uncertainely and falsly grounded are worthie of no answer at all having all along the plain marks of insoliditie and sedition upon them yet to satisfie the doubts of such judicious and upright men as onely desire to know the truth and com not with a minde pre-occupate and suborned by injurious principles I shall indeavor to lay open the Querist's errors and delirements resolve the Queres hee makes and discover the truth in the things hee most harp's upon for his advantage and becaus I conceiv the Jesuit's first Quere though not in plain words yet implicitely by insinuation intend's principally Ireland and the pretended interest of the Irish as hee in som of them after expresseth And although also my short and weak wings are farr deficient to soar so high a pitch as to cite all or neer the sum of all authentick Authors and Records manifesting the proprietie right and interest of the Land of Ireland to be originally in the British yet becaus those of the Nation of England already led away with the aërie and vain pretenses of the Irish and who never yet scrutinized the English interest may bee undeceived made sensible of their former errors possessed with the English right bee acquainted with the iterated rebellions of the Irish in manie ages the often reducing and bringing them to subjection by the British or English and with other things by these Queres made disputable I shall freely contribute my Talent to this so necessarie work and first set down the Queres in order and then answer them severally AN ANSWER TO THE Irish Queres The first Quere WHether the Land or inheritance that a Nation hath for som hundreds or thousands of yeers enjoyed and possessed without any others laying claim to have a more special right to the same bee not their special right which God and nature hath given them The first Answer IN this first Quere the Querist desire 's to have it inferred and also granted that the Irish Inhabitants as they now stand in opposition to England are an entire Nation and that they were the first and sole Proprietors of Ireland as given unto them by God and nature whereas in truth they are a people composed partly of the old Britains the first Inhabitants thereof partly of Scythians and Gothes sent thither out of Biscaie in Spain partly of Danes and other Easterlings som sent in by the Kings of Britain and others intruding themselvs and principallly of English sent thither by the Kings of England in several ages as in the ensuing discours shall appear so as the fraud and fallacie of this first Quere being cleerly laid open strike's farr to the answering of all the rest And first to say somthing of the soil and Island now called Ireland which by several ancient writers hath been rendred by several other names signifying for the most part that it is a Western part of Britain which the very name now given unto it by the Irish viz. Eirin signifying a western Countrie doth much demonstrate and besides at this day a part of Mounster in Ireland is called Hiermoun in English West-Mounster which shew the name Eirin to bee derived from Hier which is west as appear's plainly by Mr Cambden a faithful relater of the best antiquities extant the ancient Geographer writeth in these words of Islands for greatness the Indian Taprobane is prime and principal next after it Britain and in third degree another British Island called Hibernia that is Ireland whereupon Ptolomie in his writings of Geographie call's it in plain words Britannia parva the old Geographers called it the Britains Island Strabo called the Inhabitants Britains Diodorus Siculus termed Irin a part of Britain and Aristotle in his book de mundo Cap. 3. hath these words as they stand translated viz. Ibi sunt Insulae quae quantitate maximae habentur numero verò duae sunt Britanicae dicuntur Albion Hibernia By all which it fall's cleer that by the most ancient and authentick writers the Island of Ireland was ever taken and accounted a British Island only belonging to great Britain neither is it found in any approved Writer or Record that ever any King or Potentate claimed right or interest in the soil or Land of that Island save only the Kings of great Britain in right of their Kingdom now called England which in several ages they have not failed to doe by reducing and subduing the unjust rebellion and usurpation of those unrulie Inhabitants and if you look into Monuments or Records of later time you shall never finde it called a Kingdom or a Realm till in the reign of Henrie the 8. when by Act of Parlament it was made and styled a Kingdom and that King declared and confessed King thereof unanimously agreed by all the Inhabitants of that Island But that by all Acts of Parlament in that Land and other Records it was alwaies till then for 400 yeers or thereabouts called the King's land of Ireland and by several Acts of Parlament viz. one Act in the twentie eighth yeer of that