is the least Peopled of all the rest and his Viceroys of Peru and Mexico the possession whereof hath been main occasion of Impoverishing Spain of its people are in effect setting aside the Title as great Kings as himself nor much less are those of Naples Sicily Millain and what remains of Flanders so that he seems in reality King of Spain alone and of the rest of his Dominions but in Title only And to come a little nearer the matter if all the Kings Subjects in New-England Virginia Maryland c. were planted in those unpeopled Regions of this Island their Native Soyl which are more than large enough to receive them there is no doubt to be made but that they would be more capable of serving their King than they can possibly be at such a distance thus transplanted to the other end of the World To be short no Rational man will deny but that that Prince who from a Territory no larger than the County of Kent is able to bring 100000 men into the field is no less Potent than he who from a Territory 20 times as large is able to raise a not much greater number and so much the more by how much he levies them with less Trouble and Charge That Soveraign Conquers best who wins the hearts of his people by Moderation Justice good Government and wholsome Laws He best plants Colonies who maintains a flourishing Trade to Forraign parts he best inlarges his Territory who husbands his People to the best advantage and consults best for their Preservation and Increase hereby approving himself all this while a true Christian Prince not in Name only but in reality no less and upon this score let the World judge whether our Defensor Fidei have not a just Title to that of Christianissimus also When as for any Potentate or Grandee of the World Pontifical or otherwise to grasp at Power and Empire by War Bloodshed and Rapine though under never so spacious a pretence even propogating the Faith it self and at the same time to take upon him the Name of Christian must needs be the highest affront to Heaven and shame to Religion imaginable The Stile of Christian Cut-throat for that must necessarily follow implying a cnntradiction not to be reconcil'd by all the art of Sopistry and Jesuitism since he that hath but heard of the Christian Religion cannot be ignorant that Peace and Charity are the very root and foundation of Christianity and that Religion under what Title soever which is otherwise grounded is to be abhorr'd by all sober men The Creator said to the Earth at the beginning Increase and be Replenish'd The Destroyer hath been saying to the same Earth from the beginning from Age to Age be ruin'd laid wast and Dispeopled by humane Slaughter Now how far the parallel will hold between the greater and Man the lesser World as to the necessity of Purging and Bleeding and whether it be so wholsom as some would have us think that the superfluous blood of the World should be let out by the Phlebotomy of War we shall wave the inquiry at this present only I am of opinion that it would be better to leave the Physicking of the World to the great Physitian thereof than that man upon man should so often practice his Fatal Chyrurgery There is sufficient reason to believe that those frequent Inundations of People those numerous swarms of Cimbrians Teutones Longobards Huns Goths and Vandals which Scythia in former times pour'd out into the milder Regions of Europe were not so much the Luxuriance and off-scouring of an over-peopled Nation since not any one denomination of Country besides takes up so large a part of the earth or hath so many vast unhabited Vacancies but a kind of agreement among certain numbers of men to carve themselves out better Commons than their own Country afforded and throw off the Scythian Frost and roughness by the Warm Sun-shine of Gallia Spain and Italy Now to come closer to the design of our Discourse Three things are to be considered First Whether this Nation have not been in former Ages more Populous than at present Next what the occasion of this Dispopulation hath been Lastly The means of restoration to pristine Populacy or at least of Replenishment in some degree The first consideration is answered by the second There is no question to be made but that the complicated Invasions of Romans Saxons and Danes especially the last so dreadfully Barbarous was the Destruction of a World of People and the Demolishment of many Towns and Cities and after the Norman Conquest the Bloody Civil Wars amongst us first of the Barons next of the two Roses As for the Norman Invasion it self it occasion'd indeed no great matter of Devastation since except a few inconsiderable Insurrections that happen'd afterwards the business was decided by the dint of one Battle and happily the Conqueror had not been sorry had more of the English fallen in that quarrel since like a true Stepfather and Foraign Invader more than like a Native Father of the Country he could find in his heart to lay waste 28 Towns and Villages to make a large habitation for wild Beasts The last and main consideration is how to repair this loss of People shall we call the English of America back to their Native Soyl or shall we invite the Industrious or the Distressed of other Nations to come over and live among us or shall we indeavour to People the Nation better with those People if I may so call them we have already that is turn Drones into Bees and two Legg'd Cattle into Men The first I take altogether to be Impracticable and Irrational to go about for it would be an endless thing for such multitudes of People to unfix themselves from their setled Imploys and Habitations and to be put to remove their Effects back to a Country now grown as strange and uncouth to them as any other Foraign Nation The second according to my poor judgment cannot be disadvantageous to this Kingdom could it be well compas'd and well manag'd so as to give no distaste to the present Inhabitants for it hath been a general and frequent Complaint in my hearing among some Tradesmen of London that Foraigners especially these French Dogs as they stile them come over settle themselves among us and eat the Bread out of our Mouths Nevertheless it is certain that in many Towns of England as Canterbury Norwich c. many Families of Foraigners are well setled exercise the Epidemick Trade of those Places peaceably and prosperously enough and without envy or disturbance Hospitality is a certain evidence of a good Nature and Generous Inclination and it hath been formerly and doubtless still is in a great measure the particular Credit of the English Gentry to keep Plentiful Houses on purpose to Entertain Strangers give Shelter to benighted Travellers and Succour all persons in Distress And as among particular persons no man but an Indigent
