be_v only_o the_o royal_a prussia_n that_o ought_v to_o be_v reckon_v a_o province_n of_o poland_n and_o even_o though_o it_o belong_v to_o the_o republic_n it_o be_v govern_v by_o its_o own_o law_n and_o enjoy_v particular_a privilege_n they_o have_v a_o peculiar_a treasury_n and_o a_o treasurer_n and_o when_o the_o king_n summon_v the_o arrierban_n the_o nobility_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o go_v beyond_o the_o frontier_n of_o the_o kingdom_n this_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o three_o palatinate_n culm_n marienburg_n and_o pomerania_n it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v thorn_n upon_o the_o vistula_n elbing_n a_o league_n from_o frischlaff_n and_o dantzic_n which_o be_v the_o most_o considerable_a of_o they_o all_o and_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o pomerania_n which_o comprehend_v all_o the_o country_n westward_o of_o the_o vistula_n to_o the_o confine_n of_o germany_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o prussia_n the_o wave_n of_o the_o sea_n cast_v amber_n upon_o the_o shore_n which_o the_o fisherman_n take_v up_o in_o net_n it_o be_v soft_a at_o first_o but_o soon_o after_o grow_v so_o hard_a that_o it_o may_v be_v turn_v or_o engrave_v and_o cut_v into_o all_o sort_n of_o figure_n it_o be_v also_o find_v in_o certain_a great_a lake_n in_o the_o same_o province_n especial_o in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o warmia_n there_o be_v also_o many_o lake_n that_o abound_v with_o fish_n almost_o in_o every_o part_n of_o the_o country_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o marienburg_n there_o be_v the_o lake_n of_o drausen_n which_o send_v forth_o the_o river_n elbing_n that_o discharge_v itself_o in_o the_o frischaff_n which_o be_v a_o bay_n or_o gulf_n of_o the_o baltic_a sea_n about_o twenty_o league_n in_o length_n and_o two_o in_o breadth_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o pomerania_n there_o be_v a_o lake_n betwixt_o konicz_n and_o schochaw_n which_o be_v seven_o league_n long_o and_o five_o broad_a and_o be_v the_o head_n of_o the_o river_n bro_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o vâ—stula_n about_o four_o league_n above_o culm_n there_o be_v also_o three_o other_o almost_o as_o large_a as_o the_o former_a in_o the_o same_o palatinate_n near_o the_o city_n of_o dantzic_n and_o both_o the_o palatinate_n of_o culm_n and_o the_o bishopric_n of_o warmia_n be_v so_o full_a of_o lake_n that_o it_o will_v be_v almost_o a_o endless_a labour_n to_o mention_v every_o one_o of_o they_o particular_o massovia_n have_v prussia_n on_o the_o north_n little_a poland_n on_o the_o south_n podlassia_n on_o the_o east_n and_o great_a poland_n on_o the_o west_n the_o vistula_n and_o the_o bugg_n be_v the_o principal_a river_n that_o water_n it_o this_o province_n begin_v to_o be_v unite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n by_o ziemowit_n who_o be_v prince_n thereof_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o casimir_n the_o great_a but_o the_o union_n be_v not_o full_o perfect_v till_o the_o death_n of_o the_o duke_n john_n and_o stanislaus_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n i._o anno_fw-la 1526._o it_o contain_v only_o one_o palatinate_n which_o former_o take_v its_o name_n from_o the_o town_n of_o czersk_n but_o be_v now_o call_v after_o the_o name_n of_o the_o province_n samogitia_n or_o samojedia_n which_o be_v a_o dependency_n of_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n be_v border_v by_o courland_n on_o the_o north_n the_o river_n niemen_n on_o the_o south_n lithuania_n on_o the_o east_n and_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o west_n the_o christian_a religion_n be_v introduce_v into_o this_o country_n anno_fw-la 1413_o by_o the_o pious_a care_n of_o king_n jagellon_n who_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o instruct_v those_o people_n himself_o because_o they_o can_v not_o understand_v the_o polish_v priest_n the_o chief_a town_n in_o samogitia_n be_v rosienia_n on_o the_o river_n dubissa_n and_o miednich_n there_o be_v no_o palatinate_n here_o but_o the_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o several_a starosty_n or_o government_n of_o castle_n and_o the_o first_o starosta_n be_v a_o senator_n since_o courland_n depend_v upon_o poland_n and_o be_v the_o frontier_n of_o samogitia_n it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o give_v a_o short_a account_n of_o it_o here_o it_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n courland_n and_o semigallia_n the_o river_n dzwina_n separate_v it_o from_o livonia_n on_o the_o north_n it_o be_v bound_v with_o samogitia_n on_o the_o south_n lithuania_n on_o the_o east_n and_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o west_n this_o country_n have_v be_v subject_a to_o a_o prince_n who_o be_v a_o vassal_n and_o feudatory_a of_o poland_n since_o the_o year_n 1561_o that_o godfrey_n ketlâ—r_n great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n in_o livonia_n have_v voluntary_o resign_v his_o office_n put_v all_o livonia_n with_o the_o town_n of_o riga_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o province_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o nicholas_n radziwill_n in_o the_o name_n of_o sigismond_n augustus_n who_o give_v he_o courland_n and_o semigallis_n which_o be_v then_o reckon_v part_n of_o liuâ—ia_n on_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v remain_v a_o vassal_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n the_o city_n of_o mittauw_n in_o sâ—â—â—â—â—ita_n be_v at_o present_a the_o metropolis_n of_o that_o little_a state_n and_o the_o residence_n of_o the_o duke_n upper_a volhinia_n reach_v from_o polesia_n on_o the_o north_n to_o upper_a pâ—dâ—ia_n on_o the_o south_n and_o from_o low_a volbinia_n on_o the_o east_n to_o black_a russia_n on_o the_o west_n it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v lucko_n or_o lusuck_n or_o luceowia_fw-la on_o the_o river_n stir_v and_o kremienice_n which_o be_v situate_v upon_o a_o eminence_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n izwa_fw-mi about_o eight_o league_n from_o luceowia_fw-la towards_o the_o south_n the_o province_n of_o podlachia_n which_o be_v unite_v to_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1569_o be_v bound_v by_o lithuania_n towards_o the_o east_n and_o massovia_n towards_o the_o west_n it_o be_v ten_o league_n broad_a and_o thirty_o league_n long_o it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v augustow_v and_o biclsk_v which_o give_v name_n to_o a_o palatinate_n chap._n iii_o of_o the_o state_n of_o poland_n with_o respect_n to_o its_o neighbour_n and_o of_o the_o various_a success_n of_o the_o war_n in_o which_o it_o have_v be_v engage_v with_o '_o they_o poland_n reach_v heretofore_o from_o the_o black_a sea_n to_o the_o baltic_a and_o from_o 〈◊〉_d to_o hungary_n but_o as_o all_o the_o state_n in_o the_o world_n be_v subject_a to_o great_a and_o frequent_a revolution_n poland_n have_v have_v its_o share_n in_o the_o general_a calamity_n and_o be_v at_o present_a confine_v within_o much_o narrow_a bound_n for_o it_o may_v be_v observe_v in_o general_a that_o every_o republic_n be_v look_v upon_o by_o its_o neighbour_n as_o a_o country_n which_o they_o have_v a_o kind_n of_o right_a to_o invade_v and_o the_o same_o remark_n may_v in_o a_o peculiar_a manner_n be_v apply_v to_o poland_n both_o with_o respect_n to_o the_o manner_n and_o constitution_n of_o its_o government_n and_o the_o insatiable_a ambition_n of_o all_o its_o neighbour_n of_o which_o the_o turk_n tartar_n and_o moscovite_n be_v most_o formidable_a it_o be_v long_a since_o the_o turk_n dismember_a valachia_n and_o moldavia_n from_o this_o kingdom_n and_o afterward_o the_o cossack_n be_v oppress_v by_o the_o nobility_n and_o restrain_v from_o their_o wont_a piracy_n on_o the_o black_a sea_n resolve_v to_o shake_v off_o a_o yoke_n which_o they_o can_v no_o long_o bear_v and_o by_o that_o mean_n give_v the_o turk_n a_o opportunity_n to_o invade_v vbrania_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n michael_n and_o to_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o caminiec_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o upper_a podolia_n and_o the_o only_a place_n of_o strength_n which_o the_o polander_n have_v upon_o that_o frontier_n that_o fatal_a war_n continue_v after_o the_o death_n of_o k._n michael_n and_o disturb_v the_o reign_n of_o his_o successor_n john_n iii_n till_o the_o polander_n be_v at_o last_o constrain_v to_o make_v a_o peace_n at_o zurawno_n in_o pokutia_n for_o the_o army_n of_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n be_v so_o numerous_a and_o formidable_a that_o year_n that_o it_o consist_v of_o above_o 180000_o effective_a man_n and_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n that_o of_o the_o polander_n be_v so_o weak_a that_o they_o can_v not_o bring_v above_o 12000_o man_n into_o the_o field_n because_o they_o be_v deprive_v of_o the_o assistance_n of_o a_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o force_n of_o lithuania_n who_o be_v draw_v together_o near_o leopold_n under_o prince_n michael_n of_o radziwill_n their_o general_n but_o can_v not_o join_v the_o grand_a army_n because_o the_o infidel_n have_v block_v up_o all_o the_o avenue_n to_o the_o camp_n so_o that_o the_o general_n be_v oblige_v to_o continue_v at_o leopold_n with_o the_o marquis_n de_fw-fr bethune_n and_o the_o l._n hide_v ambassador_n from_o the_o k._n
