THE GREEK and ROMAN HISTORY Illustrated by Coins Medals Representing their Religions Rites Manners Customs Games Feasts Arts and Sciences Together with A Succinct Account of their Emperors Consuls Cities Colonies and Families In Two Parts Necessary for the Introduction of Youth into all the useful Knowledge of ANTIQUITY By O. W. Licensed and Enâ—â—red according to Order LONDON Printed by G. Croom for William Miller at the Gilded Acorn in St. Paul's Church-yard and Christopher Wilkinson at the Black Boy against St. Dunstan's Church in Fleet street 1692. To William Charleton of the Middle-Temple Esq SIR YOUR very great Civility in Perusing and in some Particulars Animadverting upon these Collections have given me the Confidence to recommend them by prefixing your Name Besides your Eminency in this Study and your Plentiful and not without great Skill and Difficulty well chosen Treasure both for this and other parts of Natural History and your unparallell'd Readiness to further and assist all Ingenious Lovers of this most Copious and Gentile Study do justly challenge a more Universal and Publick Testimony of your Singular Worth and Eminent Goodness For what more Honorable Intention can be proposed than to endeavor the Introducing the Knowledge of the former Ages of the most Wise and Powerful Empire out of their most Authentick Records And what doth not he deserve who labours a Resormation of the most Ingenuous part of the Nation But this is not my Business at this time the narrowness of this room will only permit me to present to your self and the Candid Readers thâ—…se few Considerations 1. The Catalogues of the Greek and Roman Coins discover to any one minded to furnish a Cabinet which are in either sort most Rare and Curious i. e. which are not yet described in Print It is true there are many Families not found amongst these but the Collections of that most Learned Ant. Angustinus will give a great Essay toward compleating that Number 2. It was not proper for my Design to take notice of all the Criticisms amongst Authors learned in this Art but to prescribe general Directions for Interpreting the greatest Number and most common as is done in the first part wherein they are reduced to the most ordinary Topicks and in the second to give so far an account of the greatest Actions of the Romans when come to their Maturity under the Emperors for though not all performed by them in their Persons yet the Princes attributed them to themselves rationally enough because they paid for them And amongst these I have only chosen those wherein seems contained the most useful Erudition And herein I have chiefly made use of those very eminent Persons Onuphr Panvinius and the excellent Conte Tristan whose first Volume only seems compleatly finished according to his Intention the second is not so well laboured but the third is little better than Adversaria I thought it not necessary to proceed much lower than Constantine because after Aurelian very few but after Constantine's Family I know not whether any either of good Masters or considerable Erudition The Greek Emperors which have till of late lain Fallow chiefly because thought unintelligible have now at length by the great Industry of a most Learned French Gentleman found their Interpretation and we despair not also of understanding those few of the Caliphs found amongst us by the help of another 3. It may be some Invitation to this Study if we consider the great Obligations this Country had to the Romans not only for their improving it in Buildings High-ways Artifice of War but also by rendering a great part of it Habitable which before was Lakes and Bogs Romney seems to have been the first Essay and Pattern of their Draining for which reason to this day it retains the Name of the Roman Island or their Dry-land which before was Bog and Water The working of our Minerals especially Iron which the ordinary People attribute to the Danes seems to have been the Romans Diligence Not long ago I have seen divers Coins fresh and rough as if newly then coined taken up under a great Mountain of Cinders which were wrought over again to good Profit finding that the first Miners were not furnished with sufficient Instruments for drawing out the finest parts of the Mettle To this I add that though very many Roman Coins be found here yet not many of great Rarity they being generally of those who setting up for themselves against the lawfully-esteemed Emperors were called Tyrants especially such as reigned here and in France Such were Carausius Alectus Marius Maximus Postumus Tetricus Victorinus c. till the time of Constantius Chlorus who dying at York after divers Years reigning and his Son Constantine here taking up the Empire there are many of them and their next Successors till the entry of the Saxons which was about Four hundred and fifty Years after Christ. 4. Many Particulars may be interposed but I shall here take notice only of that wherein this Discourse differs from most Authors who say that because the Tribuneship was Annual therefore the TRIB POT was so likewise and consequently the Years of the Emperors Reign to be accounted by it which to me seems a great Error Be pleased to take notice of these Instances It is confessed that Tiberius reigned not full Twenty three Years But in Gruter's Inscriptions P. 235. conc Tiberius TRIB POT XXVIII and P. 236. TRIB POT XXXIX The same is in a Coin of Patin's Edition of Sueton. in Tib. c. 18 wherefore he had TRIB POT before he was Emperor together with Augustus Accordingly Suetonius in Tib. c. 16. Data rursus Tribunitia potestas in quinquennium Again in Gruter p. 295. You have AUG TRIB POT XXX both in the same Year TIB. TRIB POT IX AUG TRIB POT XXXI both in the same Year TIB. TRIB POT X. So Augustus's XXXII with Tiberius's XI and Aug. XXXV with Tib. XIV Augustus had in all TRIB POT XXXVI Years as Tacitus saith Annal. l. 1. And so if Augustus's XXXV was Tiberius's XIV then Augustus's last or XXXVII was Tiberius's XVI and Tiberius's XXXIIX was the last of his Reign Commodus was Emperor not full Thirteen Years but there is a Coin of his TRIB POT XV. COS. VI. and in his seventh Consulate he died so that he had TRIB POT XVII Years which was four Years with his Predecessor SIR I will not trouble you any more with the like Particulars perhaps some other Opportunity may be offered for them also Mean while most heartily wishing you an Addition of new Happiness with the renewal of the Year I take leave and remain SIR Your Humble Servant O. W. A Table of the Chapters contained in this Book PART I. Chap. 1. OF the first Coin amongst the Romans Page 1 2 Of Medals p. 14 3 Of False Counterfeit Modern and Rare Medals p. 20 4 Of Greek Coins p. 27 5 Of Family or Consular Coins p. 45 6 Of the Reverses of Medals p. 63 7 Of their
one of the Fountains of Jordan afterwards rebuilt and called Caesarea Paneadis and Caesarea Philippi the two Temples one to Augustus the other to Antoninus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 AEsculapius and Venus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being quite ruined by an Earthquake as also a great part of Ionia sore shaken Antoninus repaired them and planted Coos with a Colony of Milesians therefore Antoninus and Faustina were meant by the two Deities Cybele sitting upon a Rock under her a Man with his Head and Arms above Water 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Flavia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Samosate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sacrum asylum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 legibus suis vivens 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Metropolis Comagenes The Man seems to be Euphrates the Son of Arandax who finding his Son Axurta sleeping one day near his Mother by mistake slew him and afterwards drowning himself gave name to the River Euphrates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Jupiter's Head with Serapis's Bushel Ammon's Horns and Osiris or the Suns Beams AEsculapius's Serpent twisted about a Pisis or Neptune's Trident like a Mercuries Caduceus and a Cornucopia for Nilus The NT probably Antoninus as if he were acknowledged by the Egyptians to have been their Serapis or comprehending all the Gods of the Heathen â„ž 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Man on Horse-back under him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 perhaps for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 one of the Cabiri Corybantes or Idaei Dactili Antoninus's Head Antoninus Aug. Pius P