of Cornwall there have been taken Pilchards an Ell long and not much differing in shape in several places on the Sea-coasts of Cornwall At a place called Foreditch in Kent there are Trouts of a treble remark First That they equal Salmon in Largeness Secondly That they remain nine Months in the Sea and three in Fresh-water Thirdly That contrary to the nature of all other Trouts they have been known but once to have been taken in that place with an Angle so much more cunning they are than all the rest of their kind In the River Kennet near Hungerford in Barkshire there is great plenty of Trouts remarkably large and good also the Town of Hungerford it self Marlborough and some other Places thereabout are noted for plenty and goodness of Cray-Fish The River Stowr in Dorcetshire hath a particular commendation for Tenches as some parts of Cambridgeshire for the best Eels and Lincolnshire for plenty of Pikes But there is also another Stowr in Kent which runs through Canterbury and is said to breed the best Trouts in the South-East of England Yet those of Cashalton in Surry are accounted excellent Trouts In Miander-Meer in Lancashire there breeds a sort of Fish called a Chare which they say is no where else to be found Much more might be said but that it is not our business to dwell upon any particular but to take a general Survey of several things of the Animals which our Country excels in above others but to speak of the Minerals and Vegetables which this Island produceth would require each a large Volume and though we have no Mines of Gold yet the many Mines we have of other Mettalls as Iron Lead Tin Copper c. and it is said some discoveries have been also made of Silver besides Mines of Allum Coal and other Minerals would if utmost Improvement were made of our Trade and Manufacture make a considerable compensation The Stanneries or Tin-Mines of Cornwall and Devonshire have been famous from all Antiquity And whereas it hath been formerly taken for granted that the Britains were unknown to the rest of the World before the Arrival of the Romans there are not wanting who are of Opinion and have confirmed their Opinion with probable Evidences that the Ancient Inhabitants of this Island long before the Romans Arrival had Commerce with the Greeks and Phaenicians and that because they would not admit of Strangers into their Country therefore they made the Isles of Scilly the Mart for the vending of their Tin whereupon some suppose them to be those Islands which the Ancients called the Cassiterides which imports as much as Tin-Isles not as having any Tin-Mines in them but as being the Mart as we said before for the Vending of that Commodity And of all parts in Cornwall Godolphin-Hill is particularly taken notice of for its Rich and Plentiful Veins of Tin Nor do the Mines of Cornwall abound in Tin only but 't is said there have been quantities of Metallick Oar that have contain'd a mixture of Gold and Silver and very memorable is the tradition of a quantity of Silver Oar dig'd out of a place in the Parish of Comb-Martin in Devonshire out of which William Wimondham coin'd 270 weight of Silver for Elionor Dutchess of Bar. A place called Newlands in Cumberland is rich in Copper Mines and hath some store of Black-Lead especially about Keswick In this County also the Stone called Lapis Calaminaris is said to have been here first found But much of this Lapis Calaminaris is digg'd out of Mendip-hills in Somersetshire At Wenlock in Shropshire in the Reign of King Richard the second there was found a Rich Copper Mine The Rich Mines of Iron in the Forrest of Dean in Glocestershire have been an occasion of making those Woods very thin in respect of what they have been formerly Kent hath several Iron Mines and also Veins of Marl. Darbyshire abounds much in Minerals and several kinds of Stones particularly in the Peak of Darby there are Mines that afford plenty of Lead likewise Stibium or Antimony also store of Mill-stones and Whet-stones nor less noted are the Lead-Mines on Mendip-hills in Staffordshire As also those on the Hills of Richmondshire where there are likewise Copper-Mines near Moinglath in Denbyshire is a plentiful Vein of Lead So likewise in the Abby of Fountains in Yorkshire not far from whence in the same Shire is store of Iron Other Mines also there are which though not so Rich are no less useful than those of Mettal as Alom Coal Free-stone Fullers-earth Marl with all which take one with another there is surely no Nation better stor'd and indeed our Salt-pits are no other than a kind of Liquid-Mines It is no less wonderful to observe what abundant Supplies of Fewel are yearly sent up from the Coal-Mines of Newcastle to this Vast City of London and other parts of the Nation besides what is Exported into Foraign parts then it may seem hard to conjecture how this City could subsist before the discovery of this great Mine which was not till the year 1305. Since we find by experience upon any occasion of the obstructing of this Newcastle Fleet and the raising of the Price of Coals into what great distress and inconveniency the City is thereupon reduc'd but then it must be considered that the City then was nothing near so large as now and the Country far better stor'd with Wood the want whereof for Firing is not the only prejudice the Nation hath sustain'd by the vast quantity of Timber that hath been fell'd of late Ages the number of Alehouses is also increas'd ten to one at least within these 100 years and proportionably as may well be imagin'd the number of Brewhouses to supply them with Drink which Houses cannot be maintain'd and carry on their Trade without a wonderful quantity of Fewel Nor need it be wondred how other great Cities are able to subsist without the like convenience as doubtless there is scarce any City of the World that hath the like advantage for Fewel considering the difference of Climate of Customs of manner of Living and of Diet. There are who speak of Blackheath as a place no less sufficiently abounding with Pit-Coal to serve the City of London and parts adjacent than Newcastle it self but are willing to believe that the grand security of these Coal-pits lies in the great prejudice to Navigation which the breaking of them up would occasion in regard this Colliers Trade between Newcastle and London is the greatest Nursery of Seamen we have which objection would easily cease could the Fishing Trade be once promoted till when the Coal Mines of Blackheath must of necessity be laid aside There is also Sea-Coal like that of Newcastle at Wedsborough in the East-Riding in Yorkshire Likewise up and down in many of the Inland parts of England there is abundance of Pit-Coal of another nature that is too say not Caking or Clinging together a quantity of small Particles into one
the City Gouga which is likewise a place of great Trade but as for Berneo the Inhabitants thereof are for the most part Breeders of Cattle and Hunters of Wild-Beasts The Commodities of these Countries are Corn Sugar Cattle Rice Fruits Gold Sands and Ingots which they expose to Sail for Cloath Callicoes Copper Basons Iron-work Guns Shot Glass Beads and the like but Principally Salt of which Commodity that Country is deficient but the chief Maritim parts are Guinny and Benin first discovered by the Portugals and for the abundance of Gold the Country affoards called the Golden Coast the Rumour of which spreading wide in Europe the English soon found it out and after them the Dutch and now the French have some Trade there The manner of Trading thus The Ships coming into the Road cast Anchor and the Merchants or Factors going on Shoar declare what Wares they have on Board to the Persons called Tolkens or Brokers which live in little Huts along the Coast and when the Moors come down with their Gold they are informed by them that such and such Commodities are to be had upon which taking Boat together they come on Board and laying by such things as they like propose what Gold they will give for them which if accepted the Bargain is made and they return with their Goods on Shoar The Customs are various Particular Officers being set in every Port to take an Account of what is bought and sold and every one that comes to buy tho he buy nothing must pay a small Stipend for his Person upon his returning from on Shipboard and to prevent defraud there is still a Son Brother or Kinsman of the Kings to whom the Port belongeth to see the Toll