be_v not_o entire_o unite_v to_o the_o kingdom_n till_o the_o year_n 1501_o by_o albert_n duke_n of_o lithuania_n who_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n this_o duchy_n contain_v eight_o palatinate_n viz._n vilnae_n troki_n bressici_fw-la nowogrodeck_n minsk_n mseislaw_n vitepsk_n and_o polosk_n it_o be_v a_o hundred_o league_n long_o and_o a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o broad_a and_o be_v border_v by_o muscovy_n on_o the_o north_n and_o east_n by_o russia_n and_o volhinia_n on_o the_o south_n and_o by_o samogitia_n prussia_n and_o podlachia_n on_o the_o west_n the_o chief_a river_n of_o the_o great_a duchy_n be_v the_o nieman_n and_o the_o dzwina_n the_o province_n of_o russia_n which_o be_v unite_v to_o poland_n by_o king_n casimir_n the_o great_a anno_fw-la 1341_o be_v border_v by_o lithuania_n on_o the_o north_n and_o by_o the_o mountain_n of_o hungary_n and_o transilvania_n on_o the_o south_n it_o have_v upper_a volhinia_n and_o upper_a podolia_n on_o the_o east_n and_o little_a poland_n on_o the_o west_n it_o contain_v three_o palatinate_n leopold_n chelm_fw-ge and_o belch_n the_o principal_a river_n that_o run_v through_o it_o be_v the_o bugg_n bokutia_n which_o be_v part_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o leopold_n be_v a_o small_a country_n border_v on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o niester_n and_o on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o carpathian_n mountain_n it_o be_v sell_v to_o poland_n with_o the_o town_n of_o sniatyn_n and_o kolomey_n upon_o the_o river_n prut_fw-mi by_o alexander_n palatin_n of_o valachia_n for_o 500_o ounce_n of_o silver_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o pokutia_n be_v halioz_n on_o the_o niester_n whither_o lewis_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o hungary_n transfer_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o leopold_n anno_fw-la 1375_o with_o a_o design_n to_o join_v russia_n podâ—lia_n and_o pokutia_n to_o hungary_n because_o of_o their_o sertility_n but_o the_o whole_a polish_v nobility_n take_v up_o arm_n to_o oppose_v that_o enterprise_n and_o make_v so_o much_o noise_n about_o it_o in_o the_o diet_n that_o the_o archbishopric_n be_v restore_v to_o leopold_n prussia_n be_v bound_v on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o balâ—â—k_a sea_n on_o the_o south_n with_o great_a poland_n and_o masâ—â—â—_n 〈◊〉_d the_o east_n with_o lithuania_n and_o on_o the_o west_n 〈…〉_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n be_v long_a 〈◊〉_d with_o a_o cruel_a and_o bloody_a war_n about_o the_o procession_n of_o this_o province_n for_o when_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n be_v drive_v out_o of_o syria_n by_o the_o saracen_n they_o be_v receive_v by_o conrade_n duke_n of_o prussia_n and_o brother_n to_o lescus_n king_n of_o poland_n who_o find_v himself_o unable_a to_o defend_v his_o country_n against_o the_o continual_a incursion_n of_o the_o idolatrous_a prussian_n call_v in_o those_o knight_n to_o his_o assistance_n in_o the_o year_n 1228_o promise_v they_o half_o of_o what_o they_o can_v conquer_v in_o prussia_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n put_v they_o in_o possession_n of_o the_o province_n of_o culm_n till_o they_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o some_o part_n of_o the_o country_n this_o be_v the_o fatal_a spring_n of_o all_o the_o difference_n which_o engage_v poland_n in_o a_o war_n that_o be_v carry_v on_o with_o so_o obstinate_a a_o fury_n for_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n grow_v at_o last_o so_o formidable_a to_o their_o neighbour_n and_o by_o successive_a victory_n raise_v their_o power_n to_o such_o a_o height_n that_o after_o they_o have_v subdue_v all_o prussia_n they_o give_v many_o battle_n to_o the_o polander_n who_o can_v never_o utter_o expel_v they_o though_o they_o sometime_o obtain_v considerable_a victory_n over_o they_o as_o in_o the_o battle_n which_o jagillon_n fight_v against_o grunwald_n and_o tanneberg_n in_o the_o year_n 1400._o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o teutonick_n knight_n be_v so_o proud_a of_o their_o new_a conquest_n that_o forget_v their_o original_a and_o scorn_v the_o humble_a and_o samiliar_a name_n of_o brother_n with_o which_o their_o religious_a constitution_n oblige_v they_o to_o content_v themselves_o they_o begin_v open_o to_o claim_v the_o title_n of_o lord_n notwithstanding_o the_o pious_a zeal_n of_o their_o great_a master_n vlric_n who_o endeavour_v to_o oppose_v so_o scandalous_a a_o innovation_n and_o though_o they_o be_v frequent_o beat_v by_o the_o polander_n they_o cease_v not_o to_o continue_v the_o war_n because_o they_o be_v assist_v by_o the_o emperor_n and_o by_o the_o prince_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o austrian_a family_n can_v never_o endure_v that_o the_o polander_n shall_v recover_v prussia_n as_o it_o appear_v by_o the_o follow_a instance_n when_o sigismond_n k._n of_o poland_n send_v ambassador_n to_o the_o diet_n at_o augsburg_n anno_fw-la 1530_o to_o justify_v his_o pretension_n to_o that_o province_n the_o difference_n be_v adjust_v in_o favour_n of_o poland_n but_o the_o execution_n of_o it_o be_v leave_v to_o the_o emperor_n charles_n v_n the_o resolution_n of_o the_o diet_n take_v no_o effect_n these_o knight_n assume_v such_o a_o absolute_a and_o independent_a authority_n that_o they_o will_v not_o submit_v even_o to_o the_o decree_n of_o the_o pope_n for_o locticus_n king_n of_o poland_n have_v send_v to_o avignon_n to_o complain_v that_o these_o military_a friar_n have_v usurp_v one_o of_o his_o province_n the_o pope_n order_v they_o to_o restore_v it_o upon_o pain_n of_o excommunication_n but_o they_o have_v so_o little_a regard_n to_o his_o menace_n that_o they_o refuse_v positive_o to_o quit_v their_o possession_n under_o the_o same_o loctâ—us_a the_o chancellor_n of_o pomerania_n a_o factious_a man_n and_o a_o secret_a enemy_n to_o his_o sovereign_n plot_v to_o deliver_v up_o that_o province_n to_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n but_o he_o be_v take_v and_o put_v in_o prison_n before_o he_o can_v execute_v his_o treacherous_a design_n nevertheless_o the_o king_n pardon_v he_o at_o the_o request_n of_o his_o brother_n however_o it_o seem_v the_o affront_n he_o think_v he_o have_v receive_v make_v a_o strong_a impression_n upon_o he_o than_o the_o spare_n of_o his_o life_n for_o not_o long_o after_o he_o put_v several_a town_n of_o pomerania_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o among_o the_o rest_n the_o city_n of_o danâ—â—c_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n one_o bâ—â—â—sia_n who_o be_v governor_n of_o the_o citadel_n of_o daâ—tzâ—c_n for_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n defend_v that_o place_n and_o acquaint_v his_o master_n with_o the_o present_a exigency_n of_o his_o affair_n but_o before_o the_o polanâ—â—_n can_v come_v up_o to_o his_o assistance_n he_o be_v oblige_v to_o call_v in_o the_o 〈◊〉_d knight_n allow_v they_o half_o the_o government_n of_o the_o ciradel_n of_o dartzie_n provide_v they_o will_v defend_v it_o entire_o a_o whole_a year_n at_o their_o own_o charge_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o citadel_n be_v not_o only_o preserve_v but_o the_o town_n itself_o be_v retake_v but_o the_o polander_n have_v no_o reason_n to_o boast_v of_o that_o success_n for_o their_o pretend_a friend_n be_v so_o far_o from_o content_v themselves_o with_o the_o promise_a reward_n of_o their_o service_n that_o they_o resolve_v to_o make_v themselves_o the_o sole_a master_n of_o the_o citadel_n notwithstanding_o the_o repeat_v remonstrance_n of_o bogusta_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o faithful_a polander_n and_o this_o open_a violation_n of_o a_o solemn_a treaty_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o a_o bloody_a war_n which_o create_v so_o implacable_a a_o animosity_n betwixt_o the_o polander_n and_o their_o encroach_a neighbour_n that_o the_o least_o pretence_n be_v sufficient_a to_o rekindle_v the_o flame_n and_o afterward_o when_o casimir_n the_o grandson_n of_o locticus_n renew_v his_o complaint_n against_o they_o and_o prevail_v with_o the_o pope_n to_o excommunicate_v they_o if_o they_o will_v not_o restore_v that_o usurp_a province_n they_o slight_v both_o he_o and_o his_o excommunication_n but_o at_o last_o by_o the_o peace_n which_o be_v conclude_v betwixt_o casimir_n and_o the_o order_n it_o be_v agree_v upon_o that_o the_o great_a master_n shall_v be_v acknowledge_v as_o a_o prince_n and_o senator_n of_o the_o republic_n under_o the_o protection_n and_o dominion_n of_o poland_n some_o time_n after_o the_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n call_v the_o royal_a and_o ducal_z prussia_n albert_n of_o brandenburg_n great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n have_v turn_v lutheran_n and_o be_v marry_v fix_v his_o residence_n in_o this_o province_n and_o sigismond_n yield_v up_o to_o he_o the_o ducal_z prussia_n on_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v remain_v a_o vassal_n to_o poland_n and_o by_o the_o peace_n of_o oliva_n make_v in_o the_o year_n 1660_o the_o sovereignty_n of_o ducal_z prussia_n be_v final_o yield_v up_o to_o the_o elector_n of_o brendâ—â—â—ing_n thus_o at_o present_a it_o