P. TR. P. Cos. IV. â„ž a young Child swathed newly born not Faustina for she was married when he was Cos. IV. whose Mother seems there to represent Rhea or Mater Magna with the Corybantes or People with Instruments of Musick and Satyrs Antoninus's Head 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. â„ž Jupiter or Pius in his shape sitting upon Rocks and raining out of an Horn upon a Statue lying along underneath probably some River a Rock also a little House or Temple and a Cypress-Tree 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 where note that it should seem I anciently in Latin was not pronounced like ee since the Greeks express it by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Seneca Ep. 58. renders 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by I. Antoninus's Head c. â„ž a Woman naked sitting upon a Rock with a Water-flower in her Hand and a Water-plant behind the Rock 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Marcus Sabinus Governor of Philippopolis a City in Thrace under Mount Rhodope coined this it should seem by this that Rhodope was so called not from a Queen of Thrace but from a Nymph Daughter of Strymon got with Child by Neptune 2. His Wife was Annia Galeria Faustina Sister to AElius Caesar a foolish lightheaded Woman who denied her self nothing she desired she died at thirty six Years three Months old she had two Daughters one died in his Proconsulat married to Silianus Lamia the second was Faustina and two Sons one of whom a Medal with his Mother deified Galerius Anton. the others name not known as neither the time of their Death as neither whether the two Cornucopia's a â„ž of Antoninus be meant of them or the two Sons of M. Aurelius Faustina that hath her Hair wreathed on the top of her Head is the Mother she that hath it tied up behind the Daughter CHAP. X. Of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Verus 1. M Aurelius Antoninus Son of M Annius Verus Brother of AElius Caesar and Domitia Lucilla was born A. C. 122. reigned nineteen Years ten Days died at fifty nine Years old At Syrmium by the help of his Physicians as some say in favor of Commodus Was sickly but exceeding Couragious Laborious Prudent Just Mild Learned in Philosophy especially and Chast. He put none to death but only banished them for Treason forbad Gladiators to kill one another and therefore blunted their Weapons Whilst he was Caesar he wore not Garments different from ordinary Persons nor would suffer Fire to be carried before him his word was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 All things flow from Above and that he that would live or govern happily must imitate the Gods Very liberal towards all Poor Persons even the Christians as appears by Capitolinus who calleth them homines novos where see also who was Lucius Commodus Verus He gave to Hierapolis which was almost wholly Christian at one time three thousand quarters of Coin Yet held the Soul to be Mortal and the Gods to have Bodies Notwithstanding his great Wars he never forsook his study of Philosophy which yet made him not at all morose Aurelius Caesar armed riding upon a Sphinx the Emblem of Subtilty Cunning and Prudence as also of Egypt either as if by his Prudence he conquered Barbarians and all other his Enemies or particularly some Exploit in Egypt A Woman perhaps Faustina praying for the Health of M. Aurelius or perhaps of the whole Empire which was in his time much afflicted with the Plague and such Diseases before the Altar of Salus another of AEsculapius presenting a little Cake which they called Sanitatem and being put into the hands of the Idol and taken out again was accounted Sovereign for many Diseases and a small Vase it may be the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or poculum Sanitatis The Temple of Mercury upon four Hermes's Over-head a Dog a Cock a Tongue Relig. Aug. for ☿ as the Inventor of Religion and Sacrifice was accounted the Genius of Piety and Religion with a Purse to shew the plentiful Provision for the Entertainment of his Temple by the Bounty of the Emperors A Dog Fidelity a Cock Vigilance and a Tongue Perswasiveness necessary to a Pontifex This God much worshipped by M. Aurelius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A King with a Diadem and Head-â—…e not unlike an Imperial one the name of the Kings of the Osdroenians Eddessenians c. which are parts of Arabia who seemed to be Christians and are divers of them called by the Fathers Viri Sancti 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Emperor presenting an Eagle to Cybele Attalus the Son of Polemon the great Sophister probably sent to the Emperor in behalf of his Country ruined by Earthquakes obtained great Succor for he repaired them and many other of those Asian Cities which worshipped the Goddess Cybele 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Two Athletes with Cestus's probably some Eminent Persons the Lacedemonians a People above all other addicted to Martial Exercises sent to the Emperor who also practised those Athletick Exercises very much to strengthen his Health as he did also Hunting and Hawking as his Father loved Fishing If it be enquir'd what kind of Hawking was then in use among the Romans whether like our Modern and of what Continuance that hath been I answer that it is out of my design to enter into such Discourses but that I am informed that a Person of Quality of this Nation hath an ancient Greek Author of this Subject ready for the Press 2. His Wife was Faustina a very beautiful and
to be expressed upon Coins Marcus triumphed over Sardiâ—…ia his Coin hath an Elephants Head perhaps for the famous Victory of L. Metellus over the Carthagians in Sicily A. V. C. 503. Caius sirnamed Caprarius Quintus called Balearicus because he triumphed over those Islands Lucius called Dalmaticus because he also tâ—…iumphed over Dalmatia P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica was called Q. Caecilius Metellus 〈◊〉 Scipio because adopted bv Q. Metellus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cn. Foul. Cn. Fulvius M. Metellus C A Calictus Q. Metellus M. Metellus Caecina A. Caecina Caesia L. Caecius Calidia patric M. Calidius Calpurnia patric branched into three Families Pisonum Bibulorum Pisonum frugi dicta à Calpo filio Numae regis L. Piso. L. F. frugi L. Piso frugi C. Piso. L. F. frugi M. Piso. M. F. frugi L. Bibulus C. N. CAEP C. N. Piso. C. N. Piso Triumvir Q. Piso Coepio Caninia had the Rebili Reguli Galli Labeones L. Caninius Gallus Triumvir L. Caninius Agrippa Duumvir Corinth Tempore Galbae Carisia T. Carisius P. Carisius Cassia had Sirnames Bicellini who were patric Iaeni Longini Plebeians Q. Cassius C. Cassius Longinus Triumvir L. Cassius Q. F. C. Cassiuâ— Celer Triumvir Coestia pleb L. Caestius Cipia M. Cipius Claudia had the Pulchri patric Min. Gent. and the Marcelli Plebeians M. Marcellus Cos. quiâ— quies C. Marcellus AP. Cla. T. M. Q. Aâ— Ti. Claud. Ti. F. AP. N. P. Clodius M. F. C. Clâ—dius C. Pulcher. Taurus Regulus Pulcher Triâ—umvir Clovia C. Clovius Cloulia Claelia patric C. Cloulius Cocceia M. Nerva Coelia pleb C. Coelius Caldus Caldus Triumvir C. Coil Cald. L. Coil Considia pleb C. Considius Paetus C. Considius Nâ—nianus Coponia C. Coponius Cordia M. Cordus Rufus Cornelia patric had many branches as the Blasiones Lentulos Scipiones Cinnas Sisennas Aquinos Sullas Cn. Blasio Cn. F. P. SULLA L. Sulla Sulla Cos. Felix Faustus Marcellinus i. e. Cn. Corn. Lentulus Marcellinus Lentulus MR. F. Lucius Lentulus Marc. Cos. Sisena Cn. Cornelius L. F. Cinna Lentulus Spinter P. Lent P. F. Cossus Lentulus Cossus Cn. F. Lentulus Balbus P. Cornelius Blasio The fifteenth and sixteenth Coins of this Family in F. Ursinus seem to be not of Sulla's Son but of Jugurth The one and thirtieth seems to be the Image of Corn. Cossas who An. U. C. 325. slew Lartes Tolumnius King of the Veientes Cornificia pleb C. Cornificius Augur Cosconia L. Cosconius M. F. Cossutia Q. Cossutius Maridianus Triumvir L. Cossutius Sabula Crepereia Q. Crepereius M. F. Rocus Crepusia P. Crepusius Cupiennia L. Cupiennius Curiatia pleb C. Curiatius Curtia Q. Curtius Didia T. Deidi T. Didius Imp. Domitia pleb habuit Calvinos Ahenobarbos Cn. Domitius L. Lic Cn. Domit Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus Domit. Cos. iter Imp. Durmia M. Durmius Triumvir Egnatia pleb C. Egnatius Cn. F. Cn. N. M. Egnat Q. Oct. Duumvir Egnatuleta L. Egnatuleius C. F. Eppia Eppius Scipionis Legatus in Africâ * Epria apâ—…d Seguin Eprius Marcellus Fabia patric had Labeones Maximos Pictores Q. Fabius Labeo