be duly taken and he that buyes Commodities under the value of 2 Ounces of Gold makes his price for Customs as he can but he that buy 's above which they call a Benda pays to the Value of an Angel in Gold for every Benda As for Coyns they have none the Trade among themselves being for Gold-Sands or Ingot by Weight the fineness of which they try with Artificial Needles in number 24 in some Places they melt their Gold and draw it into Wire and so cut into small pieces the better to divide it as occasion requires and in other places they have pieces of Iron which goes Currant instead of Mony Their Weights consist of Copper the greatest of which is a Benda containing 2 Ounces Troy a Benda offa or half a Benda The Asseva which is two Pesoes and a half the Egebba or 2 Pesos which is half an Ounce and so lesser tell they come to Drams and Scruples of Troy Weight but their pound is found the ¾ part of an Ounce heavier than ours Their Measures for Cloath is a Jactam accounted 12 Foot English which they divide into two parts as for their Woollen Cloath they cut it into long Slips and make Girdles of it Formerly the Trade in those parts was very advantagious but of late one Nations striving to outvye each other have given them an insight into the true value of Gold and of such Commodities as they receive for it The Sugar Trade which is considerable is ingrossed by the Portugals at a certain Annual rate and no other Nation suffered to deal therein the Sugar made there being Transported to Lisbon is from thence dispercsd throughout Europe And thus much for Negrita and the Guinny Trade CHAP. XXIV A View of Aethiopia Superior and Inferior But of the last especially and of the Trade thereof c. THe Superior Ethiopia otherwise called Abasine is a Plentiful Country Governed by Prester John and the Inhabitants for the most part Christians it abounds in Cattle Fruits and Minnerals but being an Inland Province yields little Trade to Merchants The Inferior Ethiopia is bounded on the West with the Ethiopian Ocean on the East with the Red-Sea and contains Provinces or divisions Ajan Zanbiar Monomotapa Caffaria and Monicongo Ajan is chiefly Traded to by the Portugals and yields store of Cattle Wax Hony Corn Gold Ivory c. Zanibra contains 15 Towns from which 15 Petty Kingdoms take their Names and was first discovered by the Portugals abounding in Ivory and Gold the chief Town being Mosambique where they have a Castle and ingross the Trade for the most part Monomotapa is almost invironed round with Water And is stored with Gold Mines and Elephants of which 5 or 6000 are yearly killed for their Teeth Manicongo was discovered by the Portugals Anno 1486. And for a long time yielded them 30000 Slaves yearly which they carryed to Brasile to dig in their Silver Mines The Principal Port and Center of all their Trade being at Mosambique I shall not instance the Trade thereof because that in View of that all the Trade of the Provinces is Comprehended CHAP. XXV A View of Mosambique and of the Trade thereof MOsambique is for the most part inhabited by Portugals and has in it a strong Castle wherein lives the Portugal Captain who has a grant of free Trade for himself either in the Country or in the Indies which is not above 16 days Sail from thence but when there they must stay near 5 Months ' er they can return or lose their Season by Reason of the Mouson as they call it or Trading-Wind Blows all one way for so long As for his Place it is very advantagious yet of but 3 Years Continuance at the Expiration of which he is obliged to go into India and serve under the Vice-Roy The Commodities are chiefly Ingot and dust Gold or Sand Gold which is found in abundance there being severâ—â— Rich Mines adjacent as well in the Islands as on the Continent where the King of Portugal keeps Factors to manage the trade who barters and sends Merchandise from one place to another and so increase in the growth of each Province nor is it less commodious for the reception of the Portugal Fleet either in their way to or from the Indies There is found likewise Elephants Teeth Ebony Ambergrease c. and from thence they carry Slaves to India Their Coyns of which there are but few are the same with those of Portugal as also are their Weights and Measures a description of which I shall give when I come to take a View of the Trade of the Kingdom of Portugal CHAP. XXVI A View of Aegypt and the Provinces thereof as also of the Trade Commodities Coyns Weights Measures and Customs ON the East Egypt is bounded by the Red Sea on the South with Aasia on the West with Cyrene and on the North with the Mediterranean Sea and Watered with the Fruitful River Nilus which dividing it self into 7 Channels and about the middle of June Annually overfloweth it's Banks and continues so to do for 4 days laying all under Water by Reason of which the Towns are seated upon Hills and during the Inundation their Commerce is by Skiffs and Boats This River is in
Length 3000 Miles and when it over-flows not it portenteth some fatal disaster to the King or Kingdom and by this means the Land is Fertilized for as for Rain there is none The chief Places of Traffick are Alexandria a famous Sea-Port founded by Alexander the great and Cairo commonly called Grand Cairo and in these Center the Trade of the whole Country Therefore omitting Places of lesser note I shall only take a View of these two Cities and their Commerce with such as Trade in those parts and first of Alexandria Alexandria first founded by Alexander the Great in Expedition to Conquer the World is the chief Maritim City of Egypt and from all parts of the Kingdom are thither brought Flax Hemp Hony Wax Rice Balsoms Dates Drugs and Spices and the Country in general produceth abundance of Palm Trees besides hither are brought the Plenty of Arabia India and Persia as Spices Drugs Silks c. so that the Custom-House is accountable yearly for great Summs of Gold The nature of the Palm Trees that grow in that Country is this they always grow in Cupples twisted or twined viz. Male and Female the Female Palm only bears Fruit and that not without the Male for if the Male Palm be cut away the Female will not bear the Fruit is Cods with Seed and pleasant Juice the Pith of these Trees is excellent in tast and very nourishing of the Leaves they make Fans Mats and Baskets of the outward Husks of the Cod Cordage and of the inward Brushes the Fruit they bear is like a Fig which serves the Inhabitants for Meat green and dryed for Bread The Weights used here are four sorts first the Quintar of Zera second the Quintar of Forfor third the Quintar of Zaidin the fourth the Quintar of Mina the first is found to be English 112 pounds the second 93 pounds English the third 134 pounds English the fourth the 167 pounds English Averdupois Weight The Measures are two-fold viz. the Pico Barbaresco which is used for the Measuring of Cloath both Linnen and Woollen and is in Length 25 â…ž English Inches and the Pico Turchesco with which is Measured Silks fine Stuffs Cloath of Gold c. and is found to be 22 ¼ English Inches as for wet and dry Measures they are of little use the Customs being to sell by Weight for the most part CHAP. XXVII A View of Cairo and the Trade Weights Measures and Customs thereof CAiro is a famous City Situate in the vast Plain beneath the Mountains of Mucatun and not above 2 Miles from the Bank of Nilus adorned with many stately Buildings as Pallaces Colledges Temples and the like and has in it a large Burse or Exchange of 3 Story high the first of which consists of Ware-Houses for Gross Goods in the second is