-like Prowes and haue atchieued in warre some Noble Seruice and Enterprize are greatly honoured by the Chan Soldans Kiniazons and Murzons And that respect is had to them that the Chan doth not only reward them with certayne great benefits and such liberalitie as he can shew them but also is so mindfull of their deserts and 〈◊〉 that he assignes them and their successors in the Assembly and as the fashion is at his Table a perpetuall place of honour among his more noble Murzons That dignitie among the Tartars is the greatest and Hereditary for they going to warre able and experienced men which possesse that place are dignified by the Chan with the glorie of leading the Troupes The Chan also frees some Tartar captiues with the permutation of captiues and in ransoming others he largely powres out his owne Treasure and willingly comforts them as he is able CHAP. XXII DITHMAR BLEFKENS his Voyages and Historie of Island and Groenland IN the yeere 1563. two Hamburg Merchants ships determined to sayle to Island the Mariners by an ancient custome desirous to haue a Minister of Gods Word with them commend this care to the Ministers of the Church of Hamburg and intreat them to prouide them a Minister One Doctor Paulus ab Etzen was then Superintendent of the Church of Hamburg While therefore I stayd at Hamburg expecting my Library from Rostoch I entred into some familiaritie with Paulus and the rest of the Ministers This Office was bestowed vpon me which I vndertooke the more willingly because I had a longing desire to know strange things and diuers Countries yeelding to their perswasion Taking ship therefore the tenth of Aprill wee sayled vpon the Coast of England and Scotland and passing beyond the Ilands Orcades in number fifteene whereof the most part lye vnmanured for the barrenesse Ferow and Hitland are inhabited Here wee saw a very high Rocke which in the top representeth the head of a cooled Monke where also there is a safe Harbour against all winds and this Monke deliuereth many from present dangers The fourteenth of Iune we descryed Island which seemes afarre off like winter clouds The next day we attayned the Land and Hauen of Haffenefordt toward the South Iseland is a rough hilly and snowie Land which is supposed to bee twice bigger then Sicilia it is thought to be a hundred leagues in length which also Olaus Magnus testifieth in his eleuenth Booke It hath the name of the perpetuall Ice and coldnesse of the Ayre which is there most sharpe for eight whole moneths it is troubled with Ice It burneth notwithstanding with heat and inward fire in many places The extremitie of cold increaseth this heate in the bowels of the earth which cold continueth the greater part of the yeere a few Summer moneths excepted and so bindeth the pores in the vpper part of the Earth that it can haue no free vent And this Iland hath so great a Latitude from the
seedes The President Belalcazar inhabited this village and here hee beheaded the Marshall George Robledo It stands sixteene leagues from Ancerma the people of the countrie are so butcherly that the quicke are the sepulchre of the dead for it hath beene seene the husband to eate the wife the brother the brother or sister the sonne the father and hauing fatned any captiue the day that they are to eate him they bring him forth with many songs and the Lord commandeth that an Indian doe goe cutting off euery member and so aliue they goe eating him and after the inhabiting of Arma they haue eaten more then eight thousand Indians and some Spaniards haue also suffered this martyrdome The village of Saint Anne of Ancerma is fiftie leagues from Popayan to the North-east in the border of Cauca of the Councell of the new Kingdome gouernment and Bishopricke of Popayan without Cattell or Wheat very much annoyed with thunder-bolts the Captaine George Robledo built it by order of Laurence of Aldana Likewise the men of this countrie are eaters of humane flesh they goe naked they haue no Idols nor any thing to worship there are in this iurisdiction good Mynes of gold the climate is hot and many thunder-bolts doe fall The citie of Cartago fiue and twentie leagues from Popayan about the North-east is of the Councell of the New Realme Gouernment and Bishoprick of Popayan without Wheat or any seedes of Castile it is a temperate and wholesome countrie of little gold it rayneth much they breede no other cattell but Kine and Mares they haue many Mountaines in the which breede many Lions Tigres Beares and Dantas and wilde Boares they haue a Monasterie of Franciscan Friars the Captaine George Robledo inhabited it and it was called Cartaga because all the inhabiters were of Cartagena The village of Timana is fortie leagues from Popayan to the South-east and sixtie from Santa Fe of Bogota and thirtie from the Prouinces of Dorado here is a Lieftenant of the Gouernour which also hath at his charge Saint Sebastian de la Plata the Indians of their borders doe decay for they are so inhumane that in many places they haue publike shambles of men which they take captiue They haue their seate in the beginning of the Valley of Neyua the temper is most hot in their bounds is a Mountaine where they digge the Load-stone and the Indian Paezes are neere and the Pixaos which also are Caribes The Citie of Guadalaiara of Buga is fifteene leagues from Popayan to the North-east is of the bounds of the Councell of Quito and Diocesse of Popayan