that_o island_n because_o as_o it_o be_v in_o a_o manner_n wall_v round_o with_o very_o large_a reed_n no_o galley_n nor_o vessel_n of_o any_o considerable_a bulk_n can_v get_v thither_o they_o want_v for_o nothing_o though_o they_o never_o sow_v nor_o reap_v several_a palatine_n supply_v they_o with_o money_n and_o the_o province_n they_o inhabit_v and_o which_o they_o guard_v furnish_v they_o with_o necessary_n they_o be_v all_o gentleman_n but_o either_o of_o very_o slender_a fortune_n young_a brother_n or_o such_o as_o have_v no_o share_n of_o the_o inheritance_n as_o the_o law_n of_o the_o nation_n order_v it_o they_o be_v common_o divide_v into_o troop_n of_o 120_o when_o they_o guard_v the_o frontier_n beside_o their_o servant_n that_o follow_v in_o the_o like_a number_n and_o who_o alight_v if_o their_o master_n horse_n be_v disable_v they_o fight_v cover_v with_o sheepskin_n stuff_v so_o as_o to_o be_v lance_n and_o javelin_n proof_n their_o arm_n be_v pistol_n and_o carbine_n and_o seymitar_n that_o hang_v at_o their_o girdle_n fasten_v with_o a_o gild_a chain_n in_o the_o fight_n they_o always_o ride_v to_o and_o fro_o as_o if_o they_o design_v to_o attack_v the_o enemy_n on_o diverse_a side_n and_o thus_o rout_n they_o the_o more_o easy_o the_o foe_n not_o be_v able_a to_o know_v on_o which_o side_n they_o be_v like_a to_o be_v most_o press_v they_o use_v kettledrum_n but_o never_o trumpet_n unless_o before_o their_o general_n who_o they_o choose_v among_o themselves_o and_o who_o use_v to_o take_v the_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n their_o czaiki_n or_o hollow_a trunk_n of_o tree_n which_o they_o use_v to_o make_v incursion_n be_v not_o altogether_o unlike_a the_o canoe_n which_o the_o indian_n use_n they_o be_v cover_v with_o ox-hides_a with_o holes_n for_o as_o many_o man_n as_o each_o canoe_n will_v carry_v common_o 40_o or_o 50_o and_o they_o fasten_v those_o hide_n so_o to_o their_o body_n with_o piece_n of_o leather_n that_o no_o water_n can_v get_v in_o yet_o they_o be_v not_o obstruct_v by_o they_o from_o row_v or_o use_v their_o arms._n fifty_o of_o these_o often_o go_v out_o together_o usual_o keep_v pretty_a near_o the_o shoar_n and_o if_o a_o storm_n happen_v to_o arise_v or_o they_o find_v they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o cope_v with_o the_o enemy_n galley_n they_o make_v the_o best_a of_o their_o way_n to_o the_o paludes_n meoticae_n sink_v their_o canoe_n dive_v into_o the_o water_n and_o draw_v their_o breath_n through_o a_o reed_n which_o they_o keep_v so_o fix_v to_o their_o mouth_n as_o to_o let_v nothing_o but_o the_o end_n of_o it_o be_v above_o the_o water_n there_o there_o lie_v hide_v till_o the_o danger_n be_v over_o and_o then_o have_v throw_v the_o water_n out_o of_o the_o canoe_n they_o fall_v unexpected_o upon_o the_o galley_n and_o often_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o they_o about_o the_o end_n of_o the_o season_n these_o adventurer_n separate_v and_o go_v each_o to_o his_o own_o home_n after_o they_o have_v appoint_v their_o rendezvous_n for_o the_o ensue_a spring_n near_o the_o island_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n the_o cossack_n be_v of_o a_o good_a stature_n strong_a dexterous_a nimble_a liberal_a great_a lover_n of_o their_o liberty_n uneasy_a under_o any_o yoke_n indefatigable_a bold_a and_o good_a soldier_n but_o great_a drunkard_n and_o very_o treacherous_a they_o be_v much_o give_v to_o fish_v and_o hunt_v they_o have_v this_o peculiar_a to_o they_o that_o none_o know_v how_o to_o prepare_v salt-petre_n better_a than_o they_o do_v and_o their_o country_n use_v to_o supply_v several_a part_n of_o europe_n with_o it_o in_o summer_n they_o be_v mighty_o pester_v with_o fly_n and_o grasshopper_n which_o fly_v sometime_o in_o such_o vast_a number_n that_o they_o make_v a_o kind_n of_o cloud_n and_o darken_v the_o air_n for_o they_o fly_v in_o swarm_n that_o be_v sometime_o several_a mile_n long_o and_o will_v destroy_v the_o corn_n they_o light_v on_o though_o it_o be_v green_a in_o less_o than_o two_o hour_n time_n these_o infect_v live_v but_o six_o month_n rain_n kill_v '_o they_o and_o the_o northern_a wind_n blow_v they_o into_o the_o black_a sea_n the_o first_o revolt_n of_o the_o cossack_n be_v under_o their_o general_n john_n fodhovia_n who_o be_v worsted_n and_o then_o behead_v this_o happen_v after_o king_n stephen_n battori_n death_n for_o by_o that_o time_n they_o be_v become_v formidable_a by_o reason_n of_o their_o native_a valour_n and_o be_v bring_v under_o military_a discipline_n they_o have_v be_v allow_v many_o privilege_n by_o that_o great_a prince_n beside_o their_o common_a pay_n and_o he_o have_v join_v a_o body_n of_o polish_v horse_n to_o they_o and_o appoint_v the_o four_o part_n of_o his_o custom_n for_o their_o subsistence_n for_o which_o reason_n they_o be_v call_v quartani_fw-la the_o vast_a country_n beyond_o the_o town_n of_o blacklew_n bar_n and_o kiovia_n have_v begin_v to_o be_v inhabit_v and_o several_a town_n and_o castle_n to_o be_v build_v by_o colony_n from_o neighbour_a province_n and_o have_v not_o the_o change_n of_o religion_n which_o the_o polish_v lord_n will_v have_v impose_v upon_o the_o cossack_n occasion_v the_o revolt_n great_a improvement_n may_v have_v be_v make_v and_o the_o second_o which_o happen_v in_o the_o year_n 1596_o might_n have_v be_v prevent_v then_o the_o cossack_n have_v some_o advantage_n over_o the_o polish_v army_n command_v by_o general_n zolskiewski_n and_o look_v upon_o themselves_o as_o invincible_a yet_o that_o able_a warrior_n find_v mean_n to_o press_v they_o so_o close_o that_o he_o force_v they_o to_o deliver_v he_o their_o general_n nolevaiko_n who_o be_v serve_v like_o his_o predecessor_n then_o they_o revolt_v a_o three_o time_n in_o 1637_o as_o have_v be_v say_v but_o with_o as_o ill_a success_n as_o before_o and_o the_o loss_n of_o their_o general_n and_o chief_a officer_n at_o that_o time_n be_v attend_v with_o the_o forfeiture_n of_o their_o privilege_n and_o of_o the_o town_n of_o trethimirow_n and_o also_o with_o the_o suppression_n of_o their_o souldery_n after_o these_o disgrace_n when_o they_o be_v ready_a to_o try_v their_o fortune_n again_o they_o be_v at_o last_o promise_v a_o re-establishment_n but_o this_o promise_n be_v not_o keep_v for_o there_o be_v a_o new_a model_v militia_n establish_v and_o their_o general_n be_v often_o remove_v then_o the_o polander_v find_v the_o inconveniency_n of_o the_o change_n by_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n and_o king_n vladislaus_n the_o iv_o have_v a_o design_n to_o make_v war_n with_o the_o turk_n the_o cossack_n be_v resettled_a upon_o the_o ancient_a foot_n but_o awhile_o after_o this_o upon_o some_o new_a occasion_n they_o shake_v off_o the_o yoke_n of_o poland_n under_o chonelensk_n and_o since_o that_o have_v sometime_o partly_o submit_v and_o at_o other_o disclaim_v the_o authority_n of_o the_o republic_n their_o country_n be_v now_o much_o depopulate_v and_o they_o be_v divide_v among_o themselves_o some_o obey_v the_o muscovite_n and_o some_o the_o pole_n and_o many_o of_o they_o side_n sometime_o with_o the_o turk_n sometime_o with_o the_o pole_n and_o sometime_o with_o the_o muscovite_n according_a as_o they_o be_v successful_a or_o offer_v they_o more_o advantageous_a term_n it_o may_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o say_v something_o of_o the_o lithuanian_n in_o particular_a before_o we_o give_v a_o account_n in_o general_n of_o the_o state_n of_o poland_n of_o which_o their_o country_n now_o make_v a_o part._n lithuania_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n very_o full_a of_o large_a wood_n and_o forest_n as_o also_o pond_n and_o lake_n some_o of_o they_o of_o such_o a_o extent_n that_o they_o seem_v a_o kind_n of_o sea_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v not_o less_o jealous_a of_o their_o liberty_n than_o the_o pole_n take_v great_a care_n that_o their_o right_n may_v not_o be_v infringe_v by_o that_o nation_n their_o associate_n on_o one_o side_n and_o that_o the_o muscovite_n their_o neighbour_n may_v not_o enslave_v they_o as_o they_o have_v often_o endeavour_v for_o though_o they_o agree_v with_o the_o latter_a in_o some_o thing_n as_o in_o their_o drink_n which_o be_v chief_o mead_n and_o metheglin_n as_o also_o brandy_n which_o they_o drink_v alike_o to_o great_a excess_n also_o in_o their_o way_n of_o plough_v and_o sow_v and_o many_o other_o matter_n in_o point_n of_o live_v yet_o they_o have_v always_o look_v upon_o they_o as_o a_o inveterate_a and_o treacherous_a enemy_n the_o peasant_n be_v not_o less_o miserable_a there_o and_o yet_o more_o ignorant_a than_o those_o of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n they_o be_v in_o general_n use_v like_o slave_n by_o their_o master_n and_o often_o very_o barbarous_o by_o the_o servant_n and_z attendants_z of_o the_o nobility_n principal_o in_o time_n of_o war_n for_o
