trust_n repose_v in_o he_o and_o the_o like_a hope_n of_o his_o issue_n patrene_n sequitur_fw-la sua_fw-la proles_fw-la it_o be_v at_o first_o so_o simple_o do_v that_o the_o enter_v of_o the_o vassal_n in_o possession_n in_o 〈◊〉_d of_o his_o peer_n be_v a_o sufficient_a constitution_n of_o his_o right_n and_o the_o investiture_n signify_v than_o not_o so_o much_o the_o act_n constitute_v as_o the_o write_v evidence_v the_o fee_n in_o the_o which_o case_n from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o right_n it_o be_v consequent_a first_o that_o none_o shall_v succeed_v in_o the_o fee_n but_o such_o as_o be_v fit_a for_o the_o military_a service_n and_o so_o woman_n and_o their_o issue_n be_v utterlie_o exclude_v and_o all_o the_o male_n succeed_v equal_o 2._o in_o proper_a fee_n none_o can_v succeed_v but_o the_o lawful_a issue_n of_o the_o first_o vassal_n who_o person_n and_o issue_n be_v special_o choose_v among_o which_o first_o the_o male_a issue_n of_o the_o vassal_n who_o die_v last_o infeft_v according_a to_o their_o nearness_n do_v succeed_v with_o the_o right_n of_o representation_n and_o so_o not_o per_fw-mi capita_fw-la but_o per_fw-la 〈◊〉_d next_o unto_o the_o descendants_n among_o the_o collaterall_n brother_n and_o their_o male_a issue_n and_o among_o these_o the_o brother_n german_n and_o their_o issue_n exclude_v the_o brother_n by_o one_o blood_n and_o after_o brother_n father_n brother_n and_o their_o male_a issue_n and_o so_o other_o agnat_n of_o the_o last_o decease_v be_v always_o of_o the_o male_a issue_n of_o the_o first_o vassal_n which_o be_v extinct_a the_o fee_n cease_v and_o return_v to_o the_o superior_a not_o as_o the_o vassal_n but_o by_o virtue_n of_o that_o directum_fw-la dominium_fw-la which_o still_o remain_v in_o the_o superior_a in_o this_o course_n of_o feudall_n succession_n there_o can_v be_v no_o place_n to_o the_o vassal_n father_n or_o other_o ascendant_n because_o if_o the_o fee_n be_v a_o new_a fee_n or_o conquest_n by_o the_o son_n his_o father_n nor_o his_o brethren_n can_v not_o succeed_v as_o not_o be_v of_o the_o issue_n of_o the_o first_o vassal_n and_o if_o it_o be_v a_o old_a fee_n not_o purchase_v by_o the_o son_n but_o whereunto_o he_o do_v succeed_v it_o do_v necessary_o presuppose_v the_o death_n of_o the_o father_n and_o other_o ascendant_n to_o who_o the_o son_n can_v not_o be_v heir_n nor_o succeed_v till_o they_o be_v dead_a but_o when_o by_o the_o course_n of_o time_n fee_n decline_v from_o the_o proper_a nature_n of_o ancient_a fee_n and_o the_o investiture_n do_v express_v the_o tenor_n and_o special_a nature_n thereof_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o investiture_n become_v the_o first_o rule_n of_o succession_n in_o such_o fee_n and_o come_v in_o place_n of_o the_o testament_n or_o will_n of_o the_o defunct_a for_o see_v the_o vassal_n can_v not_o alter_v the_o succession_n without_o consent_n of_o the_o superior_a he_o can_v not_o effectual_o test_n thereupon_o 21._o in_o the_o next_o place_n what_o be_v not_o the_o express_a will_n of_o the_o vassal_n and_o superior_a by_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o investiture_n be_v regulate_v by_o their_o conjecture_v will_n from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o fee_n and_o propinquity_n of_o blood_n so_o if_o the_o fee_n be_v original_o grant_v to_o a_o woman_n her_o issue_n 〈◊〉_d succeed_v as_o well_o as_o the_o male_a or_o if_o the_o reddendo_fw-la be_v not_o military_a service_n but_o money_n grain_n or_o service_n competent_a to_o a_o woman_n or_o manual_a service_n wherein_o there_o be_v no_o choice_n of_o person_n as_o tilling_n etc._n etc._n and_o so_o general_o fee_n hold_v blench_v or_o feu_n in_o all_o these_o woman_n may_v succeed_v because_o they_o be_v not_o exclude_v by_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o service_n 2._o if_o the_o fee_n be_v grant_v to_o heir_n whatsoever_o not_o only_o do_v the_o issue_n of_o the_o first_o vassal_n but_o all_o other_o his_o lawful_a heir_n or_o the_o lawful_a heir_n of_o the_o last_o deceass_v vassal_n whether_o of_o the_o issue_n of_o the_o first_o vassal_n or_o not_o do_v succeed_v and_o now_o fee_n be_v ordinary_o acquire_v by_o sale_n excambion_n or_o the_o like_a onerous_a title_n feuda_fw-la ad_fw-la instar_fw-la 〈◊〉_d sunt_fw-la reducta_fw-la heir_n whatsoever_o be_v common_o express_v and_o if_o they_o be_v not_o they_o will_v be_v understand_v for_o that_o which_o be_v ordinar_n be_v presume_v 22._o but_o now_o custom_n