King Henry the 8 reign Cap. 2. That Land is declared to be appending and belonging to England And by another Act there made in that King's reign the said Island is declared to be a Member appending and rightfully belonging to England and united to the same and in severall other Acts there the same in substance is asserted and ordained and all this agreed and assented unto by the very Ancestors of those now in Arms there against England and the Governors thereof and yet by this Querist it is esteemed to bee an Original entire Nation distinct from any Conqueror yea such as hee scruple 's to have them call'd Rebels Thus having given you the opinion and report of the ancient and som modern proofs of the denomination and full relation of that Island to Great Britain it will bee requisite that by the like ancient and modern evidence the just right and proprietie of the English to that Land and to the dominion thereof and to the naturall subjection of all the Inhabitants thereof to England bee also manifested and avowed the better to let the world see the Querist's fraud and subtiltie in this general vast Quere and indeed throughout all the rest of his abusive Queres and insinuations Mr Cambden that faithfull searcher into Antiquities affirmeth that most of the best approved and knowing Writers out of Antiquities do determin that the first known Inhabitants of Ireland were Britains sent thither by the Kings of Great Britain of which opinion he conclude's himself to bee but that they could not send sufficient Inhabitants to replenish such a Continent and that by a great mortalitie happening among them they were much diminished and you may perceiv by a Statute made in Ireland in the 11. yeer of Queen Elizabeth that Gormond by som Writers called Gorgund Son to Belin King of Great Britain was Lord of Biscaie in Spain as his posteritie long after him
continued and having occasion to com into Britain his Father being dead he voyaged into Denmak and in his return a great multitude of his Subjects of Biscaie met him at Sea being streightned for relief in their Countrie and humbly besought him to assign them som place for habitation whereunto by advice of his Council he assented and directed them to his Island now called Ireland which wanted people and sent with them guides to bring them thither where finding a fertile soil they encreased abundantly bringing their language with them and being then the greater number of people after the new access involved the British-tongue into theirs yet in som sort mixed as may appear by many new words and names of things well understood by the Welsh It being of dailie experience that the Welsh do much more soon and easilie learn Irish then the English can do and that much of the Irish is understood by them Giraldus Cambrensis called these Biscayners Besclenses and Cambden write's very largely of their Ancestors coming into Spain at the confluence of the Northern Nations into those parts alleging that part of them were Scythians and part Gothes and to add to the truth of this relation their so coming thither is specified in many of the rude yet ancient Irish annals both in Irish and Latine The British Histories and som of the English Chronicles do make mention of Hiberus and Hermion then Captains of those Besclenses and their Bards who to this daie keep and at all feasts and publique meetings do chaunt and publish the Pedidigrees and Acts of the Irish do derive the most ancient Irish from those that came out of Spain rather choosing to glorifie themselvs in them then from the Britains from whom so manie of them are descended and from whom they had permission to dwell there For doubtless there are manie evident demonstrations that much of the East part of that Island continued still inhabited by Britains and that those Besclenses most inhabited the more Western parts of Mounster and Connaght where their former neighbors and friends might most easily eom to them yet dispersed as they found caus those in the Western parts speaking more broad do hardly understand much of the language of the other And to shew further that the Britains had a good share in the Original ancestrie of the ancient Irish the verie Officers which the Irish have from age to age used for their pedigrees and Annals are to this daie called Bards which were the same in office and denomination imploied by the ancient Britains And for their manner of holding Land it was till the first year of King James by Gavelkind as the ancient Britains held theirs though so corrupted in Ireland as when the Laws came to bee setled in the begining of King James his time it was adjudged a barbarous and unreasonable custom and so abolished Also their Irish Custom of Tainestrie which they called their Law is derived from British for amongst them the word Tane or Thane signified an Elder Governor or Lord of a territorie And the same word amongst the