The Citie of Saint Sebastian of the Plate in the confines of this Gouernment is thirtie fiue leagues from Popayan and thirtie to the South-west from Santa Fe Diocesse of Popayan where are many Mynes of siluer and in her borders twentie foure repartitions it is three leagues from the Port of Onda in the great Riuer of Magdalen where those that come vp from Cartagena doe land it is built in a Plaine neere to the Riuer Guala there are many Earthqâ—akes and in Winter it is more hot then cold The Country-men goe to decay because the Caribes which they call del Rincon do eate them and haue publike shambles of them without any remedie for it and the President Belalcazar built this Citie The Citie of Almaguer is twentie leagues from Popayan to the South-east it is plentifull of Wheate and Millet and other seeds and cattle and it hath Gold the Captaine Alonso of Fuenmayor by order of the Licentiate Brizenyo Gouernour and Iudge of Accounts of Popazan peopled it being seated in a Hill of Zabana and the climate is fresh and the people doe weare Cotton-cloth S. Iohn of Truxillo and by another name Yscauce is thirtie leagues from Popayan to the South-east The Citie of Madrigall or Chapâ—nchica thirtie fiue from Popayan about the South a rough Countrey where they neither reape Wheate nor breed cattell though they gather Millet twice a yeere in their jurisdiction and for the roughnesse of the Countrey the men are euill to pacifie and in this Citie and in the Citie of Agreda and Almaguer are Mynes of Gold Agreda and by another name Malga stands fortie fiue leagues from Popayan to the South-west The Citie of Saint Iohn of the Pasture so called because it is a Countrey of many Pastures it stands fiftie leagues from Popayan about the South-west and as many from Quito about the North-east and in one degree from the Equinoctiall Diocesse of Quito in a good soyle of a good climâ—te and plentifull of Millet and other prouisions with Mynes of Gold In her borders are 24000. Indians of fee which are not Caniballs but of euill visages filthy and simple they had no Idols in the time of their Paganisme they beleeued that after death they should goe to liue in more ioyfull places The Riuer which they call Whoate is betweene Pasta and Popayan it is of a very delicate water and passed this Riuer is the Mountayne whither Gonçalo Piçarro did follow the Vice-roy Blasco Nunyez Vela and vnto the Riuer Augasmayo which is in this Prouince came the King Guaynacapa Beyond the Riuer Caliente or hoâ— Riuer in a Mountayne is a firie mouth that casteth store of smoake and it brake forth in ancient times as the Countreymen doe say The Philosophers being willing to declare what these firie mouthes or Aetnaes are doe say that as in the Earth are places that haue vertue to attract a vaporie substance and to conuert it into water whereof the continuall springs are made there are also places that doe attract to themselues dry and hote exhalations which are conuerted into fire and smoake and with the force of them they cast also another grosse substance which is dissolued into ashes or into stones and these are the fierie mouthes Saint Iohn de Pasto hath Monasteries of Dominicke Franciscan and Mercenarie Friers it is a cold Countrey with abundance of victuals it hath Sugar Mils and many Fruites of the Countrey and of Castile when the Captaine Lawrence of Aldona built it hee called it Villa viciosa de Pasto it stands fortie leagues from the South Sea towards the Iland Gorgoua There hath beene disinhabited or diminished in this Prouince the Citie of Antiochia the Village of Neyua in the Valley of Neyua twentie leagues from Tumana and it was through the rigour of the Indian Paezes and Pixaos and for the Manipos in the Valley of Saldauya and the Citie of Saint Vincent of the Paezes sixtie leagues from Saint Iohn of the Plaines in the confines of Popayan which Domingos Lozano built and the Citie of los Angeles twentie two leagues from Tocayma and nine from Neyua There is in the Coast which this gouernment extendeth on the South Sea from the Cape of Corrientes that stands in fiue degrees Septentrionall from
Mexicans 1135.20 Argiron a Citie in Armenia 69.50 Argon a King of India 68.1 Sends for a Wife inâ—â— Cathaya ibid. Hee dyes before shee came 68.30 Arima the Kingdome 322.30 Arioua a Towne in Russia through which the Volga runnes the manner of Boates there 777 Aristocracie the old Gouernment of Island 668 Aristotles errour about the Torride Zone 920.10 Some of his Rules discussed 921.20 c. Armadillos a West Indian Beast with skales 966.30.977.30 Armes of the Russians Horse and Foote 437 Armes of the Prouince of Aucheo 301.1 Armes of the King reuerenced 392.40 Armes or Ensignes of the Kings of Peru 1027.30 Armes or Ensignes of Mexico 1004.50 1006.10 Armenia the Greater called Araxat of the Riuer Araxiâ— 49.10 Two Kings 19. Verses 45. 37. Expounded ibid. Armenia the Lesser is Cilicia 52.60 Armenia the Lesse described 69.30 Armenia harrassed by the Saracens 125.30 The Saracens ouerthrowne there ibid. Armenia spoyled by the Saracens 118.30 Armenia Haithoâ— the King goeth to make a League with Mangu Chan 115.1 His 〈◊〉 Propositions to the Tartars ibid. Their Answere ibid. Hee becomes a Monke 118.50 Armenia the bounds 110.20 They vse two â—orâ—s of 〈◊〉 ibid. Armenian Monkes change their names 118.50 Armenian Monkâ— his doings Mangu Chans Coâ—â—e 29 5â— 32.50.40 33. 