have_v alter_v the_o course_n of_o feudall_n succession_n and_o give_v the_o prerogative_n of_o primogeniture_n to_o the_o elder_a male_n of_o the_o near_a degree_n to_o the_o defunct_a vassal_n who_o exclude_v not_o only_o the_o female_n of_o that_o degree_n but_o the_o male_n also_o and_o their_o issue_n not_o only_o among_o we_o but_o in_o england_n france_n and_o most_o other_o nation_n and_o therefore_o before_o we_o descend_v to_o our_o own_o custom_n it_o will_v be_v fit_a to_o consider_v the_o justice_n and_o expediency_n of_o this_o common_a custom_n in_o feudall_a succession_n the_o lawfulness_n of_o primogeniture_n will_v be_v easy_o evince_v from_o what_o have_v be_v say_v already_o upon_o succession_n wherein_o the_o will_n of_o the_o proprietar_n be_v the_o rule_n even_o in_o equity_n and_o though_o he_o be_v natural_o oblige_v to_o provide_v for_o his_o own_o that_o personal_a obligation_n reatch_v he_o but_o not_o the_o inheritance_n nor_o do_v it_o oblige_v he_o to_o make_v these_o to_o succeed_v but_o to_o give_v they_o competent_a provision_n and_o therefore_o the_o judicial_a law_n which_o be_v the_o positive_a law_n of_o god_n evidence_v sufficient_o the_o lawfulness_n and_o in_o some_o case_n the_o expediency_n of_o alter_v the_o natural_a course_n of_o succession_n and_o therefore_o not_o only_o the_o male_a issue_n be_v thereby_o prefer_v to_o the_o female_a all_o the_o female_n be_v utter_o exclude_v but_o only_a daughter_n that_o the_o inheritance_n may_v remain_v within_o the_o tribe_n and_o the_o preference_n of_o male_n be_v because_o femole_n be_v less_o fit_v for_o management_n of_o land_n and_o therefore_o be_v to_o have_v a_o portion_n which_o the_o judicial_a law_n call_v the_o dowry_n of_o virgin_n the_o expediency_n of_o primogeniture_n be_v partly_o public_a and_o partly_o private_a the_o public_a expediency_n be_v that_o the_o estate_n of_o great_a family_n remain_v entire_a and_o undivided_a they_o with_o their_o vassal_n and_o follower_n may_v be_v able_a to_o defend_v their_o country_n especial_o against_o sudden_a invasion_n for_o with_o we_o in_o france_n polland_n and_o many_o other_o place_n the_o great_a family_n be_v the_o bulwark_n of_o their_o country_n have_v 〈◊〉_d to_o maintain_v themselves_o and_o their_o follower_n for_o some_o time_n without_o stand_v army_n constant_a pay_n and_o subsidy_n the_o private_a expediency_n be_v for_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o memory_n and_o dignity_n of_o family_n which_o by_o frequent_a division_n of_o the_o inheritance_n will_v become_v despicable_a or_o forget_v primogeniture_n take_v place_n in_o germany_n and_o france_n in_o proper_a fee_n like_v unto_o our_o ward-holdings_a but_o not_o in_o allodiall_n and_o land_n hold_v free_o or_o for_o cane_n or_o rent_n gudelinus_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la novissimo_fw-la lib._n 2_o cap._n 13._o relate_v that_o in_o many_o of_o the_o german_a and_o french_a province_n the_o male_n get_v two_o three_o part_n and_o the_o female_n one_o in_o the_o other_o province_n the_o child_n of_o the_o first_o marriage_n succeed_v in_o all_o the_o land_n the_o parent_n have_v during_o that_o marriage_n and_o so_o in_o order_n the_o child_n of_o after_o marriage_n and_o in_o other_o province_n and_o city_n the_o young_a son_n succee_v in_o all_o exclude_v the_o rest_n and_o general_o bastard_n be_v not_o admit_v even_o to_o the_o succession_n of_o their_o mother_n and_o in_o england_n though_o primogeniture_n have_v the_o prerogative_n by_o the_o common_a law_n yet_o it_o have_v a_o exception_n of_o the_o custom_n of_o kent_n where_o primogeniture_n have_v no_o prerogative_n and_o therefore_o that_o custom_n be_v call_v the_o gaball_n kind_n of_o kent_n which_o be_v as_o much_o as_o to_o give_v to_o all_o the_o kind_n the_o custom_n of_o england_n and_o germany_n be_v contrary_a in_o this_o that_o in_o germany_n parent_n come_v in_o the_o next_o place_n after_o descendants_n and_o exclude_v brother_n and_o sister_n and_o all_o other_o collaterall_n but_o in_o england_n parent_n do_v never_o succeed_v so_o if_o the_o defunct_a have_v no_o issue_n brother_n nor_o sister_n nor_o their_o issue_n the_o father_n brother_n succeed_v and_o exclud_v the_o father_n though_o his_o relation_n be_v by_o the_o father_n and_o much_o further_a distant_a than_o the_o father_n and_o it_o sometime_o fall_v out_o that_o the_o uncle_n succeed_v die_v without_o issue_n the_o father_n succeed_v his_o brother_n and_o so_o accidental_o and_o