Irish had the same sence and therefore the second person to the Lord of the Countrie who was to succeed if a stronger force interpos'd not was called the Tanaist setled upon him as Seniori digniori and hee had Lands and Impositions on the Countrie assigned to him in right of that Office The Lord also of the Countrie beeing put into Office by the same Law where force did not overbear it all which is now also abolished as unlawful It appear's also by antiquitie that the Irish agreed with the Britains in the custom of observing the time of Easter both then therein differing from the Church of Rome The first known Inhabitants beeing thus sent into and setled in Ireland by the Britains they so continued in subjection to the King of great Britain for several ages the contrarie whereof hath appeared in no memorie And to enter into further Inquisition thereinto is not much material no other King Prince or Potentate having at anie time made claim unto them until the Romans entered Britain and held the same by conquest after manie and often conflicts In all which time during their strugling against and subjection to the Romans the British could not have that care and over-sight of them as formerly they had so as in that time they took head and set up amongst them in a barbarous waie Rulers and pettie Kings which Rulers and Kings Giraldus Cambrensis calleth Tributaries and what kinde of Kings those then were and afterwards continued to bee till King Henrie the second 's entrie into Ireland may much appear in an ancient Manuscript called the Book of Christ-Church in Dublin then a priorie lately a Cathedral Church In which Manuscript are these words concerning them viz. Isti Reges non fuerunt ordinati solemnitate alicujus ordinis nec unctionis Sacramento nec jure hereditario vel aliquâ proprietatis successione sed vi armis quilibet regnum suum obtinuit In all which time of the Roman's power in great Britain neither the ancient Britains in Ireland nor those permitted new-com Besclenses could extinguish or alter the original right which the Kings of great Britain undeniably had to their dominion there or to those Inhabitant's subjection It appeareth in Mr Cambden's and other Chronicles and Histories that during the Roman's power in great Britain the Norweyans and other Easterlings by waie of piracie and incursion infested those inhabitants of Ireland and though often beaten off yet manie got footing there the Monuments of whom remain to this daie and in after times when the Saxons warred in Britain they several times came over again and so setled on manie of the Sea-coasts as they built of the walled Sea-Towns excluding from amongst them the Irish not admitting them entrance other then with great caution for Merchandise onely And whereas the Querist would have it believed that the Irish as an entire Nation were originally impropriated in Ireland by God and nature for manie hundreds and some thousands of years without anie others laying claim to have special right to the same which hee seem's to insinuate did so continue to these times It doth and will appear aswel by what is formerly here remembred as what shall follow in this ensuing tract that it is a ridiculous and illusive surmise for it must not bee forgotten especially appearing by good Historie that soon after the Roman's departure out of great Britain the noble Prince Arthur obteined that Land who beeing a man of great action aswel at home as abroad passed into Ireland and reduced those Inhabitants to their ancient Subjection In proof whereof having som years after occasion for a time to keep his Court at Carlion in great Britain hee summoned the Governors and pettie Kings of Ireland of whom one viz. Mr Gellomurroe or Mr Gillemurry is by name recorded to appear before him at Carlion aforesaid there to do
beeing in favor with the English Lords by their deceitful service seized upon the weaker Colonie and forced out the inhabitants which the English Lords allowed of for the time receiving the Irish as tenants at will though they afterwards turned the Lord's themselvs quite out Becaus the Irish would seem to afford far greater rents then the old British Freeholder and also yeild for the time more Subjection and basely also they committed their goods estates wives and children to the will of those Lords as formerly and afterwards they did to the Irish Chieftains another waie of their entrance was that the English Lords now strangely degenerating and taking liking to their licentious sordid and barbarous cours of living made them manie times their Officers in their Countries as Seneshals Marshals and other Officers becaus they would slavishly obeie their wills who by extortion and oppression in short time forced out the English tenants and in after times held the land as their own against the verie Lords The widest Inlet they found was about the tenth year of King Edward the second