34. His Manichâ—ean Blasphemie aboue the Creation of Man 34.1 Armenian Priest his vncharitablenesse to Ionas the dying Priest 38.10.40 Hee 〈◊〉 with Southsayers Armenian Bishops are all Monkes 49.50 Armenian Christians in Taurica â—36 20 Armenians 〈…〉 Fish in Leâ—â— 35.20 Armenians Fast of fiue dayes 31.1 Armenians put not off their Cups 34.50 Armenians vse Frankincense for Holy-water 50.30 Their honour to the Crosse ibid. Their Churches â—â—ke thâ—se in France ibid. Their chiefe Countries where they exercise their Religioâ— 50.30.50 Armenians know not extreamâ—â—â—nction nor Confession 28.20 Armenians their two chiefâ— Prophets 49.50 Their Prophecies of a Nation of Arches which should Conquer the Easterne World ibid. 50.1 Which is as firmely belieued as the Gospell ibid. Armenians Losse in a retreate from the Holy Land 119.50 Armories or Ensignes of honour in Mexico 1111 Arngrim Ionas his History of Isâ—land â—54 Arquico 253.1 Arse of the World where 614.30 Marg. Arsengan the Citie in Armenia The great Earthquake there 51.10 Arserum the Citie where 49.40 Art of memory first taught in China 339.10 Art learned by Accident 959.1 Artacke a Beast in Tartarie 6.10 Arthur Pet his Voyage 463.40 Arthur the King his Northerne Conquests 619 Artilerie none in China 200.1 Arzâ—na in Lapland 213.40 223 Arzuiga the chiefe Citie in Armenia the greater 69.50 Ascelinâ—â— the Friâ—r sent from the Pope to the Tartars 59.2 His Message and the Tartars Answere Letters to the Pope ibid. Ashe◠〈◊〉 in Iapan 326.20 Asia diuided into two parts 107.60 108.1 Asia the greater can bee assaulted but by three passages â—ot of Asia the lesse 126.40 And which their wayes bee ibid. Assans the Land 19.1 Assassini a people 16.1 Asses excellent 70.50 Assow or Asaph in Crim-Tartarie 633.30 Assumption Citie by the Riuer of Plate the Latitude 902.1 Assumption point the Latitude 558.20 Astracan wonne by the Russe 439.20 Furthest part Southward of their Dominions 442.50 Astracan and Casan Conquered by the Russe 740.1 Astracan the Citie described 233.20 The trade there 233.50 244 Astracan vpon Volga the Latitude of it â—48 in margine The variation of the Compasse there 244 Astrolabes in China 346.30 Astrologers consulted withal 99.20 Astrologie in China 346.10 A Mountaine where it is studyed ibid. Their Colledge ibid. Astronomie of the Chinois 384.50 c. Their Astrologers 385.10 A-trie a Sea terme what 583. Marg. Asher a Citie 311.40 Atlisoo the famous Valley in the West Indies 872.50 Aucheo the Citie 300. 301.50 Vnwholsome and subiect to inundations 302.1 How farre from Cinoheo 306.30 Auguries by Birds in China Auricular Confession in Russia 453. Auricular Confession imitated by the Deuill in his Idoll-Ceremonies 1041.50 Some cases reserued for Superiour Priests Women Confessours nothing to bee concealed ibid. When mostly vsed and for what sinnes the King confessed himselfe onely to the Sunne the Ceremony of that Penance after Confession 1042 Austria attempted by the Tartars 114.30 Their King drowned in Danubius ibid. Axalla workes a league betwixt the Greeke Emperour and Tamerlane against the Turkes 155.40 He ruines the Turkes 160.1 Is made Gouernour of Quinsay 10 Axe required by the Tartars for tribute 2.30 Axe solemnely carryed about in Iudicatures in Island 668.10 Axes the Iuitlanders weare at their girdles 77â— 1 Ayer held no Element in China 345. â—0 Ayer vnder or neerer to the Equinoctiall is lighter and swifter then that neere the Poles 925 Ayer suddenly changed the effectâ— of it 927.1.10 Ayer may be too subtle for mens bodyes and where it is so 927.40.50 Ayer of Chile that rottes off the Toes and kills Passengers c. 928.10 c. Aynâ—m or Hainam the Iland 254. The fortune of it 255.1 Azoâ—eâ— Iles their Latitude 859.40 The way and distances thence to S. Lucas in Spaine ibid. Azou 〈◊〉 by the Turke 441.20 vpon the Euxine or blacke Sea ibid. Azure gotten in the West Indies 875.20 Azure-stones the best in the world where 73.50 B B Seldome vsed by the Chinois 342 40â— The Tartars cannot pronounce it 18.60 Babes new borne hardned in the Snow 677 Babes enioyned so keepe Fasting-dayes in Russia 543.1 Baccasaray the Court of the Chan of the Crim Tartars 634.50 Described ibid. Bacchu the Medowes 49.20 Bachu the Port described 245.40 Badascian Tengi what 312.30 W. Baffins Death at Ormus 848.30 Bahama the Iland and Chanell in New Spaine 870.10 Baiazet turnes from Constantinople to fight with Tamerlane 157.1 He encampes nere him ibid. The manner of his March 157.50 Hee fights on foot in the middest of his Ianizaries 158.1 His force she charges is wounded and taken aliue by Axalla 158 30.40.50 His stout answere to Tamerlaine 195. â—0 His rage after hee was prisoner Vsed for Tamerlanes footstoole ibid. Carried in Chaines into Tartary 160.40 Bachaâ—na a riuer in Tartaria 791.1 Baked 〈◊〉 eaten first and broths last in Russia 457.40 459.1 Balâ—ams Science and the Learning amongst the Arabians what 140 60 Balâ—sses a precious stone where found 73.40 Balaxaim in Persia 73.40 Their Kings descended from Alexander ibid. They are called Zulcarnen ibid. Dulcaâ—â—â—m perchance that is two-horned for so is Alexander the Great called of 〈◊〉 supposed Father God Ammion who was worshipped in likenesse of a 〈◊〉 Balayes are precious stones found in Balaris 110.1 Balchia is Walachia 54.10 Baldwinâ— the Emperours Conquest of Constantinople 65.50 in marg Baldach 70.10 Clothes of Gold c. There ibid. Their Galisa taken by the Tartars 70.20 Balke or Bâ—â—gh the kingdom 241.10 Balme and Balme-trees of the West Indies the kindes colours and manner of getting Creame of Balme vsed in Church Ceremonies for Creame of Milke 959.30 Balsara and the 〈◊〉 Dates growing there 70.10 Banquetting-house a curious