to_o which_o it_o be_v estimate_n all_o the_o other_o good_n of_o the_o wife_n be_v paraphernalia_fw-la whereof_o she_o have_v the_o sole_a power_n and_o right_n the_o custom_n of_o most_o nation_n even_o where_o the_o roman_a law_n have_v much_o weight_n in_o this_o matter_n have_v return_v to_o the_o natural_a course_n as_o be_v observe_v by_o cassaneus_n ad_fw-la consuetudines_fw-la burgundiae_fw-la do_fw-mi 4._o and_o duarenus_n tit_n ff_n de_fw-fr nupt_a in_o relation_n to_o the_o custom_n of_o france_n wessenbecius_fw-la in_o parat_fw-la ad_fw-la tit_n ff_n de_fw-fr ritu_fw-la nuptiarum_fw-la and_o covaruvias_n epitt._n lib._n 4._o decretal_a part_n 2._o cap._n 7._o in_o reference_n to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o german_n spaniard_n and_o most_o part_n of_o the_o nation_n of_o europe_n gudelinus_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la noviss_n show_v the_o same_o to_o be_v the_o custom_n of_o the_o netherlands_o in_o which_o they_o do_v almost_o in_o every_o thing_n agree_v with_o our_o custom_n to_o which_o we_o return_v by_o the_o custom_n of_o scotland_n the_o wife_n be_v in_o the_o power_n of_o the_o husband_n and_o therefore_o first_o the_o husband_n be_v tutor_n and_o curator_n to_o his_o wife_n and_o during_o her_o minority_n no_o other_o tutor_n or_o curator_n need_v to_o be_v convene_v or_o concur_v to_o authorize_v so_o it_o be_v decide_v french_a contra_fw-la french_a and_o cranstoun_n hop_v do_fw-mi de_fw-fr minoribus_fw-la but_o on_o the_o contrair_a the_o wife_n be_v in_o no_o case_n conveenable_a without_o call_v the_o husband_n and_o though_o she_o be_v marry_v during_o the_o dependence_n the_o husband_n must_v be_v cite_v upon_o supplication_n and_o the_o process_n continue_v against_o he_o for_o his_o interest_n spot_n husband_n and_o wife_n margaeret_n bailie_n contra_fw-la janet_n robertson_n and_o likewise_o a_o wife_n be_v charge_v upon_o her_o bond_n give_v before_o marriage_n but_o the_o letter_n not_o be_v raise_v against_o her_o husband_n for_o his_o interest_n they_o be_v find_v null_a by_o way_n of_o exception_n nic._n reverentia_fw-la maritalis_fw-la relict_n of_o robert_n young_n contra_fw-la wachup_n yet_o a_o wife_n be_v find_v con_v veenable_a without_o call_v the_o husband_n he_o be_v twenty_o year_n out_o of_o the_o country_n and_o she_o repute_v widow_n june_n 19_o 1663._o euphan_n hay_o contra_fw-la elizabeth_n corstorphin_n yea_o a_o wife_n escheat_n or_o liferent_a fall_v not_o upon_o any_o horning_n execute_v against_o she_o during_o the_o marriage_n because_o be_v then_o under_o the_o power_n of_o her_o husband_n she_o have_v no_o power_n of_o herself_o to_o pursue_v suspend_v or_o relax_v dury_n february_n 16._o 1633._o stuart_n contra_fw-la banner_n man_n and_o this_o be_v find_v though_o the_o decreet_a be_v a_o ejection_n commit_v both_o by_o man_n and_o wife_n yet_o where_o the_o horning_n be_v upon_o a_o deed_n proper_a to_o the_o wife_n as_o to_o divide_v the_o conjunct-fee_n land_n horning_n be_v valide_fw-la nic._n reverentia_fw-la maritalis_fw-la duff_n contra_fw-la edmonstoun_n or_o where_o the_o horning_n be_v upon_o a_o delinquence_n as_o on_o laborrow_n hope_v husband_n and_o wife_n lord_n roxburgh_n contra_fw-la lady_n orknay_n in_o like_a manner_n a_o wife_n can_v pursue_v or_o charge_v without_o concourse_n of_o her_o husband_n and_o so_o letter_n not_o raise_v at_o his_o instance_n be_v reduce_v though_o he_o concur_v thereafter_o dury_n july_n 27._o 1631._o robert_n hay_o contra_fw-la mr._n john_n rollo_n the_o like_a spot_n husband_n and_o wife_n napeir_n contra_fw-la mr._n robert_n kinloch_n and_o agnes_n lial_n the_o like_a in_o a_o reduction_n of_o a_o heritable_a right_n do_v by_o the_o wife_n father_n on_o death_n bed_n which_o be_v not_o sustain_v unless_o the_o husband_n have_v concur_v or_o have_v be_v call_v in_o which_o case_n if_o he_o refuse_v concourse_n without_o just_a reason_n the_o lord_n will_v authorise_v the_o wife_n to_o insist_v july_n 8._o 1673._o christian_n hacket_n contra_fw-la gordoun_n of_o chapeltoun_n but_o we_o must_v except_v from_o this_o rule_n if_o the_o husband_n be_v inhabilitat_fw-la or_o forefault_v had._n the_o 26._o of_o march_n 1622._o william_n hamiltoun_n contra_fw-la stuart_n or_o the_o wife_n authorize_v by_o the_o lord_n upon_o special_a consideration_n the_o husband_n refuse_v to_o concur_v dury_n the_o 9_o of_o january_n 1623._o marshel_n contra_fw-la marshel_n or_o that_o she_o be_v pursue_v her_o husband_n