laid up Musk Amber Silks Spices and the like and in the third the Merchants who have Ware-Houses there lodg with their Retinues which Merchants are of 6 sorts first the Native Egyptians secondly the Arabians or Moors thirdly the Merchants of Europe Christians fourthly the Turks fifthly the Jews and sixthly the Christians of Affrica as Greeks Armenians c. The Lord of this City and Country is the grand Signeour who governs by his Bashaw or Vice-King The Commodities Traded for by the Europian Merchants are Flax Rice Balsoms Puls Fruits Cottons Sugars Hemp and the like which according to the overflowing of Nilus the Soil yields in plenty or Scarcity so that when they have a plentiful Year they make a Feast to Nilus or the River God as they Term him and exceedingly Rejoyce thereto The yearly Revenue of this Kingdom accrueing by Customs and other ways amount to 3 Millions of Sheraffes each valued at 8 Shillings Sterling one Million of which is sent to the grand Signeur one for maintaining the forces of the Kingdom and the other to enable the Bashaw to keep his Court. The Customs are either payed in Species or compounded for at 10 per cent only Money entred pays but one and a half per cent but outward all Commodities pay 11 per cent which is accounted the Soldan's Custom The Customs of Alexandria are farmed by the Jews at 20000 Medins per diem which according to computation amounts to 55000 pounds per Annum Sterling Their Weights and Measures are the same with those of Alexandria The Currant Coyns in Egypt are Spanish Royals of 8 which they call Piastre and Dollers the Meden the Asper the Soltana Xeriffe and Cheqeen the value of each as before recited Their Accounts are variously kept some in one sort of Coyn and some in another The chief Trade driven here by the European Christians is by the French and Venetians the English having of late declined it as having the growth of the Country or the same Commodities at cheaper Rates in India and Aleppo And thus much for the Continent of Egypt CHAP. XXVIII A View of the Isles of the Sea appertaining to Africa with their Commodities Trade Weight Measures c. THe Isles are these viz. Madagascar Zocotara St. Thomas the Canary Islands the Islands of Assores or Tarceras The first abounds in Ginger Cloves and Silver Mines and was discovered by the Portugals Anno 1506. The money in use amongst the Natives are Glass Beads of Cambaia which passes currant amongst them their Weights and Measures are few and those uncertain The second lyeth in the Mouth of the Red Sea 10 Degrees Northward from the Equator and yieldeth Cattle and Corn but the chief thing Traded for is Aloes which are sold by the Quintar which Averdupois English is 93 pound The third lies under the Equinoctial in which is a Colony of Portugals the chief Commodity it yieldeth is Sugar of which so much is made as ladeth yearly 50 Vessels of good Burthen their Weights and Measures being the same with those used at Lisbone as indeed wherever the Portugals Plant themselves they impose their own Weights and Measures on the Inhabitants Fourthly the Canary Islands which are 7 in number under the Protection of the King of Spain are very Fruitful abounding in Sugar-Canes and those Birds we call Caâ—â—ry Birds and in Canary Wine which takes it's name from the Islands of which 4 or 500 Tuns are yearly exported and dispersed over Europe There is likewise Wood of Excellent use for Dyers Hither the English trade and for the growth of the Island Exchange Says Serge Bays Linnen c. Their Weights Measures and Coyns are the same with those of Sevil of which in order I shall speak Fifthly the Islands of Assores or Tarceras directly under the Meridian were first discovered by the Flemings and abound in Cattle Corn Wood and the like but are of little use some for Harbouring and re-victualling of Ships in their Voyage to the East-Indies as are many other small Islands lying in that vast Ocean And thus much shall suffice for Africa and the Trade thereof CHAP. XXIX A View of Asia and of the Trade
Cantar is 103 pound English All their Grain and other such like Commodities they vend by a Measure called the Chistetto which makes 8 ½ Staios Venice The Measure for Silks Stuffs and Cloath is the Pico 100 of which make 126 Braces Venice And thus much for Tartary which is mostly Inhabited by Thieves and Rovers who rather live by Spoil then Trade being morose Savage people fit for so cold and Barren a Country as for the most part Therefore leaving this Frozen Clime I shall pass into India far more Fruitful and Commodious CHAP. XLI A View of India intra extra Gangem of the Provinces Trade Customs and valuable Commodities thereof INdia is bounded on the West with the River Indus on the East with China on the North Tartary and on the South with the Ocean and is divided into 2 parts viz. India Intra Gangem and India Extra Gangem the first contains nine Principal Kingdoms viz. Narsinga Malavar Ballasia Cambaia Mandao Bengala Aristan Canora and Dellia and the second 7 Kingdoms viz. Macin Aracan Chambaia Couchin-china Barma Siam and Pegu. The whole Country taking its Name from the River Indus which runs 1000. Miles ere it meets the Sea As for the Trade of the Indies I shall briefly lay it down in the Description of the Principal Scales of Traffick and first of Diu. Diu is an Island lying about 20 Leagues distant from the River Indus and is under the protection of the King of Portugal the Portugals indeed being the first Discoverers of those Tracts and have a very good Haven for Shipping whither resort the Merchants of Arabia Turky Persia Armenia c. bringing the Richest Commodities of the growth of those Nations as likwise all the Banians Gusrates and Rumos that Trade in Cambaia and from thence to the Red-Sea and Meca bring thither their Merchandise The Commodities this place affordeth are Cotton of Linnen of sundry sorts which there are called Jorims Sluyers and Lamparads and are in England called Callico's also there are abundance of Cocus-Oyl Indian-Nuts Butter Pitch Tar Sugar-Candia Iron excellent Leather Artificially wrought with Silks of all Colours Chests Cupboards Boxes of curious work inlay'd with Mother Pearl and other rare divices As for the Weights and Measures of this place I refer the Reader to the Description of Goa and the Trade thoreof and thus much for the Town and Island of Diu. CHAP. XLII A View of Cambaia of the Trade Weights Measures Coyns Commodities and Customs thereof CAmbaia giveth a Kingdom its Name being the Metropolis of Cambaia and is vast in circuit adjudged to contain no less then 800000. Inhabitants Seated upon the River Indus being a City of the greatest Trade in those Parts and thither resort Christians Persians and Arabians and there both the English and Dutch have Factories But the Natives who are called the Gensurates and Banians are the Richest Merchants and greatest Traders as likewise of late grown so Politick that they have an insight into-most Commodities The Commodities this City and Country afford are Callico's of all sorts Corn Rice Butter Oyl rich Carpets fine Chests Cupboards Carved and Imbellished with Mother Pearl Plates of Silver Ivory and the like there are found in this Country many precious Stones of great value as Rubies Jacinths Chrisolites Amber Jaspar Spinals Granads and Agats as likewise several Rich Drugs as Opium Camphora Bangue and Sandal-Wood as also Sugars and Indico in abundance The like Commodities are likewise found in Bianny Fetterbarre Shersky and Labore In this Tract is the famous Port of Surrat which at this day the Dutch make their chief Scale of