in the middest of the Prouince hath a Port and landing place in the Coast of the South Sea and the North Sea wherein there is some Riuers betweene Nicaragua and Veragua common to this Gouernment and the Bayes of Saint Ierome and of Caribaco neere the limits of Veragua THe part of the Indies of the South is vniustly called America it is all that is discouered from Nombre de Dios and Panama to the South wherein is included Terra firme the Kingdomes of Piru the Piru Chile which the Indians call Chille The Prouinces of the Streight the Riuer of Plate and Brasile where are fiue Councels of Panama new Kingdome of Granada Saint Francise of Quito Lima the Charcas and the eleuen Gouernments part of their Coast toucheth in the North Sea and part in the South in the which for the most part reigneth the South and the South-west which contrarie to his nature is there pleasant and doth mitigate the great heate whereby that Countrie may bee inhabited although it neuer rayneth nor hayleth in it but in a very little distance And the two rowes of Mountaines that runne equally through all these Indies haue a great difference though they are in one altitude of the Pole for the one is well replenished with Trees and it alwayes rayneth in it and it is hot the other is all bare and cold in Summer and Winter These rowes are called Andes and Sierra or the Mountayne they haue most high Hils and goe in sight the one of the other one thousand leagues almost equally In the Hill are bred sundrie beasts and in the parts where they open they make Valleys which is excellent dwelling as that of Xanxa and Guaylas and Yucay In the Andes also are bred sundrie beasts and past the Citie of Cuzco these rowes doe diuide themselues leauing in the middest a great champaine Countrie which is the Prouince of Collao where are infinite Riuers Lakes and Pastures without Trees or Wood for the distemperature of the Countrie though wholesome and much inhabited There followeth after it the Prouince of the Charcas hot and of great plentie with very rough Hills of great riches of Mynes and the figure of these Indies is seene in the Table before going HONDIVS his Map of America Meridionalis AMERICA MERIDIONALIS THe limits of the Counsell of Panama which was first called Castilla del Oro and afterwards Terra Firme are very small for the Counsell is principally resident there for the dispatch of the Fleetes and Merchants which goe and come to Piru it hath in length East and West about nintie leagues from the confines of the gouernment of Cartagena and Popayan vnto the Castle of Veragua and in breadth from the South Sea to the North sixtie leagues and thence downeward vnto eighteene by Nombre de Dios or Porto bello to Panama it is a ground generally very rough with Mountaines full of quagmires the ayre close with vapours moist hot and for this cause very sickly from May vnto Nouember a barren soyle and destitute of many things for there groweth nothing but Millet and very little though there be good Pastures for Kine and breeding of Cattle The gouernment of Veragua stands in the bounds of this Counsell and in it and in that of Panama these Townes following The Citie of Panama is in the coast of the South Sea neere vnto it in 9. degrees of latitude and 82. of longitude from the Meridian of Toledo from whence it is distant by direct way one thousand fiue hundred and sixtie leagues It is a Towne of six hundred housholds the most are Merchants and dealers And with the Counsell are resident the Kings Officers and Royall treasurie which doe goe already to Portobello when there is any Fleete to the dispatching of it and likewise the Cathedrall suffragan to the Archbishopricke of the Kings delos res is here resident with three Monasteries of Dominicke Franciscane and Merced Friers The Port of this Citie is reasonable although at low water the Ships remaine dry and therefore in Summer they ride in the strand and in winter in the hauen of Perico two leagues from the citie Pedrarias Dauila peopled it being Gouernour of Castillo del Oro or of the Gold against the will of the dwellers of Sancta Marie the auncient of Darien the yeare 1519. and a little after the Cathedrall Church was remoued thither and it might haue had a better seate and more wholesome and to the purpose for the trafficke of the South Sea not going very farre from whence the Citie now stands The Citie of Nombre de Dios was by Iames of Nicuesa first planted 1510. and afterward by Iames of Albitez by order of Pedrarias and he was the first Admirall that discouered her port It is remoued to Portobelo for the first Admirall discouered it and gaue the name because it was more wholesomer and fitter for the loading and vnloading of the Fleetes and for their securitie and of the new Citie of Saint Phillip which is built there the Inginer Baptista Antonelli hath made a Castle and appointed another on the other side the hauen for to keepe the entrie The Merchandize are carried from Portobelo to Panama by two wayes one by Land with carriage which is eighteene leagues of lesse difficultie then by the way of Nombre de Dios the other by Sea and the Riuer of