himself_o against_o who_o ordinary_o she_o have_v no_o action_n except_o in_o singular_a case_n ut_fw-la si_fw-la vergat_fw-la ad_fw-la inopiam_fw-la or_o in_o case_n he_o have_v divert_v from_o she_o dury_n december_n 21._o 1626._o lady_n foules_n contra_fw-la her_o husband_n or_o if_o a_o wife_n with_o concourse_n of_o her_o friend_n at_o who_o instance_n execution_n be_v provide_v by_o her_o contract_n be_v pursue_v reduction_n of_o a_o deed_n do_v by_o her_o husband_n in_o prejudice_n thereof_o during_o her_o life_n february_n 12._o 1663._o locky_a contra_fw-la petoun_z or_o that_o the_o obligation_n in_o its_o own_o nature_n require_v execution_n in_o the_o husband_n life_n as_o a_o obligement_n to_o infeft_a the_o wife_n in_o particular_a land_n but_o if_o it_o be_v a_o general_a obligement_n to_o employ_v money_n for_o she_o or_o to_o infeft_v she_o etc._n etc._n which_o the_o husband_n may_v at_o any_o time_n of_o his_o life_n perform_v the_o wife_n will_v have_v no_o action_n against_o he_o neither_o will_v she_o get_v inhibition_n upon_o supplication_n unless_o the_o lord_n grant_v the_o same_o upon_o knowledge_n that_o the_o husband_n be_v become_v in_o a_o worse_a condition_n or_o that_o the_o wife_n have_v quite_o a_o present_a infeftment_n for_o a_o obligation_n of_o a_o other_o in_o which_o case_n the_o lord_n grant_v inhibition_n july_n 13._o 1638._o lady_n glenbervy_n contra_fw-la her_o husband_n this_o delay_n where_o a_o term_n be_v not_o express_v be_v upon_o consideration_n of_o merchant_n who_o ordinary_o have_v no_o other_o mean_n than_o the_o stock_n with_o which_o they_o trade_v it_o will_v ruin_v they_o if_o they_o be_v necessitate_v to_o employ_v it_o on_o security_n so_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v marry_v it_o be_v a_o privilege_n of_o woman_n among_o the_o roman_n per_fw-la senatus_n consultum_fw-la velleianum_fw-la that_o the_o obligation_n by_o which_o they_o become_v surety_n or_o intercee_v for_o other_o be_v void_a but_o our_o custom_n have_v enlarge_v that_o privilege_n so_o far_o that_o a_o wife_n obligation_n for_o debt_n or_o personal_a obligement_n contract_v during_o the_o marriage_n be_v null_a even_o though_o the_o bond_n be_v grant_v by_o she_o and_o her_o husband_n contain_v a_o obligement_n to_o infeft_a the_o creditor_n in_o a_o annualrent_a out_o of_o their_o land_n and_o in_o this_o case_n the_o bond_n as_o to_o the_o wife_n and_o a_o apprise_v thereon_o as_o to_o her_o life-rent_a of_o these_o land_n be_v find_v null_a but_o here_o there_o be_v no_o special_a obligement_n of_o annualrent_n or_o wodset_n of_o the_o wife_n life_n rend_v land_n but_o general_o out_o of_o both_o their_o land_n dury_n march_n 24._o 1626._o greenlaw_n contra_fw-la gulloway_n the_o like_a hope_v husband_n and_o wife_n archibald_n douglas_n of_o tofts_n contra_fw-la mr._n robert_n elphingstoun_n and_o susanna_n hamiltoun_n the_o like_a dury_n january_n 30._o 1635._o mitchelson_n contra_fw-la mowbray_n in_o which_o case_n the_o bond_n be_v grant_v by_o the_o man_n and_o wife_n and_o thereupon_o apprise_v deduce_v though_o she_o do_v judicial_o ratify_v it_o upon_o oath_n never_o to_o come_v in_o the_o contrair_a yet_o the_o bond_n and_o infeftment_n as_o to_o her_o life-rent_a be_v find_v null_n see_v there_o be_v nothing_o to_o instruct_v her_o ratification_n but_o the_o act_n of_o a_o inferior_a court_n whereof_o the_o warrant_n be_v not_o produce_v but_o a_o wife_n obligation_n with_o her_o husband_n conjunct_o and_o several_o obliege_v they_o to_o pay_v and_o also_o to_o infeft_v in_o a_o annualrent_n out_o of_o either_o of_o their_o land_n find_v null_n as_o to_o the_o wife_n in_o the_o obligement_n to_o pay_v but_o not_o as_o to_o the_o obligement_n to_o infeft_n december_n 15._o 1665._o master_n john_n ellies_n contra_fw-la keith_n neither_o be_v a_o wife_n find_v liable_a for_o furnish_v to_o the_o house_n in_o her_o husband_n absence_n forth_o of_o the_o country_n which_o do_v only_o affect_v her_o husband_n spot_n husband_n and_o wife_n john_n loury_n contra_fw-la lady_n louristoun_n the_o like_a january_n 29._o 1631._o porter_n contra_fw-la law_n the_o like_a though_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o bond_n be_v money_n advance_v for_o the_o wife_n necessary_a aliment_n for_o which_o no_o process_n be_v grant_v against_o she_o till_o her_o husband_n be_v first_o discuss_v december_n 22._o 1629._o mr._n david_n artoun_n contra_fw-la lady_n hackertoun_n and_o also_o a_o wife_n obligation_n without_o consent_n of_o her_o husband_n find_v not_o to_o affect_v she_o but_o he_o