controversy_n by_o the_o way_n of_o arm_n in_o public_a this_o be_v their_o way_n of_o live_v then_o which_o be_v not_o yet_o altogether_o abolish_v in_o some_o place_n but_o in_o process_n of_o time_n prince_n and_o then_o king_n be_v bring_v in_o among_o they_o yet_o with_o a_o more_o limit_a authority_n than_o in_o other_o country_n and_o after_o a_o elective_a manner_n as_o for_o law_n king_n casimir_n introduce_v the_o teutonick_n there_o in_o the_o year_n 1368._o and_o establish_v a_o sovereign_a court_n of_o justice_n at_o the_o castle_n of_o cracow_n as_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o his_o kingdom_n for_o poland_n be_v then_o of_o a_o far_o great_a extent_n than_o it_o be_v now_o so_o that_o the_o city_n of_o cracow_n be_v in_o a_o manner_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o that_o great_a state_n whereas_o at_o this_o time_n it_o may_v be_v almost_o call_v a_o frontier_n town_n since_o it_o be_v but_o twelve_o league_n from_o thence_o to_o silesia_n which_o be_v then_o a_o province_n of_o poland_n and_o now_o belong_v to_o the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n on_o the_o account_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n the_o king_n use_v always_o to_o have_v a_o right_a to_o make_v the_o people_n take_v up_o arm_n as_o often_o as_o it_o be_v necessary_a and_o every_o man_n be_v excite_v to_o give_v some_o proof_n of_o valour_n because_o there_o be_v no_o other_o mean_n to_o rise_v and_o obtain_v the_o right_n of_o nobility_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o other_o reward_n to_o be_v expect_v as_o for_o those_o who_o be_v not_o stir_v up_o by_o the_o desire_n of_o honour_n and_o advancement_n the_o fear_n of_o punishment_n use_v to_o prevail_v with_o they_o for_o those_o who_o do_v not_o obey_v the_o king_n order_n be_v either_o whip_v with_o cord_n or_o cudgel_v into_o fight_v which_o convince_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o necessity_n of_o take_v arm_n with_o all_o speed_n in_o those_o day_n it_o be_v not_o the_o custom_n to_o levy_v military_a man_n with_o money_n in_o poland_n for_o there_o be_v none_o at_o that_o time_n in_o that_o kingdom_n where_o they_o then_o till_v the_o ground_n bare_o to_o supply_v the_o necessity_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o have_v no_o thought_n of_o export_v corn_n out_o of_o the_o country_n nor_o of_o import_v those_o thing_n that_o serve_v only_o for_o superfluity_n and_o good_a cheer_v the_o soil_n which_o be_v fruitful_a of_o itself_o supply_v every_o one_o with_o a_o sufficient_a subsistence_n so_o that_o the_o peasant_n be_v not_o compel_v to_o work_v hard_o for_o if_o they_o wrought_v never_o so_o little_a they_o do_v enough_o for_o their_o master_n and_o for_o themselves_o but_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o polish_v gentleman_n begin_v to_o exchange_v corn_n for_o foreign_a merchandise_n and_o riches_n and_o luxury_n be_v bring_v into_o that_o kingdom_n the_o military_a vigour_n begin_v to_o abate_v and_o the_o slavery_n of_o the_o peasant_n become_v intolerable_a poland_n be_v now_o proper_o a_o republic_n and_o it_o be_v by_o that_o name_n that_o the_o polander_n call_v it_o look_v upon_o their_o king_n as_o be_v no_o more_o than_o the_o head_n of_o their_o common_a wealth_n this_o make_v they_o lessen_v the_o king_n authority_n more_o and_o more_o when_o a_o new_a one_o be_v to_o be_v elect_v still_o enlarge_a their_o own_o privilege_n and_o take_v care_n that_o his_o prerogative_n may_v not_o grow_v too_o great_a they_o be_v indeed_o so_o jealous_a of_o their_o liberty_n and_o so_o afraid_a of_o lose_v it_o that_o they_o will_v not_o have_v any_o fortify_v town_n upon_o the_o frontier_n for_o fear_v the_o king_n shall_v put_v a_o garrison_n in_o it_o and_o so_o shall_v make_v himself_o absolute_a master_n of_o all_o the_o nobility_n by_o degree_n that_o sentiment_n be_v so_o strong_o root_v within_o their_o heart_n that_o they_o prepossess_v their_o child_n with_o it_o betimes_o make_v they_o believe_v that_o their_o native_a freedom_n will_v soon_o be_v lose_v if_o ever_o they_o suffer_v any_o town_n to_o be_v fortify_v upon_o the_o frontier_n but_o they_o do_v not_o consider_v that_o while_o they_o design_v to_o shun_v a_o great_a evil_n they_o fall_v into_o another_o that_o be_v worse_a since_o their_o neighbour_n who_o be_v all_o of_o they_o their_o enemy_n find_v the_o country_n open_a easy_o invade_v it_o and_o from_o time_n to_o time_n make_v themselves_o master_n of_o some_o part_n of_o their_o state_n before_o the_o polander_n can_v be_v in_o a_o condition_n to_o oppose_v their_o eruption_n as_o the_o swede_n do_v which_o i_o have_v already_o mention_v the_o republic_n of_o poland_n be_v compose_v of_o three_o order_n the_o king_n the_o senate_n and_o the_o nobility_n or_o gentry_n thus_o all_o the_o rite_n and_o privilege_n be_v joint_o hold_v by_o those_o three_o order_n insomuch_o that_o there_o can_v be_v no_o law_n make_v nor_o abrogate_a no_o war_n levy_v no_o alliance_n conclude_v with_o foreigner_n no_o imposition_n lay_v 〈◊〉_d nor_o no_o money_n coin_a but_o with_o the_o joint_a consent_n of_o the_o whole_a republic_n or_o of_o the_o senator_n that_o be_v depute_v for_o that_o end_n therefore_o some_o of_o these_o be_v always_o near_o the_o king_n person_n in_o order_n to_o preserve_v the_o law_n and_o liberty_n of_o the_o kingdom_n chap._n vii_o of_o the_o king_n the_o king_n dispose_v of_o all_o the_o consistorial_n benefice_n and_o of_o many_o other_o as_o also_o of_o all_o the_o office_n and_o place_n of_o profit_n in_o the_o gift_n of_o the_o crown_n for_o he_o can_v keep_v they_o to_o himself_o and_o be_v oblige_v to_o bestow_v they_o upon_o the_o gentleman_n of_o poland_n and_o not_o upon_o foreigner_n though_o they_o have_v never_o so_o much_o personal_a merit_n or_o have_v do_v never_o so_o much_o service_n to_o the_o republic_n for_o the_o polander_n be_v so_o jealous_a of_o foreigner_n that_o they_o can_v endure_v that_o the_o king_n shall_v make_v they_o any_o connderable_a gratification_n as_o for_o instance_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n stephen_n batori_n the_o hungarian_n have_v be_v very_o serviceable_a to_o the_o republic_n in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o muscovite_n now_o that_o brave_a prince_n who_o have_v invite_v many_o of_o they_o into_o poland_n to_o repel_v that_o encroach_a enemy_n with_o their_o assistance_n think_v himself_o oblige_v to_o bestow_v some_o suitable_a reward_n upon_o they_o but_o he_o have_v no_o soon_o do_v this_o but_o that_o several_a of_o the_o great_a man_n of_o poland_n be_v strange_o exasperate_v particular_o the_o great_a general_n who_o resent_v it_o so_o high_o that_o he_o resign_v his_o place_n upon_o that_o account_n many_o other_o also_o murmur_v open_o against_o that_o prince_n which_o usage_n may_v seem_v the_o more_o ungenerous_a and_o ungrateful_a see_v they_o be_v so_o much_o oblige_v to_o that_o warlike_a king_n who_o have_v atcheive_v brave_a and_o great_a action_n for_o poland_n than_o any_o of_o his_o predecessor_n thus_o all_o that_o a_o foreigner_n can_v pretend_v to_o in_o that_o republic_n can_v amount_v to_o no_o more_o than_o the_o obtain_n the_o command_n of_o a_o regiment_n of_o foot_n or_o the_o grant_n of_o some_o little_a royal_a gift_n beside_o that_o he_o may_v be_v due_o qualify_v for_o the_o possession_n of_o it_o he_o must_v first_o be_v make_v a_o gentleman_n of_o poland_n for_o otherwise_o the_o king_n can_v bestow_v any_o such_o thing_n upon_o he_o however_o there_o be_v some_o little_a royal_a gift_n and_o benefice_n which_o a_o man_n may_v hold_v without_o be_v a_o gentleman_n of_o poland_n but_o in_o the_o main_a it_o be_v so_o certain_a that_o there_o be_v a_o necessity_n of_o be_v make_v a_o gentleman_n of_o poland_n to_o possess_v a_o estate_n or_o place_n of_o considerable_a profit_n in_o that_o kingdom_n that_o king_n stephen_n battori_n who_o we_o just_a now_o mention_v think_v fit_a to_o procure_v the_o indigenate_n that_o be_v the_o right_n of_o nobility_n to_o two_o of_o his_o kinsman_n at_o the_o session_n of_o the_o diet_n which_o he_o have_v summon_v to_o meet_v the_o 13_o of_o december_n 1386._o for_o as_o he_o have_v no_o child_n he_o be_v desirous_a of_o advance_v those_o of_o his_o brother_n and_o be_v persuade_v that_o this_o naturalisation_n will_v enable_v he_o to_o prefer_v they_o to_o something_o more_o considerable_a but_o that_o great_a prince_n be_v prevent_v by_o death_n in_o the_o fifty_o four_o year_n of_o his_o age_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v ten_o year_n one_o will_v be_v apt_a to_o think_v that_o this_o mighty_a power_n which_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v to_o dispose_v of_o so_o many_o place_n of_o trust_n and_o profit_n of_o so_o many_o land_n by_o royal_a tenure_n and_o of_o so_o many_o benefice_n must_v need_v gain_v he_o the_o love_n and_o affection_n of_o those_o on_o who_o they_o
