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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
country_n	call_v	great_a	lake_n	1,464	5	9.8196	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A67007	An essay toward a natural history of the earth and terrestrial bodies, especially minerals : as also of the sea, rivers, and springs : with an account of the universal deluge : and of the effects that it had upon the earth / by John Woodward ...	Woodward, John, 1665-1728.	1695 (1695)	Wing W3510; ESTC R1666	113,913	296

Water which covered the Earth at the Deluge the Terrestrial Matter which first subsided as in Consect 3. supra did not fill the said Cavity and descend quite down to the Center but stop'd at that distance from it forming an arched Expansum or rather a Sphere around it which is now the lowest Stratum and Boundary of that vast Conceptacle of Water As also how this Water was raised at the Deluge by what Issues or Outlets it came forth what succeeded into the room of it whilst absent and which way it returned back again By what means the Strata of Stone and Marble acquired such a Solidity as soon as the Matter whereof they consist had subsided and was well settled to the bottom as in Consect 4. of this Part. What was the immediate Agent which effected that Disruption of the Strata and their Dislocation afterwards whereof in Consect 6. of this Part. And because there have been some Conjectures formerly started by Learned Men about the Formation of Sand-Stone the Origin of Mountains and of Islands that are repugnant to what I have here advanc'd upon those Subjects I am obliged to look a little into the Reasons of them and that they may not remain as Obstacles to those who are less skilfull in these things I shall weigh their Arguments detect the Invalidity of them and prove against them That the Sand-Stone now in being is not as old as the Earth it self nor hath it been consolidated ever since the Creation of the World as some Authors have believed That Sand-Stone does not now grow by Iuxtaposition as they speak that is by continual Addition of new Matter in like manner as the Bodies of Animals and of Vegetables grow and are augmented as others were of Opinion That Sand-Stone does not still consolidate i.e. that Matter which was a few Years ago lax incoherent and in form of Earth or of Sand does not become daily more hard and consistent and by little and little acquire a perfect Solidity and so turn to Stone as others have asserted That the Mountains of our Earth have not had being ever since the Creation and stood as long as the Earth it self as some Writers have thought That the said Mountains were not raised successively and at several times being flung up or elevated by Earthquakes some at one time and some at another as those Earthquakes happened That these are so far from raising Mountains that they overturn and fling down some of those which were before standing and undermine others sinking them into the Abyss underneath That of all the Mountains of the whole Globe which are very numerous and many of them extremely large and consequently cannot be supposed to have been all thus raised without the Notice of Mankind yet there is not any authentick Instance in all History of so much as one single Mountain that was heaved up by an Earthquake That the new Mountain in the Lucrine Lake not far from Pozzuolo in Italy called Monte di Cinere which is alledged by the Fautors of this Opinion as an instance in behalf of it was not raised thus the Relators of that Accident as well those who were then living as they who wrote since unanimously agreeing that this Tumulus or Hill is no other than an huge heap of Stones Cinders Earth and Ashes which were spued up out of the bowels of the Earth by the Eruption of a Volcano which happened there in the Year 1538. And though this Eruption was preceded by several Earthquakes the Country all round having been frequently shaken for almost the space of two years before as those of AEtna Vesuvius and Hecla usually are yet this Hill was not elevated or heaved up by any of those Earthquakes but the Matter whereof 't is compiled discharged out of the Volcano as af●●●said in like manner as AEtna Vesuvius and the rest fling forth Stones Cinders c. upon any extraordinary Eruption of them That there have not been any Islands of note or considerable extent torn and cast off from the Continent by Earthquakes or severed from it by the boisterous Allision of the Sea That Sicily Cyprus the Negropont and many more which have been supposed by some to be only dismembered parcels of the Main-land and anciently parted from it by one or other of these means yet really never were so but have been Islands ever since the time of the Noetick Deluge Unto this Second Part I shall annex A Discourse concerning the Trees which are commonly called Subterranean Trees or Fossil Wood and which are found in great plenty buried amongst other Vegetable Bodies in Mosses Fens or Bogs not only in several Parts of England but likewise in many Foreign Countries wherein I shall shew from Observations made upon the Places where these Trees are digg'd up upon the Trees themselves their Position in the Earth and other Circumstances that they were lodged thus by the Deluge and have lain here ever since That there are found great numbers of these Trees and many of them very large so buried in several Islands where no Trees at all do or will now grow the Winds being so fierce and the Weather so severe as not to suffer any thing to prosper or thrive beyond the height of a Shrub in any of all those Islands unless it be protected by Walls as in Gardens or other like Coverture That the said Trees are in some places found enclosed in the Stone of Quarries and of Rocks buried amongst Marle and other kinds of Earth as well as in this Peat or Moss●Earth That they were originally lodged indifferently amongst all sorts of Earth or other Matter which lay near the Surface of the Earth and that they are at this day found very seldom unless in this Peat-Earth is meerly accidental this Earth being of a bituminous and mild Nature so that the Trees lay all this while as it were embalmed in it and were by that means preserved down to our times whilst those which chanced to be lodged in other Earth that was more lax and pervious decayed in tract of time and rotted at length and therefore do not now appear at all when we dig and search into those Earths or if any thing of them do appear 't is only the Ruins or some slight Remains of them there being very rarely found any Trunks of Trees in these laxer Earths that are intire or tolerably firm and sound To conclude from several of the aforesaid Circumstances I shall evince that these Trees could never possibly have been reposed thus by any other means than the Deluge neither by Men nor by Inundations nor by Deterations nor by violent and impetuous Winds nor by Earthquakes which are the several ways whereby Learned Men have thought they were thus buried PART III. Concerning the Fluids of the Globe SECT I. Of the great Abyss Of the Ocean Concerning the Origine of Springs and Rivers Of Vapours and of Rain HAving thus done with the more