with_o industry_n and_o preserve_v with_o earnestness_n 32._o four_o when_o man_n increase_v upon_o the_o earth_n and_o society_n become_v to_o be_v erect_v they_o possess_v whole_a country_n and_o divide_v they_o among_o they_o by_o meith_n and_o march_n and_o when_o any_o one_o of_o they_o swell_v to_o that_o greatness_n that_o their_o territory_n can_v not_o contain_v they_o either_o the_o whole_a or_o the_o excreass_n of_o they_o remove_v to_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n not_o then_o inhabit_v and_o fix_v seat_n for_o themselves_o though_o the_o unjust_a ambition_n of_o some_o of_o they_o make_v they_o expel_v other_o yet_o that_o as_o contrary_a to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v also_o abhor_v and_o give_v occasion_n to_o the_o rest_n from_o that_o same_o law_n to_o concur_v with_o and_o maintain_v the_o oppress_v so_o that_o almost_o the_o whole_a face_n of_o the_o earth_n become_v change_v from_o its_o original_a community_n and_o there_o be_v a_o tacit_a consent_n of_o division_n and_o property_n establish_v throughout_o the_o world_n except_o some_o barbarous_a nation_n and_o nothing_o be_v leave_v common_a that_o can_v be_v proper_a but_o the_o few_o way_n of_o community_n of_o which_o before_o do_v only_o remain_v in_o which_o division_n and_o appropriation_n this_o also_o be_v employ_v by_o the_o common_a consent_n of_o nation_n that_o what_o be_v possess_v or_o appropriate_v by_o none_o or_o relinquish_v be_v not_o now_o common_a to_o all_o but_o hold_v as_o belong_v to_o none_o that_o by_o possession_n it_o may_v be_v appropriate_a 33._o and_o therefore_o five_o property_n be_v introduce_v by_o possession_n of_o thing_n which_o be_v simple_o void_a and_o belong_v to_o none_o and_o that_o without_o limitation_n this_o be_v by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n and_o their_o common_a consent_n whence_o be_v that_o principle_n quod_fw-la nullius_fw-la est_fw-la fit_a occupantis_fw-la and_o this_o way_n of_o appropriation_n differ_v from_o the_o first_o way_n whereby_o thing_n common_a or_o their_o fruit_n become_v proper_a by_o seizure_n and_o possession_n for_o that_o be_v a_o effect_n of_o the_o native_a community_n be_v with_o this_o limitation_n employ_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o community_n that_o one_o may_v seize_v upon_o no_o more_o than_o their_o use_n require_v without_o hurt_n to_o the_o rest_n who_o enjoy_v that_o same_o community_n as_o in_o a_o theatre_n which_o be_v common_a to_o a_o city_n every_o citizen_n as_o he_o come_v may_v possess_v a_o place_n for_o himself_o by_o stand_v or_o sit_v there_o but_o he_o may_v not_o along_o if_o thereby_o other_o of_o the_o society_n may_v be_v hinder_v to_o be_v present_a and_o behold_v so_o if_o property_n now_o be_v but_o the_o effect_n of_o that_o original_a community_n when_o the_o earth_n be_v so_o straighten_a with_o the_o increase_n of_o man_n it_o will_v be_v the_o ground_n of_o perpetual_a contention_n and_o war_n that_o the_o possession_n of_o some_o be_v unequal_a and_o exceed_v and_o other_o have_v not_o enough_o therefore_o for_o preservation_n of_o the_o common_a peace_n of_o mankind_n the_o custom_n and_o consent_n of_o nation_n have_v allow_v property_n of_o thing_n void_a by_o occupation_n without_o any_o further_a debate_n all_o these_o way_n of_o appropriation_n be_v by_o possession_n or_o occupation_n and_o thus_o be_v all_o free_a creature_n appropriate_a as_o fowl_n of_o the_o air_n wild_a beast_n of_o the_o earth_n fish_n of_o the_o sea_n without_o distinction_n upon_o who_o ground_n they_o be_v take_v and_o though_o man_n may_v be_v hinder_v to_o come_v within_o the_o ground_n of_o other_o there_o be_v now_o no_o ground_n for_o passage_n only_o upon_o account_n of_o hunt_v halk_a or_o fish_v yea_o though_o in_o some_o nation_n the_o use_n of_o some_o of_o these_o free_a creature_n be_v prohibit_v to_o any_o but_o to_o the_o sovereign_a power_n yet_o the_o personal_a restraint_n hinder_v not_o but_o he_o who_o seize_v upon_o any_o wild_a creature_n in_o another_o man_n bound_n it_o become_v his_o own_o though_o he_o be_v punishable_a for_o that_o trespass_n and_o positive_a law_n may_v make_v a_o part_n of_o the_o punishment_n to_o be_v the_o loss_n of_o what_o he_o have_v take_v so_o likewise_o it_o be_v the_o first_o seizure_n that_o introduce_v property_n and_o not_o the_o first_o attempt_n and_o prosecution_n as_o he_o who_o