republic_n that_o right_o be_v now_o give_v to_o those_o who_o be_v in_o favour_n at_o court_n or_o protect_v by_o some_o great_a lord_n whereas_o former_o it_o be_v grant_v only_o to_o officer_n as_o a_o recompense_n for_o their_o service_n do_v to_o the_o state_n those_o who_o be_v not_o officer_n and_o yet_o pretend_v to_o the_o indigenat_n by_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o king_n or_o of_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o deputy_n procure_v their_o name_n to_o be_v insert_v in_o the_o instruction_n of_o the_o army_n that_o be_v among_o the_o name_n of_o the_o officer_n who_o demand_v to_o be_v make_v gentleman_n of_o poland_n and_o every_o one_o of_o the_o pretender_n give_v in_o a_o account_n of_o his_o genealogy_n name_n surname_n family_n and_o service_n and_o put_v his_o coat_n of_o arm_n in_o the_o middle_n and_o after_o they_o have_v be_v receive_v by_o the_o diet_n and_o their_o patent_n seal_v they_o take_v a_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n before_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o deputy_n by_o which_o they_o swear_v to_o be_v faithful_a to_o their_o country_n and_o to_o the_o king_n and_o the_o marshal_n give_v they_o a_o certificate_n declare_v that_o the_o diet_n have_v receive_v such_o a_o one_o for_o its_o natural_a son_n and_o that_o he_o have_v take_v the_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n before_o he_o yet_o though_o a_o stranger_n be_v make_v a_o gentleman_n of_o poland_n the_o king_n can_v bestow_v any_o considerable_a employment_n or_o consistorial_n benefice_n on_o he_o or_o his_o child_n to_o the_o three_o generation_n for_o the_o republic_n have_v make_v this_o provision_n that_o they_o may_v be_v the_o better_o assure_v of_o the_o fidelity_n of_o those_o who_o be_v entrust_v with_o any_o office_n or_o enjoy_v any_o benefice_n according_a to_o the_o constitution_n and_o law_n of_o poland_n a_o diet_n must_v not_o sit_v above_o six_o week_n and_o the_o nobility_n be_v so_o fond_a and_o jealous_a of_o their_o privilege_n that_o when_o the_o king_n endeavour_v to_o prolong_v the_o session_n of_o a_o diet_n and_o even_o when_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o state_n require_v the_o sit_v of_o that_o assembly_n the_o deputy_n be_v always_o ready_a to_o oppose_v such_o a_o innovation_n and_o charge_v their_o marshal_n to_o acquaint_v the_o king_n that_o they_o will_v immediate_o leave_v the_o diet_n as_o soon_o as_o they_o perceive_v that_o he_o intend_v to_o keep_v they_o long_o than_o usual_o i_o shall_v only_o mention_v one_o instance_n of_o this_o unaccountable_a obstinacy_n which_o happen_v in_o the_o diet_n assemble_v at_o the_o coronation_n of_o king_n john_n casimir_n in_o the_o year_n 1649._o the_o defeat_n of_o the_o polish_v army_n at_o pilaveze_n and_o afterwerd_n the_o dreadful_a irruption_n of_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n into_o the_o very_a heart_n of_o the_o kingdom_n have_v reduce_v the_o republic_n almost_o to_o the_o last_o extremity_n and_o since_o the_o diet_n have_v be_v so_o busy_v in_o determine_v particular_a affair_n that_o they_o have_v not_o time_n to_o consider_v of_o the_o mean_n to_o raise_v a_o sufficient_a army_n to_o oppose_v the_o progress_n of_o so_o barbarous_a and_o formidable_a a_o enemy_n till_o the_o very_a day_n before_o the_o break_n up_o of_o the_o diet_n the_o king_n and_o the_o senator_n endeavour_v to_o find_v out_o a_o way_n to_o avoid_v the_o terrible_a danger_n that_o threaten_v they_o and_o for_o that_o end_n resolve_v to_o prolong_v the_o diet_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o deputy_n be_v inform_v of_o this_o resolution_n they_o send_v their_o marshal_n to_o the_o senator_n to_o put_v they_o in_o mind_n of_o the_o law_n which_o forbid_v the_o prolong_n of_o diet_n and_o afterward_o to_o take_v leave_n of_o the_o king_n the_o marshal_n to_o execute_v his_o commission_n go_v to_o the_o senate_n and_o begin_v to_o thank_v the_o king_n and_o to_o take_v leave_n of_o he_o in_o the_o name_n of_o all_o the_o nobility_n whereupon_o the_o senator_n rise_v up_o desire_v that_o they_o will_v condescend_v to_o sit_v only_o one_o day_n long_o represent_v the_o press_v exigency_n of_o the_o present_a juncture_n the_o chancellor_n second_v these_o entreaty_n with_o a_o very_a move_a and_o pathetic_a harangue_n after_o which_o the_o marshal_n have_v resume_v his_o character_n which_o he_o have_v already_o lay_v down_o go_v back_o to_o the_o deputy_n and_o pray_v they_o to_o give_v their_o opinion_n concern_v the_o prolongation_n which_o the_o king_n and_o senate_n desire_v the_o deputy_n meet_v again_o at_o the_o return_n of_o their_o marshal_n and_o be_v at_o last_o prevail_v with_o though_o not_o without_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o difficulty_n to_o consent_v that_o the_o diet_n shall_v be_v prolong_v but_o upon_o this_o condition_n that_o every_o one_o of_o they_o shall_v obtain_v whatever_o his_o palatinat_n have_v charge_v he_o to_o ask_v chap._n xvi_o of_o the_o diet_n of_o the_o election_n the_o general_a diet_n for_o the_o election_n of_o a_o king_n be_v always_o hold_v in_o the_o open_a field_n about_o half_a a_o league_n from_o warsaw_n near_o the_o village_n of_o vola_fw-la where_o they_o erect_v a_o sort_n of_o booth_n cover_v with_o board_n at_o the_o public_a charge_n which_o in_o the_o polish_v language_n be_v call_v szopa_n or_o a_o shelter_n from_o bad_a wether_n this_o place_n be_v build_v and_o prepare_v by_o the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o crown_n it_o be_v surround_v with_o a_o ditch_n and_o have_v three_o door_n the_o day_n appoint_v for_o the_o diet_n be_v come_v the_o senate_n and_o the_o nobility_n go_v to_o st._n john_n church_n at_o warsaw_n to_o hear_v the_o mass_n of_o the_o holy_a ghost_n and_o to_o beg_v the_o grace_n of_o god_n in_o order_n to_o the_o elect_v of_o a_o new_a king_n who_o may_v have_v all_o the_o qualitys_n necessary_a to_o defend_v the_o interest_n of_o the_o church_n and_o of_o the_o republic_n after_o which_o they_o go_v to_o the_o szopa_n where_o the_o order_n of_o the_o nobility_n elect_v the_o marshal_n of_o the_o deputy_n that_o be_v send_v by_o the_o petty_a diet_n who_o be_v choose_v by_o plurality_n of_o voice_n and_o have_v take_v the_o oath_n go_v to_o salute_v the_o senator_n and_o to_o be_v confirm_v by_o their_o approbation_n after_o these_o preliminary_n the_o order_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o nobility_n enter_v into_o a_o union_n or_o association_n which_o they_o ratify_v and_o confirm_v with_o a_o oath_n not_o to_o separate_v from_o one_o another_o not_o to_o name_v any_o person_n for_o king_n nor_o acknowledge_v he_o as_o such_o till_o he_o be_v elect_v by_o the_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o they_o all_o they_o swear_v also_o to_o preserve_v all_o the_o right_n privilege_n and_o immunity_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o that_o he_o who_o shall_v do_v otherwise_o shall_v be_v declare_v a_o enemy_n to_o his_o country_n they_o promise_v reciprocal_o neither_o to_o give_v their_o voice_n for_o a_o election_n nor_o to_o enter_v into_o any_o agreement_n with_o the_o candidate_n or_o their_o ambassador_n till_o all_o the_o irregularity_n and_o disorder_n that_o have_v be_v commit_v either_o in_o the_o kingdom_n or_o duchy_n be_v consider_v and_o redress_v they_o annul_v and_o make_v void_a all_o the_o decree_n of_o the_o tribunal_n and_o even_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o king_n that_o be_v find_v to_o be_v contrary_a to_o their_o liberty_n and_o promise_v to_o make_v a_o law_n to_o that_o purpose_n they_o declare_v that_o all_o the_o judgement_n give_v before_o the_o publication_n of_o the_o interregnum_fw-la shall_v be_v valid_a and_o that_o they_o will_v approve_v of_o all_o that_o shall_v be_v do_v by_o the_o court_n of_o justice_n establish_v during_o the_o interregnum_fw-la which_o be_v call_v kaptur_n and_o be_v design_v for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o country_n for_o coin_v of_o money_n for_o raise_v of_o soldier_n and_o for_o maintain_v the_o law_n they_o forbid_v any_o person_n to_o come_v to_o the_o diet_n with_o stranger_n or_o with_o fire-arm_n they_o ordain_v that_o the_o general_n of_o the_o army_n shall_v take_v a_o oath_n before_o commissioner_n to_o discharge_v the_o trust_n that_o be_v repose_v in_o they_o with_o all_o possible_a fidelity_n to_o make_v no_o other_o use_n of_o their_o troop_n than_o to_o oppose_v the_o enemy_n of_o the_o nation_n to_o defend_v the_o frontier_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o to_o secure_v the_o honour_n and_o liberty_n of_o the_o republic_n they_o oblige_v they_o also_o to_o swear_v to_o assert_v the_o public_a interest_n in_o case_n of_o a_o sedition_n or_o revolt_v to_o restrain_v the_o soldier_n from_o injure_v any_o person_n to_o receive_v no_o money_n either_o from_o the_o clergy_n or_o laity_n and_o to_o hinder_v the_o soldier_n from_o receive_v any_o after_o which_o they_o forbid_v the_o officer_n of_o the_o army_n to_o march_v with_o their_o force_n into_o