Q. Maximus N. Fab. Pictor C. Fab. C. F. L. R. Q. M. L. Fab. L. F. Hisp. Fabrinia M. Fabrinius Fannia pleb M. Fan. C. F. M. Fan. L. C R I. Farsuleta L. Farsuleius Mensor Flaminia pleb L. Flamin Cilo L. Flamin Chilo L. Flamin IV vir Flavia pleb C. Flavii Hâ—…is Fonteia pleb C. Fontei MV Font. P. Fonteius Capito Triumvir Fufia pleb Q. Fufius Kalenus Fulvia pleb Cn. Foulvius Fundania pleb C. Fundanius Furia had Purpureones Crassipedes Philos patric Luscos Brocchos pleb Pur. L. Furius Purpureo P. Fourius Crassipes M. Fourius L. F. PHILI L. Furi Cn. F. Brocch Brocchi or Bronchi were such as had prominent Teeth Gallia G. Gallius Luperâ—…us Triumvir Gellia Cn. Gellius L. Gellius Poplicola Quaestor Antonii Herennia pleb had Balbos Gallos M. Herennius Hirtia A. Hirtius Horatia patric Cocles Hosidia C. Hosidius C. F. Geta Triumvir Hostilia L. Hostilius Sasernas some of them IIIVIRI their Reverse commonly the Head of Tullus Hostilius King of the Romans Itia L. Itius Julia had Caesares patric Bursiones L. Julius Sex Julius C. Caesar Dictator Caesar Triumvir R. P. C. Julius Bursio Junia was divided into divers Families whereof some were Patrician others Plebeian particularly into the Bruti Silani Brutus M. Juni C. Jun. C. F. D. Silanus L F. M. Silanus Brut. Imp. Q. Coepio Brutus Posthumius Albinus Bruti F. Decius Junâ—…us Brutus one of the Murderers of Julius Caesar was so called because adopted by Pohumius M. Silanus Labiena pleb Q. Labienus Parthicus Imp. Son of that Labienus who was Julius Caesar's Lieutenant who in the Civil Wars betwixt Caesar and Antony invited and conducted the Parthians into Asia and Syria c. and recovered those Countries from the Romans Licinia pleb had Crassos Nervas Murenas and Stolones L. MVRENA L. Lic P. Crassus P. Nerva A. Licinius Nerva Triumvir A. Licinius Nerva Silanus Triumvir P. Licinius Stolo Triumvir C. Licinius L F. Macer P. Crassus Junian Scipio's Lieutenant in Africk seems to be adopted by P. Licinius out of the Familia Junia Livineia P. Livineius Regulus L. Regulus Pulcher Taurus Regulus Livia pleb L. Salinator so called because he in his Censorship introduced the Gabel oâ—… Salt Lollia pleb M. Iâ—…llius Palikanus a seditiouâ—… Tribune of the people L. Lolliâ—…s Servius Lucilia pleb had Balbos Bassos Longos Capitones Blaesos Rufos M. Lucil. Rufus Lucretia was subdivided into other Families some whereof were Patrician others Plebeian Cn. Lucretius Trio L. Lucreti Trio pleb Luria M. Lurius Agrippa Triumvir Lutatia pleb Q. Lutatius Maecilia patric M. Maecilius Triumvir P. MEAâ—… P. Moecilius Tullus P. ME. NT M. F. Maiania Mainia Maenia C. Mini. Mamilia pleb C. Mamilius Lineatinus Manlia had both Patricians and Plebeians A. Manlius Q. F. T. M. A. P. C. L. Q V R. Titâ—… Manlius cum Appio Claudio Quaestor Urbanusâ—… L. Manlius L. Torquatus L. Torquatus Triumvir Maevia apud Seguinum non extat apud F. Ursinum L. Pollio Maevius the Head of the young Augustus â„ž a Star between the Horns of the Moon Marcia had Philippos Censorinos Libones pleb descended from Ancus Martius Philippus L. Philippus Q. Philippus L. Censorin C. Censor C. NARCI Cens. C. Marc. L. F. Censor Triumvir Q. Marc. Q. NARC F. L. R. Q. Marc. Libo Maria pleb had Gratidianos Capitones C. Mari. C. F. Capito Marius Pro-Triumvir C. F. Tro. Triumvir Memmia pleb C. Memmius C. F. L. Memmius Gal. L. C. Memmius Gal. Mescinia pleb L. Mescinius Rufus Triumvir Mettia M. Mettius Minatia M. Minatius Sabinus Mineia Elius Mines M. F. Minutia at first Patrician afterwards went into Plebeian F. Minutius C. F. Augur C. Aug. Q. Minutius Rufus L. Minutius Q Thermus M. F. Q. Min. M. Thermi filius Mucia pleb had Cordes Scaevolas Cordi Munatia had the Planci L. Munatius Plancus Mussidâ—…a L. Mussidius Longus L. Mussidius T. F. Longus Triumvir Naevia pleb had Balbos Surdinos C. NAE
Fishing-Iron and is drawn by Sea-Horses Mercury the Messenger of the Gods hath his Caduceus and Petasus his Hat and winged Staff a sign of Peace and Agreement with two Serpents round about because Mercury finding two Serpents a fighting as soon as he put his Rod betwixt them they became quiet The Rod was white and the Serpents one male and the other female and these Caducei were carried by those Ambassadors who were anciently call'd Caduceatores i. e. such as went to an Enemy or Enemies Country to make Peace with a Purse also either as the Inventor of Commerce or because the Monarch that hath his Purse well stuffed is Master of War and Peace There is dedicated to him a Dog for Fidelity a Cock for Vigilance and a Tongue for Perswasiveness the three Conditions of an Ambassador as he was of the Gods There is also but rarely found another Mercury without Wings yet with a Caduceus and a Sistrum This was the Egyptian Mercury or Hermes ancienter than that other of Arcadia To Bacchus is joyned the Tiger either for that a Tiger swom a River to assist him when driven into Fury by Juno or for that he was nourished by a Panther or Tigress He hath about him also Sileni Fauni Satyri c. Drunkenness creating such imaginations He is also crowned either with the Vine branches and Clusters of Grapes or with Ivy. He hath also Thyrsi or Lances wreathed about with Ivy-branches or sometimes with woolen Rubans There are also Liberae or She Bacchus's crown'd with Ivy as there is also Luna and Lunus He is the Egyptian Osyris Husband of Isis and the Ivy in the Egyptian Language is call'd Chenosyris or Osyris's Herb both are said to be born at Nisa both accompanied with a Serpent His Statues were naked and with Horns either because the Son of Hammon or that he is the Sun or to shew the Power of Wine Sometimes Bacchus is described with Horns as when he is call'd Hebo the God of the Campanians c. and he is call'd also Taurus for the Ancients expressed their Kings by a Bull who hath more of Regal qualifications than either Lyon or any other Beast and Horns were attributed to Bacchus upon that account for being supposed to be Noah he was the great Monarch of the World and Bachar in Hebrew whence the name Bacchus signifies an Ox. His Feasts or Ceremonies were the Bacchanalia Apollo is decipher'd commonly with a Tripos or Stool over a Cave whereon he that was to receive Answer to his Demand sate till he was inspired with a Harp also and Plectrum or short Instrument to strike the strings with a Laurel also and sometimes with a Sacrificing Tripos whose three feet signified the three parts of Time with a Crow and Swan also to represent by their Colours Day and Night for Apollo was the Sun whose Motion is the measure of Time There was also an Apollo Palatinus worshipped in Mount Palatine and is figured as representing the Senate being the Genius of that great Council Apollo Actius also is represented with a Sun before him and a Quiver of Arrows to intimate his Beams Many times also he is figured as a Goddess oâ—… Muse. § 6. Hercules is known by his Club Lyons Skin bushy Beard Bows and Arrows a Cup to drink in the Poplar-tree dedicated to him because great and strong When represented killing the Lyon not tearing his Jaws as Samson but breaking his Neck There is also a young Hercules call'd Aventinus without a Beard yet with a Club and Lyons-Skin Serapis an Egyptian God with a bushy Beard long Hair and a Measure upon his Head The Egyptians to most of their Gods but especially to Harpocrates the God of Silence joyneâ—… the Peach-tree the Leaf whereof they fansied like a Tongue and the Fruit like an Heart to shew they should go both together The Sun a young Head with Rays about it tho these also are sometimes about the Heads of the young Princes who were in their rising Glory from whence probably came the custom of Glories of holy or Eminent Persons Dii Penates two Faces one behind another with a Lace or narrow Ruban about their Heads Sometimes two Figures sitting with a Vulcan's Head because worshipped by the Fire-side and a Dog Two young Men on Horse-back rarely on Foot armed sometimes their Heads only but always covered commonly but not always with two Stars are Castor and Pollux who are said to have appear'd in that manner at the Lacus Juturnus after they had assisted A. Post humius fighting against the Latins at Lacus Regillus They feigned that they lived and dyed by course They representing the two Hemispheres the one above the other beneath us Triptolemus the Son of Osyris taught the Greeks Agriculture as Isis did the Egyptians and therefore known by having Ears of Corn in his Hand § 7. G. P. R. is Genius Populi Romani and they decipher him with a young Head a little Beard naked and a Staff with somewhat like a Flower-de-Luce