pursue_v or_o wound_v a_o wild_a beast_n a_o fowl_n or_o fish_n be_v not_o thereby_o proprietar_n unless_o he_o have_v bring_v it_o within_o his_o power_n as_o if_o he_o have_v kill_v it_o or_o wound_v it_o to_o death_n or_o otherways_o give_v the_o effectual_a cause_n whereby_o it_o can_v use_v its_o native_a freedom_n as_o at_o the_o whale_n fish_v at_o greenland_n he_o that_o wound_v a_o whale_n so_o that_o she_o can_v keep_v the_o sea_n for_o the_o smart_n of_o her_o wound_n and_o so_o must_v needs_o come_v to_o land_n be_v proprietar_n and_o not_o he_o that_o lay_v first_o hand_n on_o she_o at_o land_n though_o the_o fall_n in_o upon_o another_o game_n when_o he_o alone_o be_v in_o prosecution_n may_v be_v 〈◊〉_d civility_n or_o injury_n yet_o it_o hinder_v not_o the_o constitution_n of_o property_n though_o it_o be_v a_o just_a ground_n to_o annul_v the_o right_n of_o the_o first_o possessor_n and_o make_v he_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o prosecutor_n if_o he_o continue_v his_o pursuit_n with_o a_o probability_n to_o reach_v his_o prey_n and_o therefore_o in_o the_o last_o dutch_a war_n a_o frigate_n of_o the_o king_n called_z the_o nightingale_n and_o a_o french_a frigate_n be_v then_o auxiliary_a to_o the_o king_n in_o that_o war_n have_v rencounter_v a_o dutch_a privateer_n who_o have_v possess_v and_o man_v three_o pryze_n and_o have_v debel_v he_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o prize_n make_v sail_v to_o escape_v while_o the_o two_o frigate_n be_v take_v two_o of_o these_o pryze_n a_o scotish_n privateer_n atack_v the_o three_o called_z the_o tortoice_n and_o make_v her_o strict_a sail_n but_o not_o know_v whether_o the_o other_o frigate_n be_v friend_n or_o foe_n at_o such_o a_o distance_n do_v not_o board_v she_o till_o they_o come_v near_o the_o french_a frigate_n be_v near_o than_o the_o english_a frigate_n both_o the_o french_a frigate_n and_o the_o scotish_n privateer_n claim_v the_o tortoice_n as_o their_o prize_n the_o english_a captain_n send_v the_o prize_n to_o leith_n and_o declare_v the_o case_n under_o his_o hand_n whereupon_o the_o admiral_n adjudge_v the_o tortoice_n prize_n to_o rankine_n the_o scotish_n privateer_n and_o the_o matter_n be_v bring_v before_o the_o lord_n by_o reduction_n the_o french_a privateer_n pursue_v not_o but_o the_o king_n advocate_n the_o lord_n find_v that_o the_o frigate_n under_o the_o king_n pay_v have_v defeat_n the_o dutch_a privateer_n who_o be_v possess_v of_o the_o tortoice_n and_o be_v in_o view_n and_o prosecution_n of_o she_o that_o rankins_n capture_z and_o possession_n be_v injurious_a otherways_o then_o to_o assist_v the_o first_o attacker_n unless_o it_o be_v prove_v that_o the_o prize_n will_v have_v escape_v if_o it_o have_v not_o be_v stop_v and_o force_v to_o strict_a sail_n to_o captain_n rankine_n february_n 15._o 1667._o king_n advocate_n contra_fw-la captain_n rankine_n the_o creature_n be_v understand_v to_o be_v free_a while_o they_o be_v not_o within_o the_o power_n of_o any_o but_o fish_n within_o pond_n be_v proper_a and_o fowl_n though_o never_o so_o wild_a while_o the_o be_v in_o custody_n among_o these_o free_a creature_n these_o which_o be_v tame_a be_v not_o comprehend_v but_o only_o these_o which_o be_v wild_a which_o if_o they_o be_v tame_v contrary_a their_o nature_n be_v so_o long_o proper_a as_o their_o tameness_n remain_v but_o if_o they_o return_v to_o their_o ancient_a wildness_n the_o property_n thereof_o be_v lose_v so_o soon_o as_o the_o owner_n cease_v to_o pursue_v for_o possession_n it_o be_v so_o long_o continue_v or_o understand_v to_o be_v continue_v by_o the_o mind_n have_v once_o begin_v by_o bodily_a act_n and_o therefore_o prosecution_n of_o wild_a creature_n will_v not_o begin_v though_o it_o may_v continue_v the_o property_n of_o they_o bee_n be_v number_v among_o these_o wild_a creature_n which_o therefore_o be_v not_o proper_a though_o they_o hive_n on_o tree_n more_o than_o fowl_n who_o set_v their_o nest_n thereupon_o but_o if_o they_o be_v within_o a_o skep_n or_o work_v in_o the_o hollow_a of_o a_o tree_n wall_n or_o in_o a_o house_n they_o be_v proper_a or_o while_o they_o hive_n or_o fly_v away_o be_v pursue_v by_o the_o proprietar_n but_o thereafter_o they_o belong_v to_o he_o who_o next_o get_v they_o in_o his_o power_n as_o also_o these_o who_o be_v tame_v and_o become_v wild_a become_v they_o who_o regain_v and_o tame_v they_o again_o and_o return_v not_o to_o their_o first_o owner_n thus_o be_v