Trade and whither all the Commodities of these Countries are brought especially those Subject to the Scepter of the great Mogul The currant Coyns are Mahomodies tho very Scarce and are each accounted 12 pence Sterling the Casanna Ruppy Esteemed worth 3 Shillings 3 pence Sterling the Jaquire Ruppe 5 of which make 6 Casanna Ruppies the Saway Ruppy valued at 11 Shillings 3 pence Sterling the Honde Ruppy valued at 2 Shillings 3 pence In which and the Casanna Ruppy the Merchants of Gusurat keep their Accounts They have likewise smaller pieces which are accounted 34 to the Mahmudy and the Sahhee which is accounted 10 Cosbegs tho in some places they differ in value tho the difference is inconsiderable The Weights used throughout the Mogul's Dominions are 3 one proper for Silk and the other for all other Merchandise viz. the pice which in Silk is accounted 5 ½ Mittigals a Mittigal being about 13 Troy penny Weights and the Sear small and great which vary much viz. the Sear of Surrat is 18 Pices Weight of Copper-money and accounted 13 ½ Ounces Averdupois the Sear of Agra called the Sear Acoberg is 30 Pices and 22 Ounces Averdupois The Sear of Agra called the Sear Janquery 36 Pices and 26 ⅔ Ounces Averdupois and so in several other places vary according to the Custom of the place They have in use likewise 2 Maunds a Maund small of Surrat being 40 small Sears of that place and 33 pound Averdupois the other is 40 great Sears which makes 54 ⅜ pound English and these are Multiplyed into a Candil of Surrat and Cambaia which contains 20 Maunds The Measures at Cambaia Surrat are two viz. the Cavado long short the last of which is used in Measuring of Silks and is 27 Inches English the first is used in Measuring of Woollen Cloath and is 35 English Inches but in Agra Labore Dilli and Brampore the short Cavado is found to be 32 Inches as for Concave Measures none are found in the Moguls Country their Liquids as well as Grain and other dry Commodities being sold by Weight And thus much for Cambaia and the Trade thereof CHAP. XLIII A View of Goa the Trade Commodities Weights Measures Coyns and Customs thereof and of the Pearl Fishery GOa is a famous City at present the Seat of the Portiguize Vice-Roy and Arch-Bishop and is Seated in an Island to which it gives Name and is the chief Mart or Scale of Trade on that part of India for hither resort Merchants who bring the Commodities of Persia Arabia Armenia Cambaia Pegu Siam Bengalia Malacca Java Molucco and China a Port it has Capacious for the Reception of Shipping but those of great Burthen are obliged to Anchor at Bardes some Miles short of Goa by Reason of the Shallowness of the Water where are purposely Built Sore-Houses for the reception of such Merchandise as are brought thither which are set to Sail in the chief Street every day from 7 to nine in the Morning in the nature of our Fairs in England during which time a great concourse of Merchants and others buy up what Commodities they like best or can agree for and in this place all the Natives of one Craft live in distinct Streets being injoyned under severe Penalties not to Marry out of their own Trade nor put their Children to any other Trade Their Winter which
endeth through the middle of which runneth the famous River Ganges making a large Bay or Gulph called the Bay of Bengala and is under the Protection of the great Mogul whose Coyns are currant in those Parts As for the River Ganges the Natives and many other of far Countries imagine it to be of that Virtue that it can cure many distempers and by Drinking and Bathing therein make them capable of obtaining Paradice which Superstitious conceipt brings many from distant Places on Pilgrimage which Creates a great Trade in Satagan the chief City on this Coast which is Seated on a River some distance from Ganges up which the Tide runneth 100. Miles and more so swift that Boats drive with incredible speed without Sails or Oars at the entrance of this River is a place called the Butter where Merchants Build Booths of Straw and Branches of Trees against the coming in of the Ships and furnish them with all manner of Merchandise by Reason the River will not admit of Ships of great Burthen so high as Satagan the which sheds when the Ships depart they set on fire and remove their Goods to Satagan nor are the Commodities vended her a few for no less then forty Ships of Divers Nations find sufficient to Load them and some to spare The chief Commodities found on this Coast are Rice Cloath of Cotton of divers sorts Lacca Sugar Mirabolans Long-Pepper Oyl of Zerseline c. and from this City the Merchants Trade to Pegu Musulipatan and Summatra and for the most part to avoid being incommoded by the heat they meet and Trade in the Night and what Goods are bought here by the Natives are carryed up the River in Boats and sold in other Cities and Ports In these parts the English East-India Company has Factories and greatly improve themselves thereby the Portugals likewise in this Tract have 2 small Forts but no considerable Trade that Nation of late much declining in matters of Navigation The Weights and Coyns are much the same with those of Musulipatan Having thus far proceeded it will not be amiss to give the Reader an Account of a strange Custom used in this Tract which is that if any Debtor break the day of payment by him consented to his Creditor goes to the Principal Bramen or Arch-Priest and procures of him a Rod with which he makes a circle round his debtor charging him in the Name of the King and the said Bramen not to depart out of it till he has satisfyed the debt which if he does not he must either starve there or by coming out forfeit his Life to the Laws of the Country but this is only amongst the Natives CHAP. XLVI A View of Pegu and the Trade Customs Weights and Coyns of the Coast thereof PEgu is divided into two parts In the one the King and his Nobles reside in the other the Artificers Merchants and Mariners that wherein the former reside is called the New-Town and where the latter Inhabit the old-Town about which is a Moat of exceeding breadth in which are many Crocadils kept purposely and all the Walls Beautifyed with Turrets Guilded with Gold the Streets are fair and set on each side with rows of Palm-Trees to keep off the Sun from such as Pass through them and upon the Arrival of the Ships by the help of the Monson or Trading Wind great is the concourse of Merchants who come from the Coast of Cormandel and other Places bringing Pointados wrought Cotton and other Merchandise from Maecca whence come several great Ships laden with Damasks Woollen Cloath Velvets and Cheqens From Malacca Vessels Arrive laden with Pepper Porcelan Sanders Camphora and other Rich Commodities There Arrives several Vessels likewise from Sumatra with Pepper and other Commodities who for the most part Anchor in a Port called Cosmia not far distant from the City as for the Customs they are narrowly looked into by Broakers who are imployed for that purpose and have two per cent out of all Commodities paying Custom for their own share and are bound to sell the Merchants Goods for them and to make good what debts they contract or false money they take upon that occasion and in their dealings they are very Just as likewise they are bound to find Lodgings and Ware-Houses for Merchants their contracts are made in Publick yet in such a method that none but the parties concerned can tell what is done for by putting their Hands under a Carpet and squesing such and such Joynts they know each others meanings without speaking a word which is registred by the Broaker if