any_o person_n of_o their_o condition_n happy_a than_o they_o for_o when_o they_o be_v young_a they_o see_v their_o father_n treat_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n and_o beside_o they_o have_v this_o comfort_n that_o they_o never_o want_v provision_n their_o wife_n be_v employ_v almost_o in_o nothing_o else_o than_a dress_n their_o meat_n of_o which_o they_o have_v usual_o 3_o or_o 4_o sort_n every_o day_n for_o dinner_n viz._n a_o dish_n of_o pease_n with_o a_o little_a bacon_n another_o of_o oatmeal_n barley_n millet_n or_o of_o the_o grain_n which_o they_o call_v cachat_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o several_a sort_n of_o root_n which_o they_o have_v in_o abundance_n and_o very_o good_a the_o furniture_n of_o their_o house_n consist_v of_o some_o earthen_a or_o wooden_a dish_n and_o a_o bed_n which_o they_o make_v of_o chaff_n and_o feather_n with_o a_o sort_n of_o coverlet_n over_o it_o as_o for_o their_o child_n they_o never_o lie_v in_o bed_n till_o they_o be_v marry_v but_o upon_o board_n round_n the_o floor_n which_o they_o use_v in_o many_o place_n in_o stead_n of_o a_o oven_n to_o bake_v their_o bread_n and_o to_o boil_v their_o little_a pot_n of_o cachat_n and_o root_n these_o stove_n have_v no_o chimney_n to_o let_v out_o the_o smoke_n so_o that_o their_o hut_n be_v always_o full_a of_o a_o thick_a smoke_n which_o have_v no_o other_o passage_n but_o a_o small_a window_n about_o four_o foot_n from_o the_o ground_n when_o they_o go_v into_o their_o cottage_n they_o be_v force_v to_o stoop_v that_o they_o may_v not_o be_v stiff_v with_o the_o smoke_n which_o be_v so_o thick_a above_o the_o little_a window_n that_o one_o can_v see_v the_o roof_n and_o yet_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o go_v to_o bed_n in_o the_o winter_n without_o stove_n so_o that_o the_o gentleman_n have_v they_o in_o their_o house_n as_o well_o as_o the_o peasant_n but_o those_o in_a gentleman_n house_n be_v neat_o make_v of_o burn_a earth_n like_o fine_a earthen_a vessel_n with_o a_o chimney_n to_o let_v out_o the_o smoke_n the_o child_n of_o the_o peasant_n especial_o in_o russia_n go_v stark_o naked_a as_o well_o the_o girl_n as_o the_o boy_n till_o they_o be_v four_o or_o five_o year_n of_o age._n they_o be_v never_o teach_v to_o go_v but_z as_o soon_o as_o they_o have_v get_v a_o little_a strength_n the_o mother_n set_v they_o down_o at_o the_o threshold_n of_o the_o door_n where_o they_o learn_v by_o degree_n to_o crawl_v along_o and_o get_v up_o by_o themselves_o and_o when_o they_o be_v dirty_a the_o mother_n wash_v they_o in_o cold_a water_n which_o make_v they_o so_o hardy_a that_o i_o have_v see_v they_o slide_v barefooted_a on_o the_o ice_n the_o peasant_n be_v clothe_v in_o winter_n with_o a_o waistcoat_n of_o sheep's-skin_n with_o the_o wool_n and_o in_o summer_n they_o wear_v a_o stuff_n coat_n of_o a_o chimney-sweeper_n colour_n with_o a_o ugly_a sort_n of_o cap_n or_o bonnet_n sometime_o they_o wear_v boot_n but_o most_o usual_o shoe_n which_o they_o make_v of_o the_o bark_n of_o a_o tree_n as_o for_o the_o woman_n their_o habit_n be_v not_o much_o different_a from_o those_o of_o the_o country-woman_n in_o france_n only_o their_o smock_n be_v so_o short_a that_o one_o may_v sometime_o see_v their_o skin_n between_o their_o waistcoat_n and_o petticoat_n in_o russia_n the_o woman_n go_v all_o summer_n in_o their_o smock_n with_o a_o apron_n before_o they_o the_o string_n of_o which_o serve_v they_o for_o a_o girdle_n but_o their_o smock_n reach_v to_o their_o leg_n they_o never_o build_v a_o house_n in_o poland_n without_o a_o stove_n in_o each_o room_n some_o of_o the_o gentleman_n house_n be_v of_o wood_n and_o other_o of_o brick_n and_o all_o so_o contrive_v that_o they_o lodge_v only_o in_o the_o low_a room_n except_o in_o some_o house_n in_o the_o city_n the_o gentleman_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o frequent_a incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n have_v but_o very_o little_a furniture_n and_o that_o of_o no_o great_a value_n for_o they_o have_v only_o little_a bed_n with_o taffata_n curtain_n and_o some_o turkey_n carpet_n they_o have_v no_o more_o bed_n than_o what_o be_v sufficient_a for_o their_o own_o family_n so_o that_o when_o one_o go_v to_o visit_v they_o he_o must_v either_o carry_v a_o bed_n along_o with_o he_o or_o resolve_v to_o lie_v upon_o the_o floor_n most_o of_o their_o country-house_n be_v of_o wood_n without_o fountain_n garden_n or_o avenue_n because_o the_o polish_v gentleman_n take_v no_o delight_n in_o plant_v tree_n upon_o their_o land_n though_o it_o be_v certain_a poland_n will_v be_v a_o very_a fit_a country_n for_o fruit-tree_n and_o especial_o for_o apple_n and_o pear_n for_o in_o some_o place_n they_o grow_v wild_a and_o prosper_v to_o admiration_n so_o that_o they_o may_v have_v very_o good_a cider_n which_o will_v save_v they_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o corn_n which_o they_o consume_v in_o beer_n but_o they_o take_v very_o little_a pain_n either_o to_o improve_v their_o land_n or_o increase_v their_o revenue_n there_o be_v many_o great_a lake_n both_o in_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n with_o mill_n upon_o they_o for_o grind_v of_o meal_n and_o cachat_n but_o i_o never_o see_v any_o mill_n for_o paper_n cloth_n or_o leather_n though_o they_o may_v easy_o have_v they_o and_o consequent_o save_v all_o the_o money_n which_o foreigner_n gain_v by_o the_o importation_n of_o these_o commodity_n but_o the_o polander_v not_o only_o deserve_v to_o be_v censure_v for_o not_o embellish_v their_o house_n by_o plant_v tree_n about_o they_o and_o augment_v their_o revenue_n by_o erect_v new_a mill_n but_o be_v even_o so_o little_a mindful_a of_o their_o interest_n that_o they_o neglect_v some_o advantageous_a improvement_n which_o will_v cost_v they_o nothing_o but_o the_o labour_n of_o their_o peasant_n they_o have_v vast_a fen_n and_o morass_n and_o consequent_o may_v have_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o pasturage_n so_o that_o they_o may_v breed_v and_o bring_v up_o abundance_n of_o cattle_n which_o will_v be_v extreme_o advantageous_a to_o they_o for_o i_o neither_o know_v nor_o ever_o hear_v of_o a_o country_n in_o which_o there_o be_v more_o flesh_n eat_v than_o in_o poland_n and_o consequent_o where_o there_o be_v more_o cattle_n kill_v nor_o be_v there_o any_o place_n in_o the_o world_n where_o they_o use_v great_a quantity_n of_o leather_n for_o every_o body_n wear_v boot_n and_o almost_o all_o the_o gentleman_n have_v coach_n or_o wagon_n cover_v with_o leather_n which_o they_o call_v ridevans_n nevertheless_o in_o stead_n of_o prepare_v the_o hide_n and_o skin_n of_o the_o cattle_n which_o they_o kill_v they_o suffer_v stranger_n to_o carry_v they_o away_o into_o their_o own_o country_n where_o they_o prepare_v they_o and_o afterward_o make_v the_o polander_n pay_v dear_a for_o that_o which_o they_o sell_v for_o a_o trifle_n there_o be_v many_o lake_n in_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n so_o large_a that_o it_o will_v be_v almost_o impossible_a to_o drain_n they_o these_o lake_n abound_v with_o fish_n which_o the_o polander_v usual_o take_v in_o the_o winter_n when_o the_o ice_n be_v pretty_a strong_a they_o make_v a_o great_a hole_n to_o let_v down_o their_o net_n and_o afterward_o make_v several_a small_a hole_n from_o space_n to_o space_n that_o they_o may_v draw_v their_o net_n along_o from_o hole_n to_o hole_n with_o a_o rope_n which_o be_v fasten_v to_o a_o long_a pole_n till_o they_o bring_v they_o back_o to_o the_o first_o large_a open_v when_o the_o two_o end_n of_o the_o net_n be_v bring_v together_o they_o pull_v they_o out_o and_o bring_v up_o with_o they_o all_o the_o fish_n that_o happen_v to_o be_v in_o that_o space_n of_o water_n through_o which_o the_o net_n be_v draw_v for_o they_o can_v leap_v over_o the_o net_n because_o of_o the_o ice_n the_o fish_n thrive_v so_o well_o in_o those_o great_a lake_n that_o there_o be_v a_o infinite_a number_n of_o pike_n four_o foot_n long_o and_o carp_n two_o and_o a_o half_a the_o whole_a country_n of_o poland_n be_v full_a of_o wood_n and_o lithuania_n much_o more_o and_o there_o be_v some_o forest_n so_o large_a that_o it_o will_v require_v at_o least_o a_o whole_a day_n to_o pass_v from_o one_o side_n to_o the_o other_o the_o revenue_n of_o those_o forest_n which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v firr-tree_n do_v not_o consist_v in_o the_o sale_n of_o the_o wood_n but_o in_o the_o gather_n in_o of_o the_o honey_n and_o wax_n which_o they_o find_v in_o the_o hollow_a trunk_n of_o the_o tree_n in_o so_o great_a quantity_n that_o in_o many_o place_n it_o yield_v above_o 10000_o livre_n a_o year_n there_o be_v so_o much_o honey_n in_o poland_n and_o especial_o in_o lithuania_n that_o they_o make_v a_o sort_n of_o wine_n or_o mead_n of_o it_o