enervat_fw-la their_o testimony_n if_o they_o be_v make_v to_o swear_v at_o sea_n the_o privateer_n and_o company_n have_v sword_n and_o pistol_n in_o their_o hand_n because_o to_o evite_v the_o insamy_n of_o perjury_n they_o may_v adhere_v in_o their_o judicial_a re-examination_n to_o their_o testimony_n take_v at_o sea_n upon_o oath_n albeit_o not_o true_a or_o if_o by_o force_n or_o just_a fear_n they_o do_v so_o depone_v before_o the_o admiral_n deput_n february_n 25._o 1668._o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n call_v the_o castle_n of_o riga_n contra_fw-la captain_n seatoun_n the_o like_a be_v find_v where_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o company_n be_v hollander_n june_n 30._o 1668._o peterson_n contra_fw-la captain_n anderson_n and_o in_o the_o case_n betwixt_o captain_n allan_n and_o bartholomew_n parkman_n decide_v july_n 9_o 1668._o the_o ship_n be_v find_v prize_n for_o have_v a_o number_n of_o hollander_n sailor_n viz._n three_o the_o company_n be_v nine_o and_o for_o have_v a_o small_a parcel_n of_o tar_n as_o counterband_n aboard_o and_o have_v aboard_o the_o product_n of_o counterband_n take_v in_o the_o immediate_a return_n of_o that_o voyage_n upon_o all_o which_o ground_n joint_o the_o ship_n be_v declare_v prize_n but_o in_o this_o war_n there_o have_v no_o ship_n be_v declare_v prize_n upon_o account_n of_o the_o company_n be_v hollander_n neither_o because_o the_o master_n be_v a_o hollander_n if_o he_o be_v not_o also_o a_o part_n owner_n albeit_o two_o of_o the_o company_n be_v hollander_n july_n 24._o 1673._o captain_n bennet_n contra_fw-la the_o owner_n of_o the_o pearl_n but_o the_o master_n be_v a_o hollander_n be_v find_v a_o sufficient_a ground_n of_o suspicion_n and_o seazure_n but_o not_o of_o confiscation_n the_o property_n be_v prove_v to_o pertain_v to_o free_a man_n and_o therefore_o probation_n be_v allow_v to_o either_o party_n july_n 16._o 1673._o captain_n lyle_n contra_fw-la the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n call_v the_o leopard_n the_o hire_v of_o the_o enemy_n people_n be_v no_o assistance_n to_o they_o in_o the_o war_n but_o rather_o a_o weaken_n of_o they_o so_o that_o if_o these_o of_o the_o enemy_n country_n be_v only_o aboard_o as_o servant_n to_o newter_n and_o not_o upon_o their_o own_o account_n either_o as_o trader_n or_o passenger_n there_o have_v be_v no_o inquiry_n in_o the_o last_o war_n as_o to_o their_o residence_n neither_o have_v any_o thing_n as_o to_o that_o point_n be_v mention_v in_o the_o last_o proclamation_n of_o war_n or_o in_o his_o majesty_n instruction_n to_o the_o admirality_n of_o his_o kingdom_n and_o though_o the_o law_n may_v have_v reach_v ship_n navigate_fw-la by_o hollander_n reside_v in_o holland_n and_o not_o change_v the_o domicile_a yet_o in_o favour_n and_o prudence_n that_o ground_n have_v not_o be_v sustain_v it_o be_v more_o the_o king_n interest_n to_o allow_v his_o enemy_n to_o withdraw_v from_o their_o country_n then_o to_o force_v they_o to_o serve_v only_o there_o counterband_n be_v not_o only_o a_o cause_n of_o confiscation_n when_o take_v go_v towards_o enemy_n port_n but_o also_o when_o the_o ship_n be_v take_v in_o her_o return_n from_o the_o enemy_n port_n in_o that_o same_o voyage_n for_o then_o the_o delinquence_n be_v complete_a whereas_o it_o have_v not_o take_v effect_n before_o the_o ship_n attain_v the_o port_n and_o yet_o may_v be_v just_o seize_v before_o the_o full_a effect_n because_o the_o seazure_n of_o the_o ship_n in_o her_o voyage_n be_v the_o impediment_n that_o the_o effect_n be_v not_o attain_v and_o therefore_o the_o common_a custom_n of_o nation_n have_v allow_v such_o seazure_n for_o otherways_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o hinder_v newter_n to_o carry_v counterband-goods_a to_o enemy_n for_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n neither_o will_v the_o pretence_n of_o alter_v their_o resolution_n to_o sail_v to_o or_o disload_v in_o a_o free_a port_n be_v a_o sufficient_a defence_n unless_o the_o ship_n be_v actual_o steer_v another_o course_n but_o if_o a_o ship_n shall_v be_v pursue_v to_o be_v search_v for_o counterband_n in_o her_o passage_n to_o a_o enemy_n port_n and_o shall_v be_v wait_v for_o till_o her_o return_n and_o take_v as_o she_o come_v from_o that_o port_n there_o can_v be_v far_o less_o pretence_n to_o excuse_v that_o delinquence_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o ground_n of_o confiscation_n of_o parkmans_n ship_n take_v by_o captain_n allan_n that_o she_o be_v take_v in_o the_o return_n of_o the_o same_o voyage_n in_o which_o she_o carry_v counterband_n to_o the_o enemy_n port_n july_n 9_o 1668._o and_o though_o in_o that_o case_n the_o reason_n be_v libel_v that_o the_o ship_n be_v take_v have_v in_o her_o the_o product_n of_o counterband_n have_v the_o same_o effect_n with_o counterband_n itself_o quia_fw-la surrogatum_fw-la sapit_fw-la naturam_fw-la surrogati_fw-la yet_o without_o that_o in_o the_o foresay_a case_n of_o captain_n lyle_n it_o be_v find_v sufficient_a that_o the_o ship_n be_v take_v in_o the_o return_n of_o that_o same_o voyage_n in_o which_o she_o carry_v counterband_n without_o mention_n of_o the_o product_n thereof_o july_n 16._o 1673._o in_o which_o case_n it_o be_v find_v necessary_a that_o the_o ship_n belong_v to_o the_o same_o owner_n that_o have_v carry_v in_o the_o counterband_n so_o that_o though_o the_o ship_n have_v be_v light_n without_o any_o load_n she_o will_v have_v be_v prize_n unless_o she_o have_v be_v a_o swedish_n ship_n and_o so_o secure_v by_o the_o swedish_n treaty_n confiscate_v only_a counterband_n when_o it_o be_v actual_o take_v it_o be_v a_o most_o convenient_a moderation_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n that_o the_o delinquence_n of_o carry_v counterband_n be_v follow_v no_o further_a than_o the_o immediate_a return_n of_o that_o voyage_n otherways_o it_o will_v be_v the_o foundation_n of_o mar_v trade_n by_o perpetual_a quarrel_n upon_o pretence_n of_o counterband_n carry_v in_o to_o enemy_n in_o former_a voyage_n in_o these_o war_n there_o have_v be_v no_o occasion_n to_o determine_v whether_o it_o be_v a_o cause_n of_o confiscation_n if_o a_o ship_n be_v take_v in_o return_n of_o that_o voyage_n wherein_o she_o be_v load_v with_o enemy_n good_n the_o dutch_a by_o their_o declaration_n do_v prohibit_v all_o friend_n and_o ally_n not_o only_o to_o carry_v counterband-goods_a to_o any_o port_n in_o the_o king_n dominion_n but_o to_o be_v find_v therewith_o upon_o his_o coast_n or_o divert_v from_o the_o voyage_n they_o may_v make_v with_o counterband_n towards_o the_o king_n port_n hold_v that_o for_o a_o sufficient_a probation_n of_o their_o intend_v these_o port_n which_o be_v like_a they_o will_v not_o take_v off_o by_o document_n aboard_o express_v their_o own_o port_n or_o the_o port_n of_o newter_n it_o be_v so_o easy_a to_o procure_v false_a and_o colourable_a document_n yet_o that_o be_v never_o sustain_v as_o a_o relevant_a ground_n of_o adjudication_n with_o we_o by_o what_o have_v be_v say_v the_o confiscation_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o good_n of_o ally_n and_o newter_n upon_o account_n of_o counterband_n and_o the_o assistance_n give_v to_o enemy_n thereby_o have_v be_v clear_v the_o other_o chief_a ground_n of_o confiscation_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o good_n of_o newter_n be_v by_o their_o concourse_n with_o enemy_n in_o carry_v on_o their_o trade_n and_o therefore_o in_o all_o the_o treaty_n the_o formula_fw-la of_o pass_n do_v require_v that_o it_o be_v attest_v upon_o oath_n that_o the_o ship_n and_o load_n belong_v to_o the_o subject_n of_o that_o ally_n and_o no_o part_n thereof_o to_o the_o king_n enemy_n and_o likewise_o the_o particular_a kind_n and_o quantity_n of_o the_o cargo_n and_o the_o owner_n thereof_o and_o of_o the_o ship_n must_v be_v express_v some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o a_o unfree_a ship_n confiscat_n the_o load_n as_o accessary_a thereto_o but_o that_o unfree_a load_n or_o a_o part_n thereof_o do_v not_o confiscate_v the_o ship_n which_o be_v but_o a_o groundless_a subtlety_n the_o reason_n of_o this_o confiscation_n be_v the_o partake_n with_o enemy_n in_o carry_v on_o of_o their_o trade_n it_o take_v place_n alike_o in_o the_o ship_n and_o load_n or_o any_o part_n thereof_o but_o it_o be_v a_o delinquence_n it_o have_v still_o the_o exception_n of_o the_o bona_fw-la fides_fw-la and_o ignorance_n of_o these_o who_o partake_v in_o that_o conjunction_n of_o trade_n but_o though_o the_o society_n or_o partnership_n be_v enter_v into_o before_o the_o war_n it_o be_v not_o find_v to_o liberat_fw-la see_v there_o be_v time_n and_o opportunity_n to_o dissolve_v it_o after_o july_n 17._o 1673._o master_n of_o the_o golden_a falcon_n contra_fw-la captain_n buchannan_n that_o a_o part_n of_o the_o ship_n belong_v to_o a_o enemy_n do_v confiscate_v the_o whole_a ship_n and_o load_v have_v be_v of_o time_n decide_v even_o in_o