they come to a conclusion in Leaves of Trees used there instead of Paper When a Merchant-Stranger comes thither the Governour sends several Maids to him to take his choise which done he must agree with her Parents and then she serves him during his stay for both Wife and Servant and when he departs paying what he agreed for she returns home and if afterward she be marryed and he comes to that place he may have her during his stay her Husband not in the least making a Scruple thereof and when he departs he may send her to her Husband The Native Commodities in this Tract are Gold Rubies Spinals Saphirs Silver which are digged at a Place called Caplan There is likewise store of Benjamin Long-Pepper Lead Rice Niper-Wine and Sugar the growth of the Country not being liable to Custom The currant Coyn of this coast is the Gausa made of Copper and Lead and is Coyned by any that list so they state it to a certain Weight which if it be not it is soon discerned by the Broakers or Tellers who reject it and that Weight is called a Biso and is accounted for ½ Ryal of 8 8 or 2 Shillings 6 pence Sterling CHAP. XLVII A View of Sian and Malacca and of their Trades Commodities Coyns c. FIrst in the Tract or Coast of Siam are found the Cities of Tenaserim and Pattana in the last of which an English Factory is Established but Siam is the chief and was before it's being reduced by the King of Pegu who besieged it with a Million and 400000. men the chief City of these Parts of India and to it as yet Merchants Trade from Couchin-China Macan Cantor Malacca and Cambaia as likewise from the Islands of Sumatra Banda and Borneo and has divers Commodities brought from the Inland Cities of Martavan and Tenaserim and is Situate on the famous River Menan which runneth athwart India and arises from the Lake Chiama which every March overfloweth its Banks for 100. Miles during which time the Commerce and Correspondence is held by Boats The principal Commodities are Cotton Linnens of all sorts distilled Liquors by the Natives called Nipe it being extracted from Cocos as likewise Benjamin Lack and precious Wood called by the Portugals Palo-Dangula and Calamba making Rich Perfumes and is Weighed often against Silver and Gold and the Wood Sapon used by Dyers Camphora Bezora-Stones and Gold
3 chief Scales of Europe CHAP. LXI A View of Lisbon the Metropolis of Portugal of the Trade Growth Weights Measues Coyns and Customs thereof LIsbon is the Metropolis of the Kingdom of Portugal commodiously Seated upon the Banks of the River Tagus the City and Suburbs being 10 Miles in compass and not imagined to contain less then 38000. Families Beautifyed with 67 Towers placed upon the Walls and 22 Gates all the Houses being Built Magnificent and indeed the People given to great Industry but especially to Navigation as appears by the many Discoveries they have made they being the first that Discovered the Eastern Tract even to the Indias and there by Trade and force got Footing and shewed the way to England and Holland who have now brought it to perfection even to the great Inriching either Nation and of all the Commodities brought from India and other parts of the World by the Portugals this City is the Scale for hither come yearly the Spices of Arabia the Silks of Persia the rich Commodities of China and the Gold Silver precious Stones and Spices of India and especially Pearls the Fishery thereof remaining for the most part in the right of the King of Portugal which being brought to Lisbon and afterwards dispersed throughout Europe To this City Flows the Trade of the whole Kingdom and also that of Spain from which Kingdom it is now separated as formerly The Weights of this City and consequently of the whole Kingdom are Principally the small and the great Cantars the Latter of which is divided into 4 Roves and each Rove contains 32 Reals which is 128 pounds at 14 Ounces per pound and of Florence Weight is computed 149 pound their small Quintar for Pepper and Ginger is between 110 and 112 pound English the Rove or Quartern being 27 ½ and sometimes 27 ◠4 pound but the great Quintal is 15 or 16 per cent more than our 112 pound The Quintar commonly called the King 's Quintar used in his Contractation House for weighing the Spices and Drugs of India is 114 pound English and the great Cantar of Lisbon is mostly computed 130 pound English c. The Measures of length used in this City are the Coueda which is the third part of an English Yard and the Ware which wants but a Nale of an English Ell by the former they Measure Woollen Cloaths c. and by the latter Linnen c. The Concave Measures of Lisbon is the Alquire 3 of which are found to make an English Bushel and 5 a Spanish Hannep They have an other Measure by which they meet their Salt called Muy which is 60 Alquires and 2 Muys and 15 Alquires are a Tunn Bristol Water Measure The Custom inward is 23 per cent that is to the Dechima 10 to the Sisa 10 and to the Consolado 3 and outward Merchants pay only 3. The Coyns are the Croisado of Gold computed to be worth 400 Reas. The Ducat of Portugal which is ten Reals and accounted 5 Shillings Sterling or the Croisado The Ryal which is 40 Reas and accounted 6 pence Sterling The Golden Mirle which is worth 1000. Reas and accounted 2 5 2 Ducats the Ducat is 2 ½ Ryals or 15 pence Sterling The Vintin which is 20 Reas or 3 pence Sterling the single Ryal of Spain which is 2 Vintines there are likewise the Coyns of Spain passable in this City but seeing they are not the proper Coyns of Portugal I shall pass them over as having already mentioned them in the Description of the Trade of that Kingdom And now leaving Portugal I shall pass into the Kingdom of France and in viewing the Trade of some Cities thereof give a Summary account of the whole Kingdoms Commerce both Inland and by Navigation CHAP. LXII A View of France the Provinces Trade Customs Weights Measures and Currant Coyns reduced into the view of the Principal Trading Cities of that Kingdom FRance is a large and Fertile part of Europe bounded on the North with the Brittish Ocean on the West with the Aquitanian Sea on the South with the Mediterranian and on the East with the Pirenaean Hills and River Rhine and is divided into several Provinces the Trade of which I shall instance in these following Cities viz. Burdeaux Rouen Paris Lyons and Marselia of these in order Burdeaux is Situate on the Banks of Geronde being the Principal City of the Province of Aquitain and is placed in a very Fruitful Soil especially for Wines The Principal Vineyards of France being accounted in its Neighbourhood of the Grapes therein growing are made Whitewines and Claret in abundance and of late all Palled Wines and such as otherwise are foul not Merchantable they Lmibeck off into Brandies which for the most part is vended in England and Holland They have likewise several Vineyards yielding Grapes that make Sweet-Wines commonly called high Country Wines the which lest it should hinder the Sail of the other they prohibit to be sold in their City till Christmass day when the high Country Merchants bring it in and sell it to Strangers there resident and such is the Custom of the place that that Vessel or Lighter that first sets her Head on Shoar is accounted free from Impost or Custom yet must in lieu thereof for that day give Wine on Free-cost to such as come on Board to Drink it To this City it is that our English Merchants Trade and from whence they yearly bring 20000 Tuns of Whitewine Claret Sweet and Brandy Wines in times when no prohibition is layed this City formerly for many Years having been English