when Edward Bruice brother to the King of Scots entered into Vlster with a power of Scots storied to bee six thousand and there committed great slaughter of the English both men women and children These gave one overthrew to Richard de Burgo or Bourk and at another time took William de Burgo brother to Richard prisoner they ruined Towns Castles houses and Churches wheresoever they came and upon these events the Irish there who formerly durst little shew themselvs living in the least habitable parts by sufferance of the English rose and joined with the Scots making all the destruction they could of the English with this addition Edward Bruice proceeded further through the parts of Leimster the Irish from all parts gathering to him and from thence marched into Mounster as far as Cashel then did the Irish lift up their heads on all sides following the train of Bruice spoiling and destroying the English as far as they could then the said Bruice finding that the English began to assemble in som numbers against him retired into the lower parts of Meath now Westmeath and to the borders of Vlster making it his Master-work to secure that Province within his own power though hee often made roads into other parts which is the first caus and ground why Vlster became so destitute of English and grew wholly Irish beyond anie other of the Provinces the Irish beeing as zealous as hee to rid themselvs solely of the English In this posture hee continued about three years in Ireland and caused himself to bee proclaimed King by the Irish and about the end of the said three years making an expedition to invade the English of the Pale hee was in the Countie of Lowth encountered by Brimingham after created Earl of Lowth and other good forces of the English where the said Bruice and manie of his Commanders were slain and his Armie totally defeated and rent Som of the Scots returned home but manie remained there who joined with the Irish in that time the said Bruice and the Irish had much dispeopled and forced most of the English out of the Limits and Countries now called the Counties of Donagal Fermanagh Cavan Tirone Londonderry Monorghan and Ardmagh having sealed their malice by much devastation also within the Countries of Autrim and Down lying between the Sea on the East and the great Lough called Lough Eaugh and the River of Baun in the West hardly accessible by the Irish yet did William de Burgo hold up a face of power in Vlster by help of other neighbouring English until about the seventh year of King Edward the third when hee was amongst them murthered leaving onely an heir female who after married with Lionel Duke of Clarence third son to King Edward the third soon after the death of the said William Hugh ô Neil taking upon him superioritie amongst the Irish now grown strong through the actions of Bruice and the decaie of the English adventured to break over the Ban and made great havock in the Colonies of the Rowt Clandebois Ardes and others within that circuite who in truth never in anie degree of their former beeing recovered themselvs after and thus you see in a manner the full ruine of the English in Vlster Another enlargement gained by the Irish upon English men's Lands was soon after the departure of Bruice out of Mounster when Morrice Fitz-Thomas Garaldine of Desmond having taken into his alliance and service manie of the Irish made eruption into the Counties of Kerry Limerick Cork and part of Waterford and in short time destroied and banished great parts of those Colonies and there placed his followers more Irish then English and forced most of the rest to join or submit to his will Soon after did the Irish upon the Shanon side advance themselvs and setled in the large Countrie of Ormond in Tipperary then entirely the inheritance of the Earl of Ormond by acquisition of his ancestors whereof som small parts were after recovered by the succeeding Earls of Ormond which now they hold the rest remained with the Irish paying som small acknowledgment by composition The Irish also then entred into several other Wood-land Countries in Tipperary whence terrifying and forcing out the English they seated themselvs there About the end of the reign of King Edward the second in the absence of the English Lords of Leimster Donald Mr Art Covenagh a bastard branch of Dermot ne Gall late reputed King of Leimster so called in the Welsh and other Irish of those parts brake out and imbroiled those Clonies renting from them great parts of the Wood lands and mountainous Countries soon after Lisagh Moor and one of the Conners in the heart of Leimster discovered themselvs in open enmitie The said Lisagh taking eight Castles in one evening by surprize defaced the Castle of Donamase the Earl of March his chief hous in Leix and upon the ruining of the English in those Countries the one called himself ô Moor Lord of Leix and the other ô Conner Lord of Ophalie