Chagre whose mouth is eighteene leagues from Portobelo to the West whereby the Merchandize goe vp when the water reacheth to the vent of the Crosses and from thence they go in carriages fiue leagues to Panama The Village of Nata stands thirtie leagues from Panama to the West in the Coast of the South Sea Captaine Franciscus Companion peopled it by order of Peter Arias for the warre with the Casique Vrraca The inhabiting of Acla and Captaine Gabriel of Roias finished by commandement of Peter Arias in the Coast of the North Sea and entrance of the Gulfe of Vraba right against the Iland of Pinos whereof at this present there is no more memory then that there was the death of that famous Captaine whose memory will last eternally the President Basâ—â— Nunnez of Balnoa and of his company In the breach of Almagro and in the head of the Riuer Chiepo there is Gold and in times past was much gotten In all these Riuers are many Lizards or Crockadiles and very great which put the first discouerers and pacifiers to great trouble and did deuoure some men It happened that a man being in a Boate neere to the Kings House in Panama a Lizard came and snatched him from the Stearne of the Boate and carried him away to eate him on certaine Rockes and hauing begunne to teare him in pieces they shot at him with a Caliuer and killed the Lizard so that he before his death receiued the Sacraments of the Church The Prouince of Veragua which stands in somewhat more then tenne degrees
doth confine with Costarica on the West side it hath in length East and West fiftie leagues and in breadth fiue and twentie a Mountainous Countrie full of bushes without Pastures or Cattle Wheate Barley little Millet or little Pulse but full of Gold with many vaines of it and rich Mines in the Riuers and breaches and those Indians that are are in warre it hath the Citie of the Conception fortie leagues from Nombre de Dios to the West where the Gouernour and the Officers which they of Panama at this present doe prouide are resident The Village of Trinitie stands six leagues to the East of the Conception by Sea for yee cannot goe by Land neere to the Riuer of Bethleem at three leagues from the Sea The Citie of Sancta Fe stands twelue leagues from the Conception to the South with melting houses and Deputie Officers The Citie of Charles in the coast of the South Sea neere to the Sea fiftie leagues from the Citie of Sancta Fe to the East all the Indians of this gouernment are in warre There is no Port of name in the two Coasts South and North of this gouernment and in all the bounds of the Counsell are the Riuers Ports and points following The Bay of Carabaco or of Saint Hierome in the coast of the North Sea and the confines of Veragua and to the East of it and of the Riuer of the Trinitie of the Conception and of Bethlehem where was the first inhabiting that the first Admirall made in Terra firme of all that Orbe in the yeare 1503. which continued not and right against the Shield an Iland and the Riuer of Chagre and more to the East a league the Portete to the place where the Admirall came discouering the same yeere and the Ports of Langostas twelue leagues from Nombre de Dios to the West and the Port de Gallinas or of Hennes nine degrees and the Port of Bonauenture six Portobelo fiue and right against it the Ilands of the Lookings and those of the Prouisions or Bastimentos and hauing Nombre de Dios two leagues the Riuer of Sardinilla and the Iland of Sardina foure and the Riuer of Millet or Mayz and the Riuer of Snakes or Culebras eight and at the entry of the Gulfe of Vraba where in the yeare 1509. the Bachiller Enciso built the Citie of Sancta Marie of Darien This Bachiller Enciso was he that published that in the Prouince which was called Castilla del Oro there were places where the gold was fished with nets which encouraged many people to goe to the Indies which passed in the yeare 1514. with Peter Arias Danila and the President Basco Nunnez of Balboa went 1513. from the Darien in demand of the South Sea and discouered it The Point of the Iland of Captiua stands right against the Mountaines of Saint Blas and the Iland of Comagre and the Iland of Pinos more within the Gulfe of Vraba and in the inward Port of it the Port of Nilcos neere to the mouth of the Riuer of Darien which diuideth the bounds of this Counsell and those of the Gouernement of Cartagena and there is Culata de Vraba where in the yeare 1510. Alonso of Oieda inhabited Saint Sebastian of Vraba This Gulfe stands in 8. degrees it hath foureteene leagues of longitude into the Lands and in the entrie it hath six in breadth and a little forward fiftie and at the end foure and fiue leagues within was the Citie of Sancta Marie the auncient of Darien In the South Sea stands the Cape of Sancta Marie and point de Guerra of Warre and toward Panama the Gulfe of Parita or Paris where stands Nata the point of Chiame the Countrie of that Cazique Chiapes the friend of Basco Nunnez of Balboa which holpe him in his discouery and passed the Port of Panama the Riuer of Chepo and the Balsa or of Congos in the inner part of the Gulfe of Saint Michael North and South from the Iland of Pearles and the Point or Port of Pinyas at the entrie of the Gulfe on the South side which is fiftie leagues from Panama and twentie ouerthwart to the Gulfe of Vraba and Puerto Quemado or Burnt Hauen neere to the Cape of Corrientes in 5. degrees of altitude