upon it But they in flattery to their Emperors conceived them to be the Genius of the Commonwealth as appears by the Coins of most of the later Heathen Emperors But ordinarily the Genius of a City or Country was not so represented but naked with a Mans Head with one Tower for a City and more for a Country or People For they imagined that all Places Countries Cities c. all Persons even the Gods themselves had their Genius's or Angels to accompany them and for Cities the manner of adopting them is set down by Mr. Gregory out of Joan. Antiochenus thus Those who had a mind to build a City Castle c. caused their Astrologers to find out a fortunate Position of the Heavens under which the first stone might be laid The part of Fortune found out in this first Figure was made the Ascendent of another the first judged of the Duration the second of the Prosperity of the City Under the influence of this second Configuration they erected a Statue of Brass into which this Fortune or Genius of the City was to be invoked by Art i. e. by certain Sacrifices and Conjurations A pure Virgin was then sacrificed and a Statue of her set up and call'd by a new and secret Name and Sacrifice done to it by the Chief-Priest of the City Thus the Name of old Byzantium was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 when changed to Constantinople Anthusa The Name of Rome was always kept secret and when they went to besiege a Town they evoked this Genius by such Ceremonies as they were accustomed This Statue thus inspirited was placed in a convenient part of the City and look't upon as the only Concernment of it Such was the Palladium and divers others and these were call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vid. Cap. of the Pont. Max. Vid. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 § 8. Diana the Goddess of Hunters call'd also Berecynthia Isis
Their days then were 1. either atri unlucky days wherein it was not lawful to fight a Battel consult the People nor do any solemn Action not so much as to bury their deceased Parents such were the days immediately following the Calends Nones and Ides and the fourth day before the Calends Nones and Ides on the fourth day before the Nones of August was the great Defeat at Cannae 2. Other days were not atri and they were 1Ì„ Festi Holy-days consecrated to the Gods in them were Sacrifices to be offer'd Religious Banquets made and Games celebrated Some of them also were Feriae which were profaned if any labour was performed in them but what concerned either the Worship of the Gods or some urgent commodity of life as if an Ox fell into a pit or a Beam of the house broken or War brought suddenly upon them and those Feriae were α Publick and those 1. Stativae common to all the people upon certain set Days and Months and were marked in their Fasti on such were celebrated their Agonalia Carmentalia Lupercalia 2. Conceptivae which were every Year bidden or denounced by the Priests or Magistrates such were Latinae Paganalia Sementinae Compitalia 3. Imperativae which the Consuls or Praetors commanded upon occasion 4. Nundinae which were Fairs wherein the Country-people came to sell and buy β Privatae and those 1. of certain Families as of the Claudia AEmilia Julia Cornelia c. 2. Or of particular persons such were their Birth-days fulgurum susceptiones Funerals Expiations c. 2Ì„ Profesti or Working days wherein a man might dispatch any business publick or private and these were α Fasti wherein the Praetor might hear Causes and give Sentence or as they phrase it fari tria illa verba Do Dico Addico yet on these Days all Comitia or treating with the People were forbidden Nefasti were such Days wherein the Courts were not open β Comitiales in which they might both plead in the Courts and treat with the People γ Comperendini in quibus vadimonium dicere licet δ Stati Days appointed for hearing of Strangers ε Praeliares wherein they might demand their own by force and provoke the Enemy which it was not lawful to do in Latinarum Solenni in diebus Saturnaliorum nor cum mundus patet because that was dedicated to Dis and Proserpina and then they counted it unlawful either to raise march or exercise their Men to charge the Enemy but if the Enemy charged them it was accounted lawful to fight at any time to weigh Anchor to go to Sea or to marry a Wife 3Ì„ Intercisi such Days which were common both to the Gods and Men half Holy-days in some hours the Courts were open in some not § 8. And because frequent mention is made of their Comitia or General Assemblies perhaps it will be acceptable to you to know somewhat concerning them also Of the Divisions of the People and of their Comitia or General Assemblies There were two great and solemn Divisions of the People of Rome the first according to the place they lived in and thus they were divided into Tribus and Curias the second according to their Wealth and thus they were divided into Classes and Centurias After the Sabins were admitted into the City Romulus divided the City into three parts which he therefore call'd Tribus and the Governor of them Tribunos which Name also he imposed not only upon the Places but Inhabitants for divers of the Albani to the number of 3000 Foot and 300 Horse coming with Romulus to his new Colony he gave them Houses in a peculiar part of the City and made them into one Tribe which he call'd Ramnensis then Titus Tatius the King of the Sabins coming to live at Rome brought with him also many of his own Country whom he placed upon Mons Capitolinus and they were made another Tribe call'd Tatienses the rest of the people that inhabited betwixt the Mountains Palatinus and Capitolinus made up another Tribe and were call'd Luceres either because they came ad Lucum i. e. ad Asylum and so taken into the City or that they were Hetruscans that came with Luâ—…umo or Ardeates that came with Luceres and fixed in Rome afterwards Servius Tullus having enlarged the City divided it into four Regions or Tribes giving them Names not as Romulus from their Countries but from their places which were Palatina Suburana Esquilina and Collina and he forbad the Inhabitants of any one place to change their dwelling into another and this he did probably because he saw the Ramnenses and Tatienses to be far exceeded in number by the continual addition of new Comers who were all joined to the Luceres probably also he divided the Country about Rome which belonged to the Romans into 26 parts which made up so many Tribus Rusticas as some Authors say others as Varro Dionysius and Livy seem to think that he made not so many Tribus Rusticas and perhaps no more than fifteen and their Names were Romilia Remonia Pupinia Veintina Galeria Pollia Voltinia AEmilia Cornelia Fabia Menenia Papiria Sergia Veturia and that which afterwards A. U. C. 249. was call'd Claudia Afterwards A. U. C. 258. Claudius and Servilius being Consuls two more were added which seem to be Crustumina and Ocriculana Anno 369. four more were added Stellatina Tormentina Sabalina and Arniensis Anno 395. two more Pomptina and Poplilia or Popillia or Poblilia Again An. 421. two others Maecia and Sceptia Anno 435. Ufentina and Falarina Anno 454. Aniensis and Terentia and lastly Anno 512. Uclina and Quirina which made up the number 35 which number never alter'd These 16 last were not in agro Romano but either in Sabino or in Umbria or in Latium or in Campania or in Hetruria for Ufentina was so call'd from the River Ufens near Terracina and Arniensis from the River Arnus and seems to have been about Florence and they were constituted according as they received more and more Nations to be Citizens of Rome It is to be noted That tho the Tribes seem at first of all to have receiv'd their Names from the Places yet divers of them had other Names from Persons as the Horatia Papia Camilla c. were anciently and Julia Flavia Ulpia c. were modernly Names of some of these Tribes Also in the Country he built upon the strongest Hills and Places certain Castles which he call'd Pagos whither the Country-people might resort and be in safety in the time of any Invasion which Pagi also were dedicated to some God to whom once in the Year all that belong'd to that Pagus Men Women and Children brought a certain piece of Money which was receiv'd by him that had Charge of the Pagus whereby he knew the number of all that belong'd to that Pagus and defray'd the Charges of the Sacrifices and Pagus These Feasts or Holy-days were call'd Paganalia Afterwards this Manner and Government was quite