that 't would have fallen far short of it have wanted a very noble and large share of the Creation which we enjoy been deprived of a most excellent and wholsome Fare and very many delicious Dishes that we have the use and benefit of But the Case was really much otherwise and we have as good proof as could be wish'd that there were not any of all these wanting The things many of them yet extant speak aloud for themselves and are back'd with an early and general Tradition For Moses is so far from being singular in thus relating that the Sea is of as old a Date and Standing as the Earth it self is that he hath all even the first and remotest Antiquity of his side the Gentil Account of the Creation making the Ocean to arise out of the Chaos almost as soon as any thing besides But we have in store a yet further Testimony that will be granted to be beyond all Exception 'T is from the mouth of God himself being part of the Law promulgated by him in a most solemn and extraordinary manner Exod. 20.11 In six days the Lord made Heaven and Earth the SEA and all that in them is 'T is very hard to think the Theorist should not know this and as hard that knowing it he should so openly dissent from it Then for the Dimensions of the Sea that it was as large and of as great extent as now it is may be inferr'd from the vast Multitudes of those Marine Bodies which are still found in all Parts of the known World Had these been found in only one or two places or did we meet with but some few Species of them and such as are the Products of one Climate or Country it might have been suspected that the Sea was then what the Caspian is only a great Pond or Lake and confined to one part of the Globe But seeing they are dug up at Land almost every where 〈◊〉 at least as great variety and plenty as they are observed at Sea since likewise the fossil Shells are many of them of the same kinds with those that now appear upon the neighbouring Shores and the rest such as may well be presumed to be living at the bottom or in the interiour and deeper Parts of the adjacent Seas but never any that are peculiar to remoter Seas or to the Shores of distant Countries we may reasonably conclude not only that the Sea was of the same bigness and capacity before the Deluge but that it was of much the same form also and interwoven with the Earth in like manner as at this time that there was Sea in or near the very same places or Parts of the Globe that each Sea had its peculiar Shells and those of the same Kinds that now it hath that there was the same diversity of Climates here warmer and more agreeable to the Southern Shells there colder and better suited to the Northern ones the same variation of Soils this Tract affording such a Terrestrial Matter as is proper for the Formation and Nourishment of one sort of Shell-fish that of another in few words much the same Appearance of Nature and Face of Things that we behold in the present Earth But of this more by and by That the Water of the Sea was salt as now it is may be made out likewise from those Shells and other the Productions of it they being of the same constitution and consisting of the same sort of Matter that do the Shells at this day found upon our Shores Now the Salt wherewith the Sea-water is saturated is part of the Food of the Shell-fish residing therein and a main Ingredient in the Make of their Bodies they living upon this and upon the Mud and other Earthy Matter there And that the Sea Ebbed and Flowed before the Deluge may be inferr'd not so moch from the Necessity of that Motion and the many and great Uses of it in the Natural World as from certain Effects that it had upon the Shells and other like Bodies yet preserved 'T is known that the Sea by this Access and Recess shuffling the empty Shells or whatever else lies exposed upon the Shores and bearing them along with it backward and forward upon the Sand there frets and wears them away by little and little in tract of time reducing those that are concave and gibbose to a flat and at length grinding them away almost to nothing And there are not uncommonly found Shells so worn enclosed amongst others in Stone As the Sea-shells afford us a sure Argument of a Sea so do the River-ones of Rivers in the Antediluvian Earth And if there were Rivers there must needs also have been Mountains for they will not flow unless upon a Declivity and their Sources be raised above the Earth's ordinary Surface so that they may run upon a Descent the Swiftness of their Current and the Quantity of Water refunded by them being proportioned generally to the height of their Sources and the Bigness of the Mountains out of which they arise Mountains being proved nothing need be said concerning Valleys they necessarily following from that Proof as being nothing but the Intervalls betwixt the Mountains But let us see what Moses hath on this Subject And the Waters he is treating of the Deluge prevailed exceedingly upon the Earth and all the HIGH HILLS that were under the whole Heaven were covered Fifteen Cubits upwards did the Waters prevail and the MOVNTAINS were covered And all flesh dyed all in whose Nostrils was the breath of Life The Theorist averrs that there were no Mountains in the first Earth I am not willing to suppose that he charges a Falshood or Mistake upon the Passage but rather that he would have this to be understood of those Mountains which were raised afterwards Which yet cannot be for the Historian here plainly makes these Mountains the Standards and Measures of the Rise of the Water which they could never have been had they not been standing when it did so rise and overpour the Earth His Intention in the whole is to acquaint us that all Land-Creatures whatever both Men Quadrupeds Birds and Insects perish'd and were destroyed by the Water Noah only excepted and they that were with him in the Ark. And at the same time to let us see the Truth and Probability of the Thing to convince us that there was no way for any to escape and particularly that none could save themselves by climbing up to the tops of the Mountains that then were he assures us that they even the highest of them were all covered and buried under Water Now to say that there were then no Mountains and that this is meant of Mountains that were not formed till afterwards makes it not intelligible and indeed hardly common Sense The extreme Fertility of both Sea and Land before the Deluge appears sufficiently from the vast and almost incredible Numbers of their Productions yet extant not