there are found great quantities of Prunes of the Neighbouring growth and some other Commodities tho these are the chief and to this place monies are remitted for which mostly the Inhabitants Trade not as in other places ef Traffick freely bartering Goods for Goods Their Accounts are kept for the most part in Livers Sold's and Denies as indeed throughout the Kingdom Their Weight is the pound 100 of which are reckoned a Quintar or 110 English 90 ¾ pound being 100 pound English Their Measure of length is an Auln accounted 42 English Inches their Wines are computed by Hogs-Heads and Tearces viz. Claret and White-wines and their Brandy by Punchings of no certain Gauge CHAP. LXIII A View of Rouen and the Trade thereof ROuen is the Principal City of Normandy being the Parliamentary Seat of that Province and is Seated on the Banks of the River Sein all its Territories being Fertile and it abounding with rich Merchandise as well of other Nations as the Growth of the Kingdom of France and is visited by most of the Merchants of all the Northern Kingdoms Trading in the Growth of France the place affording of natural Growth and Native Manufactury fine and coarse Linnens Buckrams Paper Cards Wine Stuffs Combs c. for which the Inhabitants or such French Merchants as send their Commodities thither to be vended receive of the English Kersies of Devonshire and
Bishop of Exon His Seat Exon Palace in Exeter Devon Dr. VVilliam Thomas Bishop St. Davids His Seat Abergwilly Carmarthen Dr. VVilliam Gulston Bishop of Bristol His Seat Bristol Palace Somerset Dr. VVilliam Beaw Bishop of Llandaff His Seats Matherne Palace Monmouth Llandaff Palace Glamorgan Dr. VVilliam Lloyd Bishop of St. Asaph His Seat St. Asaph Flint A SUPPLEMENT TO The Foregoing Work I. To the Arable and Pasturage of England ANGLESEY yields such plenty of Wheat that it is call'd the Mother of Wales In Shropshire upon Clee-hill is the best Barley in the Shire Sheep in the Vale of Buckinghamshire have a fine soft wool East Kent for Corn The Weald for Wood Rumney for Meadow Tenham for Orchard Sheppey and Reculver for Wheat Thanet for Barley Hedcorn for fat and large Capons To the other Productions DOctor Caius the Founder of Caius Colledge in Cambridge in a learned Treatise of his divides the Canes Britanici first into the Generosi Rustici Degeneres the Generosi he subdivides into the Venatici Aucupatorii Delicati the Venatici first into the threefold Sâ—gax or Hound viz. the Terrarius or Terrare the Leverarius or Harrier the Sanguinarius or Bloodhound next into the Agasaeus or Gasehound the Leporarius or Greyhound the Levinarius sâ—u Lorarius the Liviner or Liemmer the Vertragus or Tumbler The Aucupatorii into the Hispaniâ—lus or Spaniel the Index or Sâ—tter the Aquaticus or Water-Spaniel the Inquisitor or Finder Of the Delicati he makes only one sort viz. the Meliteus seu Fotor the Spaniel Gentle or Comforter The Rustiâ—i into the Pastoralis or Shepherds Dog the Vilaticus seu Cathenarius Mastiff or Bandog The Dâ—generes into the Admonitor or Wap the Veâ—sator or Turnspit the Salâ—ator or Dancer About Sureby in Yorkshire are great store of Goats and on the Hills towards Lancashire Goats and Deer In Cornwall on the Cliffs by the Sea-side are Marterns Otters Badgers Foxes in abundance In the Isle of Wight are store of Goats Rother-cattle Horses low and small but hardy and in most parts of Hantshire Conies and Hâ—res particularly abound In the River Tiver in Cardiganshire the Beaver hath been found In Devonshire there are three sorts of Curlicus the first as big as a Muscovie Duck the second as big as an ordinary Duck the third somewhat less The Sanderlin a Bird about the bigness of a Snipe of the same make only of a lighter Grey In Lincolnshire and Yorkshire near the Sea are store of Reeves Roughs Gulls and a Bird called a Stint somewhat bigger than a Lark Puffins and Burranets hatch in the holes of the Sea-Cliffs Woodcocks Sparhawks and Fieldfares take Cornwall in their way to warmer Climates There is also in those parts a Bird called a Spray thought to be the Halyaetus of Pliny Lincolnshire abounds with God wits and Knots besides Pewets and Dottrels aforementioned And about Barton upon Humber is plenty of Mallards In the Calf of Man are Puffins and also Barnacles On the Shore of Norfolk Hawks are are sometimes taken Turkies or Guiny-Cocks are said to have been first brought into England Anno 15 H. 8. The Shoat is a Fish proper to Cornwall and Devonshire where also the Peal Trout and Salmon breed in fresh Waters but live in Salt Sharks breed and live in the Rivers In Norfolk the River Yare by Norwich is full of a Fish called a Ruff very rarely found in other Rivers In Worcestershire The River Severn affords store of fresh Water Lampreys About Kilgarran in Pembrokeshire and in the River Dee in Cheshire there is great store of Salmons Also Vsk and Wye in Monmouthshire are full of Salmons and Trouts In a great Pool near Balu in Merionethshire there breeds a Fish called a Guinnind never seen in Dee As the Pool wants Salmons which Dee abounds in Upon the Sea-Coast of this Shire are store of Herrings Carps are generally concluded to have been first brought in here in King Henry the Eighth's Reign with several other things unknown here before Near Bremicham in Warwickshire are Iron-Mines the convenience whereof possibly gave beginning to the Smiths Trade in Bremicham The same may be said of those near Sheffield in Yorkshire At the Head of the River Istwyd in Darbyshire are Veins of Lead In the Rocks at the Lands End of Cornwall are Veins of White-Lead and Brass In the West part of the Bishoprick of Durham are Iron-Mines thereabout also are Cole-Mines as likewise at Mengerfield and Westerley in Gloucestershire Nor is Pembrokeshire destitute of Pit-Coal and Marl. Some parts of Lincolnshire afford Alabaster and Plaister of Paris In Flintshire Mill-stones are frequent And in the Isle of Anglesey Mill-stones Grind-stones and a kind of Earth out of which Allum and Copperas are extracted And upon the Shores of Shepey Island Stones from which are drawn Brimstone and Copperas In some parts of Derbyshire there is Lime-stone As also very good in Oxfordshire near Holton about Hasely and between that and Little Milton But Barrow in Leicestershire is accounted the place of England for that sort of Stone At Tormanton by Sudbury in Gloucestershire is a Quarry of Free-stone And at Eglestone in the Bishoprick of Durham a Marble Quarry On Goldcliff in Mâ—nmouthshire there is found a Stone of a Yellowish or Golden Colour And about Brotherton in Yorkshire a yellow Marle very good to fertilize the Earth Upon Dartmore Rocks in Devonshire there is some quantity of the Magnes or Load-stone Not to insist upon the several sorts of Ochre Fullers Earth Chalk and Gypsum at Shotover Gaâ—sington Witney and other parts of Oxfordshire the Umber at Bladen Quarry the Caeruleum or Native Blue at Blounds Court the yellowish coloured Earth with glittering Sparks about Teynton the Earth called Lam at Teinton fit for Earthen Floors the Terra Lapidosa of the colour of the Turkish Rusma in the Quarries about Thame the Gold gritty Clay or Pyrites aureus at Hampton-Gay the white Clay at Shotover used for Tobacco-pipes and equal to Tripela for Medals Galgils Antiques and polishing of Silver the soft Stone called Maume near Tetsworth the Golden-coloured Marchasite haply the Pyrites of Kentmanus at Nettlebed and Henly All mentioned by Doctor Plat in his learned and most useful Description of Oxfordshire In Cornwall as well as on the Cliffs between Deal and Dover great store of Samphire grows which being pickled makes an excellent Sallad And also of Eringus or Sea-Holly whose Roots Candied are reckoned amongst the most acceptable of Sweet-Meats in regard of their restorative vertue And in the most boggy Grounds of this County there is store of a Plant called Ros Solis And upon the Cliffs and such like Maritine parts abundance of Wild Hisop Rosemary Marjoram Sage Pelamountain There are likewise in this County very good Chesnuts and a kind of Berry called Whurts of two sorts And for Garlic doubtless this County abounds in general with this sort of Plant for that it is much eaten by the Cornish men