After the death of the said William de Burgo above mentioned certain of the most active men of the Irish in Connaght joining with som degenerate branches of the Bourks who had formerly assisted in the destroying and rooting out of the English in the Southern parts of Vlster next unto Connaght entered into all the goodly possessions of the said William in Connaght expelled the English and made themselvs Masters of all One of the said Bourks seating himself in the Countie of Galway of whom is descended the Earl of Clanrickard another fastned himself in the Countie of Mayo and both took upon them Irish Captain-ships the one by the name Mr William Eighter and the other by the name of Mr William Oughter retaining with them manie of the Irish to inhabit the Land and fully finish the extirpation of the English Freeholders the rest of
AN ANSWER To certain seditious and Jesuitical Queres Heretofore purposely and maliciously cast out to retard and hinder the English forces in their going over into Ireland Whereby is fully proved that the British were the first and most ancient Proprietors and Inhabitants of that Land which was at the first called Britain the Less before the accession of the Irish thither and that the Irish came in but by the sufferance of the British Of what Countrie the Irish at the first were their often rebellions and defections the subduing and reducing all of them to obedience aswel long before the Conquest of England by William the Norman as since together also with the names of the new Kings which the Irish have lately elected and made amongst themselvs with manie other necessarie discoveries of great concernment fully manifesting the English interest to that Land and the miserable sufferings of the English there in all ages by the barbarous and bloudie actions of the Irish LONDON Printed by WILLIAM Du-GARD Printer To the Right Honorable The Lord PRESIDENT and COUNCIL of STATE Right Honorable IT 's not my abilitie but the force of the Caus and necessitie of this task others of better parts beeing silent that prompt mee to challenge an interest in your honor's patronage of my weak endeavors in asserting the English interest in Ireland against a more dangerous then known stickler for the Irish and their gangren'd Caus discovering himself in som pernicious Queres cunningly dispersed at such a season wherein they might have a full influence upon the common genius of the Armie then designed for Ireland And finding light sufficient in my self from such experimental truths as lodg in my own bosom to discover the Querist's Prestigies I have adventured a little to draw the curtain and make way for som more fit and able to vindicate the just interest of England against their causless and implacable enemies the barbarous Irish Rebels This piece beeing onely intended as an incitement thereunto And such it will surely prove if it finde your honor 's favourable aspect and the like approbation from those other wise steers-men whom the Lord hath placed at the helm of this Nation 's Government And for those adherents to the Irish whose mindes are fore-stalled and carried away with the stream of their fals asseverations and lose the reputation of their modestie in the Irish impudencie although I wish they may bee in their Judgments rectified and manners reformed yet I value not their carpings nor vain exceptions Quia Momus nunquam gnarus est I onely beg your honor's acceptance of these lines from my poor hand so as my joies may bee continued in the memorie of your good Acts my affection owe's a dutie to the performance of this work which will at last toll in better Ringers prostrateing my endeavors at the feet of your honors as those of a sublime understanding I am Your Honor 's most humble and engaged Servant THO. WARING TO HIS EXCELLENCIE Oliver Cromwel Lord GENERAL of the Armies of England Scotland and Ireland And also to the Right Honorable HENRIE IRETON Lord Deputie of IRELAND THe present seed of the ancient Scythians and other barbarous Easterlings the now Irish assisted with som collapsed and degenerate English Papists striking at the verie root of the tree of Protestanism do not content themselvs with their barbarous torturing and murdering of vast numbers of our Religion and blood everie daies fierie malice as I may saie producing a new waie of the most exsecrable and amarulent tortures of those most innocent people in coolness of blood wherein they glutted themselvs But of late finding the sword of God drawn out and prosecuted by your Excellencie and seeing the noble English spirits impatient until God by his and their swords should avenge their brethren's bloods by the destruction of that inhumane generation Som of them as far as possible to take off the resolute intentions of the Protestant souldierie from retaliating upon the Irish such destruction as they had generally vowed to exercise upon us all have cast