wherein to observe their Holy-days and Ceremonies which were govern'd by the Curio Maximus and the Flamines Curiales They had also Jurisdiction in the Cognizance of divers Civil Causes as such as concern'd Adoptions which were commonly perform'd before them in Comitiis Curiatis Such were Causes Matrimonial Causes Testamentary Sepulchral and Funeral for none might without their leave remove a dead Body out of its Sepulcher or renew a Monument c. They had anciently Immunitatem à Muneribus i. e. from Taxes c. which afterwards was taken from them and restrained only to Immunity from extraordinary Taxes They had Sellam Curulem Togam praetextam the Triumphers had Togam pictam and might not ride in the City but in a Chariot § 14. The Rex Sacrorum and Flamines tho not Pontifices yet were so joyn'd to the College of the Pontifices that they commonly sate in Judgment with them and some say in this Order 1 Rex Sacrorum 2. Dialis 3. Martialis 4. Quirinalis 5. Pontifex Maximus but this Marshalling is very doubtful for Livy saith expresly that the Pont. Max. took place of the Rex Sacrorum because they would not joyn preheminence to that Name As to their Sacrifices and holy Ceremonies there was not so great difference betwixt the Pontifices Majores and Pont. Max. as in other things there was for besides that he was Head and Chief and as it were Dean of the College presiding in all their Meetings and answering for them when ever any thing was referr'd to or demanded of them and consequently Head of all that Estate of Sacred persons whereby he had Power to convoke the People propose to them and ask their Suffrages and as some say Leges ferre especially concerning Religious matters insomuch that the Comitia Centuriata and Curiata were in a manner wholly his wherein were chosen all the chief Officers of their Religion whom he also inaugurated even the Rex Sacrorum himself who else was the chief of them all yet was his Priesthood under the Pont. Max. Ne additus nomini honos aliquid officeret libertati saith Livy l. 2. Besides all these things he chose the Vestal Virgins 20 in number and in his custody were fatale Imperii Pignus in Penu Vestae which were seven in number Acus Matris Deûm Quadriga fictilis Veientinorum cineres Orestis i. e. Priami Sceptrum Ilione Palladium Ancilia To the Pont. Max. also belong'd the Tensae Curricula Praecentio ludi libationes Epulaeque ludorum pubblicorum He began all their sacred Hymns and Processions and all other religious Ceremonies He also confecit magnos Annales i. e. writ upon whited Tables what was done every Year and exposed it publickly at his House that all might read it And in what State and Splendor he lived the Proverb of Coena Pontificia shews sufficiently The Ministers of the Pontifices were the III-viri afterwards the VII-viri Epulonum whose Office was to take care of the Solemn Games and if any thing was omitted or wrong done to advertise the Pontifices of it and to provide for the Epulare Sacrificium or holy Feast made of the Sacrifices at those Games their Ensign upon a Coin of L. Plancus is Urceolus or an Ewer Virgines saliae who assisted at the Sacrifices in the Regiâ Camilli were Youths ingenui that served the Priest at Sacrificing and are commonly decipher'd holding a Box of Incense in their hands Apparitores or Kalatores Lictores Scribae most of them Libertini 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 à libris Pontificalibus Decuria Curiatia Tibicines who play'd and Ludii that danced at their Sacrifices instead of whom in their Colonies was Petreia an Antick that led their Ceremonies in the Habit of an old drunken Woman Popae that slew Victimarii that dressed their Sacrifices Incinerarius that brought the Embers and kindled the fire Jecorus and Aruspex Pontificis that stood by ordered the Sacrificed and viewed the Liver Fictores probably such as sold Images of Flower or Wax to such as were not able by reason of poverty to buy living beasts Nomenclatores Tensarum Jugares such as assisted in ordering the Tensae CHAP. VIII Of Countries Colonies Places § 1. SPain upon their Coins is sometimes like a Soldier on Horse-back with a Lance sometimes on Foot with a round Buckler and two Darts the Weapons of that Country sometimes a Woman with a Rabbet of which was so great plenty heretofore in Spain that whole Towns have been undermined by them and Galen thought they were proper to that Country Deus Hispanus or their Tutelar God is a full Face with short curled Hair and a Collar of Pearls about his Neck Africa a Womans Head tired with the Skin of an Elephants Head sometimes also beside her a Scorpion Basket of Herbs and Ears of Corn. Sometimes also a Serpent before an Elephant who is said by his hot Breath to draw them out of their Holes and so devour them Sometimes with G. T. A. Genius Tutelaris Africae Mauritania and in Hadrian's Money Mauretania a Woman in a Soldiers Habit leading an Horse commonly without a Bridle Infraenes Numidae Virg. calls them and a Switch in the other hand Italy sometimes like a Woman crowned with Towers sitting on a Globe to signifie the Command of the World sometimes with a Cornucopia § 2. Roma owing her Name to a Woman call'd Rhome for when the Trojans lay lurking at the Mouth of Tiber and made Inroads into the Country their Wives troubled at that manner of living by the Counsel of Rhome when the men were gone abroad to forrage burnt the Ships whereupon perforce they built a City and call'd it Roma sometimes therefore a Woman armed sitting on seven Mountains or on an heap of Arms with a Wolf suckling Romulus and Remus and a Bird or two call'd Picus Martius consecrated to Mars their Father Sometimes a young Head to shew its perpetuity and eternal Vigour armed also for strength Germania a Woman with a Lance and Shield like a Rhombus with the acute Angles cut off which it seems was the defensive Arms of most Countries thereabouts Sicilia is figured by three Legs in a Triangle because of the three Promontories Pelorum Pachorum Lilybaeum with Ears of Corn to shew its Fertility Judaea and Phoenicia with a Palm-tree Armenia with a Persian Quiver of Arrows Arabia a Camel Corinth and Syracuse her Colony a Pegasusâ—… Cyrene the Plant Silphium a gross Stem with two or three branches at the top like a round Ball because thence the best Laserpitium either the Gum or the coagulated Juice of that Plant which some conceive to be Benzoin Egypt a Woman holding a Sistrum a Musical Instrument like a Racket of Iron or'Brass in the sides of it loose Wyres or Irons with thick ends that they might not slip out of the holes and give also a greater sound the Sistrum being held by the handle and shaken to and again in a certain Measure made such
given ordinarily to the General who had gain'd a Naval Victory with great labour and industry Navalis of Gold given to such a Soldier as first boarded an Enemies Ship If any one killed an Enemy in any Velitation or pickering when they fought man to man he was rewarded with a Spear without a head call'd Hasta pura The Gods also are frequently described with such in their hands in imitation whereof perhaps might be that custom in our Country of the Principal Court-Officers carrying white Rods or Staves as Ensigns of their places If any one had done a more valiant and singular Action if a Foot-Soldier he had a Bracelet given him if an Horse-man a Chain made with Links or Rings to wear about his Neck whence seems to proceed the Honour of wearing Gold Chains or Phalerae which seem not to have been Trappings as we call them but rather Plates hanging down upon the Breast of the Horse CHAP. XI Of their Games § 1. GAMES at first were instituted as parts of Devotion and Worship of their Gods and therefore always begun and ended with Sacrifices And these were celebrated either amongst the Graecians or Romans Of the Graecians under which also are comprehended the Asiatick I have spoken somewhat before I shall only add that they were either Occasional as upon the coming of the Emperor or some other great Solemnity or Set they were call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which was no more than a great Concourse or Meeting of People and therefore besides their Acts of Devotion at these 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 were their great Fairs or Markets all sorts of Contentions as Running Leaping Chariot-driving Wrestling Disputes in Philosophy Quinquennale certamen more Graeco triplex Musicum Gymnicum Equestre Suet. Nero. c. 12. See more also of their Hieronica or Sacred Agonists Suet. Ner. Cc. 24 25. and hither even banished persons had liberty to come The Charges of the