Septentrionall THe bounds of the Counsel of the New Kingdome hath in length East and West three hundred leagues and as many North and South wherein are comprehended the Prouinces of the New Kingdome the gouernments of Sancta Martha and Cartagena and part of that of Popayan for borders the Prouinces of the Dorado or new Stremadura the Prouince of New Kingdome which is that which the Counsell gouerneth it hath in length from East to West foureteen leagues and eightie in breadth North and South of plaine ground for the most part with Valleys and hils and good Pastures for all sort of Cattle which are in abundance and in many places Wheate Miller and the fruits of Castile and generally much Gold and very fine and Mines of Copper Steele and the Countrie men for the most part are able men great traffickers and doe weare Cotten cloath And the Townes that be in the Kingdome of Spaniards are the Citie of Sancta Fe of Bogota which was built at the foote of Bogota so called by the Cazique which was called Bogota which the President Gonçalo Ximenez of Quesada built and gaue the name to the Citie and to the Kingdome because he was of Granada though in the discouery the President Belalcazar and Nicholas Federman had part it stands 72. degrees and a halfe of longitude from the Meridian of Toledo which by a greater circle may be one thousand foure hundred and fortie leagues and 4. degrees on this side of the Equinoctial it hath more then six hundred housholds in it is resident the Counsell the Kings Officers and Royall treasurie and Melting house the Cathedrall Metropolitane whose suffragans are Popayan Cartagena and Sancta Marta with a Monasterie of Dominicke and another of Franciscane Friers and in her borders more then fiftie thousand tributarie Indians and the Lake of Guatauita which was a worshipping place of the Indians where it is reported that they did cast great summes of Gold in offring to the Idols The Village of Saint Michael in the bounds of Sancta Fe twelue leagues from it to the North was built for trafficke with the Pauche Indians because being of a hot Countrie it did them hurt to goe to Sancta Fe which is cold The Citie of Tocayma fifteene leagues from Sancta Fe to the West somewhat inclined to the North with a Monasterie of Dominicke Friers was inhabited the yeare 1545. by the Captaine Hernando Vanegas in the border of the maine Riuer Pati which runneth into the Riuer Magdalene It hath no gold and is most hot and by night there falleth no Deaw in it In all the Kingdome there is
Peter Basman sent against Demetrius reuolteth Tumult of the Commons Demetrius his Letter * Thus heâ— but others ascribe this murther to Demetrius his command and this selfe-murther was pretended to auoid enuy of the fact Death of Mother Sonne Emperor Boris his Mosco Patent translated whiles Sir Th. Smith was there Lot Law Thu. li. 135. The Iesuites first authors or fâ—utâ—rs at least of this Demetrius Sigismunds fatheâ— Iohn was impriâ—oned by King Ericus 1564. Cossaks Zerniga Putinna yeelded The Palatine defeated Cistercians and Ieâ—uits Demetrius his confiâ—ent Prayer Demetrius his victorie Bialogrod Leptina Seueria yeelds Boris dyeth Some say that hee had vsed with Aqua vitae to poyson others Neque enim lex iustioâ— vlla est quam necis artifices arte perire sua * Some say of 60000. men Basman yeeldeth Demetrius commeth to Mosco his pompous entrance Poles aduanced Clemencie to Suiskey Respect to his Mother Iesuits Embâ—ssage â—o Poland Promise of Romish Religion Demetrius his Marriage Both crowned Conspiracie * I suppose this should bee Gilbert for one Captayne Gilbert I haue often heâ—rd of in that place of seruice which writ also commentaries oâ— these affaires which I haue much sought to little purpose in our Merchants hands Bloudie day P. Basman slain Demetrius taken and slaine Conâ—umelious vsage Poles slaine The Queene Merchants spoyled Russes slaine Suiskeys speech He is chosen Emperour The Deuill is often slandered and by ill willers bad is made worse And so perhaps by Suiskeys faction was this Demetrius The former part of this intelligence I found in Master Hackluyts Papers the later by conference c. Son oâ— Gregory Peupoloy See Suiskeys Letter following Occasion of ambition Boris ill gouernment Demetrius Emperour He is slaine Suiskey Emperour * This might be rumoured Others say hee was not of that but of very noble bloud See sup in Fletcher and Thuanus Demetrius his person described Some say that he was not like Demetrius and that he seemed a dozen yeeres elder but perhaps they mistake this for an other after Pretender calling himselfe the same Demetrius c. as after shall appeare a deformed man Captayne Gilbert Buchenskoy Stones rare about Mosco Captaine Gilberts report of a Vision Another manner of his death reported Coluga I find him called Shoskey Suiskey Ziska c. the iust translation and pronunciaâ—ion being hard League with the Pole He taxeth the King of Poland Allegations against the pretending Demetrius A Frier A Clearke Magician Greeke Church Flight to Letto m George Demetry of Owglits His murther Buriall Letters to Poland Polish aides Smeernoy sent Crim Tartar Another Messenger Mutation of Religion Romish Religion and Iesuites Large Empire of Russia See before Popes Letter Slaine burnt Election of Swisky Miracles Sir Iohn Merricke New Parent 1606. Thu. l. 135. Polish insolencies Choosing by lot Suiskeys vices The like is