out certain cavelling and seditious Queres whereby they would amaze and blinde som inadvertent men excuse or at least extenuate their own high offences make the English interest to Ireland seem dubious and themselvs to bee the ancient proprietors of that Land thereby also with a sublime disdain inveighing against Conquerors and Conquests the greatest persons and most common interests of all the whole world which is a boldness without paralel Now others of better talent and more versed in the antiquities of Ireland sparing their pens I have taken up the boldness out of small abilitie to contrive the following Answers to those Queres by which if anie formerly seduced by the vain pretences of the Irish bee untwined from them and brought within the sight of the truth I have my desires And as your excellencie's valor against these Monsters of men hath by God's assistance quelled their furies and your wisdom infatuated their Counsels so I doubt not but the eie of your Judgment hath discerned their bloudie and subtil intentions in part declared by their actions I am yet a stranger to your Excellencie's persons but not to your heroïck noble and pious deeds My lines though not satisfactorie I beseech you yet take in such worth as when perused you will vouchsafe to call upon more able pens to perform that dutie wherein unwillingly I am yet deficient the great God of truth so order all your Councils and Actions that they maybee crowned with a glorious and your most desired success so praye's Your Excellencie's most humble Servant THO. WARING THE PREFACE THere hath bin lately published a certain seditious Pamphlet intituled Queres propounded to the consideration of such as were intended for the service of Ireland which as it seem's was brought in by one Gawre of an Irish name and one who as I have been informed since is a Jesuit of that Countrie This man in formalitie smoothly pretendeth to righteousnes but in realitie discernable to the dullest apprehension hatcheth and harboureth horrible hellish and most bloudie thoughts and inflamed with a fierie malice thirsteth after the destruction of the Protestant Religion the exstirpation of all the Religious English in that Land both root and branch together with their interest there and would by his subtil and numerous questions dishearten the conscientious noble English Spirits from ingaging that way either in person or expence to reduce that Island from meer barbarism and Idolatrie to the true worship of God and obedience to the Laws established by the antient proprietors of that Nation the English and both antiently and lately submitted unto by all Inhabitants of the same But if you mark this Querist hee persueth the sophistrie and subtiltie antiently practised by the Jesuits so farr as hee would have all his Questions believed and grounded upon undoubted truths and to bee admitted as verities And although these Queres being so
vigilance of that King to reliev them did stoutly beat them off and frustrated their unchristian intention Then that King finding them so embarked in their former rudeness and barbarisme as there was no faith or dutie to bee exspected from them and that they could not sit down in anie civil societie Hee by advice of his Council confiscated all their Estates and adjudged and declared the Irish generally to bee enemies and aliens in which condition they continued long after as is manifest by the Records and Statute-Laws of those times And then hee set his Subjects of England and Wales at full Libertie to win what they could in that Land towards the reducement thereof to his just Subjection for better accomplishment whereof hee made chois of ten special persons of qualitie and power in his other Dominions to whom by grant of inheritance hee divided the Lands of that whole Island who drawing together their several Alies friends and other adventurers they by that King's countenance and assistance so bestirred themselvs as within few years they became Masters and possessors of the whole Island and so continued quietly possessed for almost one hundred years without anie offence to England forcing the perfidious Irish who were then few in number after manie conflicts with them into Mountains Bogs and boggie woods there to wander up and down with the remain of their Cattel not daring to bee seen or to graze in anie of the more habitable parts where the English had footing special Statute-Laws prohibiting the same Laws also were made that upon pain of fellonie no Merchant or other liege person should trade with the Irish in market or otherwise It was also made fellonie to succor anie of the Irish enemies from the time of the foresaid division forward was that Island onely called the King's Land of Ireland till the reign of King Henrie the eighth as appear's by Acts of Parlament and all Records mentioning the same The division hee made was as followeth viz. To Richard Earl