Sacrifices and publick Entertainments were sometimes born by one City which was then 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sometimes by a whole Community On the Reverses of the Money of the later Emperors we find frequently VOT V. X. XX. c. The meaning whereof is That such a City or Province had vowed publick Games if the Emperor reigned V. X. or XX years which did not always signifie that they were fulfilled Votis V. mult X. is by some interpreted Votis Quinquennalibus multiplicatis in Decennalia i. e. the Games and Rejoycings were to be celebrated both the fifth and tenth years of the Emperors Reign But in some it is plainly as in Julian the Apostata's Coins Votis V multis X which is meant that many Cities vowed Games again at the End of the tenth year of his Reign if it should continue so long This manner of Vowing was in use amongst the Ancients when any of their Generals went to War c. See the form of it in Liv. l. 36. when they undertook the War against Antiochus Pompeius was the first who being sick was honoured with publick Vows for his Recovery Liv. l. 21. Dic. l. 45. Amongst other Vows in greatest Danger was a Ver sacrum i. e. that whatever Sheep Pecus quodcunque should be yeaned betwixt Kal. March and Kal. May should be sacrificed See the Form in Liv. l. 22. At length all Vows were converted into Flattery to the Emperors and these were conceived every new year on the Kal. Jan. and III. Non. and they were first made in the Camp by the Soldiers then in the Capitol by the Priests and Magistrates Some again were Vota Natalium others Decennalia Vicenalia c. Of which vid. Dio. l. 53. and at last they came to that excess that the people vowed at all times and upon all occasions for the Emperors safe Journey and Return for his Health Family Fecundity of his Wife c. and in all their Epistles to the Emperor they signified that they did Vota facere for him L and sometimes tho seldom Λ upon their Coins seems to signifie Lustrum as L Ε Lustrum quintum i. e. there being Ludi quinquennales instituted in the Honour of such an Emperor this was coined in the fifth Lustrum I am not satisfied in this Interpretation but know no better I had it from Sir J. Marsham § 2. But to come to the Roman Games of which we have more certainty and knowledge and of these there were divers sorts Not to mention the Munera which were given for the Solemnization of Funerals and other occasions and were Fightings of Gladiators or men with Beasts and the like Ludi or Games some were at the Charges of private Persons some at the publick Private were for the performing of such a Vow gaining the good will of the People in suing for an Office or perform'd by inferior Magistrates of such Money as they were to bring into the Treasury and such like Publick were either extraordinary such as were vowed by some chief Magistrate and by Authority of the Senate Pr. LVPF Praetor ludos votivos publicos fecit upon Occasion of some War for the setling or continuing of the Properity of the Commonwealth for the averting of the Pestilence Famine or the like for the happy Return of the Emperor for the aversion of the Omen of such Prodigies for some favor of the Gods and many of the same sort Of the ordinary some were every year some every fifth year some every hundreth year as the Ludi Saeculares Some were Circenses in Circo Amphitheatrales in Amphitheatro cavea â—…rena which were Gladiators fighting with Beasts and the like Theatrales in Theatro such were Comedies and Tragedies Pantomimi Conâ—…entions in Musick Fidicines Citharoedi Singers 〈◊〉 the Cithara Citharistae Players on the Cithaâ—… Lyristae Tibicines These play'd in Odeo a â—…articular place the Musick-room of the â—…heatre Besides these were Circulatores who shew'd â—…easts of Activity Palaestrae in Gymnasiis I will speak only of the chiefest and such only as are explain'd by or set â—…on Medals and first of the Ludi Saeculares which were the chiefest § 3. When Tullus Hostilius was King of Rome and Metius Suffetius Dictator of the Albani those two Cities began a dangerous War for Superiority and as they were ready to joyn Battel a certain Spectrum appear'd to both Armies telling them that Dis Pater and Proserpina commanded before they fought to sacrifice to them both on an Altar under ground and so vanish'd The Romans affrighted with this Prodigy sent into the City presently dug a hole in the ground 〈◊〉 Campus Martius near the River made an Altar sacrificed and cover'd the hole again with the Earth so that none except the Romans knew of it The place was call'd Terentum because the River there wore away the Earth And hence it came that that War was determin'd with so little slaughter by the Fight of the Togemini 3 Horatii against 3 Curiatii This Altar was discover'd a long time after in the
to Antinous his Boy She had no Children endeavouring not to have any left as she said she should of that Man breed a Plague to Mankind 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Temple with a Semicircular 〈◊〉 in the midst the Umbilical Image of Venus Paphien on the top a Crescent with the Morning Star as to the Moon on either side a Dog watching as to Hecate or Diana intimating that Sabina was Diana for Chastity the Moon for Brightness and Beauty and Venus for Fecundity 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Two Fishes which seem to be the Pelamides or young Tunny-fish before a Year old which is there caught the best and in great abundance Of his Sisters none named but Paulina married before Trajans Adoption to C. Jul Servilius Ursus Servianus She died before Adrian not any Medals mentioned of hers nor that she was called Augusta 3. He had a Favorite and Ganimede called Antinous born in Bithynium or Claudiopolis the Capital City of Bithynia for whose sake he favoured much that Country who as some say to avert some Dangers fore-signified by certain Dreams and Prodigies from the Emperor or as others that the Emperor might by his Intrails be resolved in some difficult matter was content to be Sacrificed for such Affection of his Hadrian heaped upon him all the Honours he possibly could calling Flowers Stars Cities Games Sacrifices by his Name and building Temples to him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ℞ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A young Man seeming to be Antinous with winged Feet and a Pedum or feeding Staff and sometimes a Caduceus representing Mercury and with his right Hand pointing to a Cow intimating probably the Descent and Original of that wretched Boy whom some call Philasius and feign him to be of the Progeny of Hercules Antinous's Head 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ℞ an Upupa or Houpe in a Crown of Laurel 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 That was ordinarily a sign of Piety towards the Gods and Parents 4. Hadrian being Sick adopted L. Aurelius Ceionius Commodus Verus who afterwards took the name of L. AElius Verus it should seem for his Beauty he was Learned and of excellent Discourse governed Pannonia with Reputation but his manner of living was Effeminate and Luxurious being very Sickly he died before Hadrian leaving a Daughter Fadia and a Son L. Ceionius AElius Commodus Verus who afterwards reigned with M. Aurelius AElius Caesar ℞ Pannonia presenting an Ensign or Cornet to him lying along in form of the River Danubius intimating that that River was not advantageous to them but by his Aid Angeloni saith his Wives Name was Lucilla and that it is she we see upon Medals with six Children about her with Faecunditas Aug. but this is not likely that she should be Augusta and not her Husband besides that no History mentions it to be so CHAP. IX Of T. AElius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius Aurelius Fulvius Boionus Antoninus called before 1. ARrius Son of Aurelius Fulvius and Arria Fadilla was born A. C. 87. reigned twenty two Years six Months died aged Seventy four Years six Months A. C. 162. When Hadrian felt himself declining and not knowing whom to chuse as he was coming one day to the Senate he saw this Antoninus sustaining his Aged and Impotent Father and conducting him into the Senate with which Action Hadrian was so much pleased that he immediately adopted him having no Relation before to him or his Family He was the best of all the Emperors of an excellent Understanding Knowing Eloquent Taciturn but Cheerful Skilful in governing Courteous Bountiful Moderate and Chast. Tho he spent most of his time in the Country yet he governed the Empire very well with great Vigilance Justice