told of K. Edward the fourth that vpon prediction of one to succeed whose name began with G he put to death George Duke of Clarence his brother and yet Gloster succeeded A printed book 1614. tels of a great man named Tragus which betraied by one Glasco was arrayned and to preuent the furie of Suiskey stabbed himselfe c. Cap. Gilbert * Thuan tels that fourteene horses were missing in the Kings stable on the massacre day and hence was occasioned a suspicion of escape c. A strange Iuggler English aide Sweden Title Forraine aides to the Russes 1200. Souldiers shipped from England Colonel Caluine A tempest Another tempest of the mutinous vulgar They land in Pâ—tland Fish cheape Ignorant Bores Iealousie of thâ— people Griffin a base coward and traitor to his fellowes A wise Gouernour Two Ships Hard vsage Effects of drunkennesse Cruell cowardise and base iealousie King of Denmarks bounty Elzinore Stockholme Misery after misery Captaines cozenage Finland Dispersing Distresse by Frost Their miserable march into Russia Want of meate and of Water Russians runne away Nouogrod Polake enemies They fled Sconce taken with store of Armes Poles cruelties most execrablâ— Pontus le Guard They meet An. 1610. Base Russe flight P. le Guard fleeth French flee English honour * Some say he had 100000. which is scaâ—sly credible Mosco yeelded Second Demetrius slaine * Vnder the Lord Willâ—ughby Gen. Sir Iohn Poole c. A. Iansonius quindecies mâ—lle vasorum pul sul Suiskeys imprisonment and death Poâ—ish crueltie Their reward Eaters of mans flesh forced to eate mans flâ—sh * The Polish Vaâ—uâ—d whose daughter married Demetrie that was slaine who now had recouered libertie Russia â—poyled by Tartars * The Polish Vaiuâ—d whose daughter married Demetrie that was slaine who now had recouered libertie Russia â—poyled by Tartars a Generall of the forces of Suiskey in the field A Dane borne see Doct. Halls Epistles Euan Vasilowiâ—h Suiskey now raigning Thoâ—e of the Citie â—nâ—ly c Lieâ—â—â—nders that inhabit there * The second Demetrius which was soone after slaine by a Tartar * 161â— in English account The Poles in Moscoâ—esieged â—esieged by the Russes English house burnt Master Sâ— Southeby Dan. 2. 7. 8 Ap. 12.3 13.1 2. 17.1 Iud. 17.6 18.1 19.1 21.25 Iud. 9. Popular gouâ—â—nment in Russia Demetrius supposititius secundus Demetrij primi 〈…〉 Palaâ—â—â—filia De Baptismo repetendo Ruâ—eck Pheodor Euanowich Boris Godonoue Gregorij Eutropio Rostrige Demetrij Euanowich Primates Lord Palatin of Sandomire Vasili Euanowich Suiskey The Wor. Coluga Other Wors or pretenders Iuan Peter Pheodor The King of Poland The Lord of Praemislaue Michael Salticoue The Articles are before in Latin Vasili Galichin Galechin Halusia a Wor or Pretender Lepun Saruski The King assents Klutzinsky a Wor or Pretender acknowledged Emperour Astracan Laplandâ— Russian inconstancy Many-headed body Ianson A. 1612. Gods prouidence permits not the vtter ruine of Russia Strange alteration of affaires by a Butcher Pozarsky chosen Generall and a Butcher Treasurer Boris Liciu Micalowich Son to the Chancellor chosen Our Kings mediation His Fathers returne and Patriarkship Ianson Sir I. Merikes negotiation Sir Dudley Digs was also sent Embassador in a troublesome time when he could not with safetie passe vp to Mosco for the enemie in the first times of Micalowich Obliuion of former quarrels Michaelo Pheodorowich Emperor of Russia Gustavus Adolphus King of Sweden Great Nouogrod c. returned to the Russe Churches restored with their goods c. Sir I. Merike Ambassador Libertie of persons Time of deliuerie Odow to remayne cautionary Charles Philip Prince of Sweden not to lay clayme Zar or Czar is a Title of the great Duke Places yeelded by the Muâ—coâ—ite to the Sweden Money to be giuen to the Sweden Ordnance and Munition to remaine The coÌ„tract of V E. for Coreliu and the Territories confirmed to Sweden Commissioners oâ— both sides to meet The title of Leifland resigned by V.E. at Wiburgh Anno 7117. now confirmed Title to be giuen Commerce of Trade Merchants of both Kingdoms to haue houses and Churches in each
others Countries New Ambassadors in case of new successors Place of Ambassadors meeting Case of Shipwracke Neither party to aide the Pole e. Confirmation Names of the CoÌ„missioners Ambassadour from Catay and from the King of Altine See sup pag. 527. 552. None able to translate the China Characters Easterne Tartar Nations Russian Presents Tarchan of Labaia Sirgos Three Leopards c. for a Present His requests Relation of two Russe trauellers of their Voyage to Catay Tomo a new Castle beyond Ob. See sup pag. 527. Kirgis Mutalla Sheromugola Q. Manchika Wall of Catay The gate and guard See for better vnderstanding hereof Goes other Iesuites Relations in the second Booke * Such are the Tartars dwellings or fleetings rather with their beasts Their Iournal or daily iourneyes from place to place Huge Lake King Altine Vlusses or Tartarian Hords Yellow Mugals or Moal-Tartars Mugalla or Taâ—taria Orientalis from Bughar in Bactâ—ia to the Sea Their buildings Friers Idols Candles Candle burning withouâ— flame Rites of Religion Corne. Fruits People and attyre Distilled wine Cutuffs or Patriarkes Lobas or Friers Continencie shauing Three Kingdomes Ortus Talguth Shar Blacke Mugols or Cara Catay Shrokalga in Catay Walls of Catay Tower-becons Cara Catay But fiue gates in the wall Shirocalga Short Ordnance Yara Tayth