of Pembroke of Strigil called Strongbow he regranted the Kingdom or Territories of Leimster surrendred to him by the said Earl Richard whose it was pretended to bee in right of his wife sole daughter and heir of the last nominal or tributarie King thereof except Dublin and som lands thereunto lying part whereof is yet called the King's Land and beeing divided into Mannors the Free-holders paie chief rents into the Exchequer to this daie and except som maritim Towns Castles and som lands about them which hee reserved to himself To Bobert Fitz-Stephens and Myles Cogan hee granted the Territories called the Kingdom of Cork the Citie of Cork and som lands thereunto lying reserved as aforesaid excepted the heir of Cogan is yet possessor of som of those lands To Phillip le Bruce the Territories called the Kingdom of Limerick with donation of Bishopricks and Abbeies except the Citie of Limerick and a Cantred of Land adjoining reserved as aforesaid To Sr Hugh de Lacie Justice or as som write Custos of Ireland the territories called the Kingdom of Meath then of far greater extent then the name Meath now import's To Sr John de Coursie all Vlster which beeing a large continent was quietly possessed by him and his English tenements manie years After his death without heirs it was granted to Hugh Lacie who held it till forfeited then was it granted by King Edward the first to Walter de Burgo from whom it descended to William de Burgo And after those Lands and Signories were by Edward the fourth adjoined to the Demesne and Crown-Lands of England To William Fitz-Adelme de Burgo all Connaght except a small part for life given to Rotherick formerly nominal King thereof after whose death that Land also was by King Henrie the third granted to Richard de Burgo heir to William except the Cantreds of Roscomon Randon and two or three other Cantreds neer Athlon All which were after granted by succeeding Kings to other English onely Roscomon remained in the Crown till Queen Elizabeth granted the same to one Mr Malby This whole Countrie came after to the Crown by the marriage of Lionel Duke of Clarence son to King Edward the third with the Daughter and heir of de Burgo To Sr Thomas Clare of the stock of the Earl of Glocester all Ghomond now the Countie of Clare which was confirmed to the same Familie by grant from King Edward the first to Robert le Poer all the Countie of Waterford except the Citie and cantred about it the chief of the Familie of which Poers is now a Baron to Otho de Grandison all Tipperarie Afterwards King John having intelligence that the English began to bee at variance amongst themselvs by reason that the Laws were not so spread and administred as they should bee made a voiage in person thither with a competent force for his honor and safetie and then did hee divide the whole Land into Counties as they for the most part stand at this daie though Connaght and Vlster since are much subdivided hee carried over with him divers learned men for civil and ecclesiastical Notion hee ordered and established the Courts of Justice as in England viz. the Chancerie the Kings Bench Common Pleas and Exchequer and other Ecclesiastical Judicatures and setled competent Judges in them hee appointed Justices Itinerant and all other Officers for Law and execution of Justice and four tearms in the year to bee kept as in England by which the people became subject to Law the Irish beeing still held as enemies and Aliens were better governed lived in peace and great prosperitie manie years save what ruptures it endured by their own dissentions as hereafter appeareth So as by what is above specified it appear's the English were made lawfully inheritable and became possessed of the whole continent wheresoever they could finde places anie waie fit for habitation And to prove their possessions as well as their grants besides that in all the ancient Records taking cognizance of all the habitable parts of that Land in which those English are named you shall finde no Juries upon Inquiries or trial of anie causes whatsoever Capital Criminal or common where is mentioned anie Irish name but all English All their Officers and Ministers of Justice beeing the same and beside several Statute-Laws do assert their universal possession It is undeniably evident that generally all the now Freeholders of several great continents in that Island are English either descendents or deriving from those first adventurers or by ancient grants from the Crown upon their forfeitures though the truth is manie of their laborers underfarmers and tennants which they call Churls are and still were Irish the territories and Countries which those English and som of late settlement did and do possess are viz. in the Countie of Down the Countries of little Ards the Duffrey Lecale Mourn the Newrie and several other places of lesser note all the Countie of Lowth the whole Countie of Dublin