whose Health and Longaevity is by many imputed to their frequent feeding upon this Country man's Treacle as they call it Dorcetshire especially the Isle of Portland or thereabouts produces a rare sort of Plant which is accounted much of the same nature if not the same with that which the Greeks called Isidis Plocamos But particularly Birdport in this Shire is noted for the excellent Hemp growing thereabout At Dengeness in Kent Holly Trees grow thick for a Mile in length among Beech and Pebbles Axholm in Shropshire is noted for a sort of Shrub called Galls growing peculiarly thereabout About Keinsham in Somersetshire great store of Percepier or Parsely Break Stone Neither is Fern so inconsiderable a Plant but that Cambden takes notice of abundance of it growing about Reading But in Sabernacle Forest in Wiltshire there is a sort of Fern more remarkable than ordinary by reason of the sweetness of its scent Several Fruits and Flowers and other Plants have not been known in England till of late Ages First Pippins and Cherries as hath been already intimated and as Mr. Leonard Mascal of Plumstead King Henry the Eighth's-Gardiner observes after that Apricots about the fifteenth of the said King's Reign And about the same time Hops from Artois Some say Apricots Malacotoons and Muscmelons came in about the twentieth of Queen Elizabeth Others say Melon-seeds were first sent out of Italy to King James and the Stem of a yellow Rose which flowers from May till Christmas Choice Flowers were first in use and reputation at Norwich by means of the Dutch who first brought them thither The latest are Gillyflowers and Carnations the Province and Red Rose and that of Jericho Also the Tulip perhaps the Lilly of the Valley and the White-Chappel Flower Moreover Artichoaks and Asparagus Oranges and Lemons are but of late date here As likewise both English and Smirna Corants perhaps the soonest of them about an hundred and fifty years since Tobacco was first brought into England by Sir Walter Raleigh though never thought fit to be planted About the same time came in Sugar The first planting of Mulberries was about Anno 1609. 〈◊〉 Flax Staffordshire Shropshire and the Isle of Man are particularly mentioned and the last for Hemp. Also Tewksbury in Gloucestershire To the Wonders of England THE Monument of Stones at Stanton Drew near Pensford in Somersetshire deserves a particular description but much more that of Aubury in Wiltshire about four Miles West from Marleborough About this Village is cast a Ditch of a prodigious depth viz. as deep as that of Winchester which is the deepest that hath been observed and not without as usually but within this Ditch is raised a very high Bank or Trench not in a form absolutely Circular but somewhat near Within the Trench and answerable to the form thereof Stones are set round excepting those Gaps which appear to have been made by the Invasion of the Villagers upon these Stones with Sledges for their use in Building Within this prodigious Round of Ditch Bank and Stones iâ— the Village and two Piles of these large Stones viz. about eighteen nineteen or twenty Foot high in a manner somewhat Circular bur pretty compact together but the Church stands wholly without the Round of the Ditch Moreover there is another thing no less remarkable than the rest namely a streight Walk made by two long Tracts of Stone about five six or seven Foot high on either hand of about a Mile long leading as an Avenue to the said Work And at the beginning thereof two other Tracts which make another Walk leading on the Right Hand to two other Circles of Stone one within another The River Kinnel running just underneath This Description â—ogether with a Delineation of the Stones at Stanton Drew I received from a particular friend Mr. John Aubrey of the Royal Society a person of much worth and ingenuity but most especially curious in the search of Antiquities And this favour is so much the greater for that before he had designed the Description thereof himself in a Work he intends to publish Entituled Monumenta Britanica There are Stones near the Barrow at Stanton Harcourt called The Devil's Coits Pyramidal Stones in Yorkshire called The Devil's Bolts A Stone between Neat Enston and Fulwell somewhat flat and tapouring upward from a broad bottom Snake-stones Cockle-stones and Star-stones at Purton Passage over Seavern in Gloucestershire at Shugbury in Warwickshire on the Rocks by Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire Cockle-stones at Sapworth by Sharston in Gloucestershire at Witney in Oxfordshire on the Hills by Farnham in Surrey Three deep Pits near Darlington in the Bishoprick of Durham Hagdale Pit near Feversham The great Pit in the Road-way between Feversham and Bocton Another near Shelwich One between Daving-Church and Stone-Church One in the Parish of Norton One or two in a Field near Beacon-Field Under Holm-Castle in Surrey is a great Arched Vault Near Flamborough-Head in Yorkshire are certain Waters called Vipsies which flow out of Neighbouring Springs every other Year and fall with a violent Stream into the Sea On Cadier Arthur Hill in Cheshire is a Spring deep as a Well and four square and having no Streams but there are Trouts found in it To the Medicinal Wells already mentioned lately found out may be added that of Sellenge and that of Egerton near Lenham in Kent both which were discovered about forty years since and the last turns Wood into Stone At Ashwell in Bedfordshire rise so many Sources of Springs that they soon drive a Mill. In the midst of the River Nen South of Peterborough in Noâ—â—hamptonshire is a deep Gulf so cold that in Summer no Swimmer is â—â—le tâ—â—â—dure it yâ—â— not frozen in Winter At Lutterworth in â—â—icestershire is a Spring so cold that it 〈◊〉 Straw and Sticks into Stoâ—â— A Valley in Fliâ—â—â—hire at the Mouth of the River seeming to lie lower than the Sea is yet never overflowed A Spring at Chedder near Axbridge drives twelve Mills within a quarter of a Mile Several Rivers run under Ground As Mole in Surrey A Branch of Medway in Kent The little River Hans in Staffordshire The little River Alen in Denbighshire At Asply Gowetz in Bedfordshire is an Earth that turns Wood into Stone To the Remarks of England may be added the Artificially cast up Tumuli or Barrows of Earth An innumerable Company of them on Salisbury Plain And that prodigious one called Silbury Hill between Marlborough and Cawn Like which is that called Clay Hill near Warmister But that lies in some doubt whether Natural or Artificial Likewise divers Vestigia of Roman Camps viz. Yarnborough Castle on Salisbury Plain Maiden Castle about a Mile West of Dorchester Badbury Castle in Dorsetshire Northsed on Hounslow Heath One near Oswaldstree in Shropshire Crednet Hill in Hertfordshire Where also Ariconium now Kenchester To the Manufactures and Inventions of England MAsons Painting and Glasing first brought into England by Benedict Anno 728. Antonio