and_o make_v it_o the_o place_n of_o his_o residence_n after_o the_o death_n of_o lechus_n the_o government_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v commit_v to_o twelve_o palatine_n cracus_n 700._o an._n d._n 700._o he_o build_v cracow_n and_o transfer_v the_o court_n or_o residence_n of_o the_o prince_n from_o gnesna_n to_o that_o city_n lechus_n ii_o he_o assassinate_v his_o father_n cracus_n in_o a_o wood_n and_o give_v out_o that_o he_o be_v tear_v in_o piece_n by_o a_o bear_n queen_n venda_fw-la 750._o an._n d._n 750._o a_o princess_n equal_o famous_a for_o her_o beauty_n and_o valour_n after_o her_o death_n the_o kingdom_n be_v again_o govern_v by_o twelve_o palatine_n primislaus_n or_o lescus_n i._n 760._o an._n d._n 760._o a_o person_n of_o mean_a birth_n but_o of_o extraordinary_a courage_n and_o wisdom_n he_o be_v make_v prince_n or_o duke_n of_o poland_n with_o the_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o all_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o nation_n in_o consideration_n of_o the_o important_a service_n he_o have_v do_v to_o his_o country_n and_o particular_o in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o huns._n lesco_n ii_o surname_v the_o black_n 804._o an._n d._n 804._o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v assist_v attila_n in_o his_o war_n against_o the_o roman_n lesco_n iii_o 810._o an._n d._n 810._o the_o son_n and_o successor_n of_o lesco_n ii_o he_o be_v also_o a_o enemy_n to_o the_o roman_n popiel_n i._n 815._o an._n d._n 815._o a_o debauch_a and_o effeminate_a prince_n popiel_n ii_o 830._o an._n d._n 830._o succeed_v his_o father_n and_o imitate_v his_o example_n he_o be_v eat_v up_o by_o mouse_n piastus_n 842._o an._n d._n 842._o he_o be_v advance_v from_o the_o blow_n to_o the_o throne_n in_o consideration_n of_o his_o justice_n and_o integrity_n semovitus_fw-la or_o ziemonitus_fw-la 861._o an._n d._n 861._o he_o defeat_v the_o vandal_n and_o conquer_a several_a country_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o the_o balthic_n sea_n lesco_n iu._n 892._o an._n d._n 892._o he_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o all_o his_o neighbour_n semislaus_n or_o ziemomistus_fw-la 913._o an._n d._n 913._o he_o maintain_v the_o peace_n which_o his_o predecessor_n have_v establish_v mesco_fw-it or_o miecislaus_fw-la 964._o an._n d._n 964._o he_o be_v bear_v blind_a but_o receive_v his_o sight_n during_o his_o father_n life_n who_o upon_o this_o occasion_n consult_v those_o who_o pretend_v to_o foretell_v thing_n to_o come_v be_v inform_v that_o his_o son_n shall_v be_v remarkable_a for_o piety_n he_o be_v the_o first_o duke_n or_o prince_n of_o poland_n who_o embrace_v the_o christian_a religion_n boleslaus_n i._o surname_v chrobri_n 999._o an._n d._n 999._o he_o lay_v aside_o the_o title_n of_o duke_n with_o which_o his_o predecessor_n have_v content_v themselves_o and_o be_v solemn_o style_v king_n of_o poland_n and_o friend_n and_o ally_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n by_o otho_n iii_o an._n 1001._o he_o subdue_v the_o bohemian_o moravian_o silesian_n prussian_n and_o pomeranian_o mesco_fw-it or_o miecislaus_fw-la ii_o 1025._o an._n d._n 1025._o a_o lazy_a and_o effeminate_a prince_n under_o his_o reign_n the_o bohemian_o and_o moravian_o revolt_a from_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n casimir_n i._n 1041._o an._n d._n 1041._o he_o be_v dethrone_v and_o force_v to_o enter_v into_o a_o cloister_n but_o afterward_o raise_v a_o army_n and_o defeat_v the_o tyrant_n who_o have_v usurp_v the_o crown_n boleslaus_n ii_o surname_v the_o bold_a 1059._o an._n d._n 1059._o he_o defeat_v the_o huns_n and_o other_o scythian_a nation_n and_o subdue_v moravia_n but_o notwithstanding_o all_o the_o glory_n of_o his_o victory_n his_o memory_n be_v infamous_a in_o history_n he_o fall_v in_o love_n with_o a_o mare_n and_o barbarous_o murder_v the_o bishop_n stanislaus_n who_o reprove_v he_o for_o his_o brutish_a and_o unnatural_a lust_n and_o for_o these_o detestable_a crime_n both_o he_o and_o his_o successor_n be_v deprive_v of_o the_o regal_a dignity_n he_o be_v expel_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o tear_v in_o piece_n by_o dog_n vladislaus_n i._o surname_v hermannus_n 1082._o an._n d._n 1082._o a_o warlike_a and_o just_a prince_n boleslaus_n iii_o surname_v crivoustus_n 1103._o an._n d._n 1103._o he_o assist_v the_o hungarian_n against_o the_o roman_n and_o be_v very_o powerful_a at_o sea_n vladislaus_n ii_o 1146._o an._n d._n 1146._o he_o endeavour_v to_o oppress_v his_o brother_n but_o be_v at_o last_o defeat_v and_o expel_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n boleslaus_n iv_o surname_v crispus_n 1146._o an._n d._n 1146._o he_o make_v war_n with_o the_o emperor_n frederick_n barbarossa_n miecislaus_fw-la iii_o surname_v the_o age_a 1174._o an._n d._n 1174._o he_o be_v depose_v for_o oppress_v the_o people_n with_o exorbitant_a imposition_n casimit_n ii_o 1178._o an._n d._n 1178._o succeed_v his_o brother_n abrogate_v the_o unjust_a law_n that_o be_v establish_v by_o his_o predecessor_n and_o free_v the_o people_n from_o tyrannical_a imposition_n lesco_n v._o surname_v the_o white_a 1195._o an._n d._n 1195._o he_o be_v attack_v by_o this_o uncle_n miecislaus_fw-la the_o age_a and_o defend_v himself_o with_o various_a success_n till_o he_o be_v at_o last_o surprise_v as_o he_o be_v bathe_v himself_o and_o thrust_v through_o with_o a_o spear_n during_o the_o turbulent_a reign_n of_o this_o prince_n the_o country_n be_v miserable_o harass_v and_o the_o sovereign_a power_n be_v for_o some_o time_n assume_v by_o miecislaus_fw-la and_o afterward_o by_o vladislaus_n lasconogus_n boleslaus_n v._o surname_v the_o chaste_a 1226._o an._n d._n 1226._o in_o his_o time_n the_o tartar_n make_v a_o terrible_a havoc_n in_o poland_n lesco_n vi_o surname_v the_o black_n 1279._o an._n d._n 1279._o he_o be_v assist_v by_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n against_o conrade_n who_o have_v besiege_v cracow_n premislaus_n ii_o 1295._o an._n d._n 1295._o he_o reassume_v the_o regal_a title_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o be_v crown_v by_o james_n archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n he_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n against_o the_o bohemian_o but_o be_v surprise_v and_o kill_v in_o his_o camp_n in_o the_o first_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n wenceslaus_n 1296._o an._n d._n 1296._o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n obtain_v the_o crown_n of_o poland_n he_o defeat_v the_o hungarian_n and_o fight_v against_o the_o emperor_n albert._n vladislaus_n iii_o surname_v locticus_n 1305._o an._n d._n 1305._o he_o be_v assist_v in_o his_o war_n by_o the_o lithuanian_n casimit_n iii_o surname_v the_o great_a 1333._o an._n d._n 1333._o a_o just_a and_o peaceful_a prince_n he_o free_v the_o kingdom_n from_o robber_n who_o during_o the_o late_a disorder_n have_v make_v the_o way_n unpassable_a and_o establish_v new_a law_n to_o suppress_v the_o insolence_n of_o the_o soldier_n he_o entertain_v four_o king_n at_o a_o splendid_a feast_n viz._n the_o king_n of_o hungary_n cyprus_n denmark_n and_o of_o the_o roman_n and_o give_v his_o niece_n in_o marriage_n to_o the_o last_o lewis_n 1370._o an._n d._n 1370._o king_n of_o hungary_n be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n he_o rout_v the_o lithuanian_n in_o a_o memorable_a battle_n vladislaus_n iu._n or_o ii_o call_v jagello_n 1386._o an._n d._n 1386._o this_o prince_n who_o be_v duke_n of_o lithuania_n and_o a_o pagan_a marry_v hedwige_v the_o daughter_n of_o king_n lewis_n and_o embrace_v the_o christian_a religion_n he_o unite_v the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n and_o extirpated_a paganism_n out_o of_o that_o country_n he_o obtain_v a_o great_a victory_n over_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n in_o prussia_n vladislaus_n v._o or_o iii_o 1434._o an._n d._n 1434._o he_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o hungary_n and_o be_v kill_v by_o the_o turk_n in_o the_o battle_n of_o varna_n casimit_n iv_o surname_v the_o great_a 1447._o an._n d._n 1447._o he_o take_v several_a town_n from_o the_o teutonick_n knight_n john_n albert._n 1492._o an._n d._n 1492._o he_o die_v as_o he_o be_v make_v preparation_n for_o a_o war_n against_o the_o turk_n alexander_n 1501._o an._n d._n 1501._o this_o prince_n be_v successful_a in_o his_o war_n against_o the_o moscovite_n and_o tartar_n sigismond_n i._n 1507._o an._n d._n 1507._o he_o defeat_v the_o muscovite_n tartar_n and_o hungarian_n and_o subdue_v prussia_n sigismond_n ii_o surname_v augustus_n 1548._o an._n d._n 1548._o this_o be_v the_o last_o king_n of_o the_o race_n of_o vladislaus_n jagellon_n henry_n of_o valois_n 1574._o an._n d._n 1574._o he_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n by_o the_o intrigue_n of_o the_o french_a and_o four_o month_n after_o his_o accession_n to_o the_o crown_n retire_v private_o from_o poland_n upon_o the_o news_n of_o the_o death_n of_o his_o brother_n charles_n ix_o who_o he_o succeed_v in_o france_n stephen_n bathori_n prince_n of_o transilvania_n 1576._o an._n d._n 1576._o a_o wise_a brave_a and_o victorious_a prince_n his_o virtue_n be_v celebrate_v at_o his_o death_n in_o the_o follow_a elegy_n in_o