Activity Clemency and Prudence Being blamed by his Wife for giving too little of his own Inheritance to a Servant he answered Stulta postquam ad imperium transivimus illud quod habuimus ante perdidimus He punished but one for Treason and forbad also to enquire of his Complices and was very kind to his Son Either because of his Piety towards the Gods or his observance of Hadrian or the saving of many Senators Lives whom Hadrian commanded to be killed the Senate gave him the Surname of Pius which with the addition of Felix P. F. the succeeding Emperors continually used Magnifick Games called Pialia were made in his Honor. He sacrificed in his own Person ordinarily every day blamed the Heathens for imputing the causes of publick Calamities to the Christians Genio Pop Rom. It was not lawful to publish the name of the Genius of Rome as long as it was a Commonwealth but afterwards the Emperors were esteemed the Genius of it and that they were animated by the Spirit of the Gods immediately for we see Genius Caesaris by which they frequently swore Genio Senatus it should seem was coined in Honour of him when he gave liberty to the Senators to dispose of all their Goods by Will whereas Caesar before had restrained them to half to the other half the Emperor succeeding Alexandria the chief City of Egypt and second of the Empire holding in one Hand either a Book as the chief place for Learning or some square Packet for Merchandise in the other Ibis a black Stork that devoured their Serpents and was Sacred to Mercury Laetitia Cos. IIII. which was the Year when M. Aurelius espoused Faustina and gave great Donatives even to the Soldiers made great shews c. as appears by many of his Medals Annona Cos. IIII. c. two Goddesses the one taller which was Faustina the Mother for their Heroes they figured about a third part taller than the ordinary Stature and the Gods double to ordinary Persons holding in her Hand Ears of Corn for whereas before her Death there was a great Famine and presently after great Plenty they attributed it to her then deified that she had obtained it for them of the Gods hereupon the Emperor gave the People a Congiary the other lesser as being yet Mortal which was Faustina married to M. Aurelius with a Ball in her Hand because the World was her Dowry or Venus her Apple This young Faustina was also after her Death worshipped as a younger Ceres her Mother being the Elder and Ceres or Corn is the great cause of publick Joy Pietati Senatus giving them thanks for their Decree of the Surnames of Pius and Pater Patriae His Head ℞ SPQR A. N. F. F. Optimo Princip that Annum novum Faustum foelicem A Jupiter veiled over a Goddess Juno as flying and holding a Globe over either a Star signifying Antoninus and Faustina 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Jupiter at Trallae he received the first Omen of his Empire the Priestess of Jupiter instead of saluting him ave Proconsul saying ave Imperator 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. a Mount two Temples c. as described by Josephus called Hermon afterwards Panium because of a Famous Temple of Pan under it the City Paneas anciently called Dan because of
Advice of his Master looked Westwards upon the House-tops c. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Julis a City in the Isle Ceum Three Nymphs naked perhaps the Graces or some other Nymphs there worshipped 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Diana or rather Mariniana like Fortune 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Valerian's Head â„ž 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The God Lunus with Horns upon his Shoulders an Hunting Spear in his left hand a Discus or some such thing in his right an Oxe's Head at his Foot Seguin Some Historians say that he had two Wives by the first whose name is not known he had Gallienus by the other called Mariniana probably the 〈◊〉 of Carvilius Marinus Licinius Valerianus who was first Caesar and afterwards Augustus after her death she was Consecrated of which there are Medals 2. There rebelled against Valerian Marcus Cyriades the Son of a rich Syrian who being Chid by his Father for his Debauches robb'd his Cossers fled into Persia and there perswaded first Odenatus and afterwards Sapor to invade the Romans Sapor's Army he Commanded took Antiochia Caesarea and many other Places slew his own Father called himself Augustus and was at length slain by the Treachery of his own Soldiers Gallienus after the departure of his Father having the charge of the West and being busied in repelling the Germans who invaded Gallia Ingenuus General in Pannonia rebelled and declared himself Augustus against whom Gallienus fought near Murcia and conquering him he slew himself Q. Nonius Regilianus gathered up in Maesia the scattered Troops of Ingenuus where he commanded some Legions for defence of the Country against the Sarmatae he was declared Emperor as it were in Jest one declining Rex Regis Regi Regilius Regilianus as if thereby destined to reign Though a very Valiant and against the Sarmatae a very Fortunate Captain yet Gallienus came upon him and overcame him His Soldiers to make their Peace the better slew him He was consecrated as his Medals intimate 3. M Fulvius Macrianus by his Prudence Valor Constancy and Integrity came to be of such Authority that Valerian at his departure into the East committed the Charge of the Armies unto him Valerian being taken and the Soldiers wanting a Commander they chused him Balista refusing it because of his Age Emperor with his two Sons Macrianus and Quietus Having therefore settled the East as well as he could he left Balista and Odenatus to fight against the Persians Himself with his Son Macrianus and an Army of Forty thousand chosen Men came for Italy but in Illyricum were fought and by Aureolus who there made himself Emperor pretending it was by the consent of Gallienus and his Lieutenant-General Domitius Domitianus they were vanquished and slain M. Fulvius Macrianus the Son was for his extraordinary Strength and Valor though young made a Tribune by Valerianus Some Medals both of the Father and Son C. Fulvius Quietus being left in the East with Balista recovered a great part of the Country to the Romans but after the loss of his Father and Brother Aureolus sent Odenatus to sight against them who slew at Emesa Balista and the Emesians slew Quietus after their Defeat Servius Anicius Balista Praefectus Praetorii to Valerian an exceeding prudent valiant Person after Macrianus's Defeat suffered himself to be made Emperor he won very great Victories over the Persian forcing him to fly to the utmost Desarts of his Kingdom taking also his Treasures and Wives but was afterwards slain by Odenatus Some but few Medals of Quietus and him 4. Odenatus was first General of the Palmyrenians and took part with the Persians against the Romans but was afterwards by Valerianus won over to the Romans and when he went against the Persians his Country-men made him King afterwards Gallienus made him Emperor because of his vindicating the East from the Persians He was exceedingly Prudent Valiant c. but above belief Indefatigable having been the greatest Hunter of all the East He drove Sapor beyond Ctesiphon which he took with all his Wives Satraps and Treasure which so enraged Sapor that he fleaed Valerian and filled up a Valley with the Bodies of the Captive Romans which he there slew and marched over them Odenatus after that fought with him and overcame but was at last together with his Son Herodes or Herodianus slain by his Nephew Maeonius for Odenatus and he being together on Hunting and a wild Beast coming upon them two Odenatus forbad the young Man to strike saying himself would slay it notwithstanding Maeonius slew it and this he did several times after he was chid which made the Emperor take his Horse from him and make him go on foot which in that Country was a great Disgrace Maeonius therefore threatned Revenge his Uncle put him in Irons whence after a few days by the Intercession of Herodes he was delivered in requital whereof he slew both of them at a Banquet Himself for his detestable Life being by his own Friends shortly after slain Odenatus had Herodes by a former Wife by Zenobia who was thought consenting to the Murther that her Sons might come to the Crown Herennianus and Timolaus Herodes or Herodianus was though Valiant altogether unlike his Father being given to the Luxury and Delicateness of the Asiaticks which his Father bore withall very much giving him all Sapor's Concubines and Jewels Some