Shirooan White Castle Catay greatest Citie of Catay If Catay be the same with China as before in Goes and the Iesuites is obserued many difficulties arise But this Russian Relation and that of Chaggi Memes seeme to agree to place some Catay North from China if this did not speake of the wall The Tartar names so differ from those of the Portugalls that it is hard to reconcile them And the Iesuitâ— make foure moneths trauell from the wall to Pequin which is here but a few daies except we say the Russes entred the wall at the North East part of it which the shortnesse of their iourney admits not Perhaps this chiefe Citie was but the chiefe of that Prouince where the Vice-roy resided and they were willing to make the most of their trauells Russiâ—a fide Yet the neerenesse of the Sea there also causeth scruple I suppose rather that these Russes entred China but a little way and receiued the Vice-royes Letter only there obserued with Ragall Rites and had much by Relation of that little which they tell How euer I haue here offered this to thy view at more leisure to vse thy more iudgement Merchants Kartalla Riuer Ob. This doth cleer the doubtfull passages pag. 760. Sealed with the Golden Seale How to finde out Ob from Pechora Ouson Riuer Vgorskdi and Sibierskie A shipwracke at the mouth of Ob. An Island neere the mouth of Ob. The way to discouer Ob by Sea Mattpheone or Matthewes land Aâ—ter our stile 1584. Caninos Medemske Carareca Carska Ob. Caninos Colgoieue Noua Zembla Naromske Mattuschan Yaâ— The Sands The two Seas that is the North and the East Sea The bignes of the Cliffe or Isle of Mattuschan Anthonie Marsh sent two of his men vpon the discouery of Ob by land with foure Russes Bodan Master Marsh his man brought to Mosco Russian iealousie of discouery A warme Sea beyond Ob. Mastâ—r Thomas Linde Third Volume of English voyages pag 446. See of these voâ—â—ges Hak. Tom. 1. Some thinke that the Mexican Kings Mutezuma the last professed that they were strangers were hence deriued D. â— Colon de vita patris Chrisâ—oph Col. 6.13 See Hak. tom 3. pag. 5. This Map some say was taken out of Sir Seb. Cabots Map by Clem. Adams 1549. Ramus Tom. 2. See Hak. Tom. 3. pag. 7 All the Coast to Florida discouered by the English from 67. deg 30. min. as he writ to Ramusio R. praefat Tom. 3. as likewise he was cause of the Russian and Greenland discoueries See sup l. 2. c. 1. W. Purchas Thorn and Eliot first finders of America Mosc and Turkie Companies Master Cartwright had bin in Persia and Turkie See the former Tome Buquhamnes Orkney The Start 59. degrees 30. minutes Faire I le Two small Ilands 57. degrees 55. min. no variation Variation eleuen degrees Westward No variation Guls and Pigions 59. deg 51. min. A great Iland of Ice Groneland A maine bank of Ice Black water as thick as puddle The Cape of desolation 60. deg 37. min. Store of Guls. America descried â—n 6â— degr and 30. min. Warwicks Foreland supposed to be an Iland The greatest hope of the North-west passage A current Westward in sixtie one degrees A current likely to set to the West A maine bank of Ice in 60. degrees The North coast of America seemeth to be broken land Blacke puddle water America againe discried in 63. deg 53. min. The loathsome noyse of Ice Sayles ropes and tackling frozen Thick fogge freezing as fast as it fell Mutinie 68. deg 53. min They returne froÌ„ the North. Mutiners punished A great Iland of Ice cracked like a thunder-clap and was ouerthrowne Great store of Sea Foule vpon the Ice An Inlet in 61. degrees 40. minutes The return out of the Inlet The variation 35. degrees Westward An Iland on the coast of America in 55. deg 30. min. The Godspeedâ— stroke vpon a piece of Ice Many Ilands The variation 22. degrees to West A Storme 55. deg 31. min. Variation 17. degr 15. min. They discrie the land again â—5 deg 20. min. A pleasant low land being all Ilands 55. degrees The variation 18. deg and â—2 min. Westwardâ— Temperate ayre Grâ—at hope of a passage 〈◊〉 three places 〈…〉 Rocks strangly vanishing A great Rocke A Whirlwinde taking vp the Sea They were entred 30. leagues into an Inlet in 56. degrees They returned for England This Book was also subscribed by W. Cobreth and Iohn Drew The lands end May 1605. Iohn Cunningham Iohn Knight of whom after Flecâ—rie Variation obserued A race of a tide Variation obserued Busse Iland wrong placed First sight of Groenland Cape Christian. The shoare full of Ice Cape Desolation Compasse varied Black water Sight of the Lion Iune 1605. Ilands of Ice Mightie incumbrance of Ice A mightie current setting North North-west A huge high Iland of Ice Noyse by the fall Our people determined to returne backe againe Former discoueries A mightie banke of Ice Another banke of Ice The Lions departing from vs. A mightie current Sight of Land Mount Cunningham Queene Annes Cape Queene Sophias Cape Christians Foord Our anchoring Our first landing in Groinland Our first sight of the people Boat of Seale skins Our entring into their Tents Eaters of Dogs Of the other sort of Boats There is one of these Boats in Sir T. Smiths Hall The manner of killing of their great fish or Seales Their comming to our ships Obseruation of the latitude Obseruation of the tides Our departing in the Pinnasse from the ship The Sauages begin to sling stones at vs. They sling stones againe Denmarks Hauen The people come againe The subtiltie of the Sauages My Boy shot with a Dart.