the_o say_a deputy_n who_o be_v ask_v why_o he_o thus_o dissent_v answer_v that_o he_o do_v it_o that_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o privilege_n of_o the_o nobility_n may_v be_v safe_a and_o lodge_v within_o his_o power_n though_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o nobility_n be_v corrupt_v have_v say_v this_o and_o cause_v his_o protestation_n to_o be_v enter_v into_o the_o record_n and_o archive_v of_o the_o kingdom_n he_o present_o consent_v with_o the_o rest_n to_o the_o election_n of_o vladislaus_n the_o four_o the_o polish_v nobility_n be_v endow_v with_o so_o many_o privilege_n and_o the_o deputy_n have_v always_o a_o free_a vote_n the_o aristocratical_a state_n of_o poland_n can_v well_o be_v change_v by_o any_o of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n into_o a_o absolute_a monarchy_n for_o whosoever_o offer_v to_o do_v this_o be_v declare_v by_o the_o senate_n to_o be_v perjure_a and_o no_o more_o a_o king_n which_o appear_v by_o the_o late_a king_n john_n the_o three_o oath_n in_o harnoc_n beside_o the_o nobility_n use_v immediate_o to_o complain_v in_o the_o open_a senate_n of_o the_o tyranny_n of_o those_o that_o attempt_v such_o innovation_n as_o do_v a_o certain_a deputy_n out_o of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o posnania_n king_n stephen_n bathori_n after_o many_o victory_n which_o he_o gain_v and_o several_a province_n with_o which_o he_o enlarge_v the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n begin_v at_o last_o to_o endeavour_v to_o make_v himself_o absolute_a monarch_n of_o poland_n whereupon_o this_o deputy_n express_v himself_o in_o a_o speech_n with_o so_o much_o freedom_n boldness_n and_o vehemence_n that_o the_o king_n ambitious_a and_o passionate_a in_o his_o nature_n not_o be_v able_a to_o let_v the_o deputy_n run_v on_o any_o long_a upon_o that_o topic_n interrupt_v he_o in_o these_o word_n hold_v your_o tongue_n you_o rascal_n to_o which_o the_o deputy_n make_v answer_n i_o be_o no_o rascal_n but_o a_o gentleman_n of_o poland_n a_o elector_n of_o king_n and_o a_o deposer_n of_o tyrant_n whereupon_o the_o king_n say_v to_o he_o if_o i_o be_v not_o a_o king_n and_o the_o deputy_n answer_v if_o you_o be_v not_o by_o which_o imperfect_a reply_v the_o deputy_n hint_v to_o the_o king_n that_o he_o do_v not_o want_v courage_n to_o engage_v with_o he_o hand_n to_o hand_n for_o liberty_n if_o he_o have_v not_o be_v check_v by_o his_o respect_n for_o the_o majesty_n of_o king_n the_o king_n afterward_o have_v bury_v all_o his_o resentment_n advance_v he_o to_o the_o high_a dignity_n nor_o do_v he_o believe_v that_o this_o have_v any_o way_n lessen_v his_o majesty_n on_o the_o contrary_a he_o always_o esteem_v he_o one_o of_o the_o best_a patriot_n and_o lover_n of_o his_o country_n if_o any_o of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n aim_n at_o arbitrary_a government_n or_o act_n contrary_a to_o the_o religion_n and_o law_n of_o the_o country_n he_o be_v immediate_o depose_v or_o force_v to_o abdicate_v the_o throne_n the_o form_n which_o king_n casimire_n use_v in_o his_o abdication_n be_v as_o follow_v we_o make_v know_v and_o declare_v to_o all_o the_o world_n that_o be_v sensible_a of_o our_o weakness_n which_o grow_v daily_o upon_o we_o with_o our_o age_n we_o be_v unable_a any_o long_o to_o bear_v up_o under_o the_o burden_n of_o so_o great_a weight_n as_o the_o government_n of_o this_o state_n be_v wherefore_o we_o voluntary_o and_o of_o our_o own_o accord_n have_v resolve_v upon_o abdicate_v the_o throne_n that_o we_o wight_n spend_v the_o remainder_n of_o our_o decline_a life_n quiet_o and_o in_o private_a and_o in_o prepare_v for_o a_o better_a life_n that_o never_o end_v for_o this_o reason_n have_v call_v a_o full_a senate_n at_o warsaw_n on_o the_o twelve_o of_o june_n in_o this_o paesent_a year_n we_o open_v our_o mind_n to_o our_o senator_n and_o counsellor_n who_o be_v strike_v with_o the_o greatness_n and_o novelty_n of_o the_o affair_n and_o reverence_v the_o law_n of_o their_o country_n and_o refer_v the_o consideration_n of_o the_o whole_a matter_n to_o all_o the_o kingdom_n we_o according_o appoint_v a_o general_n diet_n of_o all_o the_o order_n of_o our_o kingdom_n to_o be_v hold_v on_o the_o six_o and_o twenty_o day_n of_o august_n and_o at_o the_o first_o open_v of_o the_o diet_n make_v know_v our_o intention_n of_o abdicate_v the_o throne_n we_o have_v have_v experience_n of_o the_o love_n and_o affection_n of_o our_o loyal_a citizen_n and_o subject_n who_o bear_v a_o grateful_a memory_n of_o the_o desert_n and_o good_a action_n of_o our_o most_o serene_a predecessor_n and_o pay_v a_o deference_n to_o the_o great_a care_n trouble_n and_o danger_n i_o undergo_v for_o twenty_o year_n together_o in_o various_a turn_v of_o fortune_n in_o so_o many_o camp_n and_o in_o so_o many_o diet_n endeavour_v by_o importunate_a entreaty_n and_o earnest_a request_n to_o keep_v we_o upon_o the_o throne_n but_o forasmuch_o as_o we_o constant_o persist_v in_o our_o resolution_n it_o be_v agree_v that_o we_o shall_v make_v our_o abdication_n or_o resignation_n of_o the_o polish_v crown_n in_o a_o real_a and_o solemn_a manner_n upon_o mature_a and_o serious_a deliberation_n and_o by_o the_o consent_n of_o all_o order_n of_o the_o state_n we_o be_v in_o full_a sowndness_n of_o body_n and_o mind_n do_v free_o and_o without_o constraint_n abdicate_v from_o this_o time_n and_o for_o ever_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n and_o the_o principality_n thereunto_o annex_v we_o restore_v in_o full_a form_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o senate_n of_o the_o marshal_n and_o of_o the_o state_n our_o regal_a dignity_n and_o whatsoever_o else_o of_o ancient_n right_o do_v belong_v to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n we_o absolve_v all_o the_o state_n and_o order_n and_o every_o one_o of_o our_o subject_n from_o the_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n take_v to_o we_o and_o we_o release_v they_o from_o the_o obligation_n of_o homage_n and_o fealty_n the_o duke_n of_o prussia_n as_o to_o what_o concern_v we_o only_o we_o declare_v free_a from_o all_o obligation_n due_a to_o we_o upon_o the_o account_n of_o any_o contract_n make_v for_o the_o dukedom_n of_o prussia_n and_o upon_o the_o account_n of_o any_o right_n of_o fealty_n for_o bitovia_n and_o lawenburgh_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o kureland_n we_o likewise_o declare_v free_v from_o homage_n and_o all_o other_o obligation_n whatsoever_o the_o authentic_a and_o original_a grant_n of_o our_o election_n make_v in_o the_o year_n 1648_o we_o restore_v cancel_v and_o annul_v without_o pretend_v to_o claim_v any_o or_o the_o least_o right_o of_o sovereignty_n to_o ourselves_o or_o any_o of_o our_o heir_n within_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o lithuania_n and_o the_o principality_n thereunto_o annex_v by_o which_o abdication_n or_o resignation_n of_o the_o regal_a power_n right_o and_o lawful_o make_v and_o ratify_v by_o these_o present_n it_o shall_v be_v and_o be_v within_o the_o power_n and_o authority_n of_o the_o most_o reverend_a father_n in_o christ_n the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n primate_n of_o poland_n and_o chief_a minister_n of_o state_n to_o declare_v the_o throne_n vacant_a and_o to_o perform_v all_o that_o of_o right_n and_o custom_n do_v belong_v to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n during_o the_o interregnum_fw-la and_o the_o state_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v empower_v to_o proceed_v to_o the_o election_n of_o a_o new_a king_n according_a to_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o poland_n and_o we_o further_o promise_v that_o we_o will_v by_o no_o mean_n hinder_v it_o from_o be_v a_o very_a free_a election_n that_o we_o will_v not_o promote_v the_o interest_n of_o any_o candidate_n and_o that_o during_o the_o time_n of_o the_o election_n we_o will_v remove_v and_o abide_v at_o a_o distance_n from_o the_o place_n of_o election_n in_o testimony_n and_o confirmation_n thereof_o we_o have_v command_v these_o our_o letter_n patent_n to_o be_v publish_v under_o the_o royal_a seal_n date_v at_o warsaw_n at_o the_o general_n diet_n of_o the_o kingdom_n sept._n 16._o this_o solemn_a abdication_n make_v by_o king_n casimire_n be_v afterward_o publish_a by_o the_o senate_n of_o poland_n the_o substance_n of_o which_o i_o think_v fit_a to_o insert_v here_o that_o so_o the_o abdication_n and_o vacancy_n of_o the_o throne_n after_o the_o departure_n of_o king_n james_n ii_o publish_a by_o the_o parliament_n of_o england_n may_v not_o seem_v a_o novelty_n and_o it_o be_v as_o follow_v we_o the_o senate_n and_o officer_n both_o of_o church_n and_o state_n within_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n and_o the_o marshal_n of_o both_o country_n be_v assemble_v in_o the_o diet_n do_v manifest_a and_o declare_v that_o after_o the_o example_n of_o our_o predecessor_n