Medals of them both that is Odenatus and Herodes He seems to have had a Son called Hermias Vaballathus 5. P. Valerius Valens a wise valiant and experienced Man set over Achaia by Gallienus when Macrianus was declared Emperor in the East there being great Jealousies and ancient Emulations betwixt them Macrianus sent Piso to destroy him he to avoid the Designs of Macrianus made himself be called Augustus by his Soldiers and so when Piso came he slew him but was himself also after a while slain by his own Soldiers Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi of the Ancient Nobility of great Worth also and Integrity and in so great Veneration that Valens himself was sorry for his Death and the Senate consecrated him as being the ablest and worthiest Person in the whole Empire Being sent by Macrianus against Valens he came into Thessaly where finding Valens Emperor to save himself from him he also called himself Augustus and received the Surname of Thessalius but was slain there Tiberius Cestius Alexander AEmylianus was Governor of Egypt whither Equites only were sent because of the Levity of that People in chusing Princes was chosen Emperor in a Sedition at Alexandria He purged the Country of Thieves and prepared for an Expedition towards the East but was set upon by Theodotus whom Gallienus sent with an Army against him being constrained to retire into Alexandria â—…e there endured a great Siege but at last Theodotus got the City by Treachery and took AEmylianus alive and sent him to Gallienus where he was Strangled in Prison 6. Sextus Julius
Croatia His Wife was said to be Julia Procla no Hiâ—…y nameth her Seguinus hath set out a Coin 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 her Head with an unusual dress 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whether it were this or no or who it was he knoweth not 2. M. Aurelius Carus was born A. D. was chosen after Probus reigned about one Year was slain by Thunder not much unlike or inferior to Probus only more Ambitious and less Religious than he suffering himself to be siâ—…ed upon his Medals Deo ac Domino nostro Caro. Going against the Persians they sent an Ambassade to him who found him lying on the Grass at Dinner upon salt Pork and Pease after they had told their Message he bid them tell their Master that if he did him not Reason in a short space he would make his Kingdom as bare as his Head shewing them withal hid bald Head and envited the Ambassadors to Dinner who returning with their answer the King came in Person and yielded to all Carus demanded Finding the Soldiers mutining against Probus whose Praefectus Praetorii he was and that they practised to make himself Emperor he informed Probus desiring liberty to retire but Probus would not suffer him Probus being Murdered he revenged his death severely Afterwards defeated the Sarmatae and afterwards the Persians in Mesopotamia thence he entred Assyria took Ctesiphon and Seleucia after which he became Sick and after a great Thunder-storm was found dead in his Tent. He was Consecrated 3. M. Aur. Numerianus younger Son of Carus was by him made Caesar at his first being Emperor and Augustus after the Victory over the Sarmatae He accompanied his Father into Persia servived some Months and was Murdered by Arrius Aper his Father-in-Law He was the best Orator and Poet of his time besides of wonderful Magnanimity Sufficiency and Virtue He so much lamented the death of his Father that it brought a Rheum into his Eyes so that he was forced continually to March in his Litter closed which occasion Aper took to Murder him at his return from Conquering the Persians and taking Babylon which was not known till betray'd by the Smell He was Consecrated Virtus Augustorum Numerianus and Carinus fighting against their Enemies many of whom lie dead under them The Name of his Wife is not known he had a Son called Basiliscus a great Persecutor of the Christians as both himself and Father were Julianus Sabinus after the death of Carus made himself Emperor near the Veneti he was Corrector Venetorum which was the same with Governor he was overthrown and slain by Carinus going to fight Diocletian 4. A. Aurel. Carinus was born at Narbone about A. D. 250. was made Caesar and Augustus at the same time with his Brother Numerianus he reigned about two Years six Months and was slain about the Age of thirty six Years not unlike in Disposition to Gallienus save that he was more Cruel and Lustful and Gallien more Ingenious and Handsome he had nine Wives all which he cast off successively slew an incredible number of Persons without cause His Father hearing of his ill Carriage said he was not his Son and intended to send Constantius Chlorus to succeed him Hearing that Diocletian reigned instead of his Brother he went to fight him in Pannonia where after having overcome him he was slain by his own Officers for his evil Carriage especially towards their Wives Eugenius a Tribune having fifteen hundred Men to cleanse the Port of Seleucia was by them forced to take upon him to be Emperor the same Night they seized upon Antioch where the People slew them and Eugenius among them But Diocletian most cruelly punished these two Cities for this Rebellion as afterwards Egypt for creating Achilleus of whom before M. Aurel. Julianus is named by some Authors little known of him CHAP. XXIV Of Diocletianus Valerius Maximianus C. Carausius Allectus Constantius Chlorus Galerius Maximianus Valerius Severus Alexander Maximinus Daza Valerius Maxentius Bassianus C. Julius Valens Licinianus Licinius Valerius Licinianus Licinius Calocerus Fl. Delmatius Jul. Delmatius Claudius Hanniballianus § 1. C. Valer. Diocletianus called before Diocles was born of his Father a Freed-man of Anulinus a Senator and his Mother called Dioclea in Dioclea a City of Dalmatia about A. D. 245. reigned twenty Years quitted the Empire and lived retired in his own Country nine Years Afterwards killed himself for fear of Constantine and Licinius at the Age of sixty eight Years was extraordinary Cunning and Subtile distrustful of his Friends horribly Cruel and Insolent making himself be called God and Jupiter also Dominus a Name hateful to the Romans and clothed with the greatest Splendor possible To encourage the Worship of himself he endeavored to extirpate Christianity From a private Soldier he came to be Master of the Palace to Carus and Numerian and finding Numerian Murdered by Aper he presently slew him upon which the Soldiers proclaimed him Emperor His horrid Cruelties which notwithstanding he sought to father upon Maximian obscured his good Actions the Persecution against the Christians he began upon occasion of an Oracle of Apollo who said he could not speak truth because of the Just he asking who were those Just it was answered the Christians thereupon he began to persecute them and spared not his own Wife Serena or any of his Friends who refused to worship Idols But seeing the great number of Christians he ordained to put out one of their Eyes Seeing it impossible for one Man to defend the Empire he chused Val. Maximianus his old Acquaintance and asterward Galerius Maximianus and Constantius Maximian he sent into Gallia against Amandas and AElianus Rebels whom he Conquered but was forced to compound with Carausius who reigned in Britanny Mean while Diocletian Conquered Achilleus in Egypt and afterwards sent Maximianus against some Rebels in Africk whom he reduced and Galerius Maximianus against the Persians who beat him but returning with more Strength upon them he Conquered them Diocletian went against the Saracens The great Cause of their good Fortune was their Concord which outwardly was inviolable though there was inward Grudgings amongst them all by the Authority and Cunning of Diocletian who at last seeing the great Success of Galerius and the Valor and good Fortune of Young Constantine began to suspect his own Condition and fearing in his old Age to come to misery by one or other of those young Men he quitted the Empire at Nicomedia Herculius Maximianus doing the same the same day at Milan both using the same words Recipe Jupiter quod commodasti He died some say in continual Apprehensions of being destroyed by Lightning which his Palace once was others say that Constantine Marrying his Sister to Licinius invited him to the Marriage which he refusing they sent some threatening words in as much as he favored Maximian and Maxentius fearing therefore they should put him to some shameful Death he poisoned himself